Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich - the famous Russian writer, journalist and historian. Born on December 1, 1766 in the Symbirian province; Rose in the village of Father, the Symbir landlord. The first spiritual food of the 8th - 9-year-old boy was vintage novels that developed natural sensitivity in it. Already then, like a hero of one of his leads, "he loved to be sad, not knowing what", and "could play two hours on the imagination and build locks in the air." In the 14th year, Karamzin was brought to Moscow and was given to the Moscow Professor Chaden boarding school; He also visited the university in which it was possible to learn then "if not sciences, then the Russian diploma."
Chaden, he had to be a practical acquaintance with German and French. After graduation from Shaden, Karamzin fluctuated several times in choosing activities. In 1783 he tries to enter military service, where he was still unfinished, but then it comes to resign and in 1784 he is fond of secular success in the Symbirsk city society. At the end of the same year, Karamzin returns to Moscow and through countryman, I.P. Turgenev comes closer with Novikov's circle. It began here, according to Dmitriev, "the formation of Karamzin, not only the author, but also moral." The effect of the circle continued 4 years (1785 - 88). A serious work on himself, which was required by Masonry, and which was so absorbed by the closest friend of Karamzin, Petrov, in Karamzin, however, not noticeable. From May 1789 to September 1790, he traveled Germany, Switzerland, France and England, stopping mainly in large cities like Berlin, Leipzig, Geneva, Paris, London. Returning to Moscow, Karamzin began to publish the Moscow Journal (see below), where the "letters of the Russian traveler" appeared. "Moscow Journal" stopped in 1792, maybe - not without connection with the conclusion in the fortress Novikov and the persecution of Masons. Although Karamzin, starting the "Moscow Journal", formally excluded from its program of the article "Theological and Mysteries", but after the arrest of Novikov (and before the final sentence), he printed a rather bold Code: "To the grace" ("Docci citizen is deceased, without fear can Fall asleep, and all your subject to have a life to have a life; ... docomely give everyone to freedom and light are not dark in the minds; Doccius is visible to the people in all your matters: you will be holy honorable ... The calm of your powers can no longer outrage ") and barely Did not come under the investigation on suspicion that the Masons sent him abroad. Most of the 1793 - 1795, Karamzin spent in the village and prepared here two compilations called "Aglaya", published in autumn 1793 and 1794. In 1795, Karamzin was limited by the compilation of the "mixture" in the Moscow Vedomosti. "Losing the hunt to walk under black clouds," he went into the light and led a rather scattered life. In 1796, he published a collection of poems of Russian poets, entitled "Aonids". A year later, the second book "Aionid" appeared; Then Karamzin decided to publish something in the childbirth of foreign literature ("Pantheon of foreign literature"). By the end of 1798, Karamzin barely conducted his "pantheon" through censorship, prohibited to print demosphen, cicero, seating, etc. p. because they were Republicans. Even simple reprint of old works of Karamzin met difficulties from censorship. Thirty-year-old Karamzin apologizes to readers for the fervor of the feelings of the "young, inexperienced Russian traveler" and writes one of the buddies: "Everywalk there is time, and the scenes are changed. When the flowers on the Pafos meadows lose freshness for us, we stop flying with marshmallow and conclude in the office for philosophical Dreams ... So, soon, my poor Muse is my retirement, or ... will shift metaphysics with the Platonic Republic in poems. Metaphysics, however, was also alien to the mental warehouse of Karamzin, like mysticism.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
Tom I.
Chapter I. About the peoples, since the population inhabited Russia. About the Slavs at all.
Chapter II. About the Slavs and other peoples who have compiled a Russian state.
Chapter III. On the physical and moral nature of the Slavs of the Ancients.
Chapter IV. Rurik, Sineus and Trubor. 862-879
Chapter V. Oleg - Ruler. 879-912
Chapter VI. Prince Igor. 912-945
Chapter VII. Prince Svyatoslav. 945-972
Chapter VIII. Grand Prince Yaropolk. 972-980
Chapter IX. Grand Duke Vladimir, named in Baptism Vasily. 980-1014
Chapter X. On the state of the Ancient Russia.
Tom II.
Chapter I. Grand Duke Svyatopolk. 1015-1019
Chapter II. Grand Duke Yaroslav, or George. 1019-1054
Chapter III. True, Russian, or the laws of Yaroslavna.
Chapter IV. Grand Duke Izyaslav, named in Baptism Dmitry. 1054-1077
Chapter V. Grand Prince Vsevolod. 1078-1093
Chapter VI. Grand Duke Svyatopolk - Mikhail. 1093-1112
Chapter VII. Vladimir Monomakh, named in Baptism Vasily. 1113-1125
Chapter VIII. Grand Duke Mstislav. 1125-1132
Chapter IX. Grand Prince Yaropolk. 1132-1139
Chapter X. Grand Duke Vsevolod Olgovich. 1139-1146
Chapter XI. Grand Duke Igor Olgovich.
Chapter XII. Grand Duke Izyaslav Mstislavovich. 1146-1154
Chapter XIII. Grand Duke Rostislav-Mikhail Mstislavovich. 1154-1155
Chapter XIV. Grand Duke Georgy, or Yuri Vladimirovich, Nickname Dolgoruky. 1155-1157
Chapter XV. Great Prince Izyaslav Davidovich Kievsky. Prince Andrei Suzdalsky, nicknamed Bogolyubsky. 1157-1159
Chapter XVI. Grand Duke Svyatopolk - Mikhail.
Chapter XVII. Vladimir Monomakh, named in Baptism Vasily.
Volume III
Chapter I. Grand Duke Andrei. 1169-1174
Chapter II. Grand Duke Mikhail II [Georgievich]. 1174-1176
Chapter III. Grand Prince Vsevolod III Georgievich. 1176-1212
Chapter IV. George, Prince Vladimirsky. Konstantin Rostovsky. 1212-1216
Chapter V. Konstantin, Grand Duke Vladimir and Suzdal. 1216-1219
Chapter VI. Grand Duke George II Vsevolodovich. 1219-1224
Chapter VII. The state of Russia from the XI to the XIII century.
Chapter VIII. Grand Duke Georgy Vsevolodovich. 1224-1238
Tom IV.
Chapter I. Grand Duke Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich. 1238-1247
Chapter II. Great Princes Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, Andrei Yaroslavich and Alexander Nevsky (one after another). 1247-1263
Chapter III. Grand Duke Yaroslav Yaroslavich. 1263-1272
Chapter IV. Grand Duke Vasily Yaroslavich. 1272-1276
Chapter V. Grand Prince Dimitri Aleksandrovich. 1276-1294
Chapter VI. Great Prince Andrei Aleksandrovich. 1294 -1304
Chapter VII. Grand Duke Mikhail Yaroslavich. 1304-1319
Chapter VIII. The great princes of George Daniovilovich, Dimitri and Alexander Mikhailovichi. (one after another). 1319-1328
Chapter IX. Great Prince John Danielovich, Nick Kalita. 1328-1340
Chapter X. Grand Duke Simeon John, nicknamed proud. 1340-1353
Chapter XI. Grand Duke John IO John. 1353-1359
Chapter XII. Grand Prince Dimitri Konstantinovich. 1359-1362
Volume V.
Chapter I. Grand Prince Dimitri Ioannovich, Nickname Don. 1363-1389
Chapter II. Grand Duke Vasily Dimitrievich. 1389-1425
Chapter III. Grand Duke Vasily Vasilyevich Dark. 1425-1462
Chapter IV. The state of Russia from the invasion of the Tatar to John III.
Tom VI
Chapter I. Sovereign, Holding Grand Duke John III Vasilyevich. 1462-1472
Chapter II. Continuation of the state of John. 1472-1477
Chapter III. Continuation of the state of John. 1475-1481
Chapter IV. Continuation of the state of John. 1480-1490
Chapter V. Continuation of the State of Ioannova. 1491-1496
Chapter VI. Continuation of the state of John. 1495-1503
Chapter VII. The continuation of the reign of John. 1503-1505
Tom VII.
Chapter I. Sovereign Grand Prince Vasily Ioannovich. 1505-1509
Chapter II. Continuation of the State of Vasiliev. 1510-1521
Chapter III. Continuation of the State of Vasiliev. 1521-1534
Chapter IV. State of Russia. 1462-1533
Tom VIII.
Chapter I. Grand Prince and Tsar John IV Vasilyevich II. 1533-1538
Chapter II. Continuation of the state of John Iv. 1538-1547
Chapter III. Continuation of the state of John Iv. 1546-1552
Chapter IV. Continuation of the state of John Iv. 1552
Chapter V. Continuation of the State party of John IV. 1552-1560
Tom IX
Chapter I. Continuation of the reign of John Grozny. 1560-1564
Chapter II. The continuation of the reign of John of Grozny. 1563-1569
Chapter III. The continuation of the reign of John of Grozny. 1569-1572
Chapter IV. The continuation of the reign of John of Grozny. 1572-1577
Chapter V. Continuation of the reign of John Grozny. 1577-1582
Chapter VI. The first conquest of Siberia. 1581-1584
Chapter VII. The continuation of the reign of John of Grozny. 1582-1584
Tom X.
Chapter I. The reign of Feodora Johnovich. 1584-1587
Chapter II. Continuation of the reign of Feodora Johnovich. 1587-1592
Chapter III. Continuation of the reign of Feodora Johnovich. 1591-1598
Chapter IV. The state of Russia at the end of the XVI century.
Volume XI
Chapter I. The reign of Boris Godunova. 1598-1604
Chapter II. Continuation of the reign of Borisov. 1600-1605
Chapter III. The reign of Feodor Borisov. 1605
Chapter IV. The reign of Falsmitria. 1605-1606
Volume XII.
T ore all life. Above the work of 12 volumes, the poet, the writer, the creator of the first Russian literary journal and the last historiographer of Russia worked for more than twenty years. He managed to give the historical work "Easy Style" and create a real historical bestseller of his time. Natalia Leadnikova studied the story of creating a famous multi-volume.
From travel notes to the study of history. The author of the "Letters of the Russian Traveler", "Poor Lisa", "Maternity Planned", the successful publisher of the Moscow magazine and the "Bulletin of Europe" at the beginning of the nineteenth century seriously became interested in history. Studying the chronicles and rare manuscripts, decided to combine invaluable knowledge in one work. Put the task - to create a full printed public outline of Russian history.
Historographer of the Russian Empire. At the honorary position of the Chief Historian of the country of Karamzin, Emperor Alexander I was appointed. The writer received an annual pension in two thousand rubles and admission to all libraries. Karamzin was left without hesitation "Bulletin", which brought income three more, and dedicated the life of the "history of the Russian state". As the prince of Vyazemsky - "Tested in historians." Slebny salons Karamzin preferred archives, invitations to balls - studying documents.
Historical knowledge and literary style. Not just a statement of facts ahead with dates, but a highly artistic historical book for a wide range of readers. Karamzin worked not only with primary sources, but also with a syllable. The author himself called his work "Historical Poem." Extracts, quotes, retelling documents The scientist hid in notes - in fact, Karamzin created a book in a book for those who are especially interested in history.
First Historical Bestseller. Eight volumes by the author cast only thirteen years after the start of work. Turned three printing houses: military, Senate, medical. The lion's share of time took away the proofreading. Three thousand copies came out in a year - in the early 1818th. Historical volumes did not get worse than those who have surrendered love romance: the first edition was divided into readers in just a month.
Scientific discoveries between business. At work, Nikolai Mikhailovich discovered truly unique sources. It was Karamzin that the Ipatiev chronicle was found. In notes VI Volume included passages from "Going for the Three Sea" Athanasius Nikitin. "Delightened geographers did not know that the honor of one of the oldest, European travels to India belongs to Russia of John the Century ... It (travel) proves that Russia in the XV century had its Taverns and Sharenes, less enlightened, but equally bold and enterprising", - wrote a historian.
Pushkin about the work of Karamzin. "Everything, even secular women, rushed to read the history of their fatherland, the unknown Dotole. She was for them a new discovery. Ancient Russia seemed to be found by Karamzin as America - Columbus. A few times did not talk about anything ... " - wrote Pushkin. Alexander Sergeevich dedicated to the memory of the historian tragedy "Boris Godunov", the material for his work scream, including in the "History" of Karamzin.
Assessment at the highest state level. Alexander I not only gave Karamzin the widest powers to read "all ancient manuscripts, to Russian antiquities concerning" and money content. The emperor personally financed the first edition of the Russian State History. According to the highest classroom, the book was sent to ministries and embassies. In the accompanying letter it was said that sovereigns of men and diplomats are obliged to know their history.
That neither. The release of the new book was waiting. The second edition of the eightyman came out in a year. Each subsequent volume became an event. Historical facts discussed in society. So the IX Tom dedicated to the Epoch of Grozny, became a real shock. "Well, Grozny! Well, Karamzin! I do not know what to be more surprised, whether John, or the gift of our Tacitus ", - wrote the poet of Kondrati Ryleev, noting the horror horrors themselves, and the wonderful syllable of the historian.
The last historiographer of Russia. The title appeared in Peter Great. Honorary title was awarded a led from Germany - the archivist and the author of the History of Siberia Gerhard Miller, also famous for Miller's portfolios. He held a high post by the author of the "History of Russia from ancient times" Prince Mikhail Shcherbatov. Challenged on him who gave its historical work for 30 years Sergey Soloviev and a major historian of the beginning of the twentieth century Vladimir Ikonnikov, but, despite the petitions, the title did not receive. So Nikolai Karamzin and remained the last historiogram of Russia.
Current page: 1 (total of 40 pages)
N. M. Karamzin
History of Russian Goverment
About the Slavs and other peoples who have compiled the state Russian
Nestor writes that the Slavs since ancient times were inhabited in the Danube countries and, displaced from Mizia Bulgarians, and from Pannonia by Volokhami (Dynamia living in Hungary), passed to Russia, to Poland and other lands. These news about the primitive housing of our ancestors, it seems from the Byzantine chroniclers; However, Nestor in another place says that St. Apostle Andrei - preaching the Skifi's name of the Savior, reached Ilmeny and found Slavs there: Incidentally, they lived in Russia already in the first century.
Maybe in a few centuries before the Nativity of Christ under the name of the Venenov known on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, Slavs at the same time lived in Russia. The most ancient residents of Dakia, Geta, conquered by Tracan, could be our ancestors: This view is most likely that in the Russian fairy tales of the XII century, it is mentioned about the happy warriors of Trajanov in Dakia, and that the Russian Slavs began to seem to be their chronicles from the time of the courageous emperor.
Many Slavs, one-grained lads who inhabited on the shores of Vistula, settled on the Dnieper in the Kiev province and were called pools from their clean fields. This name was disappeared in the ancient Russia, but it became a common name of Lyakhov, the founders of the Polish state. From this tribe of Slavs were two brothers. Radimmas and Vyatko, heads of radiramic and venatichi: the first elected a dwelling on the shores of a soda, in the Mogilev province, and the second on the Oka, in Kaluga, Tula or Orlovskaya. Drevlyan, named so from his forest land, lived in the Volyn province; Dulyba and Kuzane on the Bugu River, falling into the Wisp; Lutchi and Tivirts on the bottom to the sea and the Danube, already having the cities in their land; White Croats in the vicinity of the Carpathian Mountains; Northerners, the neighbors of the Pollas, on the shores of the gums, seven and sula, in the Chernihiv and Poltava province; in the Minsk and Vitebsk, between Pripyat and Deli West, Dregovichi; in Vitebskaya, Pskov, Tverskaya and Smolensk, in the upper reaches of Dvina, Dnipro and Volga, Curvichi; And on Dvina, where the river, the half of the river is flowing into it, only half-grained with them; On the shores of Lake, Ilmen actually the so-called Slavs, who after the Nativity of Christ founded Novgorod.
In addition, the chronicler refers and the beginning of Kiev, telling the following circumstances: "Brothers Kii, cheeks and choriv, \u200b\u200bwith Sestroy Lybedy, lived between the glades on three mountains, from which two will be heard by the name of two smaller brothers, tickovice and chorivice; And the eldest lived there, where now (in Neshorovo time) Zboricheviv. They were men who know and reasonable; Called animals in the then dense forests of Dniprovsky, built the city and called it by the name of the older brother, that is, Kiev. Some consider KIA carrier, because in the old days there was a place for transport and was called Kiev; But Kii emphasized his own: he went, as they say, in Constantinople and the best honor from the Greek king; On the return route, seeing the shores of the Danube, loved them, quit the town and wanted to dwell in it; But the inhabitants of Danube did not give him to establish himself there, and Dynamn refer to this place at the township of Kyiv. He died in Kiev, along with two brothers and sister. " Nestor in the narration is based on the only one at the hesitan legends. It may be that cue and his brothers never really existed and that folk folkly drew the names of the places in the names of people. But two circumstances in the Six Nestor of the news are worthy of special remarks: the first thing the Slavs Kiev sincerely had a message with the kingground, and the second that they built the town on the shores of the Danube still long before the campaigns of Russians to Greece.
Russian monk-chronicle
Clothing of Slavs.
In addition to the peoples of Slavic, in taking Nestor, they lived in Russia and many innovatives: the measure around Rostov and on Lake Plears, or Pereslavsky; Murom on OK. where this river flows into the Volga; Cheremis, Meschcher, Mordva southeast from Mary; Live in Livonia; Chud in Estonia and east to Ladoga Lake; Narova where Narva; Yam, or 0, in Finland; All on Beleozer; Perm in the province of this name; Ugra, or the current Berezovsky Ostiaria, on Obi and Sauch; Pechora on the Pechora River. Some of the peoples have already disappeared into the newest times or mixed with the Russians; But others exist and tell the languages \u200b\u200bso among themselves similar to that we may not be uniquely recognized by their peoples of one-grained and name at all Finnish. From the Baltic Sea to Ice, from the depths of the European North to the East to Siberia, to the Urals and Volga, the numerous tribes of the Finns were scattered.
Golden Gate in Constantinople. V c.
Messenger. Rebelled the genus. Hood N. Rerich
The Finns are Russian, according to our chronicler, already had cities: the whole - Belozero, Merya - Rostov, Murom - Murom. The chronicler, mentioning about these cities in the news of the IX century, did not know when they were built.
Between these innovative peoples, inhabitants or neighbors of the Ancient Russia, Nestoror refers to the Lethar (Livonian Latvians), Zimigol (in Semiglia), Corval (in Kurlendia) and Lithuania, which do not belong to the Finns, but along with the ancient prouds are the people of Latvian.
Many of the new Finnish and Latvian peoples, according to Nestor, were danutrics of Russians: it must intelligence that the chronicler says about his time, that is, about the XI century, when our ancestors mastered almost all European European. Until the times of Rurik and Oleg, they could not be great conquerors, because they lived especially, by knee; They did not think to connect the folk forces in the general board and even exacerbated their wars internecine. So, Nestor mentions the attack of the Drevlyan, the forest inhabitants, and the other surrounding Slavs on the quiet Pollas of Kiev, who more enjoyed the benefits of civil status and could be the subject of envy. This civilian betrayed the Slavs of the Russian sacrifice to external enemies. Obra, or Avars, in the VI and VII century dominated in Dakia, commanded and dulabami inhabited on the BUG; brazenly insulted the chastity of the wives of Slavic and injected them, instead of oxen and horses, in their chariots; But these Barbaras, the Great Body and proud of the mind (Nestor writes), disappeared in our fatherland from the seaside ulcers, and the death of them was long enough in Russian. Soon there were other conquerors: in the south - Kozar, Varyags in the north.
Kozara, or Khazars, minor with the Turks, sincerely dwell on the western side of the Caspian Sea. From the third century, they are known in the Armenian chronicles: Europe learned them in the fourth century, together with the Huns, between the Caspian and Black Sea, in the steppes of Astrakhan. Attila ruled over them: Bulgarians are also, in the outcome of the V century; But the goosa, still strong, devastated between themes of South Asia, and Hozrea, the king of Persian, was supposed to burn his areas from them to a huge stance, nice in the annals under the name of the Caucasian and Donyn, still surprising in his ruins. In the VII century, they are in the history of Byzantine with great glitter and power, give a numerous army to help the emperor; Two times come with him to Persia, they attack the thieves, Bulgarians, weakened by the section of the sons of Coaster, and conquer the whole land from the mouth of the Volga to the Seas of Azov and Black, Fanagoria, the Poor and most of the Tavrida, called the next centuries. Weak Greece did not dare to reflect new conquerors: Her kings were looking for asylums in their mills, friendship and kaganami; As a sign of his respect, respects were decorated into some celebrations of clothes Kozezarka and the guardian was made up of its brave Asians. The empire could indeed praise their friend; But leaving Konstantinopol alone, they raged in Armenia, Ieria, Mussels; Blood wars with Arabians, then so powerful, and several times won their famous califs.
Alans. Hazar Kaganate Warrior
Khazar Warrior
The scattered tribes Slavic could not oppose such an enemy when he is the power of his weapons in the outcome of the VII century, or already in VIII, drew to the shores of the Dnieper and the Oka itself. The conquerors laid out the Slavs Denmark and took, as the Chronicler himself says, "in protein from the house." Slavs, long robbing the Greek Danube, knew the price of gold and silver; But these metals were not yet popular between them. Kozars were looking for gold in Asia and received him as a gift from the emperors; In Russia, rich in the only wild works of nature, they were pleased with the approach of residents and the extraction of their animal fishing. Igo this conquerors, it seems, did not oppress the Slavs. Everything proves that they have already been civilian customs. The khans lived on their long time in Balangiare, or Atelle (rich and crowded capital, founded near the Volga mouth, Kear, Persian), and after the famous merchandise Tavrida. Gunns and other Asian barbarians loved only to destroy the cities: But Kozari demanded a skilled architecture from the Greek Emperor of Ferofila and built on the bank of the Don, in the current land of the Kozakov, the fortress of Sarkel to protect their owns from a raid of the nasal peoples. Being first idolaters, they took the Judaian faith in the center of the century, and in the 858 [year] Christian ... The horrible monarchs of the Persian, the most terrible califs and the patronizing emperors of Greek, the Kozar could not foresee that the Slavs, enslaved them, would write their strong powers.
Tribute to Slavyan Khazar. Miniature from chronicles
But the power of our ancestors in the south was able to be a consequence of their arrangements in the north. Kozar did not rule the Oka in Russia: Novogorov, curviti were free until 850. Then - we note this first chronological testimony in Nestoré - some bold and brave conquerors, called in our chronicles with Varyags, came from behind the Baltic Sea and put tribute to Chud, the Slavs of Ilmensky, Curvic, I measured, and although they were driven out of two years They, but the Slavs, tired by the inner parties, in 862 again called for three Varyazhsky brothers, from the Russian tribe, who became the first rulers in our ancient fatherland and on which it began to be referred to Rus. This incident is important that serves as the basis of the history and greatness of Russia requires us special attention and consideration of all the circumstances.
First of all, I will resolve the question: who calls Nestor Varyagami? We know that the Baltic Sea is sincerely called in Russia Varangi: who is in this time - that is, in the ninth century - dominated by his waters? Scandinavians, or inhabitants of the Three Kingdoms: Denmark, Norway and Sweden, one-grained with Gotfa. They, under the general name of Normanov or Northern People, were thorn to Europe. Still Tacitus mentions the navigation of the sump or the Swedes; Back in the sixth century, the Danes sailed to the shores of Gaul: at the end of the franchise, they already thundered them everywhere. In the ninth century, they robbed Scotland, England, France, Andalusia, Italy; established in Ireland and built there the city, which the Donna exist; In 911 he mastered Normandieu; Finally, the Kingdom of Neapolitan and under the head of the brave Wilhelm in 1066 conquered England. No, it seems, there seems to be a doubt that 500 years old to Columbus opened off American and traded with its inhabitants. By taking such remote travel and conquest, could Normanians leave the country nearby: Estonia, Finland and Russia? It is impossible to believe the fabulous Icelandic stories, as we have already noticed, in the newest times and often mentioning the ancient Russia, which is called Ostragard, Gardarica, Golmgard and Greczey: But the Runic Stones, found in Sweden, Norway, Denmark and much oldest Christianity introduced in Scandinavia around the tenth century, prove with their inscriptions (in which Girkia, Grikia or Russia is referred to me) that Norman has long had a message for a long time. And as at a time, when, on the news of the non-beauty chronicle, the Varani was seized by the countries of Cui, Slavic, Curvic and Mary, was not in the north of another people, except for Scandinavians, so brazing and strong, then we are already with a great probability to conclude that the chronicler Our understands them under the name of Varyagov.
Attack of Vikings on the Irish Monastery
Ancient Varyags fought in hired troops
But this is the common name of Danesan, Norwegians, the Swedes does not satisfy the historian's curiosity: we wish to know what kind of people, in particular, called Russia, gave the Fatherland of our and first soves and the name itself, already at the end of the ninth century terrible for the Greek Empire? In vain in the ancient chronicles, Scandinavian will look for explanations: there is not a word about Rurik and his brothers. designed to rulish over the Slavs; However, historians find thorough reasons to think that Nevators Varyagi-Rus lived in the Kingdom of Swedish, where one seaside region has long been referred to as Roslagen. Finns, having no time with the Roslagen more confusing, rather than other countries in Sweden, the Donna refer to all its residents of Rossami, Rots, Rots.
Berevian gram - an ancient source of information about the life of our ancestors
We will inform another opinion with its evidence. In the powerful book of the XVI century and in some of the newest chronicles, Rurik with the brothers came out of Prussia, where the Kursk Bay of Rules, the northern sleeve of Nemman, or Memel, Rousse, and the surroundings of them were called. Varyagi Rus could move there from Scandinavia, from Sweden, from the Roslagen himself, according to the news of the oldest chroniclers of Prussia, assuring that its primitive residents, ulmigans or ulmiggers were in civil condition formed by Scandinavian people who were able to read and write. Long happily between the Latvians, they could intelligible the Language of Slavic and the more convenient to apply to the customs of the Slavs Novogorodsky. SIM satisfactorily explicitly explicitly, which in ancient Novgorod, one of the crowded streets was called Prussian.
About the physical and moral nature of the Slavs of the Ancients
Ancient Slavs, according to the description of modern historians, were vigorous, strong, tirelessly. Despising bad weather, they demolished hunger and any need; Food in sickness Grub, dawn food; Surprised the Greeks of the Night; with an emergency ease of steadyness, descended into settlements; Boldly rushed into dangerous swamps and in deep rivers. Thinking, no doubt that the main beauty of the husband is a fortress in the body, strength in the hands and ease of movement, the Slavs were little baked about their outfit: in the dirt, in dust, without any tidwing in clothes were in the numerous meeting of people. Greeks, condemning this uncleanness, praise their slightness, high growth and courageous friendship of the face. Turning from the hot rays of the Sun, they seemed to be dark and all were blond without exception, like other indigenous Europeans.
Iznananda's news about the vents, without a great work, conquered in the IV century, the Gottful King of Ermanarich, shows that they were not yet famous for military art. Ambassadors of the remote Slavs of the Baltish, who left Bayanov in Frace, also described the people their quiet and peace-loving; But the Slavs of Danube, leaving their ancient fatherland in the north, in the VI century, Greece was proved that bravery was their natural property and that she with little experiences triumphes over the art of a long-limit. Greek chronicles do not mention any major or general commander of Slavs; They had only private leaders; They did not fight with a narrow, not a row of closed, but crowds scattered and always hiking, following not by the general classroom, not the uniform thought of the chief, but the suggestion of their special, personal courage and courage; Not knowing prudent caution, but rushing right into the middle of enemies. The emergency appeal of the Slavs was so well known that Khan Avar always put them in front of her numerous troops. Byzantine historians write that the Slavs beyond their ordinary courage had special arts to beat in the gorges, hiding in the grass, amazing the enemies of the instant attack and capture. The ancient weapon Slavyanskoye was in swords, darts, arrows smeared by poison, and in large, very heavy shields.
Clothing of Slavs.
Battle of Scythians with Slavs. Hood V. Vasnetsov
Armament of Slavic warriors. Reconstruction
The chronicles of the VI century depict the most black paints cruelty of the Slavs in the argument of the Greeks; But this cruelty peculiar, however, the people are uneducated and militant, was also the action of revenge. Greeks, embittered by their frequent attacks, ruthlessly tormented the Slavs, who came across them in hand and who demolished any torture with surprising hardness; They died in torment and did not respond to a word on the question of the enemy about the number and intentions of their troops. Thus, the Slavs were rampant in the empire and did not gentle their own blood for the acquisition of jewels, they are unnecessary: \u200b\u200bfor they are instead of using them, they usually burned them into the ground.
These people, in war cruel, leaving in Greek possessions a long-term horror memory of her, returned home with one natural good nature. They did not know that there were neither sulfurism or anger; They kept the ancient simplicity of morals, not known to the then Grekam; We managed to be friendly and appointed before the term for their slavery, giving them to the will or redeem themselves and return to the Fatherland, or live with them in freedom and fraternity.
Equally unanimously praise the chronicle of the general hospitality of Slavs, rare in other lands and donnyna is very ordinary in all Slavic. Any traveler was for them as if sacred: they met him with teachers, treated with joy, they were accompanied with a blessing and handed over to each other. The owner responded to the people for the safety of an alien, and who did not know the guest to save the guest from the trouble or trouble, the neighbors for this insult for their own. The merchants, artisans willingly visited Slavs, between which neither thieves nor robbers were for them.
Ancient writers praise chastity not only wives, but also husbands of Slavic. Referring from the bride to proof of their virgin impact, they considered the duty for themselves to be loyal spouses. Slavs did not want to experience her husbands and voluntarily coincided on the fire with their corpses. The widow lively dishonored the family. Slavs considered wives perfect slaves; did not allow them to contradict themselves or complain; They buried their works, worries economic and imagined that the spouse, dying with her husband, should serve him and on the world. This slavery was happening, it seems because the husbands usually bought them. Remote from the affairs of people, Slavs sometimes went to the war with fathers and spouses, without fear of death: So, in the siege of Constantinople in 626, many women's corpses were found between killed Slavs. Mother, raising children, was preparing them to be warriors and irreconcilable enemies of those people who insulted her neighbor: for Slavs, like other pagan peoples, we were ashamed to forget the offense.
Friend of Rus. X in.
Speaking about the cruel customs of the Slavs of the pagan, let's say that every mother had the right to kill a newborn daughter, when the family was already too numerous, but it was obliged to keep the life of the Son, born to serve the Fatherland. At whom, the usual way was not inferior in cruelty: the right of children to kill parents, burdensome tremors and diseases, painful for family and useless fellow citizens.
To the description of the general nature of Slavs to add that Nestor especially talks about the nrules of the Slavs of Russian. Polyana were formed by others, the mandes and the quiet custom; Shame decorated their wives; The world and chastity dominated the families. Doodle had customs wild, like beasts, feeding every unclean; In plits and quarces killed each other: they did not know marriages based on the mutual agreement of parents and spouses, but devoted or kidnapped. Northerners, Radmichi and Vyniki, were likened to the hands of the Treaks; also did not see the chastity or unions of the marriage; The polygamy was in their usual.
These three people, like the rallies, were inhabited in the depths of the forests, which were their defenders from the enemies and represented them with the convenience for animal fishing. The story of the VI century on the Slavs of Danube is the same. They built poor huts in places of wild, secluded, among the swamp of impassable. Inceptibly, waiting for the enemy, the Slavs were also taken by another precaution: they did their different exits in the dwellings, so that they could be in case of an attack, they could easily be escape, and hidden in deep pits not only all the precious things, but also the cooler.
Dyspled to recklessly korestoloby, they were looking for imaginary treasures in Greece, having their own in the country, in Dakia and in the vicinity of her, the true wealth of people: the fat meadows for cattle breeding and the earth are fruitful for the burial, in which they have exercised ancient times. Think that Slavs learned cattle breeding only in Dakia; But this thought seems unforgettly. Being in the Northern Fatherland's neighbors of the peoples of Germanic, Scythian and Sarmatian, rich in cattle breeding, Slavs, ancient times, ancient times, to conduct an important invention of human farm. Using already to the other, they had everything necessary for a person; Not afraid of hunger, no races of winter: fields and animals gave them food and clothing. In the 6th century, Slavs were fed at milk, buckwheat and milk; And after learned to prepare different delicious disasters. Honey was their favorite drink: it is likely that they first made it from honey forest, wild bees; And finally, they themselves bred them. Wenty, according to the news of Tacitov, did not differ from the clothes from the German peoples, that is, they closed their nudity. Slavs in the 6th century fought without cafts, some even without shoes, in some ports. The skin of animals, forest and homely, warmed them in the cold time. Women wore a long dress, decorated with beads and metals, mined in war or revenged on foreign merits.
Female coming. Reconstruction M. Gerasimov
Bargaining in the country of Eastern Slavs. Hood S. Ivanov
These merchants, using security in the lands of Slavic, brought them products and changed them on cattle, canvas, skin, bread and different military prey. In the VIII century, the Slavs themselves went for buying and selling in other people's lands. In the middle eyelids, the selling cities of Slavic: Winnet, or Yulin, at the mouth of Oder, Arcon on the island of Rugen, Demin, Volgaast in Pomerania and others. However, the trade of Slavs before the introduction of Christianity in their lands consisted only in the exchange of things: they did not use money and took gold from strangers only as a product.
The exquisite creation of Greek arts in the Empire and seeing their own eyes, finally building a city and engaged in trade, Slavs had some concept of arts connected to the first success of civil mind. They cut on a tree of images of a person, birds, animals and painted them with different colors that did not change from the solar heat and did not wash off the rain. In the ancient graves of the vents there were many clay urns, very well made, with the image of Lviv, bears, eagles and varnish coated; Also, spears, knives, swords, daggers, skillfully developed, with silver rimming and notch. Czechs long before Charles of the Great have already been engaged in the Rudtopan, and in the Duchy of Mecklenburg was found in the XVII century copper idols of the gods of Slavic, their own artists. The monument of cooler art of the ancient Slavs remained large, smoothly derived plates, on which images of hands, heaters, hoofs and so on.
Loving military activities and expose their life with infrequent dangers, our ancestors have managed little in the architecture, and did not want to build houses of durable homes: not only in the sixth century, but much after they lived in the slashes, which barely covered them from the observation and rain. The very cities of Slavic were nothing but a collection of hijan, surrounded by a fence or an earthen shaft.
Not knowing the benefits of luxury, the ancient Slavs in low huts could enjoy the action of the so-called arts of elegant. The first need of people eat food and shelter, the second - pleasure, and the wildest peoples are looking for him in the harmony of sounds, having fun through hearing. Northern Venenyanov in the sixth century affected the Greek emperor that the mainly able to life of them is music and that they take it usually in a way with themselves not weapons, but kifara or husli, they are fictional. Pipe, beep and duddy were also known to our ancestors. Not only in peacetime and in the debris, but also in their raids, in view of numerous enemies, the Slavs have fun, sang and forgotten the danger.
Scene from the life of the Eastern Slavs. Hood S. Ivanov
Heart pleasure, produced by the music, makes people expressed by different campaigns: a dance is born, the favorite fun of the wild peoples. According to the current Russian, Bohemian, Dalmatskaya we can judge the ancient dance of Slavs: it is to pull up his muscles in a strong tension with their hands, turn in one place, squat, stupid legs. Folk Games and Fun, Dynam Uniform in the Lands of Slavic: Fighting, Cutting Fight, Rungery Invasion - Also stayed by a monument to their ancient fun.
In addition to sim news, we note that Slavs, not yet knowing the letters, had some information in arithmetic, in chronology. Homelandship, War, Trade learned them to a multi-diminer; The name of the TMA, marked 10,000, is an ancient Slavic. Watching the current, they, like the Romans, shared it for 12 months, and each of them was given a name according to temporary phenomena or nature actions.
This people did not tolerate nor the lords, nor the slaves in their land and thought that the freedom was wild, unlimited there is a major good man. The owner dominated the house: Father over children, husband over his wife, brother over his sisters; Everyone built a hut in some distance from others to live calmer and safer. Every family was a little, independent republic; But common ancient customs served between them some civil connection. In cases of important, one-grained convened together to consult about the good of the people, respecting the sentence of the elders; Together, taking military campaigns, chose the leaders, although they were very limited to the power of them and often did not obey them in the most battles. Making a common cause and returning home, everyone again considered himself big and glad in his hut.
Within times, this wild ease of morals was supposed to change. People's Board of Slavs for several centuries appealed to the aristocratic.
The first power that was born in the Fatherland of our wild, independent ancestors was military. Some people enjoyed a common power of attorney in the affairs of war and peace.
The chief boss, or the ruler, judged folk deeds solemnly, in the assembly of elders, and often in the darkness of the forest: For the Slavs imagine that the god of the court, check, lives in the shadow of the ancient, dense oaks. These places and houses were sacred: no one jerked to enter them with a weapon, and the most criminals could safely hide there. The prince, the governor, the king was the crying forces, but the priests, the mouth of idols, and the will of People's prescribed war or peace. The people paid the rulers of tribute, however, arbitrary.
The Slavs of the Russian Nestor writes that they, like others, did not know the one-owned, observing the law of their fathers, ancient customs and legends that had the strength of the laws of writing: for civil societies cannot form without charters and contracts based on justice.
The hostel makes not only the laws and the Board, but also the very faith, so natural for humans, so necessary for civil societies that we do not find the people, completely devoid of concepts about the Divine.
Slavs in the VI century worshiped the Creator of Lightning, God of the Universe. Antairs and Slavs, as the proofer notes, did not believe in fate, but thought that all cases depend on the well-meter: on the field of rolling, in dangers, in illness, they tried to die by voyages, brought him to the victim of the oxen and other animals, hoping to save the fact yours; They adored another river, nymph, demons and wondered the future. In the newest times, Slavs worshiped various idols.
However, the Slavs in the very reckless superstition have also had the concept of God the only and send, who, in their opinion, the mountains of Heaven, decorated with the luminaires radiant, serve as a decent temple and who is polished only about heaven, choosing others, the lower gods, and manage their land . It seems to be called mostly white God and did not build him temples, imagining that mortals could not have messages with him and should be in the needs of their gods in secondary.
Do not know how to agree on misfortunes, diseases and other everyday chases with the goodness of this world, the Slavs Balsti attributed an evil creature special, always enemy of people; called him in black, tried to die with victims. He was depicted in the form of a lion, and for that some think that the Slavs borrowed the thought of blackfriends from Christians, like the devil, also to this beast. Slavs thought that his anger could tighten the Magi or Kudesnik. Sei Magi, like Siberian shamans tried to act on the imagination of the lungs, played on the hurs, and for those were named in some lands of Slavic Huslar.
Perun and Veles
Between the gods were famous than others, the temple was famous in the city of Arcone, on the island of Rugen, and not only all the other vents, but the Kings of Danish, confess the Christian faith already, sent gifts. He predicted the future and helped in war. The idol of his magnitude exceeded the growth of man, decorated with a short-sized clothing, made from a different tree; had four heads, two chest, skillfully combed beards and hair outstanding; The legs stood in the ground, and in one hand he kept a horn with wine, and in another bow; Follow the idol hung up the dress, the saddle, the sword of it with silver sheath and the handle.
The people of the Rugen worshiped three more idols: the first - Ryugevitu, or Rugevich, the War of War, depicted with seven people, with family swords hanging in the sheath on the thigh, and with the naked in her hand; the second - the annoying, which is unknown and which was depicted with five heads, but without any weapon; The third - Porentua about four faces and with the fifth face on the chest: he kept his right hand over his beard, and left behind his forehead, and was considered the god of four seasons.
The main idol in the city of Retre was called Redegast. He was portrayed more terrible than friendly: with a head Lionin, on which a goose was sitting, and also with a buffalo head on his chest; Sometimes dressed, sometimes naked, and kept in his hand a large sequer.
Siva - maybe alive - was considered the goddess of life and the good advisory. The main temple was in Ratzeburg. She seemed to be dressed; Has kept on the head of a naked boy, and in hand a grape brush.
The German, Prussian, and that is, Latvian, and even the Greek idols were found between Retroish Istukans. The Baltic Slavs worshiped Wednan, or Scandinavian Odin, having learned about him from the German peoples with whom they lived in Dakia and who were still ancientious their neighbors. Venda Mecklenburg Domanna retained some faith rites Odin. Prussian inscriptions on the Eastukants of Perun, God of Lightning, and Parns or Bustov, prove that they were Latvian idols; But the Slavs prayed to them in the Retro temple, as well as the Greek statues of love, marriage genius and autumn, without a doubt taken away or purchased by them in Greece. In addition to these sneezing gods, there were still idols of numeral, Ipaboga, a ziboga or sanctuary, and nems. The first was depicted in the form of a woman with the moon and marked, it seems, the month on which the calculus of time was based. The name of the second is incomprehensible; But he was supposed to be a patron of animal fishing. The third adored in Bohemia as a strong spirit of the Earth. Nemiza commanded the wind and air: his head is crowned with rays and wing, and a flying bird is depicted on the body.
History of Russian Goverment Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin
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Title: The history of the Russian state
About the book "History of the Russian State" Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin
Nikolay Karamzin is the first of the Russian writers who decided to create a complete version of the history of Russia, starting from ancient times to the top of the Romanov. But, unfortunately, he managed to write the history of Russia until the time of Ivan the Terrible.
The work of the "history of the Russian state" has 12 volumes that are actually very simple. With its creation, Nikolai Karamzin used many sources. In the distant 1804, they were available to those sources that, unfortunately, were not preserved in our time. And the writer himself was not easy, because before him many historical chronicles were corrected or destroyed. Wines in this lies on the so-called "historians", which were with the Russian kings and got there from Europe, and the goal was to distort the history of Russia, and even make it so that it did not exist at all. The only person who fought with such historians was Lomonosov, he wrote his story, but it was arrested, confiscated. True, it was subsequently published, but it was thoroughly converted to the same historians, not Slavs, having an impact under the royal yard.
Nikolai Karamzin books created with the support of the Russian king Alexander 1. The king personally financed the publication of that multi-domestic. And, probably, therefore, Karamzin on the pages of his work has repeatedly made it clear to the reader that the monarchy is the only right rule of Russia, and then it will be strong and great.
Much has also been preserved at the time of Karamzin, for example, the Ipatiev chronicle. The writer for the modern reader adapted the Old Slavonic language of the chronicles, so that his works were available to the worldly reader.
Nikolai Karamzin believed that Russia's history should be known, because she had world importance and influenced events no less than Greek or Roman.
The work "The History of the Russian State" begins with the description of the peoples who lived sometime in Russia. Modern science on history is far from all the facts agrees with Nikolai Karamzin. For example, his story begins with the Kimmerians who came from the east to the southern days of Russia, but it is already known that the Kimmerians came in the steppes of Don and Dnieper not on an empty place, there were already mounds and people lived there, that's just who they were, history Learn, probably never. The modern science does not adhere to the Norman origin of Rurik, who gave rise to the dynasty of the Grand Princes. However, the essence is not in this. Karamzin first described the origins of the Slavs, their relationship with Varyags, with the Greeks that colonized the south of Russia. Next is the description of the appearance of the first princes, their board, their activities. The Mongol-Tatar yoke and the appearance of no longer the great princes, and the Russian kings are described. Well, then there is a story about expanding the land of Russian, about creating the Russian kingdom and everything is in detail and is available, so you can read everything.
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Amazing the fate of the main creation Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin -- "History of Russian Goverment". During the lifetime of the author, it was considered hardly all of the enlightened Russia, they read even out loud in the salons, exchanged impressions about the dramatic events described by the Historian's hand, the most sensitive shed tears. Complete on the testimony of the hot fan of the talent of Nikolai Mikhailovich A.S. Pushkin: "Everyone, even secular women, rushed to read the story of their fatherland, the unknown Dotole. She was for them a new discovery. The ancient Russia seemed to be found by Karamzin as America - Kolumb. A few times have not been talking about anything. "
Nikolai Mikhailovich's name enjoyed widest popularity not only in the last century, but now. What is the attractive force who became the immortal writings of Karamzin?
Why only for the second quarter of the XIX century "Russian State History" reprinted six times? The reader entails Karamzin the magic of the words created by him artistic portraits of historical personalities, a combination of writing and research talents. Nikolay Mikhailovichov, neither historians of the XVIII century, nor historians of the XIX century, not possessed, did not have the historians of the XVIII century. Kostomarova and V.O. Klyuchevsky.
Born N.M. Karamzin in the trodovitic nobility family in 1766 under the symbirsky. In the creative biography of Nikolai Mikhailovich, two periods are clearly traced: the first until 1803, when he performed a writer, a journalist and the publisher; The second begins in 1803, when the royal decree approved him in the position of historian. He became the third in a row, after the G.F. Miller and Prince
MM Shcherbatov, historographer of Russia - So, then called historians.
But in order. The seventeen-year-old lieutenant is resigned, and the rapid takeoff of the writer Karamzin begins. "Poor Lisa" became the desktop book of many competent families. At the beginning of the 90s of the 18th century, the fame of a talented publicist writer was added to the reputation of a fashionable fictionist. In 1789, he visited Switzerland, Germany, France, England. Much darked into the soul of a receptive 23-year-old traveler: unlike morals and customs, architecture and urban life, political system and meetings with interesting people. His enriched (the French revolution he managed to observe the victim), he, returning to Moscow, two years will print "letters of the Russian traveler" in the Moscow magazine published. Letters secured the author in a number of literary stars of the first magnitude. Nikolai Mikhailovich became a welcome guest in the salons of Moscow nobles, and those according to the testimony of the contemporary, accounted for with the thirty-year-old retired guarantion "almost like equal."
And suddenly it was committed for many something incomprehensible: a well-known writer, bathed in the rays of Glory, leaves literature, publishing, secular life, encourages himself for many years imprisonment in the office to plunge into science in the history. It was a feat! Changing the profession occurred, according to
A.S. Pushkin, "Already in those years, when for ordinary people, the circle of education and knowledge has long been over and the troubles in service replace efforts to enlighten."
However, unexpectedly, this decision was for everyone, not for Nikolai Mikhailovich. He was preparing for him. What would not be engaged in, his thought was pursued to immerse themselves in the domestic history. In 1790, in the "letters of the Russian traveler", he outlined his idea of \u200b\u200bRussian history: "It is said that our story in itself is less interesting: I don't think only the mind needs, taste, talent. You can choose, extract, paint; And the reader will surprise, like from Nikon, Nikon, etc. Could get out something attractive, strong, decent attention not only to Russians, but also strangers ... We had our own Charlem: Vladimir; His Louis XI: King Joan; His Cromwell: Godunov, and still such a sovereign, which has not been similar anywhere: Peter the Great. " Karamzin's interest in history appeared in writing historical stakes - Marta Posadanny, Natalia - Boyarskaya Daughter. In 1800, he confessed that "the ears got into Russian history; I sleep and see Nikon with Nestor. "
In 1803, when Nikolai Mikhailovich accepted an important decision for himself, he turned 37 years old - the rash for those times is quite respectable, when it is difficult to break with the same way of life, attachments, finally, material well-being. True, the royal rescript, giving Nikolai Mikhailovich the title of historian and opening the archives and libraries in front of him, at the same time determined the pension in the amount of two thousand rubles per year - the amount is very modest, far from covering its former incomes. And one more circumstance: the historian's craft writer had to be trained already in the process of work, independently comprehending the subtleties of historical research. All this gives the right to call the Action of Karamzin Motogram.
What goals did Karamzine be in front of him, starting to "the history of the Russian state"? Their three. It was the first to formulate this: "Human wisdom has a need in experiments, and the life is short-lived. It should be aware of which rebellious passions worried civil society and what systems the beneficial power of the mind curled their stormy desire to establish order, agree on the benefits of people and give them a possible happiness on earth. "
This cannisine is not original. About studying the experience of the past so as not to repeat errors and imitate all the kind, as the main task of history wrote another Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev, and after him and
M.V. Lomonosov. The original form of expression of this thought is original. By the way, the thought of "Wisdom Human needs needs in experiments, and the life of short-lived" echoes the Pushkin rows in Boris Godunov: "Learn, my son, science reduces us the experience of a fast-minded life."
The second purpose of studying history is closed with what I wrote on this score M.V. Lomonosov: "The history gives the states of examples of the Board, a subject - cognition, warriors - Mossets, judges - the Delimist, the Lamp-Staram Mind, the elderly --suppie hardness in the councils." Karamzin, as if continuing and developing said, considered it necessary to know the story of commoners. What is it useful to ordinary residents of the country? Answer is curious: Simple citizens History, I considered Nikolai Mikhailovich, "Mitrith with the imperfection of the visible order of things, as with an ordinary phenomenon in all centuries, consoles in state disasters, indicating that there was also similar, there were still awesome, and the state was not collapsed."
Nikolai Mikhailovich was the last scientist who had a utilitarian task of studying the experience of past centuries.
But Karamzin put before the story and a new requirement that was unbearable for the majority of scientists and the preceding and current century. It can be called aesthetic. The story should be enjoyed, pleasure, she as if resurrecting the dead and their passion. "We hear them, love and hate." That is why he attached such an exceptional importance to the art of presentation. Hence special requirements for the historian. Friend of Karamzin P.A. Vyazemsky so conveys the reasoning of Karamzin to this expense: "Talents and knowledge, a sharp, insightful mind, the living imagination is still insufficient." In addition to the listed qualities, "so that the soul could rise to passion to good, could feed the holy, no areas of universal benefit." In other words, Nikolai Mikhailovich believed that the historian should own not only the talent, but also to be a man of high morality. From under the pen, only such an author can pour lines capable of freeing the reader.
Without exaggeration, it can be said that Karamzin himself belonged to the number of people of crystal moral purity, decency and selflessness. These features of Nikolai Mikhailovich's nature recognized not only his friends, but also enemies. He did not take advantage of friendship with Alexander I, so that there was any good to take himself, it was rewarded, because he was sincerely, without rice, it believed that "the main thing was not to receive, but deserve." He was not likened to be a sled to the concedes, who were supported in a flattery and ready for the sake of a korear to humiliate their dignity.
So, by the rationale for Karamzin the need to study history borrowed to them in the historians of the XVIII century. His concept of the history of the country dates back to the same century (her for three-quarters of the century used to form V.N. Tatishchev, and then in the main features, Prince M.M. Shcherbatov repeated). N.M. Karamzin first outlined it in a journalistic essay - "a note about the ancient and new Russia", - by Alexander I in 1811 in 1811 in order to convince him to refrain from the reforms of MM. Speransky.
In the first part of the "Notes", the author makes a brief overview of Russia's history - of its occurrence before the reign of Paul I inclusive. Karamzin repeats the thought of Tatischev that Russia flourished, flourishes and will flourish only under the monarch's scepter: "Russia settled victories and united, the lifestyle from the blurred, and saved the wise autocracy." Karamzin has reinforced this thesis with a compressed excursion into the past country.
By force, a selection of a single state from a plurality of weak organisms, was one. Rus, "born, aligned with one-owned, was not inferior in strength and in civilian education the first European powers." The loss of one-owned one has led to the vast importance of change: "Dotole was afraid of Russians,
Began to despise them. " At the specific period, "the people lost respect for the princes, and the princes - love for the people"; "It is surprising that the barbarians conquered our fatherland." Following MM Scherbatov Karamzin noted two results of the Tatar-Mongolian yoke: negative - "Russian land became the housing of slaves"; The positive appearance of the aegid of Tatar-Mongolian ripened the conditions for liberation from their yoke and the recovery of one-chisty. It was restored at Ivan III, when the state acquired "independence and greatness."
Like the prince Shcherbatov Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin divided the long reign of Ivan IV into two stages, the edge between who was the death of Queen Anastasia. The beginning disappeared, which restrained the unbridled temper of the king, and the darkness of the atoms, cruelty, tyrannoe regime came. In the years of Troubles, when the autocracy was shaken, Russia died.
The ratio of Karamzin to Peter the Great and its reforms has changed significantly with time. In the "letters of the Russian traveler", the historian enthusiastically responded about transformations and converter. He, for example, believed that for the path traveled by Russia during Peter for a quarter century, it would take six centuries without it. Now, two decades later, Karamzin writes: "We have become citizens of the world, but ceased to be in some cases by citizens of Russia. Wine Peter. Nikolai Mikhailovich Nikolai Mikhailovich was the eradication of ancient customs in the guilt of the King Reformer. Introduced by Peter the innovations touched only the nobility and did not affect the popular crowd. Thus, the king erect the wall between the nobles and the rest of the population. The historian was condemned by Peter's despotism, his cruelty, the diligence of the Preobrazhensky order, in the dungeons of which the people beyond the beard and Russian caftans. Nikolai Mikhailovich denied and the rationality of transferring the capital of the state from Moscow to St. Petersburg - in the city, erected in the swamp, in the area with a bad climate, "on tears and corpses".
Critical estimate was subjected to Karamzin and all subsequent reigns. After Peter, Pigmey argued about the inheritance of the Giant. " Speaking about the monarchs who have reigned after Peter, the historian necessarily emphasized whether they possessed the features of the rulers-tyrants. Anna Joanovna, in his opinion, made a lot of good in favor of the nobles - canceled the Decree on the Union of Charter, established the Cadet Corps, restricted the service life in the army 25 years, and in its reign "was resurrected by the secret office, in its walls and on the squares of Grad Rushed blood rivers. " About Elizabet Petrovna responded ironically: "Woman idle and consistently, sleeping."
In Catherine II, the autocracy softened, fears were disappeared, inspired by the secret office. The Empress cleared self-adjustment from "from the priests of Tirans." However, Catherine II, the historian discovered unattractive features: she chased the external shine (expressing modern tongue, - "showing") with it "was not the best for the state of things, but the most beautiful forms." An alien sorts poured into the country with a wide stream, the yard forgot Russian, blewed debauchery, the exorbitant luxury led to the ruin of the nobles.
The attitude of the historian to Paul I is sharply negative and primarily for disregarding to the nobles, for the humiliation to which he exposed them. Paul wanted to be Ivan IV, but after Catherine it was difficult. The king "took a shame from the treasury, the reward of the reward." He dreamed of building himself an impregnable palace, and built the tomb.
Review of the connections and the reigns of Karamzin completed the phrase, which received a textbook fame. "A self-adjustment is the Palladium of Russia; Its integrity is necessary for her happiness; From this should not be that the sovereign, the only source of power, had the right to humiliate the nobility, as ancient as Russia. "
Two opinions about the historical concept of Karamzin and its socio-political views can not be. He appears the defender of the autocracy and the institutions generated by him, first of all the serfdom. However, this statement requires clarifications. First. Not every monarchy and not all monarch deserve a positive assessment. Karamzin is a monarch of an enlightened, human-loving, highly moral, who does not drink the human dignity of subjects.
Nikolai Mikhailovich - a seerful supporter of evolutionary development, he was hostile to social shocks and any violence, even if it proceeded from the monarch. Hence his condemnation of the actions of the Jacobinians in France and Decembrists in Russia. "All sorts of violent shocks are disastrous, and each rowman is preparing a scaffold", "So he responded to the French revolution." Enlightened Barin, soft and compassion, he was the son of his century and adhered to traditionally conservative views on serfdom; He was canceled by him with a distant future, when the enlightenment will have a beneficial effect on the peasants, and they will receive freedom without exposing the existing order of things to concussions.
Karamzin's attitude to autocracy and serfdom determined the assessment of the Soviet historiography of his work. Karamzin was in all history textbooks, as the figure odious and reactant. With a label of the reactioner, the path of Karamzin and his "Russian state history" was closed to the printed machine. Created more than one and a half years ago, historical portraits and a bright description of the events did not lose their impact on the reader and in our days, interest in the "Russian State History" is not ugas.
The year 1816 in the life of Karamzin is notable: the historian delivered the manuscript of the first eight volumes of his essay into St. Petersburg. Behind 13 years of hard work, the work moved not as fast as the author wanted. He called many times the deadlines for its completion and transferred them the same time.
Each volume was given with great difficulty, which appears from his letter to his brother. The historian in 1806 dreamed of bringing his essay to the Tatar-Mongol invasion and complained about the lack of forces: "It is a pity that I am not worth ten years. God hardly give me to bother my work; So much is still ahead. " 1808: "In labor, my delirium step by step, and now, describing the terrible invasion of Tatars, crossed ... for the tenth century." 1809: "Now with the help of God, three years old or four walking until the time when we reigned with the famous house of Romanovs." 1811: "Old age is approaching and eyes are stupid. Lucky, if you don't get to Romanov in three years. "
I did not reach not only three, but at the age of five, the eighth volume is ended in 1560. And this is despite the fact that the director of the Moscow Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Fedor Alekseevich Historic and a magnificent connoisseur of antiquity provided an invaluable service to the author. On the instructions of the director, the museum employees were selected by the necessary Karamzin materials, freeing it from the draft work - is a robust, exhaustive and not always successful.
Of course, the task facing the historian was huge. Nevertheless, the slow current of work was explained by other circumstances: the lack of special training, the replenishment of which required the time, and more - to see the tranquility, so necessary to any artist of the word. Napoleon's victory in 1807 under the Austerlitz over the Russian army, the invasion of the army of the "Benty Languages" to Russia in 1812, the fire of Moscow, during which the Karamzin library burned down ... Patriot's debt called 46_let Nikolai Mikhailovich in the ranks of the militia, but he said "The case cost without a sword of historiographic."
The "history of the Russian state" was supposed to be printed in St. Petersburg, the historian together with his family moved to the northern capital. At the order of the king, a Chinese house, located in the Tsarskoye Selo Park, was selected for him in the royal village, 60 thousand rubles were released on the publication costs. For almost two years, Nikolai Mikhailovich spent on reading the proof. "I read the proofreading to faint" - he wrote on March 12, 1817. She took all the working time of the historian: "I'm afraid to fall off the writings," he wrote in one of the letters.
Finally, in February 1818, eight volumes were ready. Waiting for the sentencing readers, buyers and admirers was neither a tears or long. The author was awarded stunning success. Pushkin wrote: "The appearance of this book ... has done a lot of noise and made a strong impression. 3000 copies were separated in one month (which Karamzin himself did not expect anything). "
Feedback, one more flights, and they did not come from missing readers, but people representing the spiritual elite of that time. Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky: "His story is a monument, erected in honor of our century, our literature." Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky: "... I look at the history of our Libya (Roman historian, the author of" Roman history "), as for my future: there is a source for me for me and inspiration and glory." Even the Decembrist Nikolai Ivanovich Turgenev, who, of course, could not impress the work of the writing, praised autocracy, could not resist compliments: "I feel inexplicable charm in reading ... Something native, kind." Friend Pushkin Alexander Petrovich Vyazemsky: "Karamzin - -Nash Kutuzov Twelfth year, he saved Russia from the invasion of oblivion, appealed her to life, showed us that we had a fatherland, as many of Tom found out in the twelfth year. "
The interest in the "Story of the Russian State" was due not only to the masterfully written by the text, but also a general situation in the country - the Russian Napoleonic army and the events that followed him caused the growth of national self-consciousness, the need to comprehend their past, the origins of the power of the people who won the strongest army in Europe.
There were critical responses, but they were drowning in the choir praise. The head of school Skepticov Mikhail Trofimovich Kachenovsky was the most serious critic. He questioned the accuracy of the sources arising in antiquity, and history written on their basis considered "fabulous". When Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev advised to give a referring criticism, Delicate Nikolai Mikhailovich answered his friend so: "... the criticism of him is very instructive and conscientious. I do not have the spirit to scold you for your indignation, but I do not want to get angry. "
The second glory came to Karamzin, the famous Belletrist and a journalist, he became a famous historian. Since 1818, he has been a recognized historiographer, by the way, the only one who knows the general public. Success inspired the author But the work on the subsequent volumes moved everything as slowly. Research experience was added, but with him they added and worries that Karamzin did not know in Moscow - friendship with the emperor obliged to attend the family holidays the imperial names, Rautakh, Masquerades. "I'm not court! - with bitterness wrote historian Dmitriev. - historograph naturally die on the ridge of cabbage, they treated, rather than on the threshold of the palace, where I am not more stupid, but not smarter than others. I happened very hard, but now it is already easier from the habit. "
The eighth ended in 1560, breaking the reign of John IV into two parts. In the ninth volume, which was opened by the continuation of the publication, Karamzin decided to state the most dramatic events of his reign.
The attitude of the historian to the Board of John IV after the administration of Okrichnina is definitely. His reign, he called "Theater of Horrors", and the King of Tiran, the man "insatiable in murders and an uncertainty." "Moscow Chainlane in fear. Blood flowed; In the dungeon, in the monasteries of the victims, but ... Tharatism still ripened: the present was terrified by the future, "" nothing could disappearly disappear: neither humility, nor generosity of the victims ... "Tiracy of the Terrible Author likes the hardest trials to fall out to the Russians at the specific period and the time of the Tatar-Mongolian yoke: "There is a strong experience of fate, over the disasters of the specific system, over the Egyptian Mongols, Russia was supposed to experience a thunderstorm of the deteriority: he stood with love for autocracy, because she believed that God would send an ulcer, and earthquakes , and tyranans. "
It would seem that describing the tyranny of Grozny (and with such a circumstance it was done for the first time), Karamzin struck the autocracy, which he consistently defended. This appropriate contradiction of the historian removes the reasoning about the need to study the past, so as not to repeat his defects in the future: "The life of Tirana is a disaster for humanity, but his story is always useful for sovereigns and peoples: to unite disgust to evil is to unail love for virtue - and Glory The time when the truth is armed by a teepisher, may be autocraved in the reign of such an Lord for a shame, and he will not be the same way. "
The success of the ninth volume was awesome. The contemporary noted: "In St. Petersburg, therefore, such an emptiness that everyone was deepened in the reign of John Grozny". Some recognized him with the best creation of the historian. For the ninth volume during the life of the author, two more were published. The last, twelfth volume, unfinished, prepared for printing his friends and published in 1829.
Nikolai Mikhailovich died on May 22, 1826. He almost had enough time to bring the "story" before the election of the Romanov, the work ended in 1612.
It remains a glimpse to look into the creative laboratory of the historian and at least on individual examples to submit how its essay was created.
On this score there are judgments of Karamzin himself. According to one of them, the historian is obliged to represent "the only thing that has survived from the centuries in the annals, in the archives." "Next to the historian to deceive conscientious readers, think and speak for the heroes, which have long been silent in the graves." Another statement: "The most beautiful inventive speech is unreserved the story."
So, the commitment of our author to the composition of reliable without speculation and fiction of history seemingly not subject to doubt. But then, to be with the diametrically opposite statements - "encourage" text and "paint" text, deliver the reader "Pleasy", the pleasure "for the heart and mind?" Karamzin could not create a solid alloy in the form of a single text, as exactly describing Events as an interesting reader. The historian tried to overcome this contradiction purely outwardly: each of the twelve volumes of his work was divided into two unequal parts - in the first, the author's text is placed, in the second one.
Notes enjoy modern historians. As you know, their purpose is to enable colleagues to professionals or curious readers to make sure that the described fact or event is not the fruit of the author's fantasy, but are extracted from published or unpublished sources or from monographs. However, the appointment of Karamzin notes is completely different. The historian, not limited to the name of the source, leads either excerpts from it, or retelling from which it is easy to make sure how much the author's text from the testimony of the source is significantly different. We give examples.
This is how it describes N.M. Karamzin events that happened immediately after the Kulikov battle. Prince Vladimir Andreevich ordered the collection after the victory. All arrived, but the Grand Dmitry Dmitry Ivanovich was absent. "The amazed Vladimir asked" Where is my brother and the original of our glory? "No one could give him to behave. In anxiety, in horror, the warrior dispelled to look for his living or dead; long did not find; Finally, two warrior saw the Grand Duke under a fired tree. Stunned in the battle by a strong blow, he fell from the horse, fade and seemed dead; But soon he opened his eyes. Then Vladimir, Prince, officials, won the knees, exclaimed unanimously: "The sovereign, you defeated the enemies!" Dmitry got up: seeing joyful persons around him the banners of Christian over the corpses of the Mongols, if the Heaven was gratitude to the sky. " ... In a note 80 of the fifth volume of the "Story of the Russian State", excerpts from the chronicles are shown, in which there are no heroes, nor the experiences of military leaders. Synodal chronicle: Roshisi Lithuanian roshis: Mimnaya, I can eat, but hurt ... ". Rostov chronicle: "... I found the Grand Duke in Dubrov every ulcered underground." Rostov chronicle: "His armor ... beaten, but there was no ulcers on his body." Thus, the sources give the author with the opportunity to write just one phrase: the Grand Dmitry Dmitry Ivanovich was stunned during the battle, fell from the horse and lay unconscious under the tree in Dubrava, the details of the described scene in the "Russian State History" - the fruit of the imagination of Nikolai Mikhailovich.
Another plot relating to the time of Grozny. We are talking about the execution of Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky, accused of trying to poison the king. Indications of sources given in a note 277 of the ninth volume, brief and inexpressive. "According to Guagnyni KN. Vladimir came off his head; And odors, calling him George, brings that he was slaughtered. " In one of the chronicles belonging to St. Dmitry Rostovsky, says: "In the summer, 7078 did not become in the stomach KN. Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky ... "
Nikolai Mikhailovich as an execution of the execution of Prince Vladimir adopted a version of his poisoning and described it like this: "We are unhappy with the wife and two young sons to the sovereign: they fall to their legs, swear in their innocence, they require a hare. The king responded: "You wanted to kill me poison: Drink it yourself." Filed poison. Prince Vladimir, ready to die, did not want to poison myself from his own hands. Then his wife, Evdokia (native of Princess Odoevskaya), intelligent, virtuous, seeing that there is no salvation, there is no pity in the heart of the destroyer, - turned his face from John, dried tears and told her husband with hardness: "We don't, but the pain poisoning us: It is better to take death from the king than from the executioner. " Vladimir said goodbye to spouse, blessed the children and drank poison, behind him Evdokia and sons. They prayed together. The poison began to act, John witnessed their torment and death, "etc.
We see how the modest text of the sources, dryly informing about what happened, under the artistic pen of the author turned into a description of the episode filled with drama. To cause an emotion reader, the author has invested "soul and feelings" and "painted it."
If there were no notes in the volumes, giving a reliable idea of \u200b\u200bepisodes and adjusting the author's text, the reader would be right to consider the author to the writer of Nescious. But the fact of the matter is that Nikolai Mikhailovich does not hide from the reader of genuine reflection of events in the sources and shows how uncomfortable text can be turned into an exciting imagination reading.
The closer to our time, the more at the disposal of the source researcher and, therefore, more opportunities for "coloring" in the description of both events and the characters of the actors. The scarcity of sources on ancient history limited this kind of the author's capabilities and allowed the reader to create "nimble" with epithets. Their Nikolai Mikhailovich turned out to be a lot: good benefactor, cruel, gentle, sad, brave, cunning, prudent, etc. The text he, besides, equipped with such words, as comforted, indignantly, jealous, was in a hurry, etc.
In the "history of the Russian state" Nikolai Mikhailovich invested both the tremendous work and all the power of his outstanding talent of the writer. Creation seems to be satisfied. In any case, a few months before death, he shared his thoughts with his friend I.I. Dmitriev: "... Do you know. that I am with tears feel appreciation to the sky for my historical action, I know what I am writing; In her quiet delight I do not think about the contemporaries or about the offspring; I am independent and enjoying only my work, love for Fatherland and humanity. Let no one read my story; She is and pretty for me. "
In his prophecy, Karamzin was mistaken: his "story" read and read.
References about N.M. Karamzin.
1. Klyuchevsky V.O. N.M.Karamzin // Kleevsky V.O. Historical portraits. - M., 1991.-p.488--.
2. Kozlov V.P. Karamzin - historical // Karamzin N.M. The history of the state of the Russian. - T.4.-C.17--.
3. Korosteleva V. Lessons Karamzin: to 225_The birthday // Rural Life.-1991. -11 Dec.
4. Kososulina L.G. Feat honest person // Literature at school.-1993.-N 6.-C.20--25.
5. Lotman Yu.M. Creation of Karamzin.- M., 1987._336С.
6. Lotman Yu.M. Columbus of Russian history // Karamzin N.M. The history of the Russian state. - T.4.-C.3--.
8. Maksimov E. Mystery of the archive of Karamzin // Word.-1990.-N12.-C.24--.
9. Pavlenko N. "Starina For me, just enough" // Science and Life.-1993.-N12 & -C.98
10. Smirnov A. How created "The History of the Russian State" // Moscow.-1989.-N11,12, 1990.-N8
11 Solovyov S.M. Karamzin //Moskva .-1988.-N8.-C.141--
12. Hapilin K. Monument to the soul and my heart // Young Guard.-1996.-N7.- p.217--.
13. Schmidt S.O. "The history of the Russian state" in the culture of pre-revolutionary Russia // Karamzin N.M. The history of the state is Russian. T..4.- C.28--.
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