Mountains of Southern Siberia are one of the largest mountainous countries in Russia: its area is more than 1.5 million km 2. Most of the territory is located in the depths of the mainland at a considerable distance from the oceans. Stretching from the west to the east by almost 4500 km - from the plains of Western Siberia to the ridges of the Pacific Coast, the mountains of Southern Siberia form a watershed between the great Siberian rivers flowing towards the Arctic Ocean, and rivers that give their waters of the Interior region of Central Asia, and in the extreme East - River Amuru.
In the West and the North of the mountains of Southern Siberia, almost all of its entire length are separated from neighboring countries with clear natural boundaries, coinciding with the ledges of the inhabitants of the mountains over the surrounding plains. As a southern border of the country, the state border of Russia and Mongolia takes; The eastern border passes from the merger of the chille and Arguni to the north to the edge of the ridge and further to the headwinds of Zea and Mai.
The mountains of Southern Siberia include Altai, Kuznetsky Alatau and Salair, Sayan, Tuva, Baikalia, Transbaikalia and the edge of the ridge. Within the country, the republics of Buryatia, Tuva, Altai and Khakassia, the Chita region, a significant part of the Kemerovo region, some regions of Yakutia, Krasnoyarsk region, Irkutsk, Novosibirsk and Amur regions are located.
The geographical location of the country and its continental climate determine the features of the formation of landscapes. The harsh winter contributes to the wide distribution of many years of permanent, and relatively warm summer determines the position of the upper boundary of landscape belts for these latitudes. Steppe landscapes rise in the southern regions of the country up to 1000-1500 m, and in some interhortonal basins - even above 2000 m. In Altai and in the Tannu-Ola mountains, the upper boundary of the forest belt reaches 2300-2450 m, i.e. Lies much higher than in the West Caucasus.
Large influence on the nature of the country have the territory adjacent to it. The low steppe foothills of Altai in the nature of the soil and vegetation are similar to the steppes of neighboring Western Siberia, the mountain forests of the Northern Transbaikalia remind the Taiga of Southern Yakutia, and the steppe landscapes of the Multi-German Kotlovin of Tuva and East Transbaikalia are similar to the steppes of Mongolia. For its part, the mountain belt of Southern Siberia isolates Central Asia from the penetration of air masses from the West and the North and makes it difficult to migrate Siberian plants and animals in Mongolia, and Central Asian - to Siberia.
If the plain was spread on the site of the mountains of Southern Siberia, three landscaped zones would probably be located here: forest, forest-steppe and steppe. However, a strongly crossed mountain relief of the country and its large amplitudes determine a distinctly expressed high-rise explanancy in the distribution of landscapes. Especially typical mountain and taiga landscapes that occupy more than 60% of the country's territory. Plots of steppes are found only in the foothills and extensive basins; Wood vegetation is absent and on the tops of the highest ridges.
Mountains of South Siberia attracted the attention of Russian travelers from the beginning of the XVII century, when the Zemlip Cossacks founded here the first cities: Kuznetsky Ostrog (1618), Krasnoyarsk (1628), Nizhneudinsk (1648) and Barguzinsky Ostrog (1648) G.). In the first half of the XVIII century. Here are the enterprises of the mining industry and non-ferrous metallurgy (non-silver silver and Kolyvan's copper smelters). The first scientific studies of the nature of the mountain regions begin.
The whole mountain system is in the depths of the mainland, therefore the climate is continental. Continentality increases to the east, as well as on the southern slopes of the mountains. Abundant precipitation falls on the winding slopes. Especially many of them on the Western altai slopes (about 2000 mm per year). Therefore, its peaks are covered with snow and glaciers, the largest in Siberia. On the eastern slopes of the mountains, as well as in the mountains of Transbaikalia, the amount of precipitation decreases to 300-500 mm per year. Even less precipitation in the intergoregous basins.
In winter, almost all of the mountains of southern Siberia are under the influence of the Asian atmospheric pressure maximum. The weather is cloudless, sunny, low temperatures. Particularly cold happens in intergigurine basins, in which heavier air flowing down from the mountains. The temperature in the winter in the basins is lowered to -50 ... -60 ° C. Against this background, Altai is highlighted. From the West, cyclones often penetrate here, accompanied by significant cloudiness and snowfall. Clouds protect the surface from getting out. As a result, the Altai winters differ from other territories of Siberia great softness and abundance of precipitation. Summer on most of the mountains short and cool. However, in the basins it is usually dry and hot with a medium-deed temperature + 20 ° C.
In general, the mountains of Southern Siberia are a battery inside the arid continental plains of Eurasia. Therefore, the largest rivers of Siberia - Irtysh, Bia and Katun - the origins of Ob; Yenisei, Lena, Vitim, Shilka and Argun - the origins of the Amur.
Flowing from the mountains of the river rich hydropower. The mountain rivers fill the lakes with the lakes in deep babes, and above all the largest and most beautiful lakes of Siberia - Baikal and Teletskoye.
Differences in temperatures and to the degree of moisturizing the mountain slopes are directly reflected in the nature of the soil and vegetable cover of the mountains, in the manifestation of high-altitude. On the slopes of Altai to a height of 500 m in the north and 1500 m in the south, the steppe rises. In the past, the Powered and the Divorced Steppes were located along the bottom of the Multiple Kotlovin. Now fertile black soils of steppe boiler almost completely disassemble. Above the tale of the steppes on the wet western slopes of Altai are fir-fir-fir forests with an admixture of cedar. In the dry Sayan, the Baikal Mountains and in Transbaikal are dominated by pine-larch forests. Under the forests were formed mountain and taiga denotional soils. The top of the belt of forests is occupied by a cedar staber. In Transbaikalia and on the Alandanian Highlands, the area of \u200b\u200bforests almost completely consists of shrub thickets of cedar stabel. Above forests in Altai are subalpine and alpine meadows. In Sayanov, Nabaikal and Alandanian highlands, where much colder, the upper sections of the mountains are busy with mountain tundra with a dwarf birch.
It is located in the center of the mainland at a considerable distance from the oceans. The boundaries of the mountains are clearly defined in the West and the North, and with the Far East it is not so distinted. From the west to the east, this mountain range stretches for 4500 km. The maximum width of it is about 1200 km.
The belt of the mountains of the south of Siberia is folded-bully mountains. They were formed in Paleozoic Era, and then were very destroyed. The territory of them is divided into large faults of different times for separate blocks.
The newest tectonic movements have created now existing fold-bully mountains. Raised blocks correspond to the mountain ranges, highlands; lowering - intermountain basins. The movements of the earth's crust currently continue, as evidenced by the earthquake. Among the ridges in the belt of the mountains can also be observed surfaces.
Southern Siberia Mount Belt is divided into three mountainous countries: Altai-Sayan, Baikal and Aldano-hundred-new. They are located on the protrusion of the foundation of the Siberian platform. This is an alandan shield. The highest vertex of the belt of the mountains is Mount Beluha (4506 m). She is in Altai.
The mountains of the south of Siberia are rich in minerals: coal (Kuznetsky and South Yakut basins), iron and manganese ore, bauxites, are known for gold, tin, tungsten and other metals, are known. Non-metallic minerals are represented by graphite, asbestos, marble, apatite, mica.
The climate of the mountains of Southern Siberia is changing from continental to a sharp continental, and the continent is growing from the west to the east and from the top of the mountains to the intermountable brass. The average temperature of January in the mountains - 20-27 ° C, and in the bottoms to -32 ° C. The average temperature of July in the mountains + 8 ° C, in the intermoreflash, it is up to + 21 ° C. Maximum precipitation (up to 1800 mm) falls on the winding slopes, as wet air masses reach them. In the leeward parts of the mountains of precipitation falls less, and especially small - in the basins (200 mm).
Eternal Merzlot is found in the form of islands. At the tops of Altai and Sayan are glaciers.
In the mountains of South Siberia, such major rivers, like Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Cupid originate. Most rivers have mountain nature, rain and snow. In some rivers come with water from the melting of the glacier.
The miracle nature of Siberia is Lake Baikal. It arose about 25 million years ago as a result of the formation of a tectonic crack. This is the deepest lake in the world. Its depth is about 1620 m. Baikal has more than 300 rivers, and only the hangar flows - the influx of Yenisei. The water of the lake contains very little mineral impurities. A. P. Chekhov determined the color of the lake water as "... a gentle-turquoise, pleasant for the eye ..." The vegetable and animal world of the lake is rich and diverse. Omul, Harius, Ostr have special value among fish. Fish feed large animals living in Baikal (for example, Nerpe). Baikal Forests have a large water protection value: delaying snow, nourish rivers, protect the slopes from the erosion. In the forests themselves huge stocks of berries, medicinal herbs. Baikal is appreciated and healing mineral sources.
However, before Baikal is now there are sharp problems. With the construction of the Irkutskaya HPP, raising the water level and her cloudy, which immediately led to a reduction in the most valuable fish - the Omul. The construction of pulp and paper mills led to a descent in the Baikal of discharge waters containing industrial waste. The question of the protection of this unique natural complex is the case of nationwide importance. A set of events has been developed, which includes the following measures:
Termination of alloy wood, littering water Baikal;
Cessation of cellulose production;
Construction of water treatment facilities in cities and industrial enterprises;
Construction of a series of breeding plants of the Omul;
Organization of planning tourism and recreation of people;
Prohibition of wood harvesting on the slopes facing Baikal.
However, despite the measures taken, Baikal's problems remain very sharp.
In the belt of the mountains of southern Siberia, the altitude lower explanation and the boundaries of the altitude belts are raised high enough for these latitudes, which is a consequence of the remoteness of this area from the oceans. The following natural belts are located in the mountains: steppes (in chernozem); taiga forests (on mining and podzolic soils), consisting mainly of larchs and turning into the upper parts into cedar forests; subalpian and alpine meadows; Mountain tundra.
Great Foney riches of the belt of the mountains of Siberia. Skirts of the Barguzinsky Sable - the most valuable fur in Siberia. There are also magnificial proteins, roar, lynx, brown bears there.
The relief of the mountain belt of Southern Siberia is very diverse. Nevertheless, the mountains have a lot of common: the modern relief of their relatively young and formed as a result of the newest tectonic movements. The sharp forms of the high mountains of Southern Siberia arose mainly in the Quaternary time, after young tectonic raises. However, the vertex surface of many ridges and arrays often happens evenly and weakly, which indicates the previously almost flat relief existing.
The most characteristic feature of the relief of the mountains of southern Siberia is the distribution of its main types in the form of geomorphological belts, or tiers - is explained by their various modern plaster molds.
Alpine high-sighted relief is formed in areas of particularly significant quaternary raises - in the highest ridges of Altai, South Tuva, Sayan, becoming Highlands and the Barguzinsky Range, rising above 2500 m. Sections of its propagation differ significant depth of dismembrance, large amplitude heights, the predominance of steeply narrow ridges with numerous hard-to-reach peaks, and in some areas - and the wide distribution of modern glaciers and snowfields. A particularly significant role in the modeling of the alpine relief was the processes of quaternary and modern glacial erosion. Therefore, numerous punctures and circus are typical of it, the bottom of which is occupied by crushed stone waters or carbon lakes with transparent cold water.
Starting from the high mountain lakes of the river flow in wide three-like valleys. At the bottom of their day, numerous traces of the examination and accumulative activities of glaciers are preserved - lamb foreheads, curly rocks, riglias, side and finite moraine.
Plots of the Alpine relief occupy no more than 6% of the country area and differ in harsh climatic conditions. In this regard, in the conversion of the relief, the processes of nivation, frosty weathered and solifluctic slaughtering of debris material on the slopes fought by permafront eternal diffuser are played.
Especially typical of Southern Siberia, the middleland relief, which occupies over 60% of the country area. It was formed as a result of erosion dismemberment of the ancient aluminous surfaces and is located almost entirely in the mountain and taiga belt within heights from 800 to 2000-2200 m, forming a medium rope tier. Due to quaternary raising and thick network of deep river valleys, the oscillations of relative heights in the medium-sized arrays are quite significant - from 200-300 to 700-800 m, and the steepness of the valley slopes from 10-20 to 40-50 °. Since the average mountains have been intensive erosion for a long time, the power of loose deposits here is usually small.
The main elements of the relief of the mediterranean are flat interferes and deeply embedded sharp river valleys. Most valleys are distinguished by morphological youth: they have a V-shaped transverse profile with steep rocky slopes and a stepped longitudinal profile with numerous waterfalls and thresholds in line.
In transmaneral spaces, gender shapes predominate with rounded outlines of vertices covered with a cloak of eluvial and deluvial sediments. The amplitudes of relative heights are rarely higher than 200-300 m. In the formation of the relief, the most significant role belonged to the processes of ancient denudation; Modern erosion in such sites does not differ in the intensity due to the small size of watercourses and remoteness from large rivers.
Low relief is developed in the least elevated outflowing areas. Plots of the lowland are located at an altitude of 300-800 m and are formed by non-strokes or chains of hills, stretching from medium-sided arrays towards the foothill plains. Separating their wide intergundable decrees are occupied by the valleys of small low-water rivers, beginning in the area of \u200b\u200blowland, or larger transit flows, originating in the inner areas of neighboring mountain areas. For low main relief, a small amplitude of the latest tectonic movements is characterized, minor relative heights (100-300 m), gentle slopes, widespread development of unulited raincoats, sometimes bit down the lower parts of the slopes.
Plots of the low relief are also found at the foot of the middle ridges along the outskirts of some interguric kitelins (Chui, Kuraykaya, Tuvinian, Minusinskaya), at an altitude of 800-1000 m, and sometimes even 2000 m. Especially typical low relief for intermountain declines of Eastern Transbaikalia, where the relative height Sopo-remains from 25 to 300 m, and they are often literally immelled in the thicker demolished from the vertices of the deluvial crushed stone and Suglink.
In the weakly developed modern erosion, the regions of East Altai, Sayan and Northern Transbaikalia are widespread the ancient surfaces of the alignment. Most often, they are located at an altitude of 1500 to 2500-2600 m, but in the peripheral areas of the country are found on the vertices of arrays that do not rise above 1000-1200 m.
The alignment surfaces are wavy or finely residual denudation plains, coated with large-sized plaques of indigenous fragments. Over their surface, places are raised low (up to 100-200 m) mud-shaped hills, composed of the most solid rocks; Between the hills there are wide half-blooded hollows, sometimes wetlands. Places (for example, on the Chulyshmansky Highlands) there are areas with superimposed accumulative glacial terrain.
The relief of the alignment surfaces is formed by the processes of denudation during the mesozoic and Paleogen. Then, the portions of deanuding plains as a result of the Cenozoic tectonic movements were raised to different heights; The amplitude of raising was the maximum in the central areas of the mountain regions of Southern Siberia and less significant on their outskirts.
Intermore basins are an important element of the relief of the mountains of Southern Siberia and often have significant sizes. Usually they are limited to steep slopes of neighboring ridges and are folded with loose quaternary sediments (glacial, fluviolacial, pruravial, alluvial). Most of the neglected Kotlovin is located at an altitude of 400-500 to 1200-1300 m, and only the Chui "steppe" in Altai (up to 70-80 km of length and 35-40 km width) lies at an altitude of 1750-2000 m. Formation of modern relief Kotlovin It is mainly due to the processes of accumulation of loose sediments, which were taken here from the neighboring ridges. Therefore, the relief of their bottom is most often equible with small amplitudes of relative heights; In the valleys of slowly current rivers, terraces are developed, and in the outskirts adjacent to the mountains sections - the raincoats of the deluvial-proluavial material.
Russian people, having come to Siberia, did not immediately realize that her great rivers flow from the mountains, because in Russia and Volga, and the Dnieper with Don, and both docks are born on plain hills. However, the mountainous nature of the Siberian rivers was reminded that their summer multi-water, feed on the melting of mountain snow and glaciers, then crushed stone and pebbles endowed with ice-growing plains. The higher the landlocks on Irtysh, Obi and Yenisei rose, the more unquestioned it became that south of the Siberian plains rises with a solid barrier of the turn of a completely new mountain world.
We return from the Far East to the limits of high Siberia and get into an extensive natural country, which extends far beyond the Soviet Union - to the territory of the West of Mongolia. The average part of the Pamiro-Mongolian lift is captured by the middle part of the Pamiro-Chukchi zone of the mountains, and in its composition the most multi-time structures, including the whole south and southeast of high Siberia. As a result of this receding, the ridges and the Highlands, the Mountains of Transbaikalia, Sayan, Altai and the Highlands of the adjacent part of Mongolia - Mongolian Altai, Hangai and Hanti. Difficult dissected mountain countries alternate with large depressions and high plateales.
The folds hug the southern protrusion of the Siberian Platform by the Irkutsk Amphitheater. In his oriental wing, the northeast stretches of ancient structures prevail, parallel to the pre-Bicaal Territory of the platform, in the Western Wing - North-Western, like East Sayan. The closest to the zone platform, discussed at one time, "Ancient Dark Asia", were built by Baikalides (lateokbreak-born folds) - such are subsoil of the forehead, Baikalia and East Sayan. In Transbaikalia, Rannopeozoic folds and granite deployments are dominated by Sayanka and in the northeast of Altai, and in the south-west of Altai, in South and Southeast Transbaikalia - Late Paleozoic. The structures in the south-east were activated in the mesozoic - the influence of the independent Mongolo-Okhotsk zone of deflection and crumpled.
Stretching ancient folds are inherited with many newest faults: in the same directions most of the ridges and Kotlovin are stretched in Transbaikalia and on both wings of the Irkutsk amphitheater, including Baikal himself.
The newest raises raised to various heights extensive altured surfaces, which in the mountains of the South Siberia are cut off the structures of any age. Many of them were then dissected and formed monotonous planes, more often, ridges, ridges with extensive sections of the proper plane. Over them only in the form of individual "islands" arrays with bezed ridges and pyramidal vertices, eaten by ancient and modern glacial circuses.
On the ongoing mobility resemble young volcanoes and non-discontinued earthquakes, reaching the special power in the brave of Highlands, in the Baikal-Sovobol Strip of Vpadin, crossing the Soviet-Mongol border, while abroad - in Hangae and Gobi Altai, but well-known in our Altai with Sayanov.
In winter, it is the mountain kingdom to be siberian cold, although in the mountains it is often warmer than at the foot, where heavier cold air is stared. In the summer, there is a spite of Central Asia, with whom only glands and snow whirlpools, Sayan and Altai argue. Here, the summer precipitation is particularly prevailed here - after all, in the summer, it is moderately warm air masses for a long time in contact and interact with tropical Central Asian, and along the front, a series of cyclones bringing rains are moved. It coincides with the mountain strip, the front processes are exacerbated, and it increases the return of moisture, primarily on the winding scenes. Her western air flows penetrate up to Transbaikalia.
In the eastern part of the mountains with the same summer, but smaller maximum cyclonal rains, the addition of moisturizing from summer monsoons, reaching here from the Far East, is combined. All this moisture feeds the Great Rivers of Siberia and the origins of the Amur. Mountain relief and multi-cycle rivers create huge hydropower reserves.
To the West increases the humidity of the climate and its continentality decreases - the power of winter frosts, the scope of daily and annual temperatures decreases, the permafrost of daily and annual temperatures is decreasing. Therefore, the nature of the Trans-Baikal East is stingy than the Altai-Sayan West, where, by the way, it was more powerful an ancient glaciation.
Many fittings and lower slopes of the Mountains of Transbaikalia, Sayan and Altai to the level of the first hundred, and then one and a half thousand meters are occupied by steppes and even semi-deserts. Dominant, especially on siversa - Northern slopes of the ridges - Mountain Taiga, more often, light, larch - latviagi- With a rarefied "park" west. Only on more wet external scenes they are replaced by a darkening taiga - spruce-fir and black (fir with aspen).
On the southern slopes of the ridges - saves - penetrate mining and steppe landscapes from internal Eurasia. Their border with mining taiga should orally follow the irregularities of the relief. The steppes and even semi-deserts are characteristic of the most closed intermountain depressions. Where the ridges are located in several parallel latitudinal rows, and the landscapes of their opposite crates are alternate and alternate - mountain-taiga and mountain-steppe.
Above 2000 meters - mountain forests, and on southern ridges and slopes, the mountain steppes are replaced by subalpiy and alpine meadows, which in Siberia are famous in pomp, the brightness of the paints, the wealth of species and the high feed virtues of herbs. There are abundant herds and octara. In the mountain steppes of the extreme south, even yaks are diluted - a sign that is not so far from here to Tibet. The huge spaces above the mountain meadows, and in the more northern mountains and immediately above the border of the forest are engaged in mountain tundra and stone browsing.
And in the fauna, Siberian Taiga and Central Asian Stepniki are combined, and above the forest borders even tundra northerners - reindeer, tundry partridge. These penetrated here by shifting the tundra south during the periods of glaciation.
Mountains of Southern Siberia are a storehouse of minerals, according to abundance and a variety of them comparable to the Urals. Coal pools led by Kuzbass are located along the entire length of the mountains. Ores of iron, non-ferrous and rare metals, including tin-baked transbaikal, phenomenal copperrudal Udokan, polymetallic ore altai; Gold in a number of places, among whom Aldan and Bodaibo; Slouds and gems - all this caused a lot of mining landscapes to life.
But the nature of the South Siberian mountains is extremely uneven and mosaic. The densely populated areas with industrial scenery (Kuzbass, Rudny Altai) and the cultivated lands alternate with huge arrays of almost virgin mountain taiga swamp and steppes.
Baikalo-Alandanian strip NagorniDespite the extreme antiquity of the structures - the outskirts of the Siberian platform and its Alandanian shield, forms a high-alkalid belt from the Poshoyki Mountains of Jugjur to the northern tip of Baikal. The rocks here are also dominated by the oldest - crystalline slates, Gneisse, quartzites, as well as porphyra and granites introduced into them. The mesocygnosis subsoil was permeated with the younger introduction of magma.
The climate is here in Yakutski Surov: stagnant cold air in the basins is accompanied by frosts up to 65 °, summer is cool; It is hot, and then not for a long time, it only happens at the bottom of Kotlovin. The ground to the huge depth is permafrost. The precipitation in the hollows is less than 350, and in the lower reaches of Olekma, only 240 millimeters per year, but in the mountains they increase and up to 500 - 1000 millimeters. The remains of the Atlantic moisture, squeezed from cyclones, are complemented by moisture reaching and here Far Eastern monsoon.
The larch taiga with Dauro Rododendron in the undergrowth. Only rare-resistant larchs and mosses survive in wetlands. Above 1200 meters above cryphelter from stone birch and sirheads of the cedar fancorn extensive strokes - mountain tundra. On the goltsy - stone placer.
Highlands draws two stripes - northern massive and flat, than mountainous southern. Along the chain of Kotlovin, separating these bands, that is, just in the zone of active seismicity, the track of the Baikal Amur highway is laid. At first, the builders did not take into account this and did not even provide for the costs of anti-theysics. But the first tunnels were surprised by the abundance of cracks filled with fine-crushed rubble, hot waters and other surprises of "shevily" dungeons. In the area of \u200b\u200balone, the North-Musky tunnel is up to 700 underground jolts per year. Much had to be interrogated on the go.
Oriental bastion belt Nagrai at the junction with Jugjur form complexly constructed Aldan-May and Judo-May Highlands, rising in the angular part of the ancient Alandanian shield. Another section of the shield is raised in the form of Alandanian Highlands as part of the Pamir-Chukchi belt. Plateau, occupied by the swampy larch taiga, hide gold, mica, piezochard, stone coal, and even apatites.
The gold associated with quartz cores and the subsequent negotiation in the weathered cortex was openly here only in 1922. The key to the invisible was the place of the search with the same name - now it is the city of Aldan, the heart of the gold mining area, no less popular than a long-known Leno Vitimsky Bodaibo. Moting, trash, resemble sandy-gravel empties and even barren deserts - they still have to reclaim. Nearby, in the tomot, the AlandansLud plant produces flogopit, and Seligdar has detected precious for Siberia and the Far East "Agronomic ore" - apatite.
The outskirts of the Alandanian Highlands area of \u200b\u200babout 8.5 thousand square kilometers, adjacent to the Olekma River, in 1984 declared an Olekminsky Reserve.
The chain of Wpadin, adjacent from the North to the Fed Range, was in the Jurassic Time of Arena of Coiling. Stocks of excellent coal coal in the South Yakut basin are calculated with tens of billions of tons! Already a long-standing shredded canyons were known, cutting rivers in solid coal reservoirs with a capacity of 20-60 meters, but the off-road forced to keep such wealth in Wen. Now the "Small Bam" is supplied to Berkakita, and the coal-mining Chulmansky district received access to the Trans-Siberian Highway. On the gigantic, reminiscent of the lunar crater, the context in Neryungri coal is already mined.
The base of the South Yakut territorial and production complex created here will be the west of the Olekmo-Char Highlands of Billions of Tons of Iron RUDs of the Charo-Tokkin basin. Significant part of them can be obtained too directly from the surface. About such a neighborhood of coal and ore metallurgists could only dream!
Between Choral, Vitim and Knee Lena, the Patom Highlands began. Here, in the middle of the XIX century, the Bodaybinsky golden area was opened - it was he who received fame as Lensky gold mines and as a place of a tragic event - Lensky execution in 1912. Up to the opening of the Alandanian and Kolyma gold Bodaibo was the main source of its prey in the country.
The Energy of Priis is obtained from the Mamakan HPP, built in 1961 at the mouth of Mamakan on the shore of Vitim, - it was the firstborn among the structures of this kind in a deep eternal permafrost.
North-Baikal, the most western northern row of North People, only in the south, in Holts, INAP-Tuk, exceeds 2.5 kilometers. The rest is taiga platea with altitudes of 1-1.5 kilometers.
The main thing from mineral treasures here - mica - muscovit. The Mamsk-Chuy Slyudovaya District is located on the left bank of Vitima. Among many deposits of non-ferrous metal ores are promising, the rich field of polymetallic ores in the Valley of the Cold River, current to Baikal. When developing it will arise new complex problems to prevent pollution of lake waste.
The southern row of Nagori Baikalo-Alandanian belt form the mountain system on the east, and in the West - Fed Highlands. In both names, the title "Broan" has a shade of a rod, axial, reminds of something like a spinal column in the skeleton. But neither the highland nor the ridge of such a value justifies.
The average ridge ridge stretches 700 km from Jugjura in the East to the Thiekma Through Gorge in the West. Inter-andchean (Leno Amur) watershed passes on it only east of the pass, through which the Amuro-Yakut car route (AIM) and the "Small Bam" crossed it. The west of this watershed more than once squeaks from one longitudinal chain to another, therefore it would be more precisely to call this system not to the ridge, but to the mountains. Only occasionally, the Alpine Goltsy Goltsy lifts here - this is the junction with Jughur, the Golot rocky height is more than 2.5 km.
The most amazing part of the Nagrai band - Fed Highlands, continuing to the west chain of the ridge. Together with him it is raised in the composition of a common grimy arch. It was mechanically transferred to the name of the neighbor, although nothing "becomes" and in this Highlands there. It does not at all carry the main watershed of Siberia, and none of the crests form the barrier ("Mint") on any important transit path. From the Fed Ridge, the Highlands is separated by the deep-cut Gorge of Olekma and the spinner itself, the Vitima gorge, too, through. The main watershed of the continent is extended here far to south, in the middle Transbaikal.
Highland subsoil for rarity is movable. Its structures for neogen and quaternary time rose by more than 2 km, and in the Kodar Ridge and up to 3 km. Located during this raising and even the desired basins lie on the northeast continuation of the Baikal-Sobol Strip of Wpadin with bottoms at levels of 500-900 m.
To lower the Verkhneangar brand for another fifty meters, she would have hooked the lengthened Baikal. Eastern in the same strip there are depressions Musko-Kookydinskaya and Charskaya. All of them are as seismic as those engaged in Baikal, and have repeatedly confirmed this in recent years. Even young volcanoes were found to the south of the rortions of the charms on basalt plateau.
The highest ridge of becoming Highlands, the codar just recently appeared on the maps. His vertex rising for 3 km is suggested to call the Bam's peak, and through the ridge builders of the highway struck the Kodar tunnel with a length of over 2 km. The recent discovery of this Alpine highlands here with 36 glaciers was a scientific sensation. Now the harsh greatness of these new "Siberian Alps" can admire the aircraft portholes on the Moscow-Khabarovsk highway.
Charcale - a rare natural phenomenon. Dead lakes are pillowed with an eternal soil in the beds with an eternal soil, the bottom of which is fruitless for any organisms. The acute continentality of the climate with the long stagns of terribly cold air leads not just to the bearing, but even to the spread of sands: tukulans - The Barghans of the sandy varnishes of the Central Asian appearance, stretched on tens of kilometers, looks in the conditions of permafrost absurd paradox.
It has already been proposed to protect all these divas in the Unified Kodaro Charian National Park, and very in time: the Bam's track, passing through the Char's Basin, will cause life to use generous natural wealth, and with him and sharp conversion of nature that should not be left uncontrollable.Among the measures to protect it, we mention about the Tokkinsky reserve. It was created in 1980 on the Olyukmo Charian Highlands on the square of more than 7 thousand square kilometers.
Chairs and Kodar have a great future. Then the "mining triangle" will arise. The basis of it is the magnificent neighborhood of Charo-Tokkin Iron RUD Sulumat and Copper Udokan with Coking Coals of Apps in the Mountains of Kodar. High above their sole, right on the slopes, a 40-meter black coal thickness is visible, waiting for development. The range is cut through the thorough flow of rivers riding to the north of rivers and its influx of Tokco - it is here from Yakutia to the Chita region stretched by entirely a half of kilometers with a iron ore belt.
The creation of a coal-metallurgical center will suggest. But is it easy here to live? Women of cold weather and bad ventilation promise frequent smsi. Perhaps you have to search for future cities better than the velocked places outside the brand?
Large fame is prepared by the Udokan. Information about his wealth has long seemed a legend. In the Bazhovskaya fairy tale, the hostess of the copper mountain lived in the depths of the Urals. And the Ridge of Udokan himself turned out to be the master of the copper mountain in the real sense of the word: the giganic all-turdeous deposit of the medural sandstone sandstones is explored here. Now the Baikal Amur Highway approached the foot of the ridge, and the mastering of the Udokan became a reality. The ore will not be raised from the bowels, but to let down from the mountains.
Mighty threshing rivers promise to give a large amount of hydropower. Three powerful hydropower plants can be built on one middle course of Vitima - comfortable lines are in any of the cross-cutting gorges in the river breakthroughs through the Muyan and Delun-Uranian ridges, and below, within the Patomic Highlands. In the gorge, cutting the South Musy Ridge, where the Tumaman Schiver bubbles, the village with the "promising" name promising is suggested to erect the MOK HPP dam for 1.7 million kilowatt. In the slots of Olekma, separating the ridges and Highlands, you can put the dam for the Hani hydroelectric power plant with a capacity of over 1 million kilowatt, and in other tesnes there are two more hydrogenation of approximately the same power.
South of Baikal-Aldan Nagrai stretches one of the most extensive of our mountain systems. Its length reaches one and a half thousand, and the width over five hundred kilometers. It should be called Hantay-Transbaikal Mountain Country - After all, the south-western tip of this strip of the mountains goes to the limits of Mongolia and in the form of a Hanti Ridge adorns the panorama of her capital of Ulaan Bator.
Often it is precisely in the area and above the north of Mongolia a center of a stable Mongol-Siberian maximum of atmospheric pressure, and with it and the anticyclone stagnation of a huge mass of cold air. Therefore, here is cruelly blessing and minor winter; Summer, on the contrary, passes under the invasion of tropical air from Gobi, although heat, of course, softens the coolness of mountain raising.
Transbaikal When it crosses, it seems monotonous. On the colossal space, low and medium ridges lined up as if into the oblique line in one direction - diagonally to the degree network. The same type and depth, and the thickness of their dismemberment on the secondary ridges, sings, hill. Longitudinal valleys, and without that wide, manifold like a rosary of the chains of Ozerid Kotlovin (and in the past, lakes really existed in some of them). The slopes are the same steepness, on the northern shadow - ordinary larchs, on the accumulated southern - steppes. This alternation of Sievers and Saves creates paintings of mountain forest-steppe, pretty monotonous. Fully lying the seal of permafrost, it is common so far to the south, which goes even abroad of our country.
Nevertheless, this land under the clue is fully charm. This was well written by Chekhov well: "I will only say that Selenga is solid beauty, and in Transbaikalia I found everything that: and the Caucasus, and the Psla Valley, and the Zvenigorod County, and Don. In the afternoon I'm jumping around the Caucasus, at night along the Don steppe, and in the morning, waking up from the beggar, - look, Already the Poltava province, and so all a thousand miles. " In a word, with the monotony of the background combines a variety of details and, moreover, with the external severity, the great generosity of nature.
There are differences between the large parts of the immense mountain kingdom. In the northeast, the ridges and valleys are more vague, they are moving into extensive plateaus - Olekminsky becoming and vitimsky. On the second of them, volcanoes were recently operated - 12 fresh slag cones come out on the basalt plateau. Earthquakes of up to 7 points occur.
In the south-west and south deeper and thicker, the dismembrance - there are up to 15 parallel ridges and the same range of valleys and kotlovin. The corrugation of the long-aligned structures continued from the Mesozoic to the present and was inherited: the shafts grew into the ridges, and the products of their erosion were accumulated in the valleys that continued to fuse. With a look from the aircraft, a picture of longitudinal groes and valleys resembles the ocean petsenger. But the shafts and hollows of this zybi are not combed with wind. They are subordinate to the directions of the deep and newest crumples and faults.
In some flat-door dollars, lakes were melted - Enervals in the upper reaches of Vitima, Arachleski near cheats. These are witnesses of greater lakes of the edge in the past, with another climate. When he became land, landscapes, relatives Mongol Gobi penetrated the basins. The lakes and rivers began to dispel, rubble from the mountains piled down the foot of the foot, in the rocks the wind began to blow the niches and strange figures, just as in the deserts.
In the mountains of Transbaikalia, there is an inter-worn watershed, but none of the carriers of his ridges stands out or a height or axial position - there is no main thing among them. The riders of the Pacific (Amur) and Impolite (Leno) and the Impolomate (Leno) subtles are so uneven and unstroinually crashed into the rising plateaus, which orally a winding watershed often scorches from one ridge to another, and even runs right through the swampy planes.
In the south, on the elevated Hantai-Chiki Highlands, the highest peaks of Transbaikalia - Goltsy Berun-Site (2523 meters) and Savondo (2499 meters) are raised away from the watershed. Up to 8 points seismicity increases, and the ridges carry traces of small ancient glaciers. Part of the territory as a standard of combinations of Siberian mountain taiga with golts and sites of the Dauro-Mon-Golsk steppes are guarded in an extensive Savordinsky reserve.
Transbaikalia - a rare treasury of mineral wealth. Over all of the south, the belt of tin firm ores, which is accompanied by even molybdenum, copper and polymetallic, and with them as satellites and ore of many valuable "small" and rare metals. The production of tungsten and molybdenum is one of the foundations of the Zabaikalia mining industry. In the extreme southwest, the "bouquet" of their developments in the Djida valley. In the south there is a South Daurus Tiny region. It is famous, but has already been strongly developed by Hapcheranga (here now switched to the extraction of polymetallic ores). Tin is completely exhausted - the memory of her tin remained only in the title. But in the same nonsense Dauria, one of the largest owls in the country is being developed directly from the surface - Sherlova Mountain - her name is also reminded of the past: until the opening of the Tin Ore Rud Mountain was famous for his sherlam - Gems: topazami, smoky quartz, amethysts.
Polymetal ores are mined near cheats and valleys of the shill with arguan. Since the beginning of the XVIII century, they were developed for the so-called nonsense plants, although they were located for a half or two hundred kilometers from the river of the spun and the city of Nerchinsk. These plants along with neighboring gold supports received sad fame as the places of core prisons. They resemble words in the song: "Shilka and Nerchinsk are not terrible now ..." Rud deposits that fed these plants have long been developed. The only one of the old mining places is still being developed in Akatuye ("Warmed up for a long time in the steppes of Akatua," the ridden cake sang).
Golden primaries are riveted by a row along the Transsiberian highway at the foot of the Olekminsky becoming. In the pool, Dynam's chill is working on the River Kara. The settlement of Ust-Karasky keeps the sad memory of Karaga and Kara Kara.
The fame of Transbaikalia as iron ore land is also long. His ores since the end of the XVIII century became the base of Petrovsk-Transbaikalsky cast iron and ironing factories, where the Decembrists was departed. Halmilliard tons of ore (magnetite and brown railway) lies in the Berezovsky iron ridge in the south-east.
There are in Transbaikalia and aluminum raw materials - nephower syenites and sillimanites.
It is difficult to list coal "stoker" with their billions of tons of fuel reserves. Stone coal is known in the Chickaya Wpadin and in the Valley of the tugging, where it can be mined in careers. A stone coal buckacchi is developed. Huge stratum of brown coal from the goose lake and Hannor.
The Oshrkovskoye deposit near Ulan-Ude contains more than a billion tons of apatitis. Transbaikalia gives a significant proportion of the world-union extraction of fluorite, the reserves of which reach millions of tons.
More than hundreds of mineral springs were tied to ancient and young faults, including a lot of hot, such as Nathering in the Selenga Valley. On the waters, a network of resorts was developed - sewan, Cook, Olympus, Urgichan, the Chita Narzan "Darasun" is famous. Healing carbon dioxide boiling water milks near cheats.
There are little precipitation everywhere: in the bottom - 200-300, in the mountains - up to 450 millimeters per year. It rains for two thirds lateral, spring and the beginning of the summer of arms - the fields must be irrigated, and the pastures are watering. Snow in winter so little that the sledaway is not installed everywhere; Winter from frosts are dying. Many rivers are freezing to the bottom - it leads to the formation of forehead during water breakthroughs into cracks, and for water supply you have to use groundwater.
Rivers may be pronounced in energy: in Selenga it is not difficult to build half a dozen hydraulic stations of medium power, and on the chirler and two large.
Great forests of Transbaikalia. Their recovery after cutting brakes and a merzlot, and wetlands. Mosts managed to come into motion even sand dunes, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich in the village of Selenga and in the Nerchinsky Dauria at the place of the forests of the forests only during the XX century was determined.
South Trans-Baikalier - Eastern Painting Siberia Steppe Zone. In dry basins on chestnut soils, sparse turns of cereals with kragani bushes are visible. The slopes are cried more - this is a mountain forest-steppe, pine-larch and birch muses are visible on Siers. Here and chernozems are replaced with gray forest soils.
In the south between the Middle and Eastern Trans-Baikallem of the Mountains, the Bay of the Mongolian Plane is inferior. In this part of the Nerchinsky Dauria, especially in the Belt of Torey lakes, softens, and therefore salty, the semi-desert and steppe landscapes of the GaBi type prevail. This is not South Siberia, but the outskirts of the internal Eurasia,
The main transport arterier of the South Transbaikalia - the Great Trans-Siberian Railway Southeast Chita from her leaves the branch of the Border Cabikalsk, it continues abroad as Sino-Changchun, in the past Sino-Eastern (FC). From Ulan-Ude through a beautiful mountainous housing of the goose lake Rails lead to the border Kyakhta and then in Mongolia to Ulan-Batar.
Transfing with a goose lake Selenga Valley segment - a sorrowful natural-historical memorial, place of references of Decembrists of Bestuzhevoy and Tryson. The museum created here reminds how, even in the link, the Decembrists worked for the study and fruitfully and fruitfully - which is one message about the coal of the goose lake!
Baikal Includes prime-free Trans-Baikalia in the East and Pre-Bichalia in the West, and in general, it forms a highly raised and movable bridge between the vane and Sayano-Tuvinian highlands. Along the axis, he split a strip of the depression engaged in Baikal. When viewed with cosmic heights, it can be understood that all this is the link of a longer Baikal-Sobol Strip of Wpadin. She makes itself felt already in the famine of Highlands, and in the south-west leaves in Mongolia, where the younger brother of Baikal Houbsguly (Kosnogol) moves his waters. This strip is a gaping wound on the surface of the Earth (failure, sliding?), Which is similar to which one can find only in the east of Africa.
Mountains are folded with ancient gneis, crystal slates, marbles, granite implementation. During the deflection of Kotlovin in the mesocainesis, powerful (2-5 km) thickness of continental deposits have accumulated. Vpadina - Verkhne-Angarskaya, two Baikal, Barguzinskaya, Tunkinskaya - come in one for another scenes. Dry basins want to be called uneplicated Baikal, especially when in the cold morning they hide the ashes-silver rod of fog, creating a full illusion of lake stroit.
In a strong seismicity of these mountains, they did not believe: the label of "ancient tempes of Asia" created a false understanding of the sustainability of the subsoil. And earthquakes, and moreover, the strong, 1-8 points happened many times, since 1725 there were more than three dozen. In 1862, a whole section of the delta Selenga fell under water - at this place there was a bay, and a failed failure.
The results of recent movements are imprinted in bizarre outlines of the islands rising from Bajin Baikal. We call first of all the islands of Ushkanya and more significant Olkhon. From the opposite Cruks of the Baikal Ridge, it is separated by straits: wide (it is called even by the Small Sea) and the narrow - Olkhon Gate.
Priozerous Trans-Baikalier - a chain of the average ridges framing the lake from the East and South: Barguzinsky, Ulan-Burgasy, Hamar-Daban. And the pre-biccalier - the explosion of the foundation of the Siberian platform, the ridges of the medium Baikal and low seaside, cutting the source of the hangars (now the Irkutsk reservoir joined here). Slyudyanka, near the south-western corner of Baikal, is mined with mica flogopit. Graphite lies in Hamar Dabane. There are golden fores.
Along the faults they beat warm sources, some of them have resorts. On the eastern coast of Baikal, Gorychinsk is famous for the Tunkinskaya Bolden - Nilova Desert on Radon waters and Arshan on the sulphate-calcium-magnesium "Narzan". Both of these resort are decorated with panorama of the Tunkinsky Golts East Sayan.
Through the tunnel in the Baikal Range to the lake, the Baikal Amur Highway was released. On the shore, there were several "capex tunnels" for her, similar to the lake south-west. Both coastal tracks are closed with spectacular cornices and allow Baikal directly from the train windows.
A huge water mass of the lake is influenced by the Baikal climate, in winter, peculiar, and in the summer cooling coastal. At the shores of winter at 6 - 10 ° warmer, and in summer, 2 - 5 ° is cooler than far away from the lake. Seasons are shifted: the coldest month is February, the warmer - August; Proterent harsh spring is significantly colder than autumn. Cold waters are descending and cold-resistant vegetation - the cedar staber forms a false-flow belt off the coast.
Larch Taiga is inferior to the mountain steppes of the forest-steppe only the bottom of Kotlovin, the Baikal Island Olkhon and the neighboring section of the Primorsky Range. On the more wet slopes of Taiga Darkovaya. Back in 1916, it was originally for the protection of a large and darkened Barguzinsky sable, was organized on the slope of the Barguzinsky Reserve of the same name. Now the landscape as a whole is guarded here.
In 1969, another reserve was created on the square of over one and a half thousand square kilometers on the northern slope of Hamar Dabana, for the sake of prestige called Baikal, although he does not go to the shore. His task is the guard of Hamar-Daban Taiga with the plots of Dauro Mongolian steppes on the suspension.
Occasionally served Delta Selenga - a unique bird kingdom. The creation of the Natural National Baikal Park with several branches on different shores of the lake was designed. It is especially important to organize the protection of the Baikal landscape in the locations of the lake of the Bama route.
Baikal - "Nice Sea" of Russian songs, one of the unique wonders of the planet. "How he is to become Siberia herself," wrote Tvardovsky. The creation of nature, described and acted in thousands of texts at least than the Volga and Dnipro and still not easy for the image. In small-scale maps, he looks like a narrow gap, his bath is sometimes considered a deep chute, Krutobokim Rv. However, on the area, the breadth of the reservoir (24 - 79 kilometers) is so significant compared to only the kilometer heights of the cavities of the depression that the lake looks like a dish rather, and the coastal ridges are printed from behind the neighborhood with an immense water perspective.
Basic wrestling wind rags,
Dal, leading to the sky ...
Rogs coastal - low, sutul
Before the scoring of solemn waters.
In the length of the lake ran 636 kilometers. And the area of \u200b\u200bthe mirror exceeds 30 thousand square kilometers. This is the deepest lake of the world. Comparing the depth of his bottom (1620) and the surface mark (456 meters), we will understand that the bottom drops to 1164 meters below the level of the world's ocean - such a hidden depression of sushi is called cryptodepresses; Baikal is the most striking of them.
The volume of the hollows is grandiose - 23 thousand cubic meters, this is the fifth part of fresh water of the entire planet. The same water with an incomparably larger area accommodates the entire Baltic Sea. Water from one Baikal could be filled with the depressions of 23 Aral or 92 Azov seas. The outflow is performed by one hangar, which is from the lake every second 2 thousand cubic meters of water.
Baikal has a uniquely much: both tectonics of the lake bath, and crystal clear water, and as it were, the museum safety of hundreds of species of ancient animals. And the beauty of the lake? She is now admire with the orbits of their flights even astronauts! In the calm, with the sun, its surface of the Azure, and with other weather it looks gray-steel. We will remind the thoroughties of the storm surf, about stubborn winds. Then from the southwest blows a gloomy storm kultuk, then from the north - overpowering other winds number, he is angarathen "stirring shaft" blowing from the northeast barguzin, and from directions close to the northwestern, the autumn-winter harahahaih And fierce candy sarma.
Today's contours of Baikal bath tectonically, young people (the age of just quaternary) and carry marks of the swing of the shores themselves. They changed, shifted, but the gigan volume of water existed constantly, at least with Paleogen. That is why so unique originally the fauna of the lake. More than three quarters of species living here are not found anywhere in the world. Endemic whole bodies of organisms and even some families - Baikal bulls, Golomyanka, 230 types of boobs (from 380 known on the globe), some mollusks. In fresh waters, a seal was seized, apparently penetrated here from the northern seas while cooling in the glacial time. It is possible that at the same time he got into Baikal and Omul - one of the best fishing fish. Now the fishing of the Omul is limited, and sometimes it is stopped. However, there is all the data so increasing the productivity of fisheries so that Baikal can become a "fish-delicious" shop of the country.
In January, the lake freezes. Before the construction of the Circularaikal Railway on the second half of winter, rails were laid on the ice: "Ice link" was connected to an inconscribed trans-Siberian highway.
Rails on ice rolled cast iron -
Smoothly, unshakable ... but sometimes
Artillery volley gulco
The right of his own water.
Hacked ice, lunch, sneer
From the tension of the brazed subsoil!
Indeed, both thermal and seismic causes lead to climbing ice. And over the outs of bottom gases there are not at all freezing wormwings.
Baikal - the nature itself created by the runway regulator, invaluable to maintain the uniformity of its mode. But the Irkutsk hydroelectric station rebuilt his dam on the river and more than a meter raised the level of the entire lake. It seemed that the meter difference does not exceed its seasonal oscillations, but it was damaged by Baikal: the coastal roads had to strengthen; Difficult biography were broken - the plankton minunga of Epiphura was injured, a weak-legged wrapping, and omul, and the bull-peeler were also fed; The firings of the yolk workers went the same Omul. Potted with the rise of the level of water of coasty, bulls lost their food and familiar spawning, their number fell, and this was reflected on the lifeline of the Omul.
How carefully you need to handle the lake in the future! A wide movement in its defense arose with the construction of two cellulose combines from the coast. The economic substantiation of their appearance was not fully complete - at the turn of 1950 - 1960, the importance of concerns about the protection of the medium was still underestimated, an ecological and economic approach was just beginning to be formed. I had to create expensive treatment facilities; The Selenginsky cardboard plant already promises to bring his intercourse to full purity. All subtleships addressed to Baikal, declared a water-protection zone, industrial logging on them are discontinued, like a milestoy on the rivers flowing into the lake. However, the purity of water can damage long defores - in the Selenga and Barguzin basins, and most importantly, and industrial estates from remote enterprises, for example, from Ulan-Ude.
The struggle for preventing damage to Baikal inspired the bright performances of many writers and major scientists. Various projects for helping the lake were discussed. So, it was proposed to build the "Jado Run" from Baikal to the Irkuta pool. In 1969 and 1971, maintaining the merits of Baikal was the subject of special government and party-government solutions. It is envisaged to be all the use of wellness and aesthetic basin products.
The lake entails connoisseurs of nature from the farthest corners of the country, not rare on its shores and foreign guests. It is hard to list all the temptations sitting here. Of course, it is truly a truly sea wide and power of water elements, and wonderful shades of crystal-transparent water, and gloomy mountain-taiga, and in some places and a mining steppe. But this, so to speak, the general background, present on Baikal everywhere. And how much on the more than the marenelometric length of his coasts of individual amazing corners, and each of them is inherent in its unique chamfer, whether it is an exotic shamanist stone in the source of hangars or a shamanic cape in the southwestern tip of the lake ...
The eastern shores of the Chivirkuy Bay and the High Spring Peninsula in the Chivirkuy Bay and the Holy Peninsula of the Holy Nose (if it were not for low experiencing, this sushi ledge could easily be taken for a large separate island to become Olkhon). The nature of the north-western "bearish" bank of the lake is still touched upon, but the exit of the site of Bama makes it particularly urgent measures to protect this coast - here it is proposed to organize a reserve. Another plot where the Natural National Park Mode is planned - a sandy sandy, limited rocks, a large and small bell tower, glorified by the tourists.
Clear Eye of Siberia, the pride of our country, Baikal should remain pure, and this purity is more expensive to any conjuncture benefits. Let us turn again to the Tvardovsky and say after him:
"Baikal - the invaluable gift of nature -
May it be eternal on earth! "
Sayano Tuvinian Highlands Long remained in the shadow of the hands of the glory of the neighbors - Baikal and Altai. About the mountains reminded that the mad summer floods of the left tributaries of the hangars, devastating the ladies. Only tourists over the past decades were addicted to Sayanam, especially the "waterfall slalom" - the alloy on the rafts through the thresholds in mountain rivers. Now the worldwide fame of Sayanam brought a structure in the Yenisei gorge of the largest Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station.
Together with the Mountains of the Tastener, leaving in Mongolia, Highlands started from the east west to a thousand kilometers and 600 from the north to south. In addition to the Sayan, it includes Tuvinian hollows and a few more mountain raises that these basins are framed or disconnected. The ancient Paleozoic subsoil structures were hacked and raised with the latest movements together with a highly "sked" edge of the Siberian platform. A relief and with antiquity of the depths of young. But in the form of priumpry plane in the east on the erosion, the surface of an ancient alignment survived - saram.. Western Sayan, blurred by Yenisei's tributaries to the level of its deeply embedded bed, is dissected on a particularly complex network of ridges. Gentle, medium heights of crest and plateaus with their long non-eating snow and the white carpets of the Lichen Yagel are called belogoryami. Less often meet crests, brushed alpine. Above this was the last of the ancients, and in some way and the modern glaciation. Eternally snow peaks of Sayan, unlike the Beloral, are called belk butmi.. The preservation of many plane helped their lava covers of basalts. Known and very recently operating volcanoes; Earthquakes occur.
Mineral resources of Highlands in the Tuvinskaya Both lies more than 10 billion tons of stone coal - the Ulugham pool. In the western end of East Sayan, near Artemovsk, more than 200 million tons of iron ore are explored. Titanoagnetite, ferruginous quartzite reserves are significant, dozens of copper ores and many other metals are known. In the Tuvinian part of Highlands there is a mining cycling. The production of cobalt from ore in Khov Akssee, in the foothills of Tanna-Ola chains, is one of the largest in the country. There is an aluminum raw material; There are golden primers - at Artemovsk and in Tuva.
Values \u200b\u200bare also known among non-metallic fossils - asbestos, graphite, jade, phosphorites. The reserves of pure chrysotypesbestos in East Shechir, exceeding 4.5 million tons, put forward this deposit in second place in the country. The scaly graphite of Botogol is considered one of the best in the world - the concession of Aliber has developed it from the middle of the XIX century. Sayan nephritis competes on the beauty of shades and drawing with the best samples from the world famous deposits of India and China.
Sayan-Tuvinsky fragment of the mountains of southern Siberia
Eastern Sayan - the edge of the Precambrian foundation of the platform involved in the South Eibirsk raising. In the south-east over the Tunkinskaya brand, the two alpine gear ridge - Tunkinsky and China proteins are raised over 3000 meters; Their spectacular Golts chains deserved the name "Sayan Alps". The foot of the Tunkin proteins is cropped, as in a ruler, the younger impact; Freshness of fault is such that he seems to be moving right in front of her eyes. Over the western headboard of the Tunkinsky basin, the highest, border with Mongolia part of the Sayan led by Munka-Sardyk (3492 meters) is adjacent to the Okinsky Plateau - Sayan Tibet. From basalt plateau in some valleys, the languages \u200b\u200bof the ancient lavas slipped. In the eye pool there are low volcanic cones. Eastern Sayan is so lower and land of neighboring Altai, that modern glaciers are only 17, and the area is only 8 square kilometers.
The fifth of the area of \u200b\u200bEastern Sayan is occupied by mountain tundra and stone collars. Taiga at the Unnzy East Pine-Larch, in the West, where richly snowfall, black. In the southern letters, it is interspersed with steppe ubram.. A new life in the valleys has made a translated railway Taishet - Abakan, the eastern link of Yuzhsiba.
In the north-west, the structure of Eastern Sayan is immersed.
By the shores of Yenisei, the erosion allocated an ancient magmatic arrays from these structures, forming the already mentioned "diva nature" - Krasnoyarsk poles. Stone giants together with the surrounding mountain and taiga landscape on an area of \u200b\u200babout 50 square kilometers are guarded in the eponymous nature reserve.
Feathers ... Fortress ... Grandfather ... Praded ... Grigor ... Berkuts ... Cain ... In one names of the cliffs, you can judge the fabulous strife of these natural sculptures. But they are not just spectacular. Poles - School of skill of climbers-climbers, it was from here that they began their way to the tops of the famous global broids of Abalakov ...
Tuvinian hollows Are busy with driving hilly-dummy plains, which during the rise of Highlands detained at levels of 550 - 1200 meters. The northernmost of them is Todzhinskaya - the least Tuvinskaya for the appearance, the bottom of it is not a dry-step, and Bolotno-Borovoye with the magnificent constellation of the Old Lakes. Eastern Sayan protects Todju from the east, it lies as if in a dead-end pocket for Western winds and receives up to 400 millimeters of moisture per year. On her slopes are extensive cedar forests. In the mountains of Academician Obruchev there is a harsh plateau, armored with young basalts and the canyons of the Yenisei sources.
Actually Tuvinian, or Ulughamskaya, the brand stretched more than 300 kilometers. The merger of the alloys of the sources of Yenisei, small and large, the capital of Tuva is located - the city of Kyzyl - with obelisk denoting the "Center of Asia". From here to his breakthrough through the West Sayan, shipping upper Yenisei - Ulug-Hem rushes. In the western part of the basin penetrated 75 kilometers of the upper horse in the Sayano-Shushensky reservoir, so now the shortened upper Yenisei is flowing into it.
In the middle and southern brands of Tuva - an acutely continental climate with a huge scope of extreme temperatures (heat, despite the rates, up to 40 °, frosts up to minus 58 °). The precipitation falls only 180-300 millimeters per year. Snow is so little that it is possible to keep cattle in the foot of the stern in the winter, but in summer, dry-step pastures need watering, and the fields in artificial irrigation. Many rivers are freezing to the bottom. With breakthroughs of water, you are worth it to become Kolyma.
South of Kotlovin takes place one of the main watersheds of Eurasia. A stock to the north comes to the Arctic Ocean, and to the south - in the uncertain areas of Central Asia. This is an intermittent chain South Tuvinian Mountains - convex to the north of an arc from the trust to Altai. It has alpine links with alpine gear ridges of about 3-4 kilometers high. Here, many Siberian sides of nature are replaced by Central Asian: on the shadow slopes of the taiga and animals - Siberians, and on the solar - purely Mongolian steppes, north do not penetrate. The neighbor of the reindeer turns out to be an antilope - dzery.
The south of this barrier extends far beyond the edge Great West Mongolian Lakes. The Soviet Union belongs to the narrow peripherals of the plain, tilted to one of the largest lakes of the region - the border UBSU-NUR. The height of its mirror is 759 meters. There are already all the Central Asian: Dry Climate (per year less than 100 millimeters of precipitation), dust storms, scarce, losing rivers, typically Mongolian fauna spectrum with her rodents and lizards, breeding camels.
Western Sayan, perpendicular to the Eastern, below it; The heights of the main ridges are 2500 - 2900 meters, the Bai Taiga is raised to 3129 meters. The network of valleys is thicker, they themselves deeper, the surviving plane less. Alpine teeth are only on single ridges, but there are no modern glaciers. The already mentioned through the gorge, through which Yenisei broke out from the Tuvinian Basin in Minusinsk, flooded by the reservoir.
The Taiga Mountains have long been crossed by the Usinsky path, which connected the Minusinsk brand with Tuvoy through the passals of a higher kilometer height. Now the second translated track is also valid - from the Abakan plant (abases) at the South-Western exit from the Minusinsk brand to the West-West city of Ak-Doverak (White Clay) - the center of production of "white wool" - asbestos. Both tracts are one of the other in the attractiveness of nature. Especially popularly popular - tourists it is considered one of the most beautiful roads throughout the country. From the hot mincinskaya steppe with her Bakhchi, salt-lakes and mirages, you get into the coop of the mountain and taiga gorges, and on the pass through the Kulumi Ridge Akheat from the open panorama of the cold and wild peaks of Ergaki. In their outlines, the silhouette of the hero is recognized - "Sleeping Sayan." Then the path leads along the fertile medical valley of the River Us, which gave the name path. Taiga is replaced by a mountain forest-steppe, and for a cheerful pass through Kurtushybinsky ridges are already the mining and steppe blades of Tuva ...
The nature of the left-bank slopes adjacent to the Yenisei pipe is guarded in a huge (a little less than 4 thousand square kilometers) of the Sayano-Shushensky reserve. The true beauty and greatness of the Highlands will be more fully realized with the organization of natural national parks (the first of them is scheduled to create a Todginsky Park). A mighty Sayan territorial-production complex, powered by the Goytic energy of the Giant Hydrostations, will allow growing great cities here.
IN Kuznetsco-Minusinsk Territory Sketched forest-steppe and steppe plains with chernozem, which occupy the bottom of the extensive catlovin. They are divided by three strips of mountains, among which the axis is the average of Kuznetsky Alatau. They lagged behind the neighboring links of the South Iibirsk Mountains and were involved in general with them to raise later than Sayani with the Altai - only at Quaternary Time, although the subsoil was signed here in early Paleozoa.
The heart of the edge is an industrial landscape of Kuzbass with a thick population and a powerful press of man-made influences on nature. The base of this industry is giant stone coal reserves. The iron ores of the mountain spuri are important, as well as the other mineralization - with the cores and placers of precious metals, rare, colored and polymetals, are known for the deposits of bauxite and necline.
The western slopes of the mountains receive 600-800, and in places and up to 1500 millimeters of precipitation per year - there is a black taiga. Eastern slopes, even though they lie in the rain shadow, gets 400-500 millimeters - there are more parks and foliage. At frequent glades pleased with the Broadland, it does not inferior to the subalpine meadows of the neighboring Altai. In the basins, the sediment decreases to 240-380 millimeters. More than a third of them falls in winter, and the snow does not give soils to freeze deeply. Western winds come to the brand, passing through the mountains, that is, in a descending flow, which further dries climate. In the spring, these Fenoi-"Snoves" in the eyes evaporate the low-power snow cover, depriving moisture of the field, - then a grommet and frozen.
Between Sayanov and Kuznetsky Alatau, a strip of steppe boiler traded by Yenisei, Abakan and Chulym stretched for more than 350 kommersine. In the south, this is an extensive minusinskaya brand, north - Rudo-Erbinsk and Chulymo-Yenisei. The bottom of them is cut to rivers to 170-280 meters. Even salted lakes, devoid of outflows. The basins are separated by lowlands and asymmetrical ridges of 800-900 meters high. With the rise of the bottom Kotlovin to the Sayanam, moisturizing increases to almost 500 millimeters, and birch-oxidal forest-steppe takes into rights. The Permian time had a minus centenary pool, it has more than 37 billion tons of coal. The center of its prey is Chernogorsk near Abakan. The Balahtinsky Broaterna Pool in the Chulymo-Yenisea Basin is connected with the Jurassic dives. A great future has the South Yenisei (Abakano-Minusinsky) industrial complex.
Kuznetsky Alatau in the ridge of Tieger-Tyz (or Tieger-Tych, "Heavenly Teeth") reaches a height of 2178 meters - top tooth peaks topped with rippers. The complex network of the valley dismembered the surface on the rounder, arrays - taskilaThe Mesozoic Cora weathered survivors survived and there are old-year-old circus.
Over 60 million tons of iron ores "Abakan grace" are developed from the middle of the XIX century. The abbreviated name of the then Abakan plant - abase - became the name of the modern city and mines supplying the Metallurgy Kuzbass. In the neighborhood there are Tёu iron ore careers with reserves of more than 130 million tons. The young town of the miners in the upper reaches of the Tyew river and named the top of the Tyoi. The deposits of molybdenum ores developed for the Wish Combine, and Copper with Molybdenum are adjacent to the Bathaten Rodaway. There is an ore gold. Zolotonny and metal alone are also northeastern foothills. The resources of raw materials are economically precious to obtain alumina and aluminum in GoryacheHareska and Belogorsk, where neophelines of the Kiya Shaltyr deposits were especially loud.
The mountains rose so recently that the foci of an ancient flora were preserved on their slopes. Representatives of deciduous forests were survived from smudnikovy and interglacial landscapes. Exotic in harsh Siberia looks "Island" of the Siberian Linden.
The Kuznetsk Basin is a section of the earth's crust of 340 and a width of up to 110 kilometers, which lagged behind the structures rising in the neighborhood (heights there are 150-450 meters). The trend towards the lagging of the basin inherited from ancient times - its long-term bending, which reached 10 kilometers, led to Paleozoa and Yura to accumulate coal stump. The richest in our country in the reserves of high-quality coals, the Kuznetsky pool takes almost the entire basin. To the depth of 1800 meters, more than 900 billion tons are taken into account, but mining is still going on less than a 200-meter depth and even from the surface. The abundance of coal dust, which helps moisture condensation, contributes to the frequency and thickness of the fogs.
Tom, draining the basin to Ob, should supply water giant Kuzbass, "drinking" daily up to 1 million cubic meters of water and only part of their returning river. To transfer the water here is nowhere, you need to learn how to manage the tom's. At one of the thresholds, the dam of the Kapivinsky hydraulic hydraulic hydraulic hydraulic hydroelectric station is 300 thousand kilowatt. The reservoir of 670 square kilometers is intercepted and smoothes seasonal flow peaks. The coast has a wonderful recreation area for Kuzbass miners.
The hollow is busy larch-birch forest-steppe, steppe areas are cultivated under cereals, potatoes and vegetables. After open coal developments, the Lunar Landscape remains. Career notes and stretched for many kilometers dumps of overlap and slags reduce even areas suitable for settlement. Reclamation is solved here already as a social problem.
The southern headboard of the basin occupy the rowing ridges of the Mountain Shorei - the sings of a grazing of the Biyan mane, connecting Altai with Salair. Gold is mined here, we develop easier magnetite iron ores, the reserves of which reach 750 million tons and allow you to benefit them for Kuznetsk metallurgy.
Salairsky ridge - an asymmetrical elevation with an Black Taiga on a semi-western and a birch forest, elongated 300 kilometers and with a birch forest-stepper on the coolest oriental slope. His ledge - tirgan - rises to a hundred meters above the Kuznetsk, the basin, the absolute marks do not exceed a half-kilometer. The stone folds of Salayra are exposed and single protrusions and ridges among a powerful rapid of loess-shaped loams. The tip of the ridge approaches the suburbs of Novosibirsk. Even at the end of the XVIII century, the development and smelting of salair polymetallic ores and silver. Now the city of Salair became the center of their production.
To the southwest of the foot of Salayer, 6 billion tons of the Nizhne-Perm coal of the Gorlovian basin with the center of production in Listvyansky are lined with submerged structures on an extensive area.
Altai - The world of the highest mountains not only southern, but also all of Siberia. Nowhere to be overwhelmed with feces, the expanses of her mountain taiga are not crowned as here, the tier of diamond snow vertices. The highest values \u200b\u200breach all indicators of the greatness and wealth of the South Eibirsk nature. No wonder the artist Nikolai Roerich considered the Altai Pearl of Siberia and the whole Asia, wrote that here "and the mountains are beautiful, and the subsidies can be mighty, and the rivers are fast, and the flowers are unprecedented," admired the country full of "beautiful forests, River rivers and snow-white ridges. "
Altai is the most western of South Eibirsk mountain systems, and therefore the most moisturized: on the external slopes per year falls from 1 to 2 thousand millimeters of precipitation. Here the most rich in the whole Siberia Taiga, the most magnificent meadows, and therefore, and mountain pastures - they take up one fifth of Altai Square. Food with the crystal glaciers sparkle with waterfalls, bubble in stone grinders - bomach, born the mighty rivers, the main of them are Katun and Biya, the Great Bog. The south-western fittings are cut by Irtysh, in the valley of which the man-made seas. They will not be given to the rest of the South Iibirsky and the treasures of the subsoil, primarily ore. In short, this is an amazing area deservedly appreciated by miners and metallurgists, energy and cattle, tourists and climbers ...
The labyrinth of the ridges and the valley may seem chaotic. But after all, it was here that Academician Obruchev was distinguished by a slender order, which allowed him to even identify the newest stage in the development of relief - non-consonical. The surface of the ore altai turned out to be a training model that provins the significance of recent movements for the relief of mountain countries. Part of the irregularities, mostly minor, carved by blurring from the ancients, still Paleozoic folds extending from the south-east to the north-west. And the newest corrugation, which was accompanied by faults, crossed the ancient folds permanently, so the main non-consonical shafts, and with them and large ridges were swept from west to east.
Altai
Thus, the south shaft stretches from the border crest of Tabyan-Bogdo-Ola to the Middle Hammer of the Narym Range. From the rest of the Altai, this shaft is separated by a young longitudinal dolt, in which the valleys of the upper consignment are located, Naryma and part of the Valley of Irtysh himself, flooded by the reservoir bay. The other shaft stretches to the north of this share - from the eastern half of the cross-border Sailugham through the Range of Listvagu to the Zairtish Kalbinsky Mountains. Neighboring, even more northern Val is crowned with alpine ridges - Chui and Katunsky (they are often called Chui and Katun Alps). Katunin headed by the top of Altai - Beauty Belukha, its height is 4506 meters. The ancient platea and flat-bottomed depressions, such as dock and the Chui steppe, survived, apparently, not without protection from the heads overlapping them.
Many basins are not accidentally referred to as the "steppes". They are so closed that moisture gets half less than the mountains: only 200-300, and the Chui steppe is 100 millimeters per year. Therefore, the mining and steppe landscapes of the Central Asian type will penetrate here, where animals are "centoatsites" feel perfectly. Mighty mountain taiga stretches over the steppes and mountain forest-steppe: in the north - to 400-1500, in the south - to 1700-2400 meters. In her fauna - typical Siberians-Northerners.
Dark Taiga to form Siberian cedars, spruce and fir, black - Pihti with aspen. Dark taiga is characteristic only for the north (purely fir - for the moistened West). In the north-western foothills are common forests of pines and larchs, on the recharge parts of the Kalbin Mountains - pine. The south of the mountain and taiga northern slopes alternate with mining steppe southern, forming the mountainous forest-steppe. And in the depths of the mountains with the dramatic climate drainage, dark forests are replaced by clarified and rare-resistant from the Siberian larch.
When, passing the taiga slopes, you go to the upper border of the forest, you are striking the protruding protrusion. According to Altai's Mountain Meadows, Altai is arguing with a large Caucasus, and under the giant of herbs subalpika - with "herbal forests" of the Far East. Green thick form a levion (Maral root), Borschevik, the brightly pink peonies, a swimsuit of Altai light, a dolphinium ... The groves of twisted birchings and an eggs are interspersed with herbs.
Low-alupic carpets are striking by large sizes and inflorescences. Sometimes greens even retreats in front of the blue bloodworms of blooming aquilius - hydrodies, but also this background is chatted by lights of swimsuits, wild pansies of Altai violets, cervical cervix, cube-blue star grocers gentian - Greysian, Golden Yolmaty Altai Macs, White Anemone - Anemone, Pink primrose - primoses, pale-lilac astrams.
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On the mountain meadows, in the winter going down in the forest, cabaga and the Siberian roe graze, the mountain goat is Taget. Very typical for mountain meadows Altai crops and food-hay-sensekivs.
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Mountain tundras stretches over the meadows and rocky snow-glacial sites are racing - here the kingdom of mountain goats, even the northern deer will raise here, and those and otheraway to enjoy a snow leopard and a red wolf. In the world of birds, Altai Ular (mining turkey), Alpine Galka, Klushitz, White and Tundry Partridge, Food Food Bearded Layout, are notable.
Back in 1932, the Altai Reserve was established. On the square over 8.5 thousand square kilometers from Teletsk Lake to the crest of the Abakan Range guarded the landscape of all high-rise zones, including the mountain steppes. Especially mighty here are warrior larchs. It is good in spring protected forests, when their bottom is poured with aroma and whiteworn brushes of the cherry, and pink flowers - rhododendron undergrowth, and especially in the fall, when the trees in the lower tier are lit up with different colors.
Pearl nature of the reserve, and the whole Altai - Teletskoy Lake. The heavily green smooth of his mirrors lies at an altitude of 436 meters above sea level and takes 223 square kilometers. The lake is oblong - 77 long and up to 30 kilometers wide. It resembles a flooded valley, but not only river. The newest tectonics overturn the bath to 325 meters compared to the level of the underlying driving of Bii. Basins were also the strength of the Basin, and the Cosmetics Cosmetics with the smoothing of the rocks and boulders.
Observant, which means, closed and for tourists only the right bank. There is a need to streamline and use the left bank - it will be covered by a natural national park.
Altai has another lake OKO - Mark-Kohl. A blue smooth in the size of almost 450 square kilometers is resting to a kilometer higher than that of Teletsky. The larch taiga will approach the shores, then the steppes. The Kaljir River, or Chumek, flows from it from it, - these names are translated as "key" and "crane". Harius, Gollyan, Lenok - Salmon, who, referred to as herself, rose on Caldjiru in the lake. Spring shoals of the cracker, bursting onto the spawning, literally oppubs the streams. Since 1976, a reserve has been organized here.
In the past, Altai glaced himself is stronger than Sayan and Transbaikalia. At one time, the glaciers covered the plateores of ice caps, as now in Scandinavia, and the valley glaciers crawled out of the mountains on the plains, as in Alaska. The glacier, which lied along the Bukhtarma, stretched 350 kilometers, almost fourly surpassing the current Pamir Fedchenko. At the last stage, the glaciation covered only the rover valleys and the recharge parts of the ridges. It was at that time that the entire ensemble of alpine beauties was formed in Altai - the sawn ridges, circus shining lakes ... The glaciation and today is impressive: almost 800 glaciers slide from the ridges. Its total area at the end of the XIX century exceeded 600 square kilometers, but then it was noticeably reduced. The snow border on the wet west is lowered below 2.5, and at a dry south-east up to 3.5 kilometers.
Nedra Altai Rudona. Above this, the introduction of granite magma in Paleozoic and hot solutions penetrating into the cracks from its foci. The southwest is especially rich, which is captured even in the name of the mountains. Rudny Altai with his famous Irtysk zone of crumpled and a strip of powerful granites in the Kalbin mountains consists of several ore belts. One of them is dominated by the ores of polymetals, in the other - copper, in the third - rare-metal. There is a golden belt. And the ore has many useful impurities with dozens of metals. It is estimated that each ton of altai ores is 3-4 times more valuable than Leninogorsk and Zyryanovsky lead-zinc deposits are especially important in the remaining ore areas of the country. The first were discovered in 1786 by the Mountain Engineer Philippe Ridder and almost two centuries give products. The revival of the production of polymetals at Rudal Altai is associated with the initiative of V. I. Lenin. This served as the basis for renaming in 1941 of the city of Ridder to Leninogorsk. Today, Rudny Altai is the main supplier of non-ferrous metals by the whole country giving it 40% lead and 60% zinc.
Even earlier, the assembly of copper and polymetallic deposits in the North-Western populists of Altai was opened and developed - at Kolyvan and Zmeinogorsk. With the exhaustion of copper ores, Kolyvan moved to gems, and Zmeinogorsk and the miner mining polymetals continues. Southeast Kolyvan is explored over half a billion tons of magnetites.
Along the faults beaten healing warm sources, the base of attractive resorts. The Radon Belokurich is especially known in the northern foothills and Rachman keys in the southern foot of Belukhi. Near Belokurihi and Kolyvani are wonderful fantastic granite remains, they resemble the figures of unknown mandes, then the ruins of ancient castles.
On the eve of Altai merge Biya and Katun. Each of them carries the memory of his mountain past: Biya that the torment of mountain sources is left by her in Teletsk Lake, and Katun - as her mountain snow and glaciers were rebuilt and there was no lake on the way, wherever the muta of their molten waters can It was worth it. It has long been noticed, and now it is seen from the aircraft that both rivers below their merger are not mixed for a long time and flows two parallel jets - dark from the transparent purity of the water jet and brownish-turbid - Katun.
The Teletsk Lake is not only a sump, but also the flow controller - on it itself, the creation of the HPP cascade is suggested. The staircase of six dams and stations will arise on Katun; One of the steps, Belandinskaya, already in the project. Then Katun will carry wounded waters for merging with biya, and we will not distinguish on the shade of their jet in Ob. And the regulated young boss in the seasons of the greatest need in irrigation will be able to give part of the water by the neighboring steppes of Kuluda.
Nature was enriched as a result of creating powerful hydropower plants on the southwestern edge of Altai - Irtyshe. There are lightly azure reservoirs with winding mountainous shores. The Dam of Ust-Kamenogorskaya HPP blocked the path of Irtysh just at the exit of it from a narrowed up to 400 meters of "the mouth of the stone mountains" into the plain fool of the valley. In this gate of the Ore Altai, a dam was 50 meters high with a unique single-chamber gateway. Claimed valley flooded up 85 kilometers on an area of \u200b\u200bonly 37 square kilometers, and the volume is modest here - just 1 cubic meter of water. It copes with daily flow regulation.
Influenced for longer rhythms - the task of the overlying Bubanminth dam. She raised the level of the river 94 meters, allowing you to get 675 thousand kilowatt here, and I flooded not only her through valley along with the mouth of the County Valley, but also a wide longitudinal knee of the Irtysh Valley, forming a separate Bolshvennian "Sea". Moreover, even a huge lake Zaisan was flooded with a subproof (the mirror was at an altitude of 386 meters and had to a hundred kilometers in length and up to 30 in width). Raise the level of the lake for 7 meters expanded it to 40 and extended to 160 kilometers - flooded, in particular, the swampy Delta of the Black Irtysh. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe reservoir created by the sub-project, including the "grew up" lake, exceeded 5 thousand square kilometers. Some hydrologists are now called a part of the Bubanminth reservoir, but it is unfair: I don't cease to consider Lake Baikal, bought in a similar way on the meter.
Water Irtysh eagerly drink arid areas of internal Kazakhstan, and its reserves are limited, for this, in particular, influenced the increase in the cost of water of the Black Irtysh to irrigation of the fields in its foreign overwhelming. In the dry years, it happens that the reserves of Irtysh reservoirs lack even for powering power plants. Then the donor performs Ekibastuz thermal GRES - it gives energy to multiparty enterprises during periods when it is necessary to replenish the reservoirs. They are thinking about the transfer of water from the droves of Katun to Irtysh through Bukhtarma and through the tunnels in the holzun and foliage ridges.
The valleys of the ore altai, the strokes of the Irtysh tributaries in the tectonic gutters, are replete with fertile lands. Some of them went under the level of reservoirs. More than 90 settlements are moved to new places closer to the mountains. Altai Slanged and Sheeping. The places are divorced by marals for their healing pans. Altai honey competes with the best honey of the country. The possibilities of fishing hunting are notishable.
Railways have long penetrated the Valley of Ore Altai, in the Altai there are no. The more importantly, its rod motorway - in the past is not easy, laid by the help of cornese recesses in rocky bomach (Tesnins), and now the reconstructed Chuyet path. In his laying, he took part as the singer Siberian's singer Siberian writer - a monument was set at one of the polls in the valley of Katun. Starting from Biysk, the tract comes out on Katunya, and the panorama of mining and forest space is revealed ahead - the sea of \u200b\u200btaiga, dresses the agitated Zybn mountains. Lying here, the village of Surektka is the birthplace of the writer and cinematographer Shukshin, Arena actions of several of his films.
In wooded lowlands, the tract will be afraid of the mountain-Altaisk brand and rises along the narrowing gorge. Up Katun the road goes to the mining resort of Cheval and above - to the design of the Elenda hydroelectric station and clogging of Oroktai marble. The path was packed bypassing the Mountains overlaid, from where it comes down to a completely new world of Nagornaya steppes with dark, as a black soil, soils and sowing of boosters. Once again, going to Katun, the tract leaves her influx of Chuo to higher hollows - the Kurayan and Chui "steppes". Chui - Rather, the semi-desert with the stains of permafrost and salt-lugs, and the herds grazing on it and yaks show that nearby - Central Asia.
Many tourists go along the Katun above the mouth of Chii - they are attracted by two magnets: Mount Beluha and the Uymon Basin. The view of the snow-glacial oil array through the Akkese lake is a little dairy gloves - a world-class landscaped masterpiece.
Upper Uymon served in 1926 the Base of the Altai Expedition of the Rhus family - they studied here and nature, and antiquity. Tourists rise to the ridges from which the artist wrote etudes of the "Ladies of Altai" Beluhi. He said that there is "the blue, the most ringing mountains."
The artist even then admired economic opportunities, and the prospects for the development of a completely virgin in those days of the deep altai. He wrote:
"... Building Economics, untouched subsoil ... Grass above the rider, forest, cattle breeding, rattling rivers that call for electrification - all this gives Altai an unforgettable value!"
The closed by the nature of the Uymon Basin, Rörich dreamed that it was here that the cultural center of Altai would grow in the future with a railway from Barnaul (she was tried to trace in pre-revolutionary years). He also offered the name of the future in the future the name - another starigorod - so everything around looked "clear, purely and bellious."
The climbers assigned the name of Rörich one of the snow peaks of Altai, watersing on it the banner of the Rörichovsky Covenant of the world on it.
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