The history of the creation of the first atomic bomb. Creating a Soviet atomic bomb. Atomic bomb: Composition, combat characteristics and goal of creating

Truth in the penultimate instance

There are not many things in the world that are considered indisputable. Well, the sun rises in the east and comes in the West, you, I think, know. And that the moon rotates around the earth - too. And about the fact that the Americans were the first to create an atomic bomb, ahead of the Germans, and Russians.

So I also believed, until the year four years ago, one old magazine did not get into his hands. My beliefs about the sun and the moon, he left alone, but faith in the American leadership shakes pretty seriously. It was a chubby volume in German - the footer of the magazine "Theoretical Physics" for 1938. I no longer remember why I climbed there, but completely unexpectedly came across the article by Professor Otto Ghana.

The name was well acquainted to me. It was Gan, a famous German physicist and Radiochemistry, opened in 1938 together with another major scientist - Fritz Strausman - the division of the uranium nucleus, actually giving the launch work on the creation of nuclear weapons. At first I just ran the article with a look diagonally, but then completely unexpected phrases made me become more attentive. And ultimately - even forget about what I initially took this magazine.

The Ghana article was devoted to the review of atomic developments in different countries of the world. Actually, there was nothing to review that everywhere, except in Germany, nuclear research was in the pen. They did not see much sense. " This abstract matter has nothing to do with state needs."," Said the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain at around the same time when he was asked to support British nuclear research on budget money.

« Let these scientists themselves are looking for money, the state has full-fully other problems! " - Those believed in the 30s most of the world leaders. With the exception of, of course, the Nazis that the nuclear program just financed.
But by no means the passage of Chamberlain, carefully quoted by Gan, attracted my attention. England is not too interested in the author of these lines. Much more interesting was that Gan wrote about the state of nuclear research in the United States of America. And he wrote literally the following:

If we talk about the country in which the nucleus division processes are given the smallest attention, then it should be undoubtedly called the United States. Of course, now I do not consider Brazil or Vatican. but among developed countries, even Italy and communist Russia are much ahead of the United States. The problems of theoretical physics on the other side of the ocean pays little attention, priority is given to applied developments that can give immediate profits. Therefore, I can confidently assert that over the next decade, North American will not be able to do anything substantial to the development of atomic physics.

At first I just laughed. It is necessary how my compatriot became mistaken! And only then thought: no matter how cool, Otto Gan was not a simple or amateur. On the status of atomic research, it was informed perfectly, especially since, before the beginning of World War I, this topic was freely discussed in scientific circles.

Maybe Americans disinforced the whole world? But for what purpose? For atomic weapons in the 30s, no one has yet thought. Moreover, most scientists believed its creation impossible in principle. That is why until 1939, about all new achievements in atomic physics instantly recognized the whole world - they were completely openly published in scientific journals. No one hid the fruits of his work, on the contrary, between various groups of scientists (almost exclusive Germans) went outdoor rivalry - who will turn forward faster?

Maybe scientists in the States were ahead of the whole world and therefore kept their achievements secret? Non-free assumption. To confirm or disprove it, we will have to consider the history of the creation of an American atomic bomb - at least such as it appears in official publications. We are all accustomed to take it on faith as something of granted. However, with a closer look at it, there are so many oddities and inconsistencies that you just have a division.

With the world on thread - the states of the bomb

1942 began to good for the British. The invasion of the Germans on their little island, which seemed inevitable, now, as in magic, retreated into a misty distance. Last summer, Hitler made the main mistake in his life - attacked Russia. It was the beginning of the end. Russians not only have surrendered contrary to the hopes of Berlin strategists and the pessimistic forecasts of many observers, but also gave the Wehrmachut on the teeth frosty winter. And in December, large and powerful United States have come to the aid of the British, which are now the official ally. In general, the grounds for joy was even debugging.

Only a few high-ranking persons who have known the information received by British intelligence were not rejoiced. At the end of 1941, the British became aware that the Germans were developing their atomic studies.. It became clear and the ultimate goal of this process is a nuclear bomb. British nuclear scientists were competent enough to imagine what threat is new weapons.

At the same time, the British did not build illusions regarding their capabilities. All country resources were aimed at elementary survival. Although the Germans and the Japanese were hidden around the throat of war with Russian and Americans, they were from time to time found the opportunity to poke the dilapidated building of the British Empire. From each such tych, the construction of the construction was staggering and creaked, threatened to collapse.

Three Rommel Divisions were made in North Africa almost all the combat-ready British army. Underwater boats Admiral Mennie, like predatory sharks, sneaks in the Atlantic, threatened to interrupt a vital supply of supply due to the ocean. Britain simply had no resources in order to join the Germans to the nuclear race. Loge and so it was large, and in the very near future it threatened to become hopeless.

It must be said that the Americans attended such a gift at first skeptical. The military department did not understand why he should spend money on some unauthorized project. What is there still new weapons? Here are the aircraft carrier and Armada of heavy bombing - it is yes, it is power. And the nuclear bomb, which the scientists themselves imagine very vaguely, is just an abstraction, grandmother's fairy tales.

I had to the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill directly appeal to the American president Franklin Delado Roosevelt with a request, literally pleading, not to reject the English gift. Roosevelt summoned scientists to himself, figured out in the question and gave good.

Usually the creators of the canonical legend about the American bomb use this episode to emphasize the wisdom of Roosevelt. Here, look, what is the insightful president! We will look at it a little different eyes: in which the Pagon is atomic studies were in Yankees, if they refused to cooperate with the British so long and stubbornly! So, Gan was completely right in his assessment of American nuclear makers - they did not imagine anything solid.

Only in September 1942 it was decided to start work on an atomic bomb. The organizational period took another time, and a truly caused from a dead point only with the onset of the new, 1943. From the army, the work was headed by General Leslie Growz (afterwards he will write memoirs, in which the official version of what happened) will be detailed), Professor Robert Oppenheimer was a real leader. I will tell you about it in detail slightly later, but still we will admit to another curious detail - how the team of scientists who began work on the bomb was formed.

Actually, when Oppenheimer was offered to harvest specialists, his choice was extremely small. Good nuclear physicists in the States could be counted on the fingers of the crippled hand. Therefore, the professor accepted a wise decision - to gain people whom he knows personally and which can trust, regardless of which region of physics they were engaged earlier. It happened that the lion's share was occupied by the staff of the Columbia University from the County Manhattan (by the way, that is why the project was called Manhattan).

But these forces turned out to be little. It was necessary to attract British scientists, literally devastating English scientific centers, and even specialists from Canada. In general, the Manhattan project turned into a kind of likeness of the Babylonian Tower, with the difference only that all his participants spoke badly poor in the same language. However, this did not save from the usual communities of the welded and skins arising from the rivalry of different scientific groups. The echoes of these friction can be found on the pages of the Book of Grovez, and they look very funny: the general, on the one hand, wants to convince the reader that everything was chinno and defissible, and on the other hand, it was boasting how deftly he managed to myrchie.

And here we are trying to convince us that in this friendly atmosphere of a large terrarium, the Americans managed to create an atomic bomb in two and a half years. And the Germans who have fun and friendly Corpel over their nuclear project for five years, this failed. Miracles, and only.

However, even if there were no wells, such record deadlines would still cause suspicion. The fact is that in the process of research you need to undergo certain stages, to reduce which is almost impossible. Americans themselves explain their success with gigantic financing - ultimately, more than two billion dollars were spent on the Manhattan project! However, if neither feed is a pregnant woman, she still will not be able to give birth to a donkey child earlier than nine months. The same with an atomic project: to significantly speed up, for example, the process of uranium enrichment is impossible.

Germans worked five years with full voltage. Of course, they had mistakes and miscalculations that took the precious time. But who said that Americans had no mistakes and miscalculations? There were many. One of these mistakes was to attract the work of the famous physics Niels Bora.

Unknown Snealing Operation

British special services love to boast one of their operations. We are talking about salvation from the Nazi Germany the great Danish scientist Niels Bora. The official legend states that after the beginning of the Second World War, an outstanding physicist quietly and calmly lived in Denmark, leading a fairly secluded lifestyle. The Nazis offered to him a lot of collaboration many times, but Bor was consistently refused.

By 1943, the Germans decided to arrest it. But, on time, warned, Nils Bor managed to flee to Sweden, from where the British was taken out in a bomb compartment of a heavy bombarder. By the end of the year, the physicist was in America and began to work zealously for the benefit of the Manhattan project.

The legend is beautiful and romantic, that's just sewing it with white threads and does not stand any checks. The reliability in it is no more than in the fairy tales of Charles Perro. First, because the Nazis looks in it finished idiots, and they never were. Think carefully! In 1940, the Germans occupy Denmark. They know that the Nobel laureate lives on the territory of the country, which can provide them with great help in working on an atomic bomb. The very atomic bomb, which is vital for the victory of Germany.

And what do they do? For three years, they are occasionally visiting a scientist, politely knocking on the door and quietly asked: " Herr Bohr, you do not want to work for the good of Führera and Reich? You do not want? Well, we will also go later" No, there was not the style of work of the German special services! According to the logic of things, they had to arrest boron not in 1943, and in 1940. If it turns out - to force (it is forbing it, and not to simplify!) Work on them, if not, at least make it so that he cannot work on the enemy: put in a concentration camp or destroy. And they leave him calmly roam free, under the nose of the British.

After three years - says the legend - the Germans finally comes to that they need to arrest the scientist. But here, someone (it was someone, because I did not find instructions anywhere who did it) warns boron about threatening danger. Who could it be? In the habit of Gestapo did not shout at every corner about preparing arrests. People took quiet, unexpectedly night. So, the mysterious patron of Bora is someone from rather high-ranking officials.

We still leave this mysterious senior angel alone and continue to analyze Niels Bora's worship. So, the scientist fled to Sweden. What do you think how? On a fishing boat, bypassing the boat of the German Coast Guard in the fog? On a raft chilling from boards? How wrong! Bor with the highest possible comfort sailed into Sweden on the most common private steamer, officially held in the Copenhagen port.

We will not break your head over the question as the Germans released a scientist if they were going to arrest him. Think about what. The flight physicist with a world-famous name is an emergency very serious scale. On this occasion, an investigation was to be inevitably conducted - the heads of those who proved physics, as well as a mysterious patron. However, no traces of such an investigation find simply failed. Maybe because it was not.

Indeed, how important is Niels Bor for the development of an atomic bomb? Born in 1885 and became the Nobel laureate in 1922, Bor appealed to the problems of nuclear physics only in the 30s. At that time, he was already a large, held scientists with quite formed views. Such people rarely achieve success in areas where the innovative approach is needed and non-standard thinking - namely such an area was nuclear physics. For several years, Bor never managed to make any significant contribution to atomic research.

However, as the ancient said, the first half of life a person works in the name, the second - the name per person. Nielsa Bora has this second half has already begun. Walking on nuclear physics, it automatically began to be considered a large specialist in this area, regardless of its real achievements.

But in Germany, where such world-famous nuclear keys, like Gan and Heisenberg, worked, the real price of the Danish scientist knew. That is why he was not particularly actively trying to attract to work. It turns out - well, we are moving on the whole world that Niels Bor works on us. It will not come out - it's not bad, will not be confused under your feet with your authority.

By the way, in the United States, Nils Bohr is largely confused under his feet. The fact is that an outstanding physicist did not believe in the possibility of creating a nuclear bomb. At the same time, his authority forced him to reckon with his opinion. If you believe the memories of Grovez, who worked as part of the Manhattan project, scientists belonged to Bor as an elder. And now imagine what you do some sophisticated work without any confidence in the final success. And then you are suitable for someone who you consider to be a big specialist, and says that your lesson is not even time to spend. Is it easier to work? I do not think.

In addition, Bor was a convinced pacifist. In 1945, when the States had an atomic bomb, it categorically protested against its use. Accordingly, it was the work with his work. Therefore, I urge once again to think: what else brought the boron - movement or stagnation in developing a question?

A strange folding picture is not true? She became a little clear after I learned one interesting detail, it would seem anything to Nilsu Boru, not having a nuclear bomb. We are talking about the "main diversant of the Third Reich" Otto Schtoz.

It is believed that the exaltation of the Svalny began after in 1943 he freed him from the conclusion of the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. Asked for a mining prison with its former comrades, Mussolini could not seem to hope for liberation. But the chaslement on the direct director of Hitler has developed a bold plan: to plant a landing on glider and then fly on a small airplane. Everything happened as it should not be better: Mussolini is free, chasal in width.

At least, the majority thinks so. Only a few well-informed historians know that the reason and consequence are confused here. The chaplanes were entrusted with an extremely difficult and responsible matter precisely because Hitler trusted him. That is, the elevation of the "king of special operations" began to history with the salvation of Mussolini. However, quite shortly - in a couple of months. Sorrow was raised in rank and position exactly when Niels Bor fled to England. Reasons for increasing I could not find anywhere.

So, we have three facts:
— firstly, the Germans did not interfere with the exit of Niels Bora in Britain;
— secondly, Bor brought Americans more harm than good;
— third, immediately after the scientist found himself in England, Szorna receives a promotion.

And what if it is the details of one mosaic? I decided to try to reconstruct the events. Capturing Denmark, the Germans perfectly imagined that Niels Bohr is unlikely to assist in creating an atomic bomb. Moreover, it will rather disturb. Therefore, he was left to live quietly in Denmark, under the very nose of the British. Maybe already then the Germans were calculated that the British would kidnap the scientist. However, in three years, the British never risked to take anything.

At the end of 1942, the Germans began to come up to the Germans about the beginning of a large-scale project to create an American atomic bomb. Even considering the secrecy of the project, it was determined to preserve the timeline in the bag: the instanty of hundreds of scientists from different countries, one way or another related to nuclear studies, should have been pushing any mentally normal person to such conclusions.

The Nazis were confident that the Yankees were much ahead (and this corresponded to reality), but it did not hurt the opponent to the enemy. And at the beginning of 1943 one of the most secret operations of the German special services are held. On the threshold of Niels Bora, a certain well-wisher who informs him that he wants to arrest and quit the concentration camp, and offers his help. The scientist agrees - it does not have a different exit, to be for barbed wire - not the best prospect.

At the same time, the British, apparently, is applied to Lipa on the complete essentialness and uniqueness of the boron in nuclear research. The British are peeling - what do they have to do if the prey itself goes to their hands, that is, in Sweden? And for complete heroism, bomber exported in the womb of the bombard, although they could comfortably send it on the ship.

And then the Nobel laureate appears in the epicenter of the Manhattan project, producing the effect of an exploding bomb. That is, if the Germans managed to bomb the research center in Los Alamos, the effect would be about the same. The work slowed down, moreover, quite essentially. Apparently, the Americans did not immediately realize how they were inflated, and when they understood, it was too late.
And you still believe that the Yankees themselves constructed an atomic bomb?

Mission "ALSOS"

Personally, I finally refused to believe in these bikes after the activities of the Alcos group studied in detail. This operation of the American special services was held in secret for many years - until its main participants went to the best world. And only then information appeared information - the truth, fragmentary and scattered - about how Americans hunted for German atomic secrets.

True, if you thoroughly work on these information and compare them with some well-known facts, the picture was very convincing. But I will not get ahead. So, the Alksos group was formed in 1944, on the eve of the landing of Anglo-Americans in Normandy. Half of the group members - professional scouts, half - nuclear scientists.

At the same time, the Manhattan Project was mercilessly shaped, the best specialists were unreacked - the best specialists were taken from there. The mission's task was to collect information about the German nuclear system. Asks how desperate Americans are desperate in the success of their undertaking, if they made the main rate on theft of the atomic bomb near the Germans?
It was desperate to be great if you remember the little-known letter of one of the nuclear scientists to their colleague. It was written on February 4, 1944 and read:

« It seems we got involved in a hopeless thing. The project is not moving forward either on iota. Our leaders, in my opinion, do not believe in the success of the whole undertaking. Yes, and we do not believe. If there were not for the huge money that we pay here, I think many have long been doing something more useful».

This letter was given at one time as proof of American talents: here, they say, what are we well done, for the year with a little pulled out a hopeless project! Then in the United States realized that around not only the fools live, and they hurried about a piece of paper. I managed to dig up this document in the old scientific journal with great difficulty.

To ensure the actions of the Alcos Group did not regret money and forces. It was perfectly equipped with everything necessary. The head of the mission Colonel Pasha had a document from the US Minister of Defense Henry Stimsonwho obliges everyone and everyone to provide a group of full assistance. Such powers did not even have the Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Forces Duight Eisenhower. By the way, about the commander-in-chief - he was obliged to take into account in the planning of military operations the interests of the Mission "Alcos", that is, to seize the first of all those areas where German atomic weapons can be.

In early August 1944, and if to be exactly the 9th, the Alksos group landed in Europe. The scientific leader of the Mission was appointed one of the leaders of US nuclear scientists - Dr. Samuel Gaudsmith. Before the war, he supported close ties with German colleagues, and the Americans hoped that the "international solidarity" of scientists would be stronger than political interests.

The first results of "Alcos" managed to achieve after the fall of 1944 the Americans took Paris. Here Gaudsmith met with the famous French scientist Professor Jolio-Curie. It seemed that Curie sincerely rejoiced by the defeats of the Germans; However, as soon as we spent the German atomic program, he went into the deaf "non-vocabulary". The Frenchman said that he did not know anything, did not hear anything, the Germans did not come close to the development of an atomic bomb and in general their nuclear project is exclusively peaceful.

It was clear that the professor did not face something. But it was no possibility to press him - for cooperation with the Germans in the then France was shot, despite scientific merit, and Curie's death was obviously afraid of the most. Therefore, GaudSmita had to leave insolence bumping.

For all the time of his stay in Paris, confused, but threatening rumors were constantly reached; in Leipzig, there was an explosion of "uranium bombs"The mountainous areas of Bavaria marked strange outbreaks at night. Everything said that the Germans are not very close to the creation of atomic weapons, they have not already created it.

What happened later is still hidden the curtain of the mystery. They say, Pasha and Gaudsmit still managed to find some valuable information in Paris. At the very least, from November, Eisenhower constantly receives the requirements to move forward, to the territory of Germany, at any cost. The initiators of these requirements - now it is clear! - Ultimately, there were people associated with an atomic project and receiving information directly from the Alcos group. Eisenhuer did not have a real opportunity to fulfill the orders received, but Washington requirements became more stringent. It is not known how all this is over if the Germans did not make another unexpected move.

Ardenne mystery

As a matter of fact, by the end of 1944, everyone believed that the war was played by Germany. The only question is what time the Nazis will defeat. Another point of view was adhered to, it seems, only Hitler and his nearest surroundings. They sought to pull the moment of catastrophe until the latter.

This desire is quite understandable. Hitler was confident that after the war he would announce the criminal and would be judged. And if you pull the time, you can achieve a quarrel between Russian and Americans and, ultimately, get out of the water, that is, from the war. Not without loss, of course, but not losing power.

Let's think about it: what was needed for this in conditions when Germany remained all? Naturally, spending them as economical as possible, keep flexible defense. And Hitler at the very end of the 44th throws his army into a very wasteful ardenne offensive. What for?

The troops are put completely unrealistic tasks - to break through to Amsterdam and reset the Anglo-Americans in the sea. Before Amsterdam, the German tanks were at that time to the Moon on foot, especially since in their pots splashed fuel less than half the way. Scare allies? But what could have frightened well-fed and armed army, behind which was the industrial power of the United States?

Generally, until now, no historian can clearly explain why Hitler needed this offensive. Usually everyone finishes the reasoning that the Führer was an idiot. But in fact, Hitler was not an idiot, moreover, he thus thought up to the very end enough and realistic. Idiots can be more likely to call those historians who make hasty judgments, without even trying to figure it out.

But look at the other side of the front. There are even more amazing things! And the point is not even that the Germans managed to achieve initial, truth, rather limited success. The fact is that the British and Americans are really frightened! Moreover, the fright was completely inadequate the threat. After all, from the very beginning it was clear that the Germans had little forces that the offensive was locked ...

So no and Eisenhower, and Churchill, and Roosevelt just fall into panic! In 1945, January 6, when the Germans were already stopped and even discarded back, british Prime Minister writes to the Russian leader Stalin a panic letterwhich requires immediate assistance. Here is the text of this letter:

« In the West there are very heavy battles, and at any time the supreme command may require large solutions. You yourself know your own experience, how an alarming is the situation when you have to protect a very wide front after the time loss of the initiative.

General Eisenhawer is very desirable and you need to know in general terms that you intend to do, as it will, of course, will affect all of its most important solutions. According to the received report, our emissary chief marshal of Aviation Tedder last night was in Cairo, being connected by the weather. His trip was not strongly delayed in your fault.

If he has not arrived at you, I will be grateful if you can tell me if we can count on a large Russian offensive at the front of the Vistula or somewhere else during January and any other points about which you may possibly You wish to mention. I will not pass this very secret information, with the exception of Field Marshal Brook and General Eisenhawer, and only if it is preserved in the strictest mystery. I consider a matter of urgent».

If you translate from a diplomatic language to normal: Savior, Stalin, - We will be bought! This is another mystery. What "bite" if the Germans are already discarded on the original frontiers? Yes, of course, the American offensive scheduled for January had to be transferred to the spring. So what? It is necessary to rejoice that the Nazis got their strength in meaningless attacks!

And further. Churchill slept and saw, as if not to let Russians in Germany. And now he literally begins them without postponing to start promotion to the West! So what did Sir Winston Churchill had to be afraid to be frightened?! It seems that the slowdown in the promotion of allies in Germany was interpreted as a deadly threat. I wonder why? After all, neither a fool nor Panicer Churchill was.

And, nevertheless, the next two months of the Anglo-Americans are carried out in terrible nervous tension. Subsequently, they will thoroughly hide it, but the truth will still break into the surface in their memoirs. For example, Eisenhuer after the war will call the last military winter "the most alarming time."

What is so worried Marshal if the war was actually won? Only in March 1945 the Ruhr Operation began, during which the Allies took West Germany, surrounding 300 thousand Germans. The commander of the German troops in this area of \u200b\u200bField Marshal model shot himself (the only one of the most German generals, by the way). Only after that Churchill and Roosevelt more or less calmed down.

But back to the Alcos group. In the spring of 1945, it was noticeably activated. In the course of the Ruhr Operation, scientists and scouts moved forward almost after the avant-garde of the advancing troops, collecting a valuable harvest. In March-April, many scientists employed in German nuclear studies fall into their hands. The decisive find was made in mid-April - the 12th member of the mission write that they came across "on the real golden custody" and now they "learn about the project mainly." Geisenberg, Gan, and Ozenberg, and Dibner, and many other outstanding German physics were in the hands of Americans. Nevertheless, the Alksos group continued active searches in already defeated Germany ... until the end of May.

But at the end of May there is something incomprehensible. Searches are almost interrupted. Rather, they continue, but with much less intensity. If there were major scientists with world names before, now Impressive laboratory technicians. And large scientists with a scope packing things and depart in America. Why?

To answer this question, let's see how events developed further.

At the end of June, Americans are trialing atomic bombs - as stated first in the world.
And in early August, two on Japanese cities are discarded.
After that, the finished atomic bombs in the Yankee end, and for a fairly long term.

A strange situation, isn't it? Let's start with the fact that there is only a month between the tests and combat use of the new super reservation. Dear readers, this does not happen. Make an atomic bomb is much more complicated than the usual projectile or rocket. For a month it is simply impossible. Then, probably, the Americans did three protoding immediately? Also unlikely.

Making a nuclear bomb - the procedure is very expensive. There is no point in doing three, if not sure what you do everything right. Otherwise, it would be possible to create three nuclear projects, build three scientific centers and so on. Even the United States is not so rich in order to exercise such waste.

However, well, suppose that Americans really built three prototypes immediately. Why did they not start immediately after successful testing to launch nuclear bombs into mass production? After all, immediately after the defeat of Germany, the Americans were in the face of a much more powerful and terrible opponent - Russians. Russian, of course, did not threaten the United States of the War, but they prevented Americans to become the owners of the entire planet. And this, from the point of view of Yankees, a completely unacceptable crime.

And nevertheless, the new atomic bombs at the states appeared ... What do you think when? In the fall of 1945? In the summer of 1946? Not! Only in 1947 the first nuclear ammunition began to enter American arsenals! You will not find this date anywhere, but no one will undertake it to refute it. The data I managed to get absolutely secrete. However, they are fully confirmed by the facts known to us about the subsequent buildup of the nuclear arsenal. And most importantly - the results of the tests in the deserts of Texas, which took place at the end of 1946.

Yes, yes, dear reader, it was at the end of 1946, and no month earlier. Data on it was mined by Russian intelligence and got to me very difficult, which, probably, it makes no sense to disclose on these pages, so as not to substitute the people who helped me. On the eve of the new, 1947 on the table to the Soviet leader Stalin a very curious report, which I will give here literally.

According to the Felix agent, in November-December of this year, a series of nuclear explosions was conducted in the village of El Paso, Texas. At the same time, experienced samples of nuclear bombs were tested, similar to those who were reset to the Japanese Islands last year.

Within one and a half months, at least four bombs were tested, three tests were unsuccessful. This bomb series was created in the process of preparing for the large-scale industrial release of nuclear ammunition. Most likely, the beginning of such a release should be waited not earlier than the middle of 1947.

The Russian agent fully confirmed the data that had had. But maybe all this is disinformation from the American intelligence agencies? Unlikely. In those years, the Yankees tried to assure their opponents that they were stronger than all in the world, and would not be able to move their military potential. Most likely, we are dealing with thoroughly hidden truth.

What is happening? In 1945, the Americans dump three bombs - and everything is successful. The following tests are the same bombs! - Pass a year and a half later, and not too successfully. Serial production begins in another six months, and we do not know - and never know, - as far as the atomic bombs that appeared on American army warehouses corresponded to their terrible appointment, that is, how high-quality they were.

Such a picture can only be drawn in one case, namely: if the first three atomic bombs are the same, forty-fifth year - were built by the Americans not independently, but were obtained from someone. If talking directly from the Germans. Indirectly, such a hypothesis confirms the reaction of German scientists on the bombing of Japanese cities, which we know thanks to David Irving's book.

"Poorman Professor Gan!"

In August 1945, ten leading German nuclear physicists, the ten main actors of the Nazis, were captured in the United States. Of these, they pulled all possible information (I wonder if you believe the American version that the Yankees were much overtook the Germans in atomic studies). Accordingly, scientists contained in a minimal prison. It was in this prison and radio.

The sixth of August at seven o'clock in the evening Otto Gan and Karl Virts were at the radio. It was then that in the next issue of news they heard that the first atomic bomb was reset on Japan. The first response of colleagues with which they brought this information was unambiguous: it can not be true. Heisenberg believed that the Americans could not create their own nuclear weapons (and, as we know now, was right).

« Have Americans mentioned the word "uranium" in connection with their new bomb?"He asked Ghana. The latter answered negatively. "Then she has nothing to do with the atom," Sliced \u200b\u200bHeisenberg. An outstanding physicist believed that Yankees simply used some explosives of high power.

However, the nine-hour news release dispelled all doubts. Obviously, until germans simply did not assume that the Americans managed to capture several German atomic bombs. However, now the situation cleared up, and scientists began to torment the flour of conscience. Yes Yes exactly! Dr. Erich Bugge recorded in his diary: " Now this bomb was applied against Japan. They transmit that even a few hours later, the bombarded city is hidden by the cloud of smoke and dust. We are talking about the death of 300 thousand people. Poor fellow Professor Gan.!»

Moreover, that evening, scientists were strongly worried about how "the poor gan" did not commit suicide. Two physicists were on duty at his bed late, so as not to let him impose on his arms, and went into their rooms only after they found that their colleague finally fell asleep with a strong sleep. Gan himself later described his impressions as follows.

For some time I had the idea of \u200b\u200bthe need to reset in the sea all the stocks of uranium to avoid such a catastrophe in the future. Although I felt personal responsibility for what happened, I thought if I had the right or anyone else to deprive the humanity of all those fruits that a new discovery could bring? And now this terrible bomb has worked!

Interestingly, if the Americans speak the truth, and the bomb fallen on Hiroshima really created themselves, why did the Germans feel "personal responsibility" for what happened? Of course, each of them contributed to nuclear research, but on the same basis it would be possible to assign part of the guilt for thousands of scientists, including Newton and Archimedes! After all, their discoveries, ultimately, led to the creation of nuclear weapons!

The spiritual torments of German scientists acquire meaning only in one case. Namely - if they themselves created the bomb that destroyed hundreds of thousands of Japanese. Otherwise, why do you worry about the worried Americans?

However, while all my conclusions were no more than a hypothesis confirmed only by indirect evidence. What if I am mistaken and the Americans really managed to be impossible? To answer this question, it was necessary to study the German atomic program to explore the German nuclear system. And this is not as simple as it seems.

/Hans-Ulrich von Kranz, "Secret Weapon of the Third Reich", TopWar.Ru/

The investigation took place in April-May 1954 in Washington and was called on American manner, hearing.
Physics participated in the hearings (with a capital letter!), But for the scientific world of America, the conflict was unprecedented: not a dispute about priority, not a hollow struggle of scientific schools and not even the traditional confrontation of ahead of the genius and crowd of mediocre envious. In the proceedings, the keyword sounded the keyword - "loyalty". The accusation of "disloyment", which found a negative, terrible sense, attracted punishment: depriving admission to the work of higher secrecy. The action took place in the Atomic Energy Commission (CEA). Main characters:

Robert Oppenheimer, Native of New York, Pioneer Quantum Physics in the United States, Scientific Director of the Manhattan Project, "Father of Atomic Bomb", Successful Scientific Manager and Refined Intellectual, after 1945 National Hero of America ...

"I am not the easiest person - I noticed the American physicist Isididid Aizek Rabi. "But compared to Openerhimer, I am very and very simple." Robert Oppenheimer was one of the central figures of the twentieth century, the "complexity" itself, which absorbed the political and ethical contradictions of the country.

During World War II, a brilliant physicist Ažulius Robert Oppenheimer headed the development of American nuclear keys to create the first atomic bomb in the history of mankind. The scientist led a secluded and closed lifestyle, and it gave rise to suspicion of treason.

Atomic weapons - the result of the entire preceding development of science and technology. The discoveries that are directly related to its occurrence were made at the end of the XIX century. A huge role in the disclosure of the mystery of the atom was played by Research A. Becquer, Pierre Curie and Maria Sklodovskaya-Curie, E. Rostford, etc.

In early 1939, French physicist Jolio-Curie concluded that a chain reaction was possible, which would lead to an explosion of monstrous destructive power and that uranium could become a source of energy as a conventional explosive substance. This conclusion has become an impetus for developing nuclear weapons.

Europe was the eve of World War II, and the potential possession of such powerful weapons pushed militaristic circles to the fastest creation, but the problem of the problem of the presence of a large number of uranium ore for large-scale research. Physics, England, USA, Japan, realizing that, without a sufficient number of uranium ore, it is impossible to maintain work, USA in September 1940. nuclear weapons in full swing.

From 1939 to 1945, more than two billion dollars was spent on the Manhattan project. In Oak Ridge, Tennessee, a huge uranium cleaning plant was built. H.C. Urey and Ernest O. Lawrence (Cyclotron Inventor) proposed a purification method based on the principle of gas diffusion with the subsequent magnetic separation of two isotopes. Gas centrifuge separated light uranium-235 from more severe uranium-238.

On the territory of the United States, in Los Alamos, in the deserted expanses of New Mexico, in 1942 the American Nuclear Center was created. A lot of scientists worked on the project, the main thing was Robert Oppenheimer. Under his beginning, the best minds of the time not only the United States and England were collected, but practically all Western Europe. A huge team worked on the creation of nuclear weapons, including 12 laureates of the Nobel Prize. Work in Los Alamos, where the laboratory was located, did not stop for a minute. In Europe, in the meantime, the Second World War, and Germany conducted mass bombings of the cities of England, which was dangerously engaged in the English Atomic Project "TUB ALLOYS", and England voluntarily transferred its development and leading scientists to the United States, which allowed the United States to take a leading position in the development of nuclear physics (creating nuclear weapons).

"The father of the atomic bomb," he at the same time was an enemy of the American nuclear policy. Wearing the title of one of the most prominent physicists of his time, with pleasure I studied the mysticism of the ancient Indian books. Communist, traveler and convinced American patriot, a very spiritual person, nevertheless was ready to betray his friends to defend against attacks of anti-communists. A scientist who developed a plan for the cause of the greatest damage to Hiroshima and Nagasaki, cursed himself for "innocent blood on his hands."

Write a challenge about this contradictory person, but interesting, and the twentieth century is marked by a number of books about him. However, the saturated life of the scientist continues to attract biographers.

Oppenheimer was born in New York in 1903 in the family of secured and educated Jews. Oppenheimer was brought up in love for painting, music, in an atmosphere of intellectual curiosity. In 1922, he entered Harvard University and in just three years he received a diploma with honors, his main subject was chemistry. In the next few years, a developed young man has visited several European countries, where he worked with physicists engaged in the problems of studying atomic phenomena in the light of new theories. Just a year after graduating from the University, Oppenheimer published a scientific work, which showed how deeply it understands new methods. Soon he, together with the famous Max Born, developed the most important part of the quantum theory, known as the Born-Oppenheimer method. In 1927, his outstanding doctoral dissertation brought him worldwide glory.

In 1928 he worked in Zurich and Leiden Universities. In the same year he returned to the United States. From 1929 to 1947, Oppenheimer taught at the University of California and the California Institute of Technology. From 1939 to 1945 actively participated in the work on the creation of an atomic bomb under the Manhattan project; Heading the Los Alamos Lab specially created for this.

In 1929, Opönheimer, an upward star of science, took off suggestions of two of several fantastic for the right to invite him universities. Spring semester He taught in a lively, young California Institute of Technology in Pasaden, and autumn and winter - at the University of California in Berkeley, where he became the first teacher of quantum mechanics. In fact, the scholar-erudite had to adapt some time, gradually reducing the level of discussion to the capabilities of his students. In 1936, he fell in love with Jean Taqlock, restless and prone to the change of mood a young woman, whose passionate idealism found a way out in communist activities. As many thinking of the people of that time, Openheimer studied the ideas of the left movement as one of the possible alternatives, although he did not enter the Communist Party that he had made his younger brother, daughter-in-law and many of his friends. His interest in politics, as well as the ability to read in Sanskrit, was the natural result of a constant aspiration for knowledge. According to his own words, he was also deeply alarmed by an explosion of anti-Semitism in fascist Germany and Spain and invested $ 1,000 per year from its annual earnings of $ 15,000 to projects related to the activities of communist groups. After meeting with Kitty Harrison, who became his wife in 1940, Oppenheimer broke up with Jean Tanklock and moved away from the circle of her friends with the left convictions.

In 1939, the United States learned that, as part of the preparation for the Global War, Hitlerovskaya Germany opened the splitting of the atomic nucleus. Oppenheimer and other scientists immediately guessed that German physicists would try to receive a managed chain reaction, which could be the key to creating weapons, much more destructive than any existing at that time. Having enlisted by the support of the Great Scientific Genius, Albert Einstein, concerned scientists in his famous letter warned President Franklin D. Roosevelt about the danger. Signifying the financing of projects aimed at creating an incomplete weapon, the president acted in the situation of strict secrecy. For the irony of fate, together with American scientists in laboratories scattered throughout the country, worked many leading scholars in the world, forced to flee from their homeland. One part of the university groups investigated the possibility of creating a nuclear reactor, others undertake to solve the problem of separating uranium isotopes needed to release energy in the chain reaction. Oppenheimer, who before that was busy with theoretical problems, was offered to engage in the organization of a wide front of work only in early 1942.

The US Army program to create an atomic bomb received the code name "Project Manhattan", it was headed by the 46-year-old Colonel Leslie R. Groves, a professional military. Groves, who characterized scientists who worked on the creation of an atomic bomb, as "expensive collection of nuts,", however, recognized that Opönheimer had the ability to have not been demanded, to manage his colleagues-debaters when the atmosphere was heating. The physicist suggested that all scientists unite in the same laboratory in the quiet provincial town of Los Alamos, New Mexico, in the area he knew well. By March 1943, a closed guesthouse for boys was turned into a strictly protected secret center, whose scientific director became Oppenheimer. Invisible on the free exchange of information between scientists, which is strictly-setting, it was forbidden to leave the center of the Center, Oppenheimer created an atmosphere of confidence and mutual respect, which contributed to amazing success in work. Without sparing herself, he remained the head of all directions of this complex project, although his personal life suffered from this. But for a mixed group of scientists - among which there were more than a dozen of the then or future Nobel laureates and from which a rare person did not possess the pronounced individuality-Popenheimer was an unusually devoted cause by the leader and a subtle diplomat. Most of them would agree that the lion's share of merit in the final success of the project belongs to him. By December 30, 1944, Grovers, who became the general by the General, could say with confidence that at the time spent two billion dollars will be created to the action of the bomb by August 1 of the next year. But when, in May 1945, Germany recognized his defeat, many of the researchers worked in Los Alamos began to think about the use of new weapons. After all, Japan probably would soon capitulate without atomic bombing. Does the United States need to become the world's first country that applied such a terrible device? Harry S. Truman, who became the president after the death of Roosevelt, appointed the Committee to study the possible consequences of the use of an atomic bomb in which Oppenheimer entered. Experts decided to recommend to reset the atomic bomb without warning on a large Japanese military object. Oppenheimer's consent was obtained.
All these alarms would, of course, controversial, if the bomb did not work. The first atomic bomb test was conducted on July 16, 1945 at about 80 kilometers from the aviation base in Alamogordo, New Mexico. The test device, called for its convex form "fat man", attached to the steel tower installed in the desert terrain. Exactly 5.30 am, a detonator with remote control led a bomb into action. A giant violet-green-orange fiery ball shot down with a discontinuous echoker on a plot with a diameter of 1.6 kilometers in the sky. The earth shuddered against the explosion, the tower disappeared. The white pole of smoke rapidly rose to the sky and began to gradually expand, taking at an altitude of about 11 kilometers by the frightening form of the fungus. The first nuclear explosion was struck by scientific and military observers who were near the test site, and spoke them heads. But Oppenheimer remembered the lines from the Indian epic poem "Bhagavadgit": "I will become death, the fighter of the worlds." Until the end of his life, a sense of responsibility for the consequences has always been adopted to satisfying scientific success.
On the morning of August 6, 1945, it was clear over Hiroshima, a cloudless sky. As before, approaching the east of two American aircraft (one of them was called Enola Gay) at an altitude of 10-13 km did not cause anxiety (because every day they were shown in the sky of Hiroshima). One of the aircraft spliced \u200b\u200band dropped something, and then both planes turned and flew away. The scuffed object on the parachute slowly descended and suddenly at an altitude of 600 m above the ground exploded. It was a bomb "Kid".

Three days after the "baby" was blown up in Hiroshima, an accurate copy of the first "fat man" was discarded on the city of Nagasaki. On August 15, Japan, whose determination was finally broken by this new weapon, signed unconditional surrender. However, the voices of skeptics have already been heard, and Openerheimer himself predicted two months after Hiroshima, that "humanity will curse Los Alamos and Hiroshima names."

The whole world was shocked by the explosions in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. What is characteristic, the Oppenheimer managed to combine experiences on the test of the bomb on the peaceful citizens and the joy that the weapon was finally verified.

Nevertheless, next year, he accepted the appointment as Chairman of the Scientific Council of the Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), becoming the most influential adviser to the government and military on nuclear issues. While the West and the Soviet University headed by Stalin was seriously preparing for the Cold War, each of the parties focused on the arms race. Although many of the scientists entering the "Project Manhattan" did not support the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a new weapon, the former employees of Oppenheimer Edward Teller and Ernest Lawrence considered that the US National Security requires the earliest developing a hydrogen bomb. Oppenheimer came to horror. From his point of view, two nuclear powers and so already opposed each other as "two scorpions in a bank, each able to kill the other, but only with a risk for their own life." With the spread of a new weapon in wars, there would no longer be the winners and defeated - only the victims. And the "father of the atomic bomb" made a public statement that he was against the development of a hydrogen bomb. Always felt at the Oppenheimer not in his plate and clearly envied his achievements, Teller began to make efforts to lead a new project, implying that Oppenheimer no longer should take part in the work. He told the investigators of the FBI that his opponent keeps his authority to scientists from working on a hydrogen bomb, and discovered the secret that in the youth of Openheimer suffered from the attacks of severe depression. When President Truman gave consent to finance work on the creation of a hydrogen bomb, Teller could celebrate victory.

In 1954, Oppenheimer's enemies launched a campaign to remove him from power, which they succeeded - after the searches for "black spots" in his personal biography. As a result, a displacement case was organized, in which many influential political and scientific figures were opposed to Oppenheimer. As Albert Einstein, Oppenheimer's problem was spoken about this: "The Oppenheimer's problem was that he loved a woman who did not love him: the US government."

Allowing the talent of Oppenheimer, America defended him to death.

Oppenheimer is known not only as the creator of the American atomic bomb. It owns many works on quantum mechanics, theory of relativity, physics of elementary particles, theoretical astrophysics. In 1927, he developed the theory of interaction of free electrons with atoms. Together with Borne created the theory of the structure of diatomic molecules. In 1931, he and P.Erefest formulated the theorem, the use of which to the nitrogen core showed that the proton-electronic hypothesis of the structure of the nuclei leads to a range of contradictions with known nitrogen properties. Investigated the inner conversion G-lace. In 1937, he developed a cascading theory of cosmic rainfall, in 1938 made the first calculation of the model of a neutron star, in 1939 predicted the existence of "black holes".

Oppenheimer belongs to a number of popular books, including - Science and everyday knowledge (Science and The Common Understanding, 1954), Outdoor Mind (The Open Mind, 1955), some reflections on science and culture (Some Reflections on Science and Culture, 1960) . Oppenheimer died in Princeton on February 18, 1967.

Work on atomic projects in the USSR and the United States began simultaneously. In August 1942, secret "Laboratory No. 2" began working in one of the buildings in the yard of Kazan University. Her leader was appointed Igor Kurchatov.

In Soviet times, it was argued that the USSR decided its atomic task completely independently, and Kurchatov was considered the "father" of the domestic atomic bomb. Although there were rumors about some secrets stolen from Americans. And only in the 90s, after 50 years, one of the main persons then persons - Julius Khariton told about a significant role of intelligence in the acceleration of the sentenced Soviet project. And American scientific and technical results mined Claus Fuchs arrived in the English group.

Information from abroad helped the leadership of the country to take a difficult decision - to begin work on nuclear weapons during the hardest war. Intelligence allowed our physicists to save time, helped to avoid "drying" at the first atomic test that had a huge political significance.

In 1939, the chain reaction of the division of uranium-235 nuclei was opened, accompanied by excretion of colossal energy. Soon after that, articles on nuclear physics began to disappear from the pages of scientific journals. This could indicate the real term of creating an atomic explosive and weapons based on it.

After the discontinuation of the spontaneous division of uranium-235 nuclei and determining the critical mass into the residency on the initiative of the head of the HTR L. Khomnikov, the corresponding directive was sent out.

In the FSB of Russia (the former KGB of the USSR), 17 volumes of archival business N 13676 are repurchased under the vulture of "Store forever", where they documented who and as attracted US citizens to work on Soviet intelligence. Only a few of the top leadership of the KGB of the USSR had access to the materials of this case, the vulture of secrecy from which only recently was removed. The first information about the work on the creation of an American atomic bomb Soviet intelligence received in the fall of 1941. And already in March 1942, extensive information about the research in the United States and England, research lay on the table I. V. Stalin. According to Y. B. Harriton, in that dramatic period it was more reliable to use for the first of our explosion already tested by the Americans a bomb scheme. "Given the government interests, any other decision was then unacceptable. The merit of Fuchs and other assistants abroad is undoubted. However, we have implemented the American scheme for the first test not so much of the technical, as from political considerations.

The message that the Soviet Union took possession of the secret of nuclear weapons caused the US ruling circles a desire to unleash a preventive war as soon as possible. A plan "Troyan" was developed, which provided for the combat operations on January 1, 1950. At that time, the United States had 840 strategic bombers in the system parts, 1350 - in reserve and over 300 atomic bombs.

In the area of \u200b\u200bSemipalatinsk, a test landfill was built. Exactly at 7.00 am On August 29, 1949, the first Soviet nuclear device under the code name "RDS-1" was undermined at this test site.

The plan "Troyan", according to which atomic bombs should have been discarded on 70 cities, was torn due to the threat of a response strike. The event that happened at the Semipalatinsky landfill was informed about the creation of nuclear weapons in the USSR.

External intelligence not only attracted the attention of the country's leadership to the problem of creating atomic weapons and thereby initiated such work in our country. Thanks to the information of foreign intelligence, according to Academics A. Maleksandrov, Y.Khariton and others, I. Kurchantov did not make big mistakes, we managed to avoid dead-end directions in creating atomic weapons and create an atomic bomb in the USSR in just three years. Whereas the United States spent four years to have spent on its creation five billion dollars.
As noted in an interview with the newspaper Izvestia dated December 8, 1992, the first Soviet atomic charge was made on an American pattern using the information received from K. Fuks. According to the academician when government awards were awarded to the participants of the Soviet Atomic Project, Stalin, satisfied that the American monopoly in this area does not exist, noticed: "If we were late for one year and a half, then probably would try this charge for yourself ".

In the August days 68 years ago, namely, on August 6, 1945 at 08:15 local time, the American bomber B-29 "ENOLA GAY", piloted by Paul Tibbets and the scorer Tom Ferebi, dropped on Hiroshima the first atomic bomb called "Kid" . On August 9, the bombardment repeated - the second bomb was reset to the city of Nagasaki.

According to official history, the Americans were the first in the world in the world made an atomic bomb and hurried to apply it against Japan, So that the Japanese fasterly capitulated and America could avoid colossal losses during the landing of soldiers to the island, which Admirals were already tightly prepared. At the same time, the bomb was a demonstration before the USSR of his new opportunities, because Comrade Jugashvili in May1945 has already thought to spread the construction of communism to La Mansha.

Seeing the example of Hiroshima, What will be with Moscow Soviet party figures have lost their fervor and accepted the right decision to build socialism not beyond eastern Berlin. In parallel, they left all the forces on the Soviet Atomic project, Dipped somewhere the talented academician Kurchatov and the atomic bomb focus quickly for Jugashvili, which then the Secretary of the UN tribune, and the Soviet propagandists threw her before the audience - Mol Yes, we sew pants bad but« we made an atomic bomb». This argument is almost the primary for many lovers of the Council. However, the time comes to refute these arguments.

Somehow did not knit the creation of an atomic bomb with the level of Soviet science and technology. This is incredible that the slave-owned system can issue such a complex scientific and technological product independently. Over time, somehow did not even denounce, As Kurchatov also helped people with Lubyanka, bringing ready-made drawings in the beak, but academics are all completely denied, minimizing the merit of technological intelligence. In America for the transfer of the USSR atomic secrets, spouses of Rosenberg were executed. The dispute between official historians and citizens who want the story to revise the currently long ago, almost openly, however, the true state of affairs is far from both the official version and the ideas of its critics. And things are such that the atomic bomb is first asand many things in the world, made the Germans to the 1945th. And even experienced it at the end of 1944.The Americans prepared an atomic project as it were, but received the main components as a trophy or under the contract with the top of the Reich, therefore they did everything much faster. But when the Americans blew up a bomb, they began to look for German scientists in the USSR, whichand made their contribution. Therefore, so quickly in the USSR created a bomb, although by the calculation of the Americans he could make a bomb before1952- 55 years.

The Americans knew what they were talking about if the rocket technique helped to make a brown von, their first atomic bomb was completely German. For a long time, the truth managed to hide, but for decades after 1945, someone leaving the resignation unleashed the language, then accidentally declassified a couple of leaves from secret archives, then journalists sniffed something. The land was full of rumors and rumors that bomb discarded on Hiroshima is actually Germanwalked starting from 1945th year. People whispering over smoking and scrambled forehead over logicestekin inconsistencies and mysterious issues until one fine day in the early 2000s, Mr. Joseph Farrell, famous theologians and an alternative look at the modern "science" did not combine all the well-known facts in one book - Black Sun Third Reich. Battle for "Weapon Retribution".

The facts were repeatedly checked by a lot and much, what was the author's doubts in the book did not enter, nevertheless the facts of these to reduce the debit with a loan more than enough. For each of them, you can argue (that the official men of the United States are doing), try to refute, but all the facts are prevalent, all together. Some of them, such as the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, are not at all irrefutable scientists of the Mushes of the USSR, neither more scientists in the US men. Jugashvili decided to give "enemies of the people"Stalinskyprize (about the lower)So it was for what.

We will not retell the whole book of Mr. Farrela, we simply recommend it to compulsory reading. We give only someki. For example, a few quotes, govaboutthe German bomb has been tested about the fact that the German bomb and people have seen it:

A certain person, according to the surname, Cinsser, a specialist in anti-aircraft missiles, spoke about what he witnessed: "In early October 1944 I flew out of Ludwigslusta. (south of Lubeck), located from 12 to 15 kilometers from the atomic landfill, and suddenly saw a strong bright glow that climbed the entire atmosphere, which lasted for about two seconds.

From the cloud formed during the explosion, a clearly visible shock wave broke out. By the time she became visible, she had a diameter of about one kilometer, and the color of the clouds often changed. After a short period of darkness, it was covered by a variety of bright spots, which, unlike a regular explosion, had a pale blue color.

Approximately ten seconds after the explosion, the distinct outlines of the explosive cloud disappeared, then the cloud itself began to bright on the background of a dark gray sky, tightened with solid clouds. The diameter is still visible to the shock wave naked eye, at least 9000 meters; Apparently she remained at least 15 seconds. My personal feeling from monitoring the color of the explosive cloud: it took a blue-purple okey. Throughout the whole phenomenon, red-colored rings were visible, very fast-changing color on dirty shades. From my observation aircraft, I felt a weak impact in the form of light shoes and jerks.

About an hour later I flew to He-111 from the airfield Ludwigslust and headed in the eastern direction. Shortly after takeoff, I flew through a solid cloud zone (at a height of three to four thousand meters). Above the place where the explosion occurred was a mushroom-like cloud with turbulent, vortex layers (at an altitude of approximately 7000 meters), without any visible ties. Strong electromagnetic indignation manifested itself in the impossibility of continuing radio communication. Since American fighters "P-38" acted in the Vitgenberg-Bersburg area, I had to turn to the north, but it became better for me the lower part of the cloud above the explosion place. Note: It's not very clear to me why these tests were carried out in such a tightly populated area "

Ari:Thus, a certain German pilot observed the test of the device, according to all signs suitable on the signs of the atomic bomb. There are dozens of such evidence, but Mr. Farrell cites only officialdocumentation. And not only the Germans, but also the Japanese, with whom the Germans according to his version also helped to make a bomb and those have experienced it at the landfill.

Shortly after the end of World War II, American intelligence in the Pacific received an amazing report: the Japanese were built before the capitulation itself and successfully experienced an atomic bomb. Works were carried out in the city of Conan or in its surroundings (Japanese name of the city of Hynnam) in the north of the Korean Peninsula.

The war ended before this weapon saw combat use, and the production, where it was made, is now in the hands of Russians.

In the summer of 1946, this information was made wide public. David Svell, an employee of the twenty-fourth investigative department who worked in Korea ... After his dismissal, he wrote about it in the Atlanta Konvenyushn newspaper.

Snell's statement was based on the unfounded allegations of the Japanese officer who returned to Japan. This officer told Snell that he was instructed to ensure the security of this object. Snell, posing in his words in the newspaper article of the testimony of the Japanese officer, claimed:

In the mountains in the mountains near Conan, people worked, leading a race with time, completing the work on the assembly of "Genjay Bakuan" - so in Japanese called an atomic bomb. It was August 10, 1945 (Japanese time), just four days after the atomic explosion ripped off the sky

Ari: Among the arguments of those who do not believe in the creation of the German bombs, such an argument that is not known about significant industrial facilities in the Hitler's Rech, who were sent to the German atomic project, as was done in the United States. However, this argument is refuted by onean extremely curious fact associated with the concern "I. Farben ", which, according to the official legend, released syntheticesky rubber and therefore consumed more electricity than Berlin of that time. Just really in five years of work there was not even a kilogram of official products, and most likely it was the main center for uranium enrichment:

Concern "I. Farben "took an active part in the atrocities of Nazism, creating a huge plant for the production of synthetic rubber of Buna in Auschwitz (German name of the Polish town of Auschwitz) in the Polish part of Silesia.

The concluded concentration camp, which first worked on the construction of the complex, and then served it, subjected to unheard of cruelty. However, at the hearings of the Nuremberg Tribunal over military criminals, it turned out that the bunga complex in Auschwitz was one of the greatest mysteries of the war, because despite the personal blessing of Hitler, Himmler, Gering and Kaitel, despite the infinite source of both qualified waged training and slave labor From Auschwitz, "Works constantly prevented failures, delays and sabotage ... However, despite anything, the construction of a huge complex for the production of synthetic rubber and gasoline was completed. Through the construction site, over three hundred thousand prisoners of the concentration camp took place; Of these, twenty-five thousand died of exhaustion, not withstanding the exhaust work.

The complex turned out to be gigantic. So huge that "he consumed more electricity than all Berlin." However, during the tribunal over the war criminals of investigators, the winning officers puzzled not this long list of terrible details. They put them in a dead end that, despite such a huge investment of money, materials and human lives, "never a single kilogram of synthetic rubber was produced."

On this, as if obsessed, the director and the management of Farbena insisted on the dock's bench. Consult more electricity than all Berlin - at the time the eighth largest city in the world - so that absolutely nothing to produce? If this is true, it means that the invisible costs of funds and labor and the enormous consumption of electricity did not make any significant contribution to the German efforts. Undoubtedly, there is something wrong.

Ari: Electrical energy in crazy quantities is one of the main components of any atomic project. It is needed for the production of heavy water - it is obtained by evaporating tons of natural water, after which the water itself remains at the bottom. Electricity is needed for the electrochemical separation of metals, another uranium is not mined. And it also needs a lot. Based on this historians, they argued that since the Germans did not have such energy-intensive factories for the enrichment of uranium and obtaining heavy water, it means that the atomic blomb was not. But as you can see - everything was there. Only called differently - by type as in the USSR, then there was a secret "sanatorium" for German physicists.

An even more amazing fact is the use of the German bombs by the Germans of an unfinished atomic bomb.

The final chord of this chapter and the exciting spirit by an indication of other secrets, which will be investigated later in this book, will be a report, declassified by the National Security Agency only in 1978. In this report, apparently, the decryption of the intercepted message passed from the Japanese embassy in Stockholm to Tokyo. He is entitled "Report on the bomb based on the splitting of an atom." It is best to give this striking document entirely, with those missions that turned out when decrypting the original message.

This bomb, revolutionary in its impact, will completely translate all established concepts of the ordinary war. I am aiming you collected together all reports on what is called an atom splitting bomb:

It is reliably known that in June 1943, the German army at a point at a distance of 150 kilometers southeast of Kursk experienced a completely new type of weapon against Russians. Although the whole 19th rifle regiment of Russian, just a few bombs (each with a combat charge less than 5 kilograms) turned out to be enough to destroy it completely, right up to the last person. The following material is given according to the testimony of Lieutenant Colonel UE (?) Kendie, an attache adviser in Hungary and in the past (who worked?) In this country, who accidentally saw the consequences of what happened immediately after it happened: "All people and horses (? In the area? ) The explosion of shells was vague to black, and even the ammunition was even down. "

Ari:Nevertheless, even withvoi Sameofficial documents official scholars of the US men are tryingrefute - they say, fake these all reports, reports and protocolsdew. But the balance still does not converge because by August 1945 the United States had a sufficient amount of uranium for production asminimmind two, and possibly four atomic bombs. Without uranium there will be no bombs, and it is mined for years. By 1944, the United States had no more than a quarter of the necessary uranium, it was necessary to preach the rest for at least five years. And suddenly Uranus as if it fell on his head from the sky:

In December 1944, a very unpleasant report was prepared, very upset those who got acquainted with him: "Analysis of the supply (gun uranium) has been displayed in the last three months ...: With the preservation of the current pace, we will have time to 7 February with approximately 10 kilograms of uranium, and By May 1 - 15 kilograms. " These were really very unpleasant news, because to create a uranium-based bomb, according to the initial estimates made in 1942, from 10 to 100 kilograms of uranium, and by the time of the preparation of this memorandum, more accurate calculations were given the value of the critical mass required for the production of uranium Atomic bomb, equal to about 50 kilograms.

However, problems with the missing uranium had not only at the Manhattan Project. Germany, it seems, also suffered from the "missing uranium syndrome" in the days of the previously preceding the end of the war and immediately after it. But in this case, the volumes of missing uranium were estimated not tens of kilograms, but hundreds of tons. In this place, it makes sense to bring a high excerpt from the brilliant work of Carter Hidrik to comprehensively explore this problem:

Since June 1940, and until the end of the war, Germany was taken out of Belgium three and a half thousand tons of urnes-containing substances - almost three times more than Grovsa extended ... and placed them in salt mines under the StasSfurt in Germany.

Ari: Leslie Richard Groves (English Leslie Richard Groves; August 17, 1896 - July 13, 1970) - Lieutenant-General of the US Army, in 1942-1947 - Military Head of the Program for the creation of nuclear weapons (Manhattan Project).

Groves declares that on April 17, 1945, when the war was already nearing completion, the allies managed to seize about 1,100 tons of uranium ore in Strassturt and 31 more tons in the French port of Toulouse ... And he claims that more uranium ore in Germany never had, Thed one showing that Germany never has enough material or uranium processing in raw materials for a plutonium reactor, or to enrich it by electromagnetic separation.

It is obvious that if at one time there was 3,500 tons in the Starssefurt, and only 1130 was captured, there were even about 2730 tons - and this is still twice as much more than the "Manhattan project" held throughout the war ... the fate of this missing ore Unknown to this day ...

According to the historian Margaret Goweng, by the summer of 1941, Germany enriched 600 tons of uranium to the form of oxide necessary to ionize raw materials into a gaseous form in which uranium isotopes can be separated by a magnetic or thermal method. (Italic mine. - D. F.) Also oxide can be converted to metal for use as raw materials in a nuclear reactor. In fact, Professor Rekhl, during the war that was responsible for the entire uranium, who was at the disposal of Germany, claims that the true figure was significantly higher ...

Ari: Thus, it is clear that without obtaining enriched uranium from somewhere from the outside, and some underlying technologies, Americans could not have a test, nor blow their bombs over Japan in August 1945. And they got, as it turns out,missing components from the Germans.

In order to create a uranium or plutonium bomb, uroasitating raw materials are necessary at a certain stage to turn into a metal. For plutonium bombs, metal U238 is obtained, U235 is needed for the uranium bomb. However, due to the cunning characteristics of uranium, this metallurgical process is extremely difficult. The United States early to engage in this problem, but learned to successfully turn uranium into a metal form in large quantities only at the end of 1942. German specialists ... By the end of 1940, it was already transformed into metal 280.6 kilograms, more than a quarter of a ton "......

In any case, these figures clearly indicate that in 1940-1942, the Germans have significantly averaged the allies in one very important component of the production of the atomic bomb - in the enrichment of uranium, and, therefore, it also allows us to conclude that they are at that time They broke out far ahead in the race for the possession of the current atomic bomb. However, these figures also raise one alarming question: where did this whole uranium fit?

The answer to this question gives the mysterious incident with the German submarine U-234 captured by the Americans in 1945.

The history of the U-234 is well known to all researchers engaged in the history of the Nazi Atomic Bomb, and, of course, the "Allies' Legend" states that the materials on board the captured submarine were not in any way used in the Manhattan Project.

All this absolutely does not correspond to the truth. U-234 was a very large underwater mined barrier, adapted to carry a large cargo under water. Think over what to the highest degree of strange cargo was on board U-234 at that last flight:

Two Japanese officers.

80 from the inside of gold cylindrical containers containing 560 kilograms of uranium oxide.

Several wooden barrels filled with "heavy water".

Infrared non-contact fuses.

Dr. Heinz Slocker, the inventor of these fuses.

When the U-234 was loaded in the German port before entering the latter swimming, the radist of submarine Wolfgang Hirschfeld drew attention to the fact that the Japanese officers write "U235" on paper in which containers were wrapped before downloading them in the hold of the boats. It is hardly necessary to say that this remark caused all the flurry of the exposure criticism, which skeptics usually meet the stories of eyewitnesses UFOs: the low location of the sun over the horizon, poor lighting, a long distance, not allowed to consider everything clearly, and the like. And this is not surprising, because if Hirschfeld really saw what he saw the frightening consequences of this obvious.

The use of containers coated from the inside of gold is explained by the fact that uranium, highly corroding metal, is rapidly contaminated, entering into contact with other unstable elements. Gold, according to the protection against radioactive radiation, not inferior to the lead, in contrast to lead is a very clean and extremely stable element; Consequently, its choice is obvious to store and long transportation of highly enriched and pure uranium. Thus, uranium oxide, which was on board U-234, was a highly enriched uranium, and, most likely, U235, the last stage of raw materials before turning it into a weapon or metal uranium, suitable for the production of bombs (if it was no longer a weapon uranium) . Indeed, if the inscriptions made by Japanese officers on containers corresponded to reality, it was very likely that it was about the last stage of cleaning raw materials before turning into a metal.

The cargo that was on board U-234 was so sensitive that when on June 16, 1945, representatives of the US Navy made it inventory, uranium oxide from the list disappeared without a trace .....

Yes, it would be the easiest way if there was no unexpected confirmation from a certain Peter Ivanovich Titarenko, a former military translator from the headquarters of Marshal Rodion Malinovsky, who at the end of the war took Japan's surrender from the Soviet Union. As the German magazine "Spiegel" wrote in 1992, Titarenko wrote a letter to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In it, he reported that in reality three atomic bombs were reset, one of which, discarded on Nagasaki before the city exploded "fat man", did not explode. Subsequently, this bomb was transferred to Japan to the Soviet Union.

Mussolini and the translator of the Soviet Marshal are not the only one who confirms the version of the strange number of bomb dropped on Japan; Perhaps at some point in the game also participated in the fourth bomb, which was transported to the Far East aboard the heavy cruiser of the American Navy "Indianapolis" (the onboard number CA 35), when he sank in 1945.

These strange testimonies again raise questions to the "legend of the Allies", because, as already was shown, in the late 1944 - early 1945 "Manhattan project" faced with a critical lack of weapons uranium, and by that time it was not solved by the problem of fuses for plutonium bombs. So the question is: if these reports correspond to reality, where did an additional bomb come from (and then a few bombs)? It is difficult to believe that three, and then four bombs, ready to use in Japan, were manufactured in such shortest possible time - unless they were military prey exported from Europe.

Ari: In fact, the storyU-234. It begins on 1944th, when after opening 2 fronts and failures on the Eastern Front, it was possible on the instructions of Hitler, a decision was made on the start of trade with the allies - an atomic bomb in exchange for guarantees of integrity for party tops:

Be that as it may, first of all, we are interested in the role that Borman played in the development and implementation of the plan for the secret strategic evacuation of the Nazis after their military defeat. After the Stalingrad catastrophe in early 1943, Borman, as well as other high-ranking Nazis, became obvious that the military collapse of the Third Reich is inevitable if their secret armory projects do not bring fruit on time. Borman and representatives of various armaments, industrial industries and, of course, the SS gathered to a secret meeting, on which plans for exporting material values, qualified personnel, scientific materials and technologies were developed ......

First of all, the Jioa Director of the Paroon, appointed by the project manager, was a list of the most qualified German and Austrian scientists, which Americans and British were used for decades. Although journalists and historians have repeatedly mentioned this list, none of them said that Werner Ozenberg, who occupied the position of the head of the Gestapo Scientific Department during the war, was attended. The decision to attract OzenbSrga to this work was made by the US Captain Navy by Ransom Davis after consultations with the Joint Committee of Headquarters ......

And finally, the list of Ozenberg and the interest of Americans appeared to him, it seems to confirm another hypothesis, namely that the nature of the nature of the Nazi projects, which the Americans have had, as evidenced by the unmistakable actions of General Pattone to find secret research centers of Cammler, could Enter only from the most Nazi Germany. Since Carter Heidrik very convincingly proved that Borman personally led the transfer of secrets of the German atomic bomb to the Americans, it would be safely argued that he ultimately coordinated the flow of other important information regarding the "Cammler's headquarters", in the American intelligence agencies, since no one knew him better about The character, content and staff of German black projects. Thus, the thesis of Carter Heidrik on the fact that Borman helped to organize transportation in the United States on the U-234 submarine not only enriched uranium, but also ready to use an atomic bomb, it looks very believable.

Ari: In addition to uranium itself, there is still a lot of uranium for the atomic bomb that, in particular, fuses based on red mercury. In contrast to the usual detonator, these devices should explode superproof, collecting the uranium mass into a single whole and running the nuclear reaction. This technology is extremely difficult, it did not have it and therefore the fuses were included. And since there was no question on the fuses - the Americans dragged the German nuclear officers to their consultation before loading the atomic bomb on the board of the aircraft flying to Japan:

Another fact takes place that does not fit into the post-war legend of allies regarding the inability to create the German bombs: German Philant Fleisman's physics was delivered to the US aircraft to interrogations before the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Why did such an acute need for consultation with the German physicist in the nuclear bombardment of Japan? After all, according to the legend of the allies, we had nothing to learn from Germans in the field of atomic physics ......

Ari:Thus, no doubt remains - in Germany in May 1945, the bomb was. WhyHitlershe did not apply it? Because one atomic bomb is not a bomb. So that the bomb becomes weapons must be sufficientnumber, multiplied by the means of delivery. Hitler could destroy New York and London, could choose a couple of divisions moving to Berlin from the face of the earth. But the outcome of the war would not solve it in his favor. But the allies would come to Germany in a very bad mood. The Germans and so in 1945 it got, but in the case of the use of Germany's nuclear weapons, it would be so much more. Germany could erase from the face of the Earth, as, for example, Dresden. Therefore, Mr. Hitler although they consider somefromw.mastered, nevertheless a crazy politician, he was also sober all suspensionin Quietly merged the second world: we give you a bomb - and you do not give the USSR to walk to La Manha and guarantee the quiet old age by the Nazi tip.

So separable concernsaboutin April 1945, described in the cinemarabout 17 moments of spring, really had a place to be. But only at such a level that there was no pastor with a shogue.aboutgitler himself led himself. And physicsRunga there was no because of the Stirlitz chasing Manfred von Ardenne

already experienced readyweapons - as a minium in 1943on theTOa urvoy arc, as a maximum - in Norway, no later than 1944.

According tonitivebondandwe, the book of Mr. Farrell, in the West, do not spoil in Russia, not everyone caught her eyes. But the information makes himself a way and one day about how nuclear weapons have been done will know even stupid. And it will be veryjacket The situation will have to be reviewedall officialhistorylast 70 years.

However, the worst of everything will be official scientists in Russiaiof the federation, which for many years told the old MbutnTRU: M.butwe can have a tires and bad, but we createlie Atomic Bomb.yBut as it turns out - even to American engineers, the nuclear device was not on the teeth, at least 1945. The USSR is not at all in cases - today the Russian Federation would compete with Iran on the subject who will make a bomb faster,if it were not for one but. But are prisoner German engineers who have done for Jugashvili nuclear weapons.

Academicians of the USSR are reliably known, it does not deny that 3,000 prisoners of Germans worked on the USSR missile project. That is, they are essentially launched Gagarin into space. But over the Soviet atomic project worked as much as 7,000 specialists from Germany, So it is not surprising that the tips made an atomic bomb before they flew into space. If the United States still had his own way in the nuclear race, then in the USSR, just stupidly reproduced German technology.

In 1945, a group of Colonels was engaged in the search for specialists in Germany, who were actually not colonels, and secret physicists, the future academicians Arzimovich, Kikooin, Khariton, Schelkin ... The operation was led by the first deputy addict of the internal affairs of Ivan Serov.

Over two hundred of the most prominent German physicists were brought to Moscow (about half of them were Dr. Science), radio engineers and masters. In addition to the equipment of the Lab Ardenne, the equipment of the Berlin Kaiserovsky Institute and other German scientific organizations, documentation and reagents, films and paper stocks for self-examiners, photopores, wire tape recorders for telemetry, optics, powerful electromagnets and even German transformers have delivered to Moscow. And then the Germans under the fear of death began to build an atomic bomb for the USSR. They built from scratch because in the USA by 1945 there were some kind of developments, the Germans were just strongly averaged, but in the USSR, in the kingdom of "science" of academicians like Lysenko on the nuclear program there was nothing. This is what managed to accumulate researchers of this topic:

In 1945, German Physics in 1945 was submitted to the Sinop and Agudzer Sanatoriums, which were in Abkhazia. This was the beginning of the Sukhumi Physico-Technical Institute, which was then included in the system of super secret objects of the USSR. "Sinop" was called in the documents of the object "A", headed His Baron Manfred von Ardenne (1907-1997). This personality in world science is legendary: one of the founders of television, the developer of electron microscopes and many other devices. During one meeting, Beria wanted to impose the leadership of an atomic project on Ardenne von. Ardenne himself recalls: "I had no more than ten seconds for thinking. My answer is literally: I consider such an important offer as a greater honor for me, because This is an expression of extremely big confidence in my abilities. The solution to this problem has two different directions: 1. Development of an atomic bomb itself and 2. Developing methods for obtaining a delayship isotope of uranium 235U on an industrial scale. The separation of isotopes is a separate and very difficult problem. Therefore, I suggest that the separation of isotopes was the main problem of our institute and German specialists, and the leading nuclei of the Soviet Union sitting here would fulfill great work on creating an atomic bomb for their homeland. "

Beria took this proposal. After many years in one government admission, when Manfred von Ardenne was submitted to Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR Khrushchev, he reacted like this: "A, you are the same Ardenne, who so skillfully took his neck from the loop."

Background Ardenne later estimated his contribution to the development of an atomic problem as "the most important thing to which the post-war circumstances led me." In 1955, the scientist was allowed to go to the GDR, where he headed the Research Institute in Dresden.

Sanatorium "Agudzer" received a conditional name of the object "G". Gustav Hertz led them (1887-1975), the nephew of the famous Herin Hertz, known to us from school bench. Gustav Hertz in 1925 received the Nobel Prize for the opening of the laws of the electron collision with an atom - the famous experience of Frank and Hertz. In 1945, Gustav Hertz became one of the first German physicists delivered to the USSR. He was the only foreign Nobel laureate, who worked in the USSR. Like other German scientists, he lived, without knowing the refusal, in his house on the sea shore. In 1955, Hertz went to GDR. There he worked as a professor at the University in Leipzig, and then as director of the Physical Institute at the University.

The main task of Ardenne and Gustav Hertz was the search for different methods of separation of uranium isotopes. Thanks to the background Ardenne in the USSR, one of the first mass spectrometers appeared. Hertz successfully improved its method of separating isotopes, which made it possible to establish this process on an industrial scale.

They brought to the object in Sukhumi and other prominent German scientists, including physics and radiochemics of Nicolaus Rilee (1901-1991). Nikolai Vasilyevich called him. He was born in St. Petersburg, in the German family - the chief engineer of Siemens and Chalkk. Nikolaus's mother was Russian, so he since childhood owned German and Russian languages. He received an excellent technical education: first in St. Petersburg, and after moving the family to Germany - in Berlin University of Kaiser Friedrich Wilhelm (Later, Humboldt University). In 1927, he defended his doctoral dissertation on radiochemistry. Its scientific leaders were future scientific luminaries - Liza Maiter's Physicist and Radiochemistry Otto Gan. Before the beginning of World War II, Riel was headed by the Central Radiological Laboratory of Auergeselyshaft, where he manifested himself with an energetic and very capable experimenter. At the beginning of the war, Rile was called to the Military Ministry, where they proposed to engage in the production of uranium. In May 1945, Riel volunteered to Soviet emissaries, sent to Berlin. A scientist who was considered as the main expert in Reich for the production of enriched uranium for reactors, indicated where the equipment was required for this. His fragments (the plant near Berlin was destroyed by bombardments) dismantled and sent to the USSR. There are also 300 tons of uranium compounds found there. It is believed that to create an atomic bomb it saved the Soviet Union of the year-one and a half - until 1945, Igor Kurchatov had only 7 tons of uranium oxide. Under the leadership of Rile, the Elektrostal Plant in Noginsk near Moscow was converted to the release of cast metal uranium.

From Germany in Sukhumi walked echelons with equipment. Three of the four German cyclothrons were brought to the USSR, as well as powerful magnets, electronic microscopes, oscilloscopes, high voltage transformers, ultra-precision devices, etc. In the USSR, delivered equipment from the Institute of Chemistry and Metallurgy, the Physical Institute of Kaizer Wilhelm, Electrotechnical Laboratories "Siemens", Physical Institute of the Ministry of Email of Germany.

The supervisor of the project was appointed Igor Kurchatov, who was undoubtedly an outstanding scientist, but he always surprised his employees an extraordinary "scientific turnout" - as it turned out, most secrets he knew from intelligence, but did not have the right to talk about it. The following episode, who told Academician Isaac Kikoin, says about the management methods. At one meeting, Beria asked Soviet physicists, how much time would need to solve one of the problem. He was answered: six months. The answer was: "Or you decide it in one month, or you will deal with this problem in places significantly more distant." Of course, the task was performed in one month. But the authorities did not regret funds and awards. Many, including German scientists, received Stalin's premiums, cottages, cars and other remuneration. Nikolaus Rile, however, the only foreign scientist, he even received the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. German scientists have played a big role in raising the qualifications of Georgian physicists who worked with them.

Ari: Thus, the Germans did not just strongly helped the USSR with the creation of an atomic bomb - they did everything. Moreover, this story was like the "Calashnikov machine" for even the German gunsmiths could not make such a perfect weapon for a couple of years - after working in captivity in the USSR, they simply completed what was already almost ready. Similarly, with an atomic bomb, the works on which the Germans began the year in 1933, and perhaps much earlier. Official story believes that Hitler annexed the sudan region because there lived a lot of Germans. It is also possible, but the sudan region is the richest uranium deposit in Europe. There is a suspicion that Hitler knew where to begin primarily for Germans, in Russia, and in Australia, and even in Africa. But Hitler began with sudden. Apparently some people inflicted in alchemy immediately explained to him what to do and how it would go, so it's not surprising that the Germans are all strongly averaged and the American intelligence agencies in Europe for the forties of the last century have already selected unicrees behind the Germans, hunting for medieval alchemical manuscripts.

But the USSR did not even have oversized. There was only the "Academician" Lysenko, according to theories of which Bianan growing on a collective farm field, and not on a private farm, had every reason to penetrate the spirit of socialism and turn into a wheat. In medicine there was a similar "scientific school", trying to speed up the period of pregnancy from 9 months to nine weeks - so that the wives of the proletarians were not distracted from work. Similar theories were in nuclear physics, so for the USSR, the creation of an atomic bomb was so impossible as the creation of his computer for cybernetics in the USSR officially considered the prostitute of the bourgeoisie. By the way, important scientific decisions in the same physics (for example, in which way to go and what theories to consider the workers) in the USSR took at best "academicians" from agriculture. Although it was more often a party functionar with the formation of the "Evening Work Faculty". What could be at this base atomic bomb? Only someone else's. In the USSR, it would not be able to even collect from finished components with ready-made drawings. All made Germans and on this score there are even official recognition of their merit - Stalinist premiums and orders, which were presented with engineers:

German specialists are the laureates of the Stalinist Prize for work in the field of use of atomic energy. Exposures from the Resolutions of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On Awarding and Promotion ...".

[From the decision of the USSR No. 5070-1944ss / OP "On awarding and bonus for outstanding scientific discoveries and technical advances on the use of atomic energy", October 29, 1949]

[From the Resolution of the USSR No. 4964-2148ss / OP "On awarding and bonus for outstanding scientific work in the field of use of atomic energy, for creating new types of RDS products, achievements in the production of plutonium and uranium-235 and the development of the raw materials base for the atomic industry" December 6, 1951]

[From the Resolution of the USSR No. 3044-1304ss "On awarding Stalinist Prizes of Scientific and Engineering Workers of the Ministry of Middle Machinery and other departments for the creation of a hydrogen bomb and new constructions of atomic bombs", December 31, 1953]

Manfred von Ardenne

1947 - Stalinist Prize (Electronic Microscope - "In January Presented Von Ardenne With The State Prize (A Purse Full of Money) for His Microscope Work.") "German Scientists in the Soviet Atomic Project", p . eighteen)

1953 - Stalin's 2nd degree premium (electromagnetic separation of isotopes, lithium-6).

Heinz Barvikh

Gunter Virts.

Gustav Hertz

1951 - Stalinsky 2th degree premium (the theory of sustainability of gas diffusion in cascades).

Gerard Eger

1953 - Stalinsky 3th degree premium (electromagnetic separation of isotopes, lithium-6).

Ringold Reichman (Reichman)

1951 - Stalinsky 1st degree premium (posthumously) (technology development

production of ceramic tubular filters for diffusion machines).

Nicaus Ril

1949 - Hero of Socialist Labor, Stalin Degree Prize (Development and implementation of industrial technology for the production of pure metal uranium).

Herbert Time

1949 - Stalin Prize 2nd (Development and implementation of industrial technology for the production of pure metal uranium).

1951 - Stalinsky Prize 2nd (Development of Industrial Technology Production of Uranium High Purity and Production of products from it).

Peter Tissren

1956 - Mr. Tissren, _tener

Heinz Froylich

1953 - Stalin's 3rd degree premium (electromagnetic separation of isotopes, lithium-6).

Tsile Ludwig

1951 - Stalinsky premium of the 1st degree (development of technology for the production of ceramic tubular filters for diffusion machines).

Werner Shuteza

1949 - Stalin's 2nd degree premium (mass spectrometer).

Ari: This is such a story - there is no trace from the myth, that they say, "Volga" is a bad car, but we made an atomic bomb. There is only a bad car "Volga". And it would not be it if I had not bought the drawings from Ford. There would be nothing because the Bolshevik state is not able to create anything by definition. For the same reason, nothing can create a Russian state, only sell natural resources.

Mikhail Saltan, Gleb Shcherbatov

For stupid, just in case, we explain that we are not talking about the intellectual potential of the Russian people, it is just quite high, we are talking about the created possibilities of a symptic bureaucratic system, which in principle cannot give reveals scientific talents.

At the Semipalatinsky landfill (Kazakhstan), successful tests of the first Soviet charge for an atomic bomb were held.

This event was preceded by a long and difficult work of physician scientists. The beginning of the core division in the USSR can be considered the 1920s. Since the 1930s, nuclear physics becomes one of the main directions of domestic physical science, and in October 1940, for the first time in the USSR, a group of Soviet scientists was given to the use of atomic energy in weapons purposes, submitting an application to the Uranium's Use of the Red Army Explosive and poisoning substance. "

The war and evacuation of scientific institutions involved in the problems of nuclear physics, which began in June 1941, were interrupted by the creation of atomic weapons in the country. But since the fall of 1941, in the USSR began to receive intelligence information on the conduct of secret intensive research works in the UK, aimed at developing atomic energy methods for military purposes and the creation of explosives of tremendous devastating force.

This information was forced despite the war, to resume work in the USSR under uranium topics. On September 28, 1942, the secret decree of the State Committee for Defense No. 2352ss "On the Organization of Works on Uranium" was signed, according to which research was resumed on the use of atomic energy.

In February 1943, Igor Kurchatov was appointed by the supervisor of the atomic problem. In Moscow, headed by Kurchatov was created Laboratory No. 2 of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (now - the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute"), which began to study atomic energy.

Initially, the general management of the atomic problem was carried out by the Deputy Chairman of the State Committee for Defense (GKO) of the USSR Vyacheslav Molotov. But on August 20, 1945 (a few days after the United States atomic bombing of Japanese cities), GKO decided to establish a special committee, which was headed by Lavrenty Beria. He became the curator of the Soviet atomic project.

At the same time, for the immediate leadership of research, project, design organizations and industrial enterprises engaged in the Soviet Atomic project, the first main management in the USSR SCC (subsequently the Ministry of Middle Machinery of the USSR is now a state-owned atomic energy corporation "Rosatom"). The head of the PSU became the former Midhip Commissioner Boris Vannikov.

In April 1946, a design bureau of KB-11 was created at Laboratory No. 2 (now the Russian Federal Nuclear Center - VNIIEF) is one of the most secret enterprises for the development of domestic nuclear weapons, which Julius Khariton was appointed chief designer. The base for deploying KB-11 was chosen factory N 550 of the People's Commissariat of Ammunition, which produced the body of artillery shells.

The top secret object was located 75 kilometers from the city of Arzamas (Gorky region, now the Nizhny Novgorod region) on the territory of the former Sarov monastery.

Before KB-11, the task was set to create an atomic bomb in two versions. In the first of them, the working substance should be plutonium, in the second - uranium-235. In the middle of 1948, the work with uranium was discontinued due to the relatively low efficacy of it compared to the costs of nuclear materials.

The first domestic atomic bomb had the official designation of RDS-1. It deciphered in different ways: "Russia does herself", "Motherland gives Stalin", etc. But in the official decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated June 21, 1946, it was encrypted as "a special jet engine (" C ").

The creation of the first Soviet atomic bomb of the RDS-1 was carried out taking into account the existing materials according to the US plutonium bomb scheme, tested in 1945. These materials were provided by Soviet foreign intelligence. An important source of information was Claus Fuchs - a German physicist, a member of the United States and UK nuclear programs.

Separations for the American plutonium charge for the atomic bomb allowed to reduce the deadlines for the creation of the first Soviet charge, although many of the technical solutions of the American prototype were not the best. Even at the initial stages, Soviet experts could offer the best decisions of both the charge as a whole and its individual nodes. Therefore, the first Tested USSR charge for an atomic bomb was more primitive and less efficient than the original charge proposed by Soviet scientists in early 1949. But in order to be guaranteed and in a short time to show that the USSR also has atomic weapons, it was decided on the first test to use a charge created by the American scheme.

The charge for the RDS-1 atomic bomb was a multilayer structure in which the translating of the active substance - plutonium into the supercritical state was carried out due to its compression by means of a converging spherical detonation wave in an explosive substance.

RDS-1 was an aerospace atomic bomb weighing 4.7 tons, a diameter of 1.5 meters and a length of 3.3 meters. It was developed as applied to the Tu-4 aircraft, whose bombus allowed the placement of the "product" with a diameter of no more than 1.5 meters. Plutonium was used as a dividing material in the bomb.

To produce a atomic charge of a bomb in the city of Chelyabinsk-40 in the South Urals, a plant was built under the conventional number 817 (now FSUE "Production Association" Mayak "). The plant consisted of the first Soviet industrial reactor for plutonium operations, a radiochemical plant for the release of plutonium from irradiated in Uranium reactor, and plant for producing metal plutonium products.

The 817 plant reactor was removed on the design capacity in June 1948, and a year later, the enterprise received the required amount of plutonium to manufacture the first charge for the atomic bomb.

A place for the landfill, which was planned to test the charge, was chosen in the Priirtish steppe, about 170 kilometers of the west of Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan. The polygon was reserved by plain with a diameter of about 20 kilometers, surrounded from the south, of the West and the North of the low mountains. In the east of this space there were small hills.

The construction of a polygon, called the training ground No. 2 of the USSR Ministry of the Armed Forces (subsequently the USSR Ministry of Defense), was started in 1947, and by July 1949, it was mainly completed.

For testing at the landfill, an experimental platform was prepared with a diameter of 10 kilometers, divided into sectors. It was equipped with special structures providing testing, observation and registration of physical research. In the center of the experimental field mounted a metal lattice tower with a height of 37.5 meters, designed to set the charge of the RDS-1. At the distance of one kilometer from the center, an underground building for equipment registering light, neutron and nuclear explosion gamma streams was constructed. To study the impact of the nuclear explosion on the experimental field, the segments of the subway tunnels were built, fragments of the runways of airfields were built, samples of airplanes, tanks, artillery rocket plants, ship's add-ons of various types were placed. To ensure the work of the physical sector, 44 facilities were built on the landfill and a cable network of 560 kilometers was laid.

In June-July 1949, two groups of KB-11 workers were sent to the landfill with supporting equipment and economic inventory, and on July 24, a group of specialists arrived there, which was to be directly involved in the preparation of an atomic bomb to test.

On August 5, 1949, the Governmental Commission for Testing RDS-1 made a conclusion about the complete readiness of the landfill.

On August 21, a special train on the landfill was delivered to the plutonium charge and four neutron smelled, one of which was supposed to be used when undermining a combat product.

On August 24, 1949, Kurchatov arrived at the polygon. By August 26, all preparatory work at the landfill was completed. The head of the Curchatov experience gave an orders to test the RDS-1 August 29 at eight in the morning local time and conducting preparatory operations, starting with eight o'clock in the morning on August 27.

On the morning of August 27, an assembly of a combat began near the central tower. On the afternoon of August 28, demolitions held the last full inspection of the tower, prepared automation to undermine and checked the subversive cable line.

At four o'clock in the afternoon on August 28, a plutonium charge and neutron socks for him were delivered to the Tower's workshop. The final installation of the charge was completed to the three o'clock in the morning on August 29. At four o'clock in the morning, the installers rolled out the product from the assembly workshop along the railway and installed it in the tilt of the tower truck lift, and then raised the charge on the top of the tower. By six o'clock, the charge equipment was completed and connecting it to the subversive scheme. Then the evacuation of all people from the test field began.

In connection with the worsening of the weather, Kurchatov decided to transfer the explosion from 8.00 to 7.00.

At 6.35 operators included the power of the automation system. 12 minutes before the explosion, the field was turned on. For 20 seconds before the explosion, the operator turned on the main connector (switch) connecting the product with the control automation system. From this point on, all operations performed an automatic device. Six seconds before the explosion, the main mechanism of the machine gun turned on the power and part of the field devices, and in one second it turned on all other devices, issued a bending signal.

Exactly at seven o'clock on August 29, 1949, the whole terrain littered with a dazzling light, which marked that the USSR successfully completed the development and testing of its first charge for an atomic bomb.

The charge power was 22 kilotons in TNT equivalent.

After 20 minutes after the explosion, two tanks equipped with lead protection were sent to the center of the field, for radiation exploration and inspection of the field center. Intelligence It was found that all structures in the center of the field were demolished. At the site of the tower, the funnel, the soil in the center of the field melted, and solid slag crust formed. Civil buildings and industrial structures were completely or partially destroyed.

The equipment used in the experiment allowed optical observations and measuring the heat flux, the parameters of the shock wave, the characteristics of neutron and gamma radiation, determine the level of radioactive pollution of the area in the explosion area and along the trace of the explosion clouds, study the impact of the striking factors of the nuclear explosion on biological objects.

For the successful development and testing of a charge for an atomic bomb by several closed decisions of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of October 29, 1949, a large group of leading researchers, designers, technologists were awarded with orders and medals of the USSR; Many people were awarded the title of laureates of the Stalinist Prize, and more than 30 people received the title of the Hero of Socialist Labor.

As a result of the successful test of RDS-1, the USSR eliminated the American monopoly on the possession of atomic weapons, becoming the second nuclear power of the world.

One of the first practical steps of the Special Committee and PSU were decisions on the creation of the production base of the nuclear weapon complex. In 1946, a number of major solutions were adopted due to these plans. One of them concerned the creation with a laboratory No. 2 of a specialized KB for the development of nuclear weapons.

On April 9, 1946, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a closed resolution No. 806-327 on the creation of KB-11. So the organization was called to create a "product", that is, an atomic bomb. The head of KB-11 was appointed P.M. Grains, chief designer - Yu.B. Khariton.

By the time of adoption of the decision, the issue of creating KB-11 was developed in detail. It has already been determined by its location, taking into account the specifics of future work. On the one hand, a particularly high degree of secrecy of the outlined work, the need to carry out explosive experiments predetermined the choice of airless, hidden from visual observations of the area. On the other hand, it was not necessary to excessively removed from enterprises and organizing co-valves of the atomic project, a significant part of which was in the central regions of the country. An important factor was the presence of a production base and transport arteries on the territory of the future.

Before KB-11, the task was set to create two options for atomic bombs - plutonium using spherical compression and uranium with cannon rapprochement. Upon completion of the development, state tests of charges at a special landfill were scheduled. The ground explosion of the charge of the plutonium bomb was supposed to spend before January 1, 1948, uranium - until June 1, 1948.

For the official point of reference to the development of RDS-1, it is necessary to accept the date for the issuance of the "tactical and technical assignment for an atomic bomb" (TTZ), signed by the chief designer Yu.B. Chariton on July 1, 1946 and to the head of the First Main Department under the Council of the USSR B.L. Vannikova. The technical task consisted of 9 points and stipulated the type of nuclear fuel, the method of its transfer through the critical state, the overall mass characteristics of the atomic bomb, the abundance of the operation of the electrodetters, the requirements for the high-voltage and self-destruction of the product in the event of an equipment failure, ensuring the operation of this fuse.

In accordance with TTZ, it was envisaged to develop two options for atomic bombs - implosive type on plutonium and uranium with cannon rapprochement. The length of the bomb should not exceed 5 meters, the diameter is 1.5 meters, and the weight is 5 tons.

At the same time, the construction of a test landfill, an airfield, an experienced plant, as well as the organization of the medical service, creating a library, etc.

The creation of an atomic bomb required the solution of an exclusively wide range of physical and technical issues related to the extensive program of calculating theoretical research, design and design and experimental work. First of all, it was necessary to conduct studies of the physicochemical properties of dividing materials, develop and test the methods of their casting and mechanical processing. It was necessary to create radiochemical methods for extracting various fission products, organize the production of polonium and develop technology for the manufacture of neutron sources. The methods of determining the critical mass, the development of the theory of efficiency or efficiency, as well as the theory of the nuclear explosion in general and much more were required.

The above brief listing of those directions in which work unfolded far offend the total content of the activity required to successfully complete the atomic project.

February 1948 by resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, which corrected the deadlines for the implementation of the main task of the atomic project, Yu.B. Khariton and P.M. The grain was prescribed to ensure the manufacture and presentation by the first March 1949 for government tests of one set of the atomic bomb of the RDS-1 with full equipment.

In order to temporarily fulfill the task, the resolution also stipulates the volume of completion of research and development and the manufacture of the material part for conducting reference tests, as well as the decisions of individual organizational and personnel issues.

Of the research works, the following were allocated:

• completion until May 1948 testing a spherical charge from explosives;
• studying until July of the same year, the problems of comprise metals in the explosion of the charge of explosives;
• development of the neutron design smelled by January 1949;
• determination of the critical mass and assembly of plutonium and uranium charges for RDS-1 and RDS-2. Ensuring the assembly of plutonium charge for RDS-1 to February 1, 1949.

The development of the structure of the atomic charge is "RD-1" - (later, in the second half of 1946, the named "RDS-1") was launched in NII-6 at the end of 1945. Development began with a charge model at a scale of 1/5 of the intensive value. Works were carried out without TK, and exclusively at oral instructions Yu.B. Harriton. The first drawings were made by N.A. Terletsky, who worked in NII-6 in a separate room, where the entrance was allowed only by Yu.B. Khariton and E.M. Adskin - deputy. Directors of the NII-6, which has carried out overall coordination of work with other groups, which began the development of high-speed detonators to ensure a synchronous undermining of a group of electrical reinforcers and work on the electrical use system. A separate group began to engage in the selection of explosives and technologies for the manufacture of unusual forms of parts from the aircraft.

In early 1946, the model was developed, and by the summer was made in 2 copies. The test of the model was carried out at the NII-6 polygon in Sofrino.

By the end of 1946, the development of documentation for a social charge was launched, the development of which began to be carried out already in KB-11, where in early 1947. In the beginning of 1947, initially minimal conditions were created for the manufacture of blocks and explosive work (parts from explosives, until launching in The operation of the plant No. 2 in KB-11 was supplied from NII-6).

If, by the beginning of the development of atomic charges, domestic physicists to some extent were ready to create an atomic bomb (in their previous work), then for designers, this topic was completely new. They did not know the physical foundations of charge, new materials used in the design, their physicomechanical properties, admissibility of joint storage, etc.

Large sizes of parts from explosives and their complex geometric shapes, harsh tolerances required solutions to many technological problems. So, for the manufacture of a large charge case, specialized enterprises of the country did not take, and had to manufacture a sample of the body, after which these housings began to make in the Kirovsky factory in Leningrad. Large parts from the explosion were originally made in KB-11.

With the initial organization of the development of composite elements of the charge, when institutions and enterprises of various ministries were involved in the work, the problem was created that the documentation was developed on various departmental leadership materials (instructions, technical conditions, normals, the construction of drawing notation, etc. .). This provision greatly hampered production due to large differences in the requirements for the elements of charge. The situation was fixed in 1948-1949. With the appointment of the deputy chief designer and the head of the Scientific-Design Sector KB-11 N.L. Dukhov. He brought with him from OKB-700 (from Chelyabinsk) accepted there "The system of the drawing economy" and organized the recycling of the previously developed documentation, leading it to a unified system. The new system best approached the terms of our specific development, providing for multivariate working out of structures (due to novelty designs).

As for the radio and electrical elements of the charge ("RDS-1"), then they are entirely of domestic development. Moreover, they were developed with duplication of the most responsible elements (to ensure the necessary reliability) and possible miniaturization.

Strict requirements for the reliability of the charge, the safety of working with the charge, the preservation of the quality of the charge during the warranty period of its shelf life caused the care of the construction of the structure.

Information delivered by intelligence, about bombs' knowledge and their sizes were few and often contradictory. So, about the caliber of the uranium bomb, i.e. "Baby", it was reported that he was 3 "(inches), then 51/2" (in fact, the caliber was noticeably more). About the plutonium bomb, i.e. "Fatty" - that it looks "like a pear-shaped body", but about diameter - then it is 1.27 m, then 1.5 m. So the bombs developers had to start almost from scratch.

KB-11 attracted TsAGA airbab bars. Purpose in its aerodynamic pipes of an unprecedented number of edges (more than 100, under the leadership of Acad. S.A. Christianovich) began to bring success.

The need to use a complex automation system is another fundamental difference from the development of ordinary air bombs. The automation system consisted of steps of protection and long-rigging sensors; launchers, "critical" and contact sensors; Energy sources (batteries) and systems of initiation (including kapsule-detonator kits), providing synchronous response of the latter, with a field of microsecond band.

Thus, at the first stage of the project implementation:

• the carrier aircraft was determined: the Tu-4 (by order I.V. Stalin was reproduced by the American "Flying Fortress" B-29);
• developed several variants of the bombs; their flight tests were carried out and compounds and designs and designs satisfying atomic weapons are selected;
• the automation of the bomb and the instrumental remote control of the aircraft, ensuring the safety of the suspension, flight and discharge of the AB, the realization of the air undermining at a given height and at the same time - the safety of the aircraft after the atomic explosion is preserved.

Structurally, the first atomic bomb consisted of the following fundamental components:

• nuclear charge;
• explosive device and systems of the charge undermining with protection systems;
• the ballistic corps of the air bible, in which there was a nuclear charge and the control of the undermining.

The atomic charge of the RDS-1 bomb was a multi-layered structure in which the translating of the active substance - plutonium into the supercritical state was carried out due to its compression by means of a converging spherical detonation wave in an explosive substance.

Not only technologists, but also metallurges and radiochemists reached great success. Thanks to their efforts, the first plutonium parts have already contained a small amount of impurities and highly active isotopes. The last moment was especially essential, since short-lived isotopes, being the main source of neutrons, could have a negative impact on the likelihood of a premature explosion.

In the cavity of the plutonium nucleus in the composite sheath of natural uranium, neutron washed (NZ) was installed. During 1947-1948, about 20 different proposals regarding the principles of action, devices and improvements of the NZ were considered.

One of the most complex nodes of the first atomic bomb of the RDS-1 was the charge of an explosive from the alloy of TNT with the hexogen.

The choice of the external radius of the explosives was determined, on the one hand, the need to obtain satisfactory energy release, and, on the other hand, the permissible external dimensions of the product and the technological capabilities of production.

The first atomic bomb was developed in relation to the suspension of it in the aircraft Tu-4, the bombus of which provided the possibility of placing the product with a diameter of up to 1500 mm. Based on this dimension and the Midel of the Ballistic Bombs of the RDS-1 bomb was determined. The charge of BBs structurally represented a hollow ball and consisted of two layers.

The inner layer was formed from two hemispherical bases made from the domestic alloy of TNT with hexogen.

The outer layer of the charge of GDS-1 was collected from individual elements. This layer, designed to form at the base of the spherical converging detonation wave and the name of the focusing system, was one of the main functional charge nodes, in many respects determined its tactical and technical indicators.

Already at the very initial stage of the development of nuclear weapons, it became obvious that the study of processes occurring in charge should go on the estimated experimental path to correct theoretical analysis based on the results of experimental data on gas-dynamic characteristics of nuclear charges.

It is worth it to note that the chief designer RDS-1 Yu.B. Khariton and the main developers, physicists, theorists, knew about the high probability of 2.5% of the incomplete explosion (reducing the power of the explosion in ~ 10%) and the consequences that expect them in the case of its implementation. They knew and ... worked.

The place for the test landfill was chosen in the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Semipalatinsk Kazakh SSR in anhydrous steppe with rare abandoned and dry wells, salted lakes, partially covered with low mountains. The platform intended for the construction of the test complex was the plain with a diameter of about 20 km, surrounded by the south, of the West and the North of the low mountains.

The construction of the landfill was started in 1947, and by July 1949 it was completed. In just two years, the works of colossal volume were performed, with excellent quality and at a high technical level. All materials were delivered to construction platforms by road on dirt roads for 100-200 km. The movement was around the clock and winter, and in summer.

The experienced field contained numerous facilities with measuring equipment, military, civil and industrial facilities to study the impact of the affected factors of the nuclear explosion. In the center of the experimental field was a metal tower with a height of 37.5 m for the installation of RDS-1.

The experienced field was divided into 14 test sectors: two fortification sectors; sector of civilian structures; physical sector; military sectors for the placement of samples of military equipment; Biological sector. In the northeast and southeastern directions at various distances from the center, instrumentation buildings were built at various distances from the center to accommodate photochronographic, film and oscillographic equipment in them, registering the processes of the nuclear explosion.

At a distance of 1000 m from the center, an underground building was built for equipment that registers light, neutron and gamma streams of a nuclear explosion. Optical and oscillographic equipment was controlled by cables from the software.

To study the impact of the nuclear explosion on the experimental field, the segments of the subway tunnels were built, fragments of the runways of airfields were built, samples of airplanes, tanks, artillery rocket plants, ship's add-ons of various types were placed. For the transport of this military equipment, you need 90 railway cars.

Government Commission for Testing RDS-1 chaired by MG Pervukhina began work on July 27, 1949. On August 5, the Commission made a conclusion about the complete preparedness of the landfill and was proposed for 15 days to carry out a detailed development of the operations on the assembly and undermine the product. The trial time was determined - the last few days of August.

The scientific leader of the test was appointed I.V. Kurchatov, from the ministry of defense to the preparation of the landfill to the tests were led by Major General V.A. Balley, the scientific leadership of the polygon carried out MA Sadovsky.

In the period from August 10 to August 26, 10 rehearsals for managing the test field and charge under the charge, as well as three training teachings with the launch of all equipment and 4 undermining inventory explosives with an aluminum ball from the undermining automation.

On August 21, a special train on the landfill was delivered to the plutonium charge and four neutron smelled, one of which was supposed to be used when undermining a combat product.

Scientific leader of experience I.V. Kurchatov, in accordance with the indication of L.P. Beria, gave an order to test the RDS-1 29 August at 8 am local time.

On the night of 29.08.49, the final charge assembly was carried out. The assembly of the central part with the installation of parts from plutonium and neutron smelled was carried out by a group of N.L. Dukhova, N.A. Terletsky, D.A. Fishman and V.A. Davidenko (installation "NZ"). The final charge of charge was completed by 3 o'clock in the morning on August 29 under the direction of A.Ya. Melsky and V.I. Alferova. Members of the Special Committee L.P. Beria, MG Prevukhin and V.A. Makhnev controlled the course of concluding operations.

On the day of testing on the command paragraph of the landfill, located 10 km from the center of the test field, most of the highest test leadership gathered: L.P. Beria, MG Prevukhin, I.V. Kurchatov, Yu.B. Khariton, K.I. Schelkin, KB-11 employees who participated in the final charge of the charge on the tower.

By 6 o'clock in the morning, the charge was raised to the test tower, its equipment of fuses was completed and the connection to the subversive scheme was completed.

Due to the deterioration of weather with a shift earlier for one hour (from 7.00 instead of 8.00 according to plan), all the works provided for on the approved regulations were carried out.

At 6 35 minutes, the operators turned on the power supply of the automation system, and at 6 hours 48 minutes the automatic test field was turned on.

Exactly at 7 am on August 29, 1949, the whole area littered with a dazzling light, which marked that the USSR successfully completed the development and testing of the first atomic bomb.

According to the memoirs of the participant of the Test D.A. Fishman, events in the room KP unfolded as follows:

In recent seconds, the doors located on the reverse side of the KP building were opened before the explosion (from the center of the field) so that the moment of the explosion could be observed on a surge of terrain lighting. At the moments of "zero", everyone saw very bright lighting of the earth and clouds. The brightness exceeded the sunny several times. It was clear that the explosion was successful!

All ran out of the room and dragged on the bars, enclosing the KP from the direct impact of the explosion. The picture of the formation of a huge cloud of dust and smoke has been opened in front of them, in the center of which the flame was hung!

But from the reproductor, the words of Melsky rang out: "Everyone immediately log in to the KP building! The shock wave is approaching "(by calculations, it should have come to the CP in 30 seconds).

Entering the room, L.P. Beria of all warmly congratulated with a successful test, AI I.V. Kurchatova and Yu.B. Harriton kissed. But inside, apparently, he had some other doubts in the completeness of the explosion, because he did not immediately call and report I.V. Stalin about a successful test, and went to the second supervisory station, where the physicist-nuclear physicist M.G. Meshcheryakov, who in 1946 attended the demonstrative tests of US atomic charges on the Bikini Atoll.

At the second observation point, Beria also warmly congratulated MG. Meshcheryakova, Ya.B. Zeldovich, N.L. Dukhov and other comrades. After that, he pickily asked Meshcheryakov about the external effect of American explosions. Meshcheryakov assured that our explosion at an external picture exceeds American.

After receiving an evident confirmation, Beria went to the headquarters of the landfill in order to inform Stalin about the successful test.

Stalin, having learned about the successful test, immediately called B.L. Vankhniku \u200b\u200b(who was at home and because of the disease could not attend the test) and congratulated him with a successful test.

According to the memories of Boris Lvovich, he, in response to congratulations, began to say that this is the merit of the party and the government ... Here Stalin interrupted him, saying: "Yes, quit, comrade the vanchikov, these formalities. You better think about how to start the manufacture of these products in the shortest time. "

After 20 minutes after the explosion, two tanks equipped with lead protection were sent to the center of the field, for radiation exploration and inspection of the field center.

Intelligence It was found that all structures in the center of the field were demolished. At the site of the tower, a funnel was formed, the soil in the center of the field was melted and a solid crust of slag was formed. Civil buildings and industrial structures were completely or partially destroyed. Eyewitnesses presented a terrible picture of the Great Eastern.

The energy release of the first Soviet atomic bomb was 22 kilotons of Ttrotyl equivalent.