In Haiti, due to heavy rains, at least six people were killed

Not stopping several days of shower led to strong floods in the north-east of Haiti. The victims of the female elements were at least six people. Dozens of houses turned out to be completely destroyed, many residents lost their entire harvest. In the conditions of almost complete absence of urban infrastructure, in particular, storm sewage, strong rains often lead to Haiti to the flooding of whole areas and death of people.

Because of the cold, 143 people died in the north of India

The Northern Indian State of Uttar Prades covered the cold wave. As a result of the cooling, more than 40 people were killed during the day, 143 people became victims. A dense fog violated a normal life in the state capital and neighboring areas. Visibility in many areas fell to 15-20 meters. Tens of trains are canceled. Due to sophisticated weather conditions in the state, winter holidays were extended for schoolchildren. The authorities stated that they provide warm blankets, clothes in needing people, and organize night shelters.
In the capital of Lakhnaau, more than 700 homeless animals were killed because of the cold, mostly cows
and dogs.

Abundant sediments in China claimed the life of 21 people

As a result of heavy snowfalls in the central and eastern regions of China died at least
21 people, of course, 2 million 375 thousand people were injured from the weather. Most deaths occurred
In Anhui Province, one person died in the provinces of Jiangsu, Henan
And Hubei. Abundant precipitation passed
In the provinces of Shanxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Hunan and Shaanxi, as well as in the city of Central Submission Chongqing. Due to the icing of the road, numerous accidents occurred, many passengers were stuck in the way. As a result of complex weather conditions, agricultural crops were damaged, the objects of the electric power and hydrotechnical infrastructure were injured. More than 3.7 thousand people were evacuated from the affected areas. About 2.8 thousand buildings are damaged, more than 700 residential premises are destroyed.

California: 17 killed in floods and landslides

At least 17 people died due to landslides in southern California caused by heavy rains
and floods. About 163 people are in the hospital, 20 were injured, four more are critical. About 300 people are stuck in Romero Canyon in the east of Santa Barbara. Because of the weather, approximately 48 km of the coastal route turned out to be overlapped. Due to the departure of the villages in California, giant boulders rolled down on the road. Thousands of people were evacuated from the flood zone, more than 50 rescue operations were conducted. Among the saved - a 14-year-old girl, which was found on the ruins of their own home. Strong rains provoked the similarity of the village streams in Montecito, where several houses were demolished with the foundation. Boulders with a small car that came out of the slopes blocked the roads. US Coast Guard allocated several aircraft for a rescue operation. On Monday, the authorities called on several thousand inhabitants of California to leave their homes. The authorities of the city of Burbank introduced a mandatory evacuation after the mud stream was cleaned with the car. Closed several roads, including the route 101.

In Sydney 47-degree heat

Sunday in the largest city of Australia turned out to be the hottest day for the last 79 years - the air temperature reached 47.3 degrees. It was hotter in Pennica, a little west of Sydney. In the state, the new South Wales of about 7,000 houses remained without electricity, partly due to the extreme heat. It is prohibited to breed the fire in Sydney and its district, because without abnormal heat at this time of the year in Australia, forest fires often begin. Several fires have already broke out in the states of Victoria and South Australia, where several houses burned down. BBC.com.

CAR CRASHES

Six people died in an accident on the highway in Russia

Two passenger cars faced the highway in the Cherepanovsky district of the Novosibirsk region.
According to preliminary information, the driver, driving the Toyota car, moving along the highway, drove on the head of the oncoming movement, where there was a collision with the Honda car. The accident occurred on Thursday at 10:30 pm (06:30 Moscow time) by 111 km of the R-256 highway Novosibirsk - Barnaul. As a result, six people died, three were injured. The victims were hospitalized. Among the victims of one child, the girl is 11 years old, hospitalized in serious condition. Weather and road conditions in the accident area were normal, visibility was not limited. The causes of the accident are set.

Accident with bus in southeast of Turkey

Nine citizens of Iraq died and 28 were injured as a result of an accident with an Iraqi bus in the south-east of Turkey. The accident occurred on the site of the route between KPP Hur, located on the Turkish-Iraq border, and the Turkish city of Supreme. Among the dead - three children. According to an unexplained reason, the driver did not cope with the control, and the bus turned over. A ambulance car arrived at the scene, the victims were delivered to hospitals.

In the north of Italy overturned school bus

The school bus turned over the motorway in the north-Italian province of Mantua, 23 children were hospitalized. An accident occurred during the day on Monday, there were about 50 students of the local school that returned from occupations. The preliminary reason for the occurrence is called suddenly worsening the well-being of the driver. All victims on ambulances are delivered to the hospital.

Accident involving fuel trucks in the Nizhny Novgorod region

Five people became victims of an accident on the highway Nizhny Novgorod - Saratov in the Pochinkovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region, where the fuel trucks and the VAZ-2114 car collided. Accident occurred about 08:00 Moscow time in the Polarkovsky district. All the dead - the driver and passengers of the Vase. The cause of the incident is set.

Sea Accidents

Two vessels collided in the East-Chinese Sea

Collision of Hong Kong dry car head with an oil tanker from Iran under the flag of Panama occurred
In the East China Sea last Saturday at about 20 o'clock local time (15.00 Moscow time) in 160 marine miles from the Delta of the Yangtze River. The tanker caught fire, oil spill occurred, an oil spot was recorded around the emergency vessel. All crew members of the Iranian tanker died. On board the Iranian tanker there were 136 thousand tons of gas condensate, which caught fire after a collision with the Chinese ship. Evaporation makes the life of rescuers. There was also a threat of explosion and flooding of the vessel. The Chinese State Security Office for the Sea banned the movement of ships within a radius of 10 nautical miles from the crash site. The reason for the collision of two vessels is set.

Railway incidents

In Japan, the train with passengers is stuck in the way due to heavy snowfall

Passenger train in the Japanese Prefecture of Niigata, in which there are about
600 passengers stuck in the way due to heavy snowfall. The composition of the four cars, which followed from the city of Niigata to Nagoku, stuck in the area of \u200b\u200bSanjo. At the same time, the supply of electricity was not broken, so the light burns in the wagon and heating works. Strong snowfalls that have embraced on the western part of Japan and the coast of the Japanese Sea, in many places led to a transport collapse. On the island of Sikoku, the passenger train stood on the way because of the tree fallen on the rails, in the city of Tokushima cars stand in huge traffic jams. Violated due to bad weather and aviation message. Because of the dropped snow, flights at Kumamoto Airport to Kyushu are canceled. Niigata's air harbor completely closed the runway and canceled all flights. During the day in the area, up to 80 cm of precipitation fell.

Fires and explosions

Fire in the nursing home in Madrid

Thirteen people, including five policemen, suffered as a result of a fire in the nursing home in the capital of Spain Madrid. According to the publication, due to the fire, which began in one of the rooms of the building, 20 people were evacuated. Fire and police officers arrived at the place of fire. Eight people, including employee employee, delivered to hospitals. The affected police assistance was in place.

Fires in Australia

Fires blame in Victoria state in the south of Australia. On Saturday, the fire was close to the village of Carrum Downs in the suburb of Melbourne. Locals were evacuated. The elements fought 300 firefighters and three helicopters. Foci of ignition managed to take control. Dry heat covered in the last days of Australia, where now the height of the summer. The thermometer column in some areas rose to 40 degrees Celsius.

Fires in Argentina covered more than a million hectares of steppes

More than a million hectares of steppes were damaged or destroyed by fires that are raging in the Argentine Provinces of La Pampa, Rio-Negro and Buenos Aires from December. There are no information about the affected or died as a result of fires. At the same time, the fire destroyed thousands of hectares of crops and pastures. Fires led to the mass death of livestock. According to the estimates of producers of agricultural products, their losses have already exceeded $ 15 million. According to local authorities, the fireman managed to take control of a significant part of the foci of fire, but the situation complicates strong wind and dry weather.

ACCIDENT

The rocket stage fell and exploded next to the Chinese village

China using the Changzhhen-3B carrier missile brought satellites into orbit for the Baidow navigation system. The Changzhhen-3B rocket consists of three steps and four hinged acceleration blocks. One of the steps of the rocket fell to the ground. The step fell in the planned zone in the bayse urban district near the settlement.

April 18 in the American city of West (Texas). From 5 to 15 people died, about 160 people were injured. Tens of houses were destroyed. Because of the explosion in the area, power supply is broken.

August 25 in the territory of the largest Paraguana refining center in Venezuela. The fire wagon of the propane occurred in the oil grinder. Later there were two tanks. The fire shrugged on a barrack located nearby, pipelines and parked cars nearby. The third reservoir with oil fire covered on the night of August 28. Fully extinguished flames managed only on day 28 August. As a result of the catastrophe, 42 people were killed, 150 were injured.

February 28 at the Chemical Enterprise in the Chinese province of Hebei, which carried out 25 people. The explosion thundered in the workshop for the production of Nitroguanidine on the hims of Hebei Caer, in the county of Zhaosian Cyaziazhuang.

12-th of September At the Markul (France) of the enterprise Centraco, processing radioactive materials, is located. One person died, four were injured. The incident occurred in the furnace for moving metal waste, which were weakly irradiated on nuclear facilities. Radiation leakage was not fixed.

On August 9, 320 kilometers west of Tokyo, on the island of Honshu, an accident occurred at Mihama NPP. Heavy duty chosen steam (about 200 degrees Celsius) occurred in the third reactor turbine. Strong burns received all the employees who were nearby. At the time of an accident, about 200 people were in the building where the third reactor is located. Four people died, 18 more employees were injured.

On November 13, near the coast, Spain fell into a strong storm oil tanker Prestige, in the holds of which there were more than 77 thousand tons of high-sighted fuel oil. As a result of the storm in the vessel body, a crack for about 50 meters long was formed. On November 19, the tanker broke in half and sank. As a result of the catastrophe in the sea, 64 thousand tons of fuel oil were hit.

The full purification of the water area cost $ 12 billion, but it is impossible to fully assess the damage caused to the ecosystem.

On September 21, in Toulouse (France), an explosion occurred at the Chemical Plant AZF, the consequences of which are considered one of the largest man-made disasters. 300 tons of ammonium nitrate exploded, which were in the warehouse of finished products. According to the official version, the wines for a catastrophe was assigned to the management of the plant, not securely storing the explosive substance.

As a result, PE killed 30 people, the total number of wounded exceeded 3.5 thousand, were destroyed or received serious damage to thousands of residential buildings and many institutions, including 79 schools, 11 lyceums, 26 colleges, two universities, 184 kindergartens, 27 thousand Apartments, 40 thousand people left without bed, actually ceased operations of 134 enterprises. In the authorities and insurance companies received 100 thousand requirements for damages. The total amount of damage was three billion euros.

In July in Brazil, as a result of a catastrophe at the Petrobra Oil Refinery, more than a million gallons of oil flowed into the Iguazu River. The resulting stain moved along the flow, threatening to poison drinking water at once for several cities. The liquidators of the accident were built several barriers, but it was possible to stop oil only on the fifth. One part of the oil was collected from the surface of the water, the other left on specially constructed tanning channels.

The company "Petrobraz" paid $ 56 million in a fine to the state budget and 30 million to the state budget.

Material prepared on the basis of RIA news and open sources

Course "BZD: Protection in emergency and go" - 2006 13

1. "The main characteristics and classification of emergency situations."

   1. Emergency situations in the world, Russia and Moscow.

The high industrial development of modern society, ensuring the solution of the objectives of the economy, at the same time generates negative phenomena associated with the emergency production and its environmental danger. The number of large industrial accidents with severe consequences is growing, the environmental situation is aggravated, hazardous natural phenomena and natural disasters continue to apply great damage.

The situation arising under the influence of such phenomena in the entire set of exceptional circumstances is often characterized as an emergency (emergency).

Forecasting, warning and elimination of the consequences of emergencies refers to problems, the relevance of which increases every year for the whole world society.

Over the past 20 years, about 3 million died in natural and man-made disasters, and more than 800 million people were injured and more than a billion were left without bed. And it is not by chance that the Special Resolution of the UN General Assembly of the UN 90s were declared an international decade to reduce the risk of disasters.

Increasing the negative consequences of emergencies, celebrated around the world, takes place on the territory of our country, which contributes to many reasons.

About 2300 hilarities are operated in Russia. The accidents and disasters on them are on average once every 10-15 years with damage of more than $ 2 million, once every 8 - 12 months with damage to 1 million dollars and once every 15 - 45 days with damage up to 100 thousand dollars. .

The main objects on which most emergence accounts are radiation, chemical, fire and explosive objects.

In the country, 11 NPPs are operated in which 34 reactors have a total capacity of 18213 MW. 6 more nuclear power plants are under construction. Only in the 30th kilometer zone around the existing NPP lives more than 1 million people. As a result of radiation accidents in different years in Kyshtym at the Lighthouse NGOs and in Chernobyl in Russia, by now the total area of \u200b\u200bradioactive pollution zones within the external borders of the tight control zones reaches 32 thousand square meters.

Another source of danger is the chemical industries. In the Russian Federation there are more than 1900 chemically hazardous facilities located mainly in nine regions (Moscow, S. Petherburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Bashkir, Volga, North-Kavskazky, Urals, Kemerovo and Angarsk) with a population in the danger zones of about 39 million people. The most dangerous chemical situation is consigned in Moscow, Volgograd, Dzerzhinsk, Irkutsk, Samara, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Perm, Ufa and Chelyabinsk). Every year in the chemical industries occurs about 1,500 noncategorized accidents associated with leakage of explosive and harmful products with sunbathings, explosions and emissions.

A greater potential danger in the country's territory is represented by oil and gas production, as well as pipelines: Urengoy-Pomarazhzhgorod, Urengoy-Pokrovsk-Novomoskovsk, Saratov-N.Novgorod, etc. The total length of gas pipelines is more than 300 thousand km.

In the territory of 5 regions (Samara, Saratov, Tombovskaya, Voronezh and Belgorod), the Ammonicipes of Tolyatti - Odessa with a length of 1252 km, which at the same time accommodates 125 thousand tons of a potent poisonous substance - ammonia.

Continue to remain the source of the risk of railways of Russia, in which about 1000 emergencies and incidents are recorded annually when transporting dangerous goods.

In total, on the territory of the Russian Federation, annually occurs on man-made reasons more than 1,300 emergencies, about 1,500 people die in the largest of which, and 25 thousand people are affected to one degree or another. Material damage from these emergencies is more than 1 billion dollars. These losses according to wounds increase every year by an average of 10%.

It should be noted that the risk of emergence in the large industrial region, which is also very large, in Moscow there are hundreds of objects for the production, storage and use of various ahs, fire and explosive enterprises, nuclear reactors and objects with biologically hazardous substances. It is especially disturbing that the majority of potentially dangerous objects are located in close proximity to residential building, educational institutions, health care and other places of population of people.

In Moscow there is about 150 chemically hazardous facilities with a total reserve of Ahov 4.5 thousand tons. Of these, the 72nd per year uses more than 2600 tons of ammonia, and about 60 enterprises consume 15 thousand tons of chlorine per year. Calculations show that in the event of an accident in the case of a colaster system on a conventional district vegetable bed containing 150 tons of ammonia, there is a danger of poisoning of people who are from the accident site at a distance of up to 5.5 km, and in the event of large emissions from one warehouse capacity at the tap station, common losses Population in Moscow can range from 40 to 70 thousand people.

Additional danger represent 25 Moscow railways. stations, which annually arrives up to 1000 wagons with Akhs.

In total, about 4 million people live in the zones of possible chemical infection.

Another source of danger in Moscow is 64 improved fire hazardous and 25 explosive objects. These include the Moscow oil refining factory, liquefied bush bases, automotive gas filter compressor stations, high-pressure main gas pipelines and more.

For example, modeling the consequences of the accident at the Pushkin gas discharge station, where 540 tons of liquefied gas and 2000 gas cylinders have shown, showed that in the case of an explosion of a gas cloud, a solid zone of defeat by a radius of 1.5 km arises, and the radius of the spawns of the cylinders will be 8 km And the city of Korolev, Pushkin and Ivanteevka can be amazed.

Also, 11 research nuclear reactors operating in the city are also of great potential danger, which can lead to the consequences compared with the accident at the Chernobyl NPP.

This, of course, only forecasts, although scientifically based. However, the statistics that the GO and EFC of Moscow is being expanded, it shows that annually in the capital there are about two dozen major accidents (half of them with the yield of Ahs) and several thousand fires in which hundreds of people die and more than a thousand are injured And defeat. Analysis of this statistics shows that the scale of losses among the population and material damage from the consequences of emergencies tend to increase.

Another source of constant danger to a large part of the population is natural disasters, such as floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, villages, natural fires and others.

The greatest damage in Russia brings various floods. The territories exposed to the action of selenium streams are Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, Krasnodar and Stavropol Territory, as well as Magadan, Sakhalin and Kamchatka regions.

In addition, negative, often catastrophic consequences, carry earthquakes. Such disasters for the territory of Russia are characteristic of such seismic areas as the North Caucasus, Transbaikalia, Primorye, Sakhalin, Curils and Kamchatka.

The accident is damage to the machine, machine, equipment, buildings, facilities. The production accident is a sudden stop of work or a violation of the established production process at industrial enterprises, transport and other OE, which lead to damage or destruction of material values, affection or death of people.

A catastrophe is a major accident with great human victims, i.e. Event with very tragic consequences.

The main criterion in the difference in accidents and disasters is to the severity of the consequences and availability of human victims. As a rule, the consequence of major accidents and disasters are fires and explosions, as a result of which production and residential buildings are destroyed, machinery and equipment are damaged. In some cases, they cause the rise of the atmosphere, spill petroleum products, as well as aggressive liquids. The causes of production accidents and disasters may be natural disasters, defects made in designing or construction of structures and installation of technical systems, violation of production technology, transportation rules, equipment, machinery, mechanisms. The most common causes of accidents and disasters for OE are violations of the technological process of production and TB rules.

Causes of technogenic accidents

The main causes of large man-made accidents and disasters are:

• 1. Refusal of technical systems due to defects manufacturing and disruption of operating modes. Many modern potentially hazardous production are designed so that the likelihood of a major accident on them is very high and is estimated by the risk of 10 -4 and more (non-elected storage and transportation of hazardous chemicals leads to explosions, destruction of high pressure systems, fires, chemically active liquids, emissions gas mixtures, etc.);
• 2. Human factor: erroneous actions of operators of technical systems. Statistical data show that more than 60% of accidents occurred as a result of service personnel errors;
• 3. High energy level of technical systems;
• 4. External negative impact on energy, transport, etc. (shock wave and (or) explosions lead to the destruction of structures).

So, one of the common causes of fires and explosions, especially at facilities of oil and gas and chemical production and during the operation of vehicles, are discharges of static electricity (a set of phenomena associated with the formation and preservation of free electric charge on the surface and in the volume of dielectric and semiconductors), The reason for which the processes of electrification are. An analysis of the set of negative factors currently in the technosphere shows that the main influence has anthropogenic negative impacts, among which technological, formed as a result of the transformative human activity and changes in biosphere processes due to this activity. At the same time, most factors are characterized by direct impact (poisons, noise, vibration, etc.). But in recent years, secondary factors have been widespread (photochemical smoke, acid rain, etc.), which occur in habitat as a result of chemical and energy interactions of primary factors with each other or with components of the biosphere. The levels and scope of the impacts of negative factors are constantly growing in a number of regions of the technosphere reached such values \u200b\u200bwhen a person and natural environment threatens the danger of irreversible destructive changes.

Influence on nature

According to the degree of potential danger, leading to such catastrophes in the man-made sector of the civil complex, it is possible to distinguish objects of nuclear, chemical, metallurgical and mining industries, unique engineering structures (dams, overpass, oil and gas storage), transport systems (aerospace, surface and underwater, ground), Carrying goods and large masses of people, main gas and petroleum products. This also includes dangerous objects of the defense complex - rocket-space and aircraft systems with nuclear and conventional charges, nuclear submarines and surface vessels, large warehouses of ordinary and chemical weapons.

Accidents and disasters in these facilities can be initiated by dangerous natural phenomena - earthquakes, hurricanes, storms. The technogenic accidents and disasters themselves may be accompanied by radiation and chemical damage and infesses, explosions, fires, collaps.

Accidents on hydraulic structures (accidents on hydropower). The risk of flooding of low nearby areas in the destruction of dams, dams and hydraulic dishes. The rapid and powerful flow of water can wash the soil with all the vegetation, wash off the black soil. There is a danger of the appearance of the villages. With sufficiently high waves, animals on the site of flooding are chosen on the hill, there can be a lot of time there.

Hypothetical heavy accidents at nuclear power plants can lead to the formation of a "black pillar", when the emissions for an accident propagate in the atmosphere and most of all the radiation suffer soil, plants and animals. In animals, as in humans, there are cases of radiation disease. The consequences of radiation are becoming braking growth of vegetation, reducing animal populations in the nearby accident areas. The striking factors include a shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, radioactive pollution and electromagnetic pulse. The greatest indirect lesions will be observed in settlements And in the forest. The light radiation of the nuclear explosion represents the flow of radiant energy, including the ultraviolet, visible and infrared glow.

According to the severity of the defeat of people from the shock waves, are divided: on the lungs at high-speed pressure \u003d 20-40 kPa (dislocation, bruises); average with high-speed pressure \u003d 40-60 kPa), (contusion, blood from the nose and ears); severe 60 kPa (severe contusion, damage to hearing and internal organs, loss of consciousness, fractures); Lethal with high-speed pressure of 100 kPa. The light radiation of the nuclear explosion can contribute to the emergence of a fire and a fire storm, which moves very quickly in forest dry zones.

Type of technogenic accidents

1) Transport accidents (disasters)

Accidents of cargo railway trains, accidents of passenger trains, trains of the Metro, accidents (catastrophes) on roads (major road catastrophes), accident crash at bridges, in tunnels and railway movies, accidents on trunk pipelines, accidents crafts (at sea and rivers) , accidents (disasters) of passenger ships (at sea and rivers), accidents (disasters) of underwater vessels, aviation catastrophes at airports and settlements, aviation catastrophes outside airports and settlements, ground accidents (catastrophes) rocket space complexes, orbital accidents of spacecraft

2) fires, explosions, the threat of explosions

Fires (explosions) in buildings, communications and technological equipment of industrial facilities, fires (explosions) on objects of mining, processing and storage of flammable, combustible and explosives, fires (explosions) in mines, underground and mountain workouts, metro, fires (explosions ) in buildings, buildings of residential, social and cultural and cultural purposes, fires (explosions) on chemically dangerous facilities, fires (explosions) on radiation hazardous sites, detection of unexploded ammunition, loss of explosives (ammunition)

3) Emission accident (threat of emissions) emergency chemically hazardous substances

Emission accident (threat of emission) emergency chemically hazardous substances in their production, processing or storage (disposal), accidental accidents (threat of emission) emergency chemically hazardous substances, the formation and distribution of hazardous chemicals in the process of chemical reactions that began as a result Accidents, accidents with chemical ammunition, loss of sources of chemically hazardous substances

4) emergency accident (threat of emission) of radioactive substances

Accidents at nuclear power plants, nuclear power plants of production and research destination with emissions (threat of emission) of radioactive substances, emergency accident (threat of emission) of radioactive substances at nuclear fuel cycle enterprises

5) Emission accident (ejection threat) of radioactive substances

Accidents of vehicles and spacecraft with nuclear installations or cargo of radioactive substances on board, accidents in industrial and test nuclear explosions with emissions (threat of emission) of radioactive substances, accidents with nuclear ammunition in the places of their storage or installation, loss of radioactive sources

6) Emission accident (threat of emissions) of biologically hazardous substances

Emission accident (threat of emissions) of biologically hazardous substances at the enterprises of industry and in research institutions (laboratories), traffic accidents with emissions (threat of emissions) of biological substances, loss of biologically hazardous substances

7) Hydrodynamic Accidents

Plotting breakthroughs (dams, gateways, jumpers) with the formation of breakthrough waves and catastrophic floodings and led the washout of fertile soils or deposition of the nanos on extensive territories

8) sudden collapse of buildings, structures

The collapse of production buildings and structures, the collapse of buildings and structures of residential, socio-household and cultural purposes, the collapse of the elements of transport communications

9) Accidents on electric power systems

Accidents on autonomous power plants with a long-term break of power supply of all consumers, failure of transport electrocontact networks

10) accidents on utility life support systems

Accidents in sewage systems with mass emissions of pollutants, accidents on heat networks (hot water system) in cold time, accidents in drinking water supply systems, accidents on utility gas pipelines

11) Accidents on industrial sewage treatment plants

Accidents on sewage treatment plants of industrial enterprises with mass emissions of pollutants.

1)Underwater earthquake in the Indian Oceanwhich occurred on December 26, 2004 at 00:58:53 UTC (07:58:53 local time) caused tsunami, which was recognized as the most deadly natural disaster in modern history. The earthquake magnitude was, according to various estimates, from 9.1 to 9.3. This is the third earthquake for the entire observation history.

The epicenter of the earthquake was in the Indian Ocean, north of the island of Symalue, located near the North-West shore of Sumatra Island (Indonesia). Tsunami reached the coast of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, South of India, Thailand and other countries. The wave height exceeded 15 meters. Tsunami led to huge destruction and a huge number of dead people, even in Port Elizabeth, in South Africa, 6900 km from the epicenter.

Died, according to different estimates, from 225 thousand to 300 thousand people. According to the US Geological Service (USGS), the death track - 227,898. The true number of dead is unlikely to ever become known, since many people were taken by water in the sea.

2)Hurricane "Katrina" (eng. Hurricane Katrina.) - The most destructive hurricane in the history of the United States. It was a hurricane of the 5th category on the Saffira Simpson hurricane scale, the sixth of the Hurricane of the Atlantic basin in the entire history of observations. Occurred at the end of August 2005. The most severe damage was caused to a new Orlean in Louisiana, where about 80% of the city's area turned out to be under water. As a result of a disaster, 1836 inhabitants were killed, economic damage was $ 125 billion (rating, 2007)

3)Bhopalskaya catastrophe - The largest technogenic disaster that occurred as a result of the accident at the Union Carbide Chemical Plant in the Indian city of Bhopal (the capital of the state of Madhya Pradesh) Early in the morning of December 3, 1984, the ending death, at least 18 thousand people, of which 3 thousand Died directly on the day of the tragedy, and 15 thousand - in subsequent years.

4)Terrorist attack on Munich Olympiad (Munich murder, Olympic terrorist attack) - The terrorist attack held during the Olympic Games in Munich in 1972 by members of the Terrorist Palestinian Organization "Black September", the victims of which were 11 members of the Israeli Olympic team (4 coaches, 5 participants in the competition and two judges), as well as one West German policeman. Five of eight terrorists were killed by policemen during the failed attempt to liberate hostages. Three surviving terrorists were captured, but later liberated by West Germany after the "black september" seizure of Lufthansa airliner. Israel responded to the liberation of terrorists by the operations of the "Spring Youth" and "Wrath of God", during which the Israeli special services were tracking down and destroyed suspects in the preparation of the terrorist attack.

5)Dubrovka terrorist attack also mentioned as Nord-Ost - The terrorist attack on Dubrovka in Moscow, which lasted from October 23 to October 26, 2002, during which a group of armed militants led by Movsar Barayev seized and held hostages from the Nord-Osts musical viewers in the building of the House of Culture of Moscow Bearing ( "1 GPZ"), located at: Moscow, Melnikov Street, 7.

The militants were armed with firearms, ammunition and explosive devices. The total number of captured hostages amounted to 916 people. The purpose of the terrorist action was a violation of public security, the disappearance of the population and the provision of influence on the authorities of the Russian Federation to decide on the conclusion of troops from the territory of the Chechen Republic.

As a result of the operation to release hostages, all terrorists were eliminated and most of the hostages were liberated. In total, according to official data, 130 people from the hostage were killed (according to the Nord-Ost public organization, 174 people).

6)Terrorist act in Beslan - seizure of hostages at school number 1 of Beslan (North Ossetia), committed by terrorists in the morning of September 1, 2004 during the solemn line dedicated to the beginning of the school year. Within two and a half days, terrorists kept in a mined building of more than 1,100 hostages (mainly children, their parents and school staff) in the most severe conditions, refusing to people even in minimal natural needs.

On the third day about 13:05 explosions occurred at school, and later there was a fire, as a result of which a partial collapse of the building occurred. After the first explosions, the hostage began to run out of the school, and the federal forces were assigned. During the chaotic shootout, including the participation of civilians who used personal weapons, 27 terrorists were killed (three, including one of the suicide schools, died from September 1 to September 2). The only terrorist caught by the alive, Nur-Pasha Kulaev, was arrested and subsequently sentenced by the court to life imprisonment [.

Although most hostages were liberated during the assault, as a result of a 334 person terrorist attack, 186 children were killed and over 800 were injured. Economic damage from the terrorist attack exceeded 34 million rubles

Responsibility for the terrorist attack in Beslan publicly assumed Shamil Basayev, published a statement on the website of Chechen separatists "Caucasus Center" on September 17, 2004

As of 2013, the investigation of the terrorist attack case initiated by the General Prosecutor's Office on September 1, 2004, remained open. The investigation into the circumstances of the terrorist attack was carried out by several commissions, expert groups and public organizations, but many circumstances, including the real number of terrorists, the possible escape of many of them, government actions during the negotiations and storming of the building, as well as the causes of limited and conflicting media coverage , challenged until now. Some commentators hold the opinions that the death of some hostages was caused by the operation to be released.

The terrorist attack in Beslan became the final in the series of terrorist attacks of Russia in 2004, after which the country's political leadership carried out a number of serious reforms in legislation. In particular, the elections of the governors were canceled and the public chamber was created, the National Anti-Terrorism Committee and the "Commission on the Improvement of the Socio-Economic Regulations in the Southern Federal District".

7)Terrorist act on September 11, 2001 (Sometimes it's just 9/11, a series of four coordinated suicide terrorist attacks that occurred in the United States of America. Responsibility for these attacks lies on the terrorist organization Al-Qaida.

In the morning of that day, nineteen terrorists relevant to Al-Qaida, divided into four groups, captured four flight passenger airliners. Each group had at least one member that had passed initial training.

The invaders sent two of these liners in the Tower of the World Trade Center, located in the southern part of Manhattan in New York. Flight 11 American Airlines crashed into the Tower of WTC-1 (North), and the flight of 175 United Airlines - to the Tower of WTC-2 (South). As a result, both tower collapsed, causing serious destruction of adjacent structures .. The third aircraft (Flight 77 American Airlines) was sent to the Pentagon building, located near Washington. Passengers and fourth airliner team (flight 93 United Airlines) tried to intercept the aircraft management at terrorists, the plane fell in the field near Boro Shanksville in Pennsylvania.

In addition to 19 terrorists, 2977 people died as a result of attacks (see the section "Victims"), 24 more disappeared. Most dead were civilians.

The official version of what happened was criticized by a number of journalists, scientists and witnesses of the tragedy. Independent investigations were conducted, according to some of which documentaries were removed.

8) Mass riots (Manege Square (2010), Sagra, Kondopoga, Demyanovo)

9)Mass murder in the village of Kushchev - The murder of 12 people (including four children), which occurred on November 4, 2010 in the village of Kuschev Krasnodar Territory and the committed, according to the results of the investigation, members of the OCG "Tsapkovsky".

10)The Chernobyl accidentThe catastrophe at the Chernobyl NPP, the Chernobyl accident, the term Chernobyl catastroph is most often used in the media - the destruction of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, located on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR (now - Ukraine), is most often used in the media. The destruction was explosive, the reactor was completely destroyed, and a large number of radioactive substances was thrown into the environment. The accident is regarded as the largest in its own way in the entire history of nuclear energy, both on the intended number of people who died and affected by its consequences and economic damage. During the first three months after the accident, 31 people died; The remote effects of irradiation identified over the next 15 years have caused death from 60 to 80 people. 134 people moved radiation disease to one or another severity, more than 115 thousand people from a 30-kilometer zone were evacuated. To eliminate the consequences, significant resources were mobilized, more than 600 thousand people participated in the elimination of the consequences of the accident.

Unlike Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombing, the explosion resembled a very powerful "dirty bomb" - the main affected factor was radioactive infection.

The cloud formed from the burning reactor was separated by various radioactive materials, and above all the radionuclides of iodine and cesium, for the most part of Europe. The greatest differences were noted at significant territories in the Soviet Union located near the reactor and now related to the territories of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine.

The Chernobyl accident has become an event of great socio-political importance for the USSR. All this imposed a certain imprint on the course of investigating its causes. The approach to the interpretation of the facts and the circumstances of the accident varied over time, and there is still no one-time opinion.

11)JSC "Mmm."- a private company organized by Sergey Mavrodi. Until February 1, 1994, there was only financial and trade activities. From 1994, the financial pyramid is traditionally considered in the history of Russia. According to various estimates, 10-15 million depositors participated in its activities. By Other estimates, the number of depositors did not exceed 2 million people.

According to Sergey Mavrodi, the MMM company was purposefully destroyed by the relevant government agencies.

Founders of the company: Sergey Mavrodi, his brother Vyacheslav Mavrodi and Olga Melnikova. Head - Sergey Mavrodi. But Sergey Mavrodi repeatedly stated that two other founders were figures with nominal and necessary for him exclusively to register the company. The company's abbreviation was the abbreviation of primary letters of its founders.

12)Departure of the oil platform Deepwater Horizon - Accident (explosion and fire), which occurred on April 20, 2010, 80 kilometers from the coast of the state of Louisiana in the Mexican Gulf of Oil PlatformDeepwater Horizon at the Marko Department (English) Russian.

The oil spill after an accident became the largest in the history of the United States and turned an accident to one of the largest technogenic catastrophes on the negative impact on the environmental situation.

At the time of the explosion on the platform, the Deepwater Horizon was killed 11 people and 17 of 126 people who were on the platform were injured. At the end of June 2010, there were reports of the death of 2 more people in the elimination of the consequences of the disaster.

Through the damage to the well pipes at a depth of 1500 meters in the Mexican bay for 152 days, about 5 million barrels of oil flows out, the oil spot reached an area of \u200b\u200b75 thousand square kilometers.

13)Tungusian meteoroid, or Tunguska meteorite (Tungusi phenomenon) - a hypothetical body, probably, cometic origin, which, presumably, was the cause of the air explosion in the area of \u200b\u200bthe River River Tunguska (approximately 60 km north and 20 km west of Vanavara village) 17 (30) June 1908 At 7 o'clock 14.5 ± 0.8 minutes local time (0 h 14.5 min according to Greenwich). The power of the explosion is estimated at 40-50 megatons, which corresponds to the energy of the most powerful (of blown) hydrogen bombs.

14) "The death of the" Titanic "" The chronology of the death of "Titanic" (RMS Titanic) - British steamer of White Star Line, the largest passenger liner of the world at the time of his construction. The catastrophe occurred during the first flight of the liner on the night of April 14-15, 1912 in the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean as a result of a collision with Iceberg. The ship sank in 2 hours 20 minutes. At the time of the disaster on board there were 1,316 passengers and 891 crew member, only 2,207 people. Of these, 705 people were saved, 1,502 died. The wreck of "Titanic" caused a widest public resonance, becoming the largest victims of the maritime catastrophe of his time. Currently, in the top five in the number of victims of the sea disaster of peacetime of all times.

15) Ice rain in Moscow

16)Accident on Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP - Industrial technogenic disaster that occurred on August 17, 2009. As a result of the accident, 75 people, equipment and stations were seriously damaged. The work of the electricity production station was suspended. The consequences of the accident were reflected in the environmental situation in the water area adjacent to the HPP, on the social and economic spheres of the region. As a result of the investigation of Rostechnadzor, the direct cause of the accident called the destruction of the stuffing studs of the hydraulic unit, caused by additional dynamic loads of an alternating nature, which was preceded by the formation and development of fatigue damage to the mounting nodes, which led to the cover of the lid and flooding the machine hall of the station.

The accident at the moment is the largest disaster in the history of the catastrophe on the hydropower facility of Russia and one of the most significant in the history of world hydropower. "The accident is unique, - said, in particular, the Minister of the Russian Federation for civil defense, emergency situations and the elimination of the effects of natural disasters S. to . Shoigu. - Nothing like that in world practice was observed. " Nevertheless, an assessment of the consequences of the disaster in the expert and political community is ambiguous. Some specialists and organizations, including Sergei Shoigu himself, compared the Sayano-Shushensky accident for its significance and influence on the economic and sociological aspects of Russia's life with an accident at the Chernobyl NPP. Other experts argued that these accidents are incomparable. President of the Russian Federation D. A. Medvedev expressed the opinion that it was not unnecessary to dramatize the situation and do "apocalyptic" comments. The accident caused a large public resonance, becoming one of the most discussed in the media in 2009.

17)Accident at Fukushima NPP-1 - A large radiation accident (at the request of Japanese officials - the 7th level on the ICES scale), which occurred on March 11, 2011 as a result of the strongest earthquake in Japan and the tsunami followed. The earthquake and the tsunami, the external means of power supply and reserve diesel generators were out of order, which was the cause of the inoperability of all normal and emergency cooling systems and led to the melting of the active zone of reactors at the power units 1, 2 and 3 in the first days of the development of the accident.

18)The wreck of the ship "Bulgaria" - shipwreck, which occurred on July 10, 2011 at about 13:00 pm Moscow time in the Kuibyshev reservoir in the village of Skeukeevokamsko-UStinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan.

According to the final data, from 201 of a person who was on board, 79 was saved. The death of the remaining 122 people were confirmed. Among the dead and captain of the ship "Bulgaria" Alexander Ostrovsky.

19)K-141 "Kursk" - Russian atomic underwater rocket cruiser project 949A "Antey". It was laid at Sevmash in 1992, commissioned on December 30, 1994. From 1995 to 2000 - in the Deposit Fleet of Russia, the Point of Basing Vidseevo.

Sound in the Barents Sea, 175 km from Severomorsk, (69 ° 40'00 "s. Sh. 37 ° 35'00" in. D. (G) (O)) At a depth of 108 meters as a result of a catastrophe that occurred on August 12, 2000. All 118 crew members who were on board were killed. By the number of dead accidents became the second in the post-war history of the domestic underwater fleet, after the explosion of the wipboard on the B-37.

20)A plane crash in Smolensk April 10, 2010 - Aviation catastrophe that occurred with the Presidential aircraft of the Tu-154 of the Polish Air Force during the landing at the Smolensk-North airfield in a strong fog. In a catastrophe, all those who were on board - 88 passengers and 8 crew members were killed, among them - President Poland Lech Kaczynski, his wife Maria Kaczynskaya, famous Polish politicians, almost all the highest military command, public and religious figures. This is the largest among the number of victims among the plane crash, in which the first persons of the state died. President Kaczynski was sent to Russia with a private visit at the head of the Polish delegation to mourning events on the occasion of the seventy anniversary of the execution of Polish officers in the Katyn Forest.

According to the results of the investigation of the poppy, all aircraft systems before the collision from the earth worked normally; Because of the fog, visibility at the airfield was lower than that for landing, what the crew was notified.