Concomplete shell - The type of projectile with a fugasic and shock effect is used as an amazing goal from the tools of large caliber, goals consist of reinforced concrete structures and constructions of a long-term way of construction, it is also possible to use for armor targets.
The action produced by the projectile is punching or penetrating into a solid reinforced concrete barrier to the product of its destruction using the power of gases obtained during the explosion of the discontinuous charge. This type of projectile must have powerful shock and fugasic properties, high adversity of battle, good range.
Bridge shell. The name happened from the French word BRISANT - "crushing". It is a fragmentary or a fragantive-fuzkanny projectile, in which the remote fuse is located as an explosion of the projectile in the air at a given height.
Brusan shells have studied with a melinite - an explosive created by the French engineer of the Tiunnen, Melinitis was patented by the developer in 1877.
Armor-piano-pical career - Shocking projectile with the presence of an active part, called a core, whose diameter differs from the caliber of the gun three times. It has the property of punching armor exceeding the caliber of the projectile itself several times.
Armor-powered - The projectile of a fugasal action is applied to defeat armored goals, it is characterized by a work of an explosion with breakfasts with the back side, which affect the armored facility with affixing the air equipment and crew.
Armor-piercing shell - Shocking projectile, is used as affecting armored goals from small and medium caliber guns. The first such projectile was made of hardened cast iron created according to the method of D. K. Chernov, and equipped with special tips S. O. Makarov from viscous steel. Over time, passed to the manufacture of such shells from poodling steel.
In 1897, it was noted a penetration of a 254 mm bench with a shell of 152 mm. At the end of the XIX century. Armor-piercing shells with Makarov tips are armed with the armies of all states of Europe. Initially, they were solid, then explosives were laid in armor-piercing shells, discontinuous charge. Armor-piano-calibrous shells with breaks create punctures, breaks, knocking out of armor armor, shifts, broken armor sheets, jamming of hatches, towers.
Behind the armor, the strikers of shells and armor are affected by the fragments of the shells and the detonation of ammunition, fuel and lubricants in the goal or close to it.
Smoke shellsdesigned for the formulation of chimneys and as funds indicating the location of the target.
Incendiary shell. It is used to create foci of lesion from medium caliber guns, in order to defeat the live strength and military equipment, such as tractors and cars. During hostilities, there were widespread use of armor-sieves-ignition-tel-solving shells.
Calibian shell It has a diameter of centering thickening or housing, which corresponds to the instrumental caliber.
Cassette projectile. The name happened from the French Cassete, which is translated as a "drawer"; It is a thin-walled projectile filled with mines or other combat elements.
Cumulative shell - Projectile with the characteristic of the main purpose projectile, with a charge of cumulative action.
The cumulative shell pierces the armor to the directional energy of the explosion of the explosion charge and makes an amazing effect for armor.
The action of this charge is the following. During the meeting of the shell with armor, the instantaneous effect is triggered, the explosive impulse is transmitted from the fuse using a central tube to the capsule-detonator and the detonator installed in the bottom of the cumulative charge. The explosion of the detonator leads to the detonation of the discontinuous charge, the movement of which is directed from the bottom part to the cumulative exhaustion, along with this creates the destruction of the head of the projectile. The cumulative gauge is approaching the armor, from the facing material with a sharp compression material with a remission in explosive, the formation of a thin cumulative jet, in which 10-20% metal of the facing is assembled. The rest of the metal cladding, crimping, forms the pest. The trajectory of the jet is heading along the axis of the excavation, due to very high compression speed, the metal heats up to a temperature of 200-600 ° C, while maintaining all the properties of the cladding metal.
When the barrier meets with a jet moving at a vertex of 10-15 m / s, the jet forms a large pressure - up to 2,000,000 kg / cm2, thereby the head of the cumulative jet is destroyed by destroying the barriers and squeezing the metal armor to the side and outward When penetrating subsequent particles in armor, breakdown is provided.
Behind the armor, the striking effect is accompanied by a common effect of cumulative jet, elements of the armor, the detonation products of the discontinuous charge. The properties of the cumulative projectile depend on the explosive, its quality and quantity, from the form of cumulative recess, the material of its cladding. Used to defeat armored goals from medium caliber guns, are able to break through the armored goal, in 2- 4 Aza exceeding the caliber of the gun. Rotating cumulative shells break through armor to 2 caliber, not rotating cumulative shells - up to 4 caliber.
Cumulative shells For the first time put in ammunition for shelf guns of 76-mm caliber of the 1927 sample, then for the sample guns of 1943, as well as in the 1930s. Mounted leaders of 122-mm caliber. In 1940, the first multi-charge reactive installation of the M-132 volleam fire was tested, used in cumulative shells. M-132 Adopted into weapons as BM-13-16, 16 reactive shells of caliber of 132 mm were located on guide installations.
Cumulative-shabby, or multipurpose projectile. Refers to artillery projectiles producing fragmentation and cumulative actions, is used to defeat the live strength and armored obstacles.
Lightinglet. These shells are used to illuminate the intended location of the target target, to illuminate the enemy's terrain, to monitor its activities, for the shooting and tracking of the shooting results for the defeat, to blind the observation points of the enemy.
A fragic feus projectile. It refers to the projectiles of the main type of destination used to damage the living force, the military equipment of the enemy, field defensive structures, also to create passes on mine fields and in barrage facilities, from medium-caliber guns. The installed fuse type determines the operation of the projectile. The contact fuse is established for a fugasal action in the destruction of light field structures, fragmentary - for the lesion of the living force, for a slowdown product of the destructive force on the swelled field structures.
The inclusion of a diverse type of action reduced its qualitative characteristic before projectiles only a clearly directed action, only fragmentation and only a fugasal one.
Shard shell- The projectile, used as an amazing factor of the living force, an unlarited and light-organized military equipment, affecting the action caused by the fragments generated during the explosion, formed when the grenade shell breaks.
Podcast career. A characteristic feature of such a projectile is the diameter of the active part, which is less than the caliber of the gun intended for it.
The difference between the mass of the subcalibular projectile and the caliber, in consideration of one caliber, made it possible to obtain large initial rates of the podkalibernochno. They were introduced into the ammunition for an instrument of 45-mm caliber in 1942, in 1943 for 57-mm and 76-mm guns. The initial velocity of the sub-caliber projectile for a 57-mm gun was 1270 m / s, which was a record speed for the shells of that time. To increase the power of anti-tank fire in 1944, a 85-mm sub-caliber projectile was developed.
This type of shells act, punching armor, as a result of the reservation of the core from armor, with a sharp release of voltage, the core is destroyed by fragments. Behind the armor, the striking action is created by fragments from the core and armor.
Nadcalibered shell - a projectile, in which the diameter of the active part of
dan a larger size than caliber used tools, such a ratio increases the power of the ammunition data.
Bursting shells. They were divided relative to the weight category on the bombs, they were shells that exceed weight of 16.38 kg, and garnets - shells, the mass of which is less than 16.38 kg. These types of shells have been developed for equipping haubitz ammunition. The discontinuous shells were used for the work of shots affecting openly arranged living goals, defense structures.
The result of the explosion of this shell is fragments that differ in large quantities on the approximately laid radius of affecting.
The discontinuous shells are perfect for use as an amazing factor tools of the enemy. However, the failure of the projectile tubes led to the incompetence of a certain number of discontinuous shells, therefore it was noted that only four of the five shells exploded. Approximately three centuries such shells dominated the artillery shells in the arms of almost all armies of the world.
Missile Equipped with a combat and motor installation. In the 40s. XX century, during the Second World War, jet shells of different types were developed: turboctive fragmentation and turboctivative, in the Soviet troops, and turboctive fragmentation and turboctivatives were put into service in the German troops.
In 1940, the world's first multiplayer reactive installation of the M-132 volleam fire was tested. It has been adopted as BM-13-16, 16-mM Retamental Real Tools were located on the guide installations, the shooting range is 8470 m. It is also put into service BM-82-43, on the guide settings of which 48 reactive shells of 82-mm caliber were installed , shooting range - 5500 m in 1942
The developed powerful rocket projectiles M-20 132-mm caliber are supplied, the shooting range with these shells is 5000 m, and M-30. M-30 was shells with a very powerful fundamental action, were used on special frame-type frames, in which four M-30 projectiles were installed in a special capping. In 1944, it was put for BM-31-12, 12 305-mm reactive shells were installed on the guides, the shooting range was determined at 2800 m. The introduction of this weapon made it possible to resolve the problem of maneuver with fire parts and units of severe jet artillery.
In this design, the time of volley managed to reduce from 1.5-2 hours to 10-15 minutes. M-13 of the Criminal Code and M-31 of the Criminal Code of Improved Earths, which had the ability to turn in flight, carrying out the shooting range, respectively, to 7900 and 4000 m, the density of fire in one volley increased by 3 and 6 times.
Fire capabilities with a projectile of improved cuminess allowed to replace the regimental or brigade volley by the production of a volley of one division. For M-13 of the Criminal Code was developed in 1944. BM-13 reactive artillery combat vehicle equipped with screw guides.
Managed projectile- a shell, equipped with flight control using such shells, is made in normal mode, during the passage of the flight trajectory in the shells, the reaction to energy, which is reflected or emitted from the target, autonomous onboard devices begin to form signals transmitted by the control bodies producing adjustment and direction Trajectories for effective target defeat. Used to defeat movable small-sized strategic purposes.
Fougaling projectile. For such a projectile, a powerful discontinuous charge, a contact fuse, head or bottom, with the presence of an installation on a fugasic action, with one or two decesses, a very strong case, perfectly penetrating into the barrier. It is used as an amazing factor of covered living force, is able to destroy non-confined structures.
Shrapnel shells Used for lesion by fragments and bullets openly located live strength and enemy technicians.
Chemical and fragmentation and chemical shells.This type of shells hit the lively enemy strength, infected areas of terrain and engineering facilities.
For the first time, the chemical artillery shells were applied by the German army on October 27, 1914 in the battles of the First World War, these shells were equipped with a shrapnel to the annoying powder.
In 1917, gas makes that firing mainly phosgene, liquid diphosgen, chlorpicrine were developed; Represented the type of minors shooting with projectiles in which 9-28 kg of the poisoning substance included.
In 1916, artillery funds based on poisoning substances were actively created, it was noted that on June 22, 1916, for seven hours of artillery, the German army released 125,000 shells, the total number of suffiling poisoning substances in them amounted to 100,000 liters.
Duration of the projectile. The amount of time spent calculated from the moment of the projectile collisions with the barrier to its explosion.
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Artillery ammunition is an integral part of artillery systems designed to defeat live strength and technology, destroying structures (fortifications) and performing special tasks (lighting, smoke, delivering agitation material, etc.). They include artillery shots, mortar shots, as well as reactive projectiles of ground RSZO. According to the nature of equipment, artillery ammunition is distinguished with ordinary explosives, chemical and biological (bacteriological). For appointment: Basic (for defeat and destruction), special (for lighting, smoke, performing radio domain, etc.) and auxiliary (for training personnel, tests, etc.).
Artillery shot - Ammunition for shooting from the artillery gun. It was a set of elements for a single shot: a trim projectile, a slim charge in a sleeve or a carriage, a means of challenging and auxiliary elements (phlegmatizers, degraders, flamestellers, pry, etc.).
For the purpose of the appointment, artillery shots are divided into combat (for combat shooting; make up amatele amatele), idle (for sound imitation; instead of the shell, pyzhe or enhanced cover; Special charge), practical (for training archery of gun calculations; inert gear; fuse - Saluced) , training (for studying the device and teaching intakes of ammunition, charging and shooting; elements of the shot - inert equipment or layouts) and systems (for testing artillery guns).
Artillery shot is called full, if it has all the elements, but not assembled, and ready when he is assembled. The finished artillery shot is final and unexpremely equipped (respectively with the screwdriver or with the unnecessary fuse).
By charging method distinguishes:
Artillery shot cartus charging - a projectile, a throwing charge in a charging capue (a shell of dense fabric for placing the thrust charges of artillery and mortar shots) and the means of ignition are not interconnected; It is used in large-caliber instruments charged in three receptions (by elements). The use of carduz received distribution from the first half of the XVII century, which significantly reduced the time required for charging. Prior to that, gunpowder was powered by manually.
Artillery shot separate-sleeve charging - The sleeve with a throwling shell and the means of ignition is not connected to the projectile; It is mainly used in medium caliber instruments charged in two receptions. Created in 1870-1871 French Refphi.
Artillery shot unitary charge - a projectile, a throwing charge and a means of ignition combined into one unit; It is used in all automatic and semi-automatic guns, as well as in some non-automatic guns of various types of artillery charged to one reception. Artillery shot of unitary caliber charging is sometimes called artillery patron.
One of the main components of the artillery shot was shell - means of lesion of the living force, material part and the counterpart of the enemy, fired from the artillery gun. Most of the types of shells were an axisymmetric metal body with a flat bottom, to which the powder gases formed during the combustion of the throwing charge are made. This body can be a solid or hollow, streamlined or sweat-shaped shape, carry a payload or not. All these factors, together with the internal device, were determined by the assignment of the projectile. The classification of shells was carried out according to the following features. For the purpose of the projectiles were divided into:
- armor-piercing shells designed to combat armored vehicles of the enemy. According to its device, they were divided into calibrate, podkalibers with a permanent or separating pallet, and sweat-shaped feathers.
- Concontummy shells intended for the destruction of reinforced concrete long-term fortification facilities.
- Fugasic shells designed to destroy field and long-term fortification structures, wire barriers, buildings.
- Cumulative shells intended for the destruction of armored vehicles and garrisons of long-term fortification structures by creating a narrow-controlled jet of explosion products with a high penetrating ability.
- Declar shells designed to destroy the enemy's living force by fragments formed by the breakdown of the projectile. The gap occurs when hitting the obstacle or remotely in the air.
- Carton - ammunition intended for the destruction of openly located enemy's live strength during self-defense guns. It is a bullet laid in the lightly aggressible frame, when they are shot, flying up in a certain sector from the trunk of the gun.
- Shrapnel - ammunition intended for the destruction of openly located alive enemy strength by bullets inside his body. The rupture of the case and throwing out the bullets occurs in flight.
- Chemical shells containing a potent poisoning substance for the destruction of the alive force of the enemy. Some types of chemical shells may contain a chemical element of non-optical action that deprive the soldiers of the enemy of combat capability (tear, psychotropic, etc. substances).
- biological shells containing a potent biological toxin or culture of infectious microorganisms. Designed to destroy or non-leaving the universal power of the enemy.
- incendiary shells containing a recipe for the ignition of light aggregate materials and objects, such as city buildings, fuel warehouses, etc.
- Smoke shells containing a recipe for smoke formation in large quantities. It was used to create chimneys, blinding the command and observation points of the enemy.
- Lighting shells containing a recipe for creating a long and flagged flame. It is used to illuminate the battlefield in the dark time. As a rule, equipped with a parachute for greater lighting duration.
- Trassing shells, leaving with their flight a bright track visible to the naked eye.
- Agitational shells containing leaflets inside themselves for agitation of the enemy's soldiers or spreading propaganda among the civilian population in the front-line settlements of the enemy.
- Training shells designed to train the personnel of artillery parts. It can be both a casual or mass-dump layout, unsuitable for shooting, and an ammunition suitable for training shooting.
Some of these classification features can overlap. For example, fragantic fugasal, armor-sized tracing shells, etc. are widely known.
The shell consisted of a housing, equipment (or tracer) and an explosion. Some shells had a stabilizer. The case or core of the projectile was made of alloyed steel, or steel cast iron, tungsten, etc. It consisted of head, cylindrical and cape parts. The case of the projectile had a oscillate or stupid shape. For the proper maintenance of the shell on the trunk channel, when they are shot on its cylindrical part, there is a centering thickening (one or two) and pressed into the groove of the presenter (from copper, bimetal, iron, iron, nylon, providing when shot to prevent the breakthrough of powder gases and the rotary movement of the projectile, Necessary for its sustainable flight on the trajectory. To undermine the projectile, a shock, non-contact, remote or combined fuse was used. The length of the shells usually ranged from 2.3 to 5.6 of its caliber.
In calibration, shells are divided into small-scale shells (20-70 mm), medium (70-155 mm in ground artillery and up to 100 mm in anti-aircraft) and large (over 155 mm in ground and over 100 mm in anti-aircraft artillery) of calibers. The power of the projectile depends on the type and weight of its charge and is determined by the coefficient of filling the projectile (the ratio of the mass of the discontinuous charge of an explosive to the mass of the final cutting projectile) constituted for fugasic shells up to 25%, fragmentation and cumulative up to 15%, armor-piercing up to 2.5 %. For fragmentation shells, the power is also determined by the number of slaughter fragments and the radius of the lesion zone. Shells are characterized by long-range (height), the adversity of firing, safety when handling and resistance (when stored).
Mortar shot - Ammunition for shooting from mortars. It consists of mines, the main (ignorable) and additional (mumane) powder charges with the means of ignition. In the appointment, mortar shots are divided in analogously to artillery shots. Mines are overlaid (most) and rotating. Finally, an oven is the oven mine includes a housing made of steel or steel cast iron, an equipment, an explosion, a stabilizer, or a plumage drop-down after departure of mines from the barrel channel. Rotating mines usually have protrusions on the leading belt, which are included in the cutting of the trunk when charging. For increasing the shooting range, active reactive mines with a jet engine are used. Length Min usually accounted for up to 8 calibers.
Jet shells Describes in the chapter "Rocket and missile weapons".
During the war years, the USSR made about 7.5 million tons of ammunition, incl. Artillery shots of field and ship artillery - 333.3 million pieces, mining mines - 257.8 million (of which 50-mm - 41.6 million pcs., 82 mm - 126.6 million pieces.), shells RSZO - 14.5 million. In addition, 2.3 million tons of artillery ammunition was at the disposal of the Soviet troops to the beginning of the war.
In 1941-1942 Germany captured about 1 million tons of the USSR ammunition, incl. 0.6 million tons of artillery.
It should be noted that Germany during the war years by about 1.5 times (and at the beginning of the war 2 times) less spent artillery ammunition in comparison with the USSR, since the artillery of Germany led fire for purposes, and the USSR - on the squares. So on the Eastern Front, German troops spent 5.6 million tons. ammunition, against 8 million tons. Soviet troops.
In Germany, during the war years, about 9 million tons were issued. Madripasses of all kinds.
In the United States during the war years 11 million tons of artillery ammunition and 1.2 million tons were issued. jet. Including 55 million shells for Gaubitz, anti-tank and field artillery.
Below are the most common artillery ammunition in the context of calibers and countries.
Curriculum
Question number 1 "Determination of an artillery shot.
Elements shot. Artillery classification
Shots for destination and by way of charging "
Question number 2 "Classification of artillery shells,
Requirements presented to them. Ammunition. "
Question №3 "Basic, special and auxiliary
Types of shells, their design characteristics. "
Question №4 "Refreshrs for projectiles, their appointment
and device. "
Question №5 "Marking on capping, markings on
Charges, shells, sleeves and fuses. "
Educational and educational purposes:
Educational and educational purposes:
Learn
1. Classification of shells and artvystrelov.
2. The elements of the artillery shot.
3. Wides of shells, their design.
Requirements for projectiles.
4. Figures, design and principle of operation
5. Learn from students responsibility for
Deep study of the design of artillery
Weapons.
Question number 1 "Determination of an artillery shot. Elements shot. Classification of artillery shots for its intended purpose and in the way
Question number 1 "Determination of ArtilleryShot. Elements shot. Classification
artillery shots for appointment and
Processing method "
Artillery shot - This is a combination
elements required for production
One shot of guns.
Siberian Federal University Siberian Federal University
Artillery shots are classified:
1. By appointment:
- Combat (for host archery);
- practical (for conducting educational and combat
Strelb);
- idle (for imitation of combat
Shooting on the exercises, for signals and salutes. It
consists of powder charge, sleeve, dust and money
ignition);
- Educational (for instructing tools
actions with guns, appeal with shots,
composing combat charges);
- Special (for experienced shooting on
polygons). 2. By charging method:
- cartridge (unitary) charging
(All elements of the shot are connected to one
whole);
- separate sleeve charge
(Shell is not connected to a combat charge in
Gilse);
- Separate Cartus Charge
(differ from separation shots
Gilzovoy
Chargeing
absence
Sleeves, i.e. Shell + combat charge in
Cartuze from special fabric + means
ignition
(Impact
or
Electric tube). 3. According to the degree of readiness for combat use:
- Ready (prepared for shooting that can
be in a completely outfit (in the shell's point
Fleece or tube are screwed) or unexplod
Current
video
(in
point
projectile
Princhena
plastic plug));
- full (insufficient shots whose elements
Stored separately in one stock).
In the artillery parts, shots are stored only
ready, with shells in finally or
unexpremely equipped.
Elements of artillery shot:
Print with a fuse-Beboo throwing charge in the sleeve
-IGNITER
-Rednitel
-Flegmatizer
-Lessegaste
- Suspendent (Obtürtering)
device
10.
Siberian Federal UniversityQuestion # 2.
"Classification of artillery
Shells, requirements for them.
Ammunition "
Artillery Shell - Main Element
Artillery shot intended for:
suppressing and destroying the living force of the enemy and
His fighters,
lesions of tanks and other armored goals,
destruction of defensive structures
suppressing artillery and mortar batteries,
Perform other artillery fire tasks.
11.
Siberian Federal UniversityIn order to properly use shells and
ensure the troops, as well as relief
Artillery shells vary:
1. By appointment (main, special,
auxiliary)
2 caliber (small to 70mm, average from 70-152mm,
large more152mm)
3. The caliber of the projectile to the caliber of the gun
(Calibe and Pocalibal)
4. Right
Outlines
(long-range
and
unnoticed).
5. Stabilization in flight (rotating and
Unprofitable).
12.
Siberian Federal UniversityThe requirements for artillery
shells.
To artillery shells are presented
Tactical and technical and production requirements.
Tactical and technical requirements are:
power, long-distance or height,
battle combat, firing and
Standard durability with long-term storage.
To production and economic requirements
include: simplicity of design and production,
Unification of shells and their buildings, low cost and
The deficiency of the source materials.
13.
Siberian Federal UniversityCombat kit - set number
Ammunition per unit of weapons (pistol,
Rifle, carbine, automatic, machine gun, mortar,
Weapon, BM RSZO, etc.).
Table 4.1.
The dependence of the composition of the BC from the caliber of the gun
Table 4.1.
Caliber guns
57-85
100-130
152-180 203-240
Number of shots B.
One BK, pcs.
120
80
60
40
14.
Question number 3 "Basic, special andAuxiliary types of shells, their
Constructive characteristics »
Main purpose shells are used for
suppressing, destruction and destruction of various
goals. These include fragmentary, fugasny,
fragantic fugasny, armor-resistant tracing,
Cumulative, concrect and incendiary
shells. The vast majority of shells by
The device is a totality
Metal shell (all-circuit or
national team) and gear appropriate
shell.
15.
16.
Siberian Federal UniversitySpecial purpose shells apply
To illuminate terrain, smoke setting
Curtain, targeting, targeting goals and delivery
in the location of the opponent of campaign
material. These include lighting,
Smoke, campaign and target mellitative shells.
The flue steel projectile D4 consists of a housing 4
(Fig. 4) with iron-ceramic leading belt 6,
Waste glass 2, discontinuous charge 3,
placed in a warent glass, and
The smoke-forming substance 5 placed in
Camorru Shell Cover, Sealing Tube
7 with gasket 5 and fuse.
17.
Siberian Federal UniversityAuxiliary shells
used for combat training troops and
holding various polygones
Tests. These include practical,
Training boilers and slab
shells.
18. Question No. 4 "Refreshrs for projectiles, their purpose and device."
Fuses, fusesdevices and tubes are called
Special mechanisms designed
To call the projectile operation in the required
point of the trajectory or after hitting
barrier.
19.
Fuses and explosion devicesComplete to projectiles with brisk equipment, and
Tubes for projectiles having a wanted charge of powder.
Detonation chain of the fuse and fire chain
The remote tube is shown in Fig. 1.
The detonation impulse in the fuses produces
The detonation chain, which consists of a capsuil-oscillator, powder moderator, capsuyulonator, gear ratio and detonator. Ray
Pulse tubes is produced by a fire chain,
consisting of capsule-igniter, moderator and
Amplifier (Petard).
20.
21.
Installation for shootingThe desired action of the projectile
team
Hiking (main) installation
cap
crane
Sharcal
"Shard"
Shot
On "O"
Collectively Fugasnoe
"Fugance"
Suit
On "O"
Fugasny with slowdown
"Delayed"
Suit
On "s"
Riccetic (for in-429)
"Riccetic"
Shot
On "s"
Sharcal
Collectively Fugasnoe
Fugasnaya
Fig.7. Installation of fuses in action
Fig.8. Operational (installation) tool
for RSM fuses (in 429)
Cap will be
Crane on "O"
Ricocent
22.
Siberian Federal UniversityQuestion # 5.
"Caption marking,
Marking on charges, shells, sleeves and
fuses »
23.
Siberian Federal UniversityAmmunition coloring can be
Safety and distinctive.
Safety color is applied to all
The surface of paint gray (kV-124) for
the exception of centering thickens and
leading belt; Distinctive paint - in
The form of rings of various colors on cylindrical
Parts of shells, on the sleeves and some
fuses. The remaining elements of the shot are not
Color.
Agitation projectile is painted red
paint, and enclosures of practical shells
paint black paint with white marking
24.
BrandStimples are called signs, extruded or knocked out on
outer surface of shells, fuses (tubes), sleeves
And capsune bushings. Artillery shells have basic
and duplicate stigma.
Main stamps - signs showing plant number, number
Party and year of manufacture of the case (bottom) of the projectile, melting number
Metal, Stimples OTV and Military Representative Grau and Print
Samples.
Duplicate Terminal are applied on plants producing
Outlets of shells and serve in case of loss of labeling. To them
relate:
cipher explosive (smoke-forming substance) and signs
Mass deviations.
25.
FULLCharge name; Z463m - charge index (in
sleeve or in a beam); 122 38 - Short Name
tools; 9/7 1/0 00 - Mark
Porosha
Additional
beams, party number,
year of making powder and
Designation
Powder
plant; 4/1 1/0 00 - brand
Powder of the main beam
number
parties
year
manufacturing
Porosha
and
Designation
Powder
plant; 8-0-00 - number
parties
year
assembly
Shot and database number,
gathered shot. Letter
"F" at the end of the marking
Indicates presence in
Charge a phlegmatizer.
26.
Markingon the
shells
Apply
on the
Head
and
Cylindrical
Parts
projectile
Black paint.
00 - number of the gear plant
; 1-0 - party number and year
projectile gear;
122 - Caliber of the projectile (in mm); H mark of mass deviation; T designing an explosive;
OF-461 - projectile index
In smoke shells instead
cipher cipher is set
smoke-forming substance.
On armorboratory tracing
shells except under the cipher
Apply the brand of this fuse,
which the projectile is given in
Oxnarvid.
27. Task for self-preparation
Siberian Federal UniversityTask for self-preparation
Learn
Material of this class
Main literature:
1. Department. "Ground artillery ammunition."
p.3-10.65-90.
Purpose and types of fuses. General Device and principle of operation of RSM-2 fuses, B-90, T-7, DTM, AR-30 (AR-5).
The fuses, pole devices and tubes call special mechanisms designed to call the projectile operation after the shot at the desired point of the trajectory or after hitting the barrier.
Unlike fuses, fuses are usually common from several parts located in various places of the projectile (combat parts of rockets).
The difference between the fuses and tubes is the nature of the initial pulse created by them: the first producing the detonation impulse, the second - radiation.
Fuses and explosive devices are completed with cutting equipment with brisk equipment, and tubes - to projectiles having a wanted charge of powder.
The detonation impulse in the fuses produces a detonation chain, which in general consists of a capsule-igniter, powder moderator, capsule detonator, gear charge and detonator. The radial pulse of the tubes is produced by a firing chain consisting of a capsule-igniter, a moderator and amplifier (fire).
Capsell-igniter is an element of a detonation (fire) chain, triggered when Pokolla staining with the formation of a beam of fire.
The powder retarder is intended to obtain a temporary delay when transferring the beam of fire from the capsule-igniter to the capsule-detonator. It is made of smoky powder in the form of pressed elements (cylinders), the dimensions of which are selected in accordance with the desired deceleration time.
In the tubes, the retarder serves as a remote composition, the combustion time of which provides flight of the projectile to a given point of the trajectory.
To increase the reliability of the fuses, the moderators are sometimes duplicated.
Capsul detonator is the main element of the detonation chain, which is triggered from the auction of sting or the beam of fire with the formation of a detonation pulse.
The transmission charge is a pressed checker from the sizanny explosive (Tetril, TEN, hexogen); It is used in fuses where the detonator capsule is insulated from the detonator.
The detonator is a pressed checker from Tetril, Tan or Huxogen - is intended to enhance the pulse of the capsule detonator in order to ensure reliability in the excitation of detonation in the burst charge of the projectile.
In the tubes, the amplification of the radial pulse is provided by Petarda from the smoke powder.
Classification of fuses
The classification of the fuses is based on the division of them on the NNDNING, the type of action, the place of compound with the projectile, the method of initiation, detonation chain, the character of the insulation of capsules and the place of creation.
By appointment, the fuses are divided into fuses to the shells of hard artillery, to mines of mortars, to tactical missiles and melee means.
By type of action, the fuses are divided:
· At the drums;
· On remote;
· To remote-drums;
· To non-contact.
Impact explosions are triggered when meeting with a barrier. By time of action, they are divided into instant (fragmentation), inertial (fugasal) and slow motion.
The time of action is called the time from the beginning of touching the barrier to the breakdown. For instantaneous fuses, it does not exceed 0.001 seconds; inertial action - ranging from 0.001 to 0.01 seconds, slow motion - 0.01 - 0.1 sec.
There are fuses with constant deceleration time and with automatically adjustable deceleration. In the latter case, the response time is installed automatically when the projectile strikes the barrier and depends on its thickness and strength.
The most extensive group of shock fusers constitutes fuses with several, most often with two or three installations.
Remote fuses are triggered on the trajectory in accordance with the installation made before the installation. They can be pyrotechnic, mechanical, electrical and electromechanical. Fuses with a clockwork (mechanical) were most widely distributed.
Remote-shock fuses are a combination of two mechanisms: remote and shock.
The non-contacting fuses cause an explosion of a projectile with rapprochement in order to work under the influence of any energy or field reflected or emitted by it.
Non-contact fuses that perceive the energy emitted by the goal are called passive fuses; Fuses emitting energy and react to it after reflection from the target (obstacle) are called active action fuses.
At the place of connection with the projectile, the fuses are divided into head, bottom and gibbing. The latter is considered to be the fuses, in which the detonation chain is located in the bottom, and the element that perceives the obstacle's response (drummer or shock contacts - closers) - in the head of the projectile.
According to the method of excitation of the detonation chain, the fuses are divided into mechanical and electric.
In mechanical fuses, the excitation is carried out as a result of moving the moving part that causes the triggering of capsules in electrical - electrical energy.
The non-contacting fuses on this feature are divided into radio drives, optical, acoustic, infrared, etc.
Requirements for fuses.
For fuses, as well as to projectiles and other elements of artillery shots, a number of tactical and technical and production and economic requirements are imposed.
Tactical and technical requirements include:
· Official safety, when shot and on flight;
· Undety of action;
· Simplicity of appeal before charging;
· Strong storage resistance.
Safety understand the absence of premature breaks of shells due to premature trimming of the fuses. The elimination of the premature action of the fuses is ensured by the careful development and observance of the manufacturing process, the detailed development of each sample being developed, the use of mechanisms proven in practice, comprehensive tests of newly introduced nodes, steady compliance with the established rules of treatment and operation.
The reliability of the action is achieved by the use of sufficiently sensitive shock mechanisms and reliable rejecting safety devices, a thorough check before the shooting of the qualitative state of the fuses, using duplicate mechanisms (nodes).
The simplicity of appeal before charging is reduced to reducing the time for the production of a commanded installation when preparing a fuse to shoot.
Strong storage durability should provide an explosion to the invariance of combat properties.
Production and economic requirements are provided for:
· Easy design;
· Lower cost costs are possible;
· Maximum use of deffficer materials;
· Unification of parts and mechanisms by using in newly designed fuses proven in the operation of nodes;
· The possibility of applying progressive processing methods.
Fur RGM-2 - head, with three installations (for instant, inertial and slow motion) safety type.
It is applied to 122-mm high, fragmentation, fragmentation and fuchic, incendiary, and smoke projectiles of stailated cast iron, 152-mm fragmentation and fragmentation fecal grenades.
Device. The fuse consists of a housing, head sleeve, shock, slow and rotary safety mechanisms and a bottom sleeve with a tetryl detonator.
Fur ZVM-2:
/ - cap; 2 - membrane; 3 - ring-lober; 4 - head; 5 - sting; 6 - fuse ball; 7 - ball stop; 8 - sleeve; 9 - crane; 10 - oscillator-obturator; 11 - case; 12 - sedentary sleeve; 13 - Spring of the stopper; 14 - Safety spring; 15 - stopper; / 6 - bottom bushing; 17 - detonator; 18 - cap; 19- washer; 20 - detonator sleeve; 21 - shirt; 22 - swivel sleeve; 23 - cover; 24 - swivel spring; 25 - hairpin; 26 - sleeve with capsule-igniter; 27 - drummer; 48 - counter-compartment spring; 29- Safety ring; 30 - Safety spring; 31 - welcoming spring; 32 - sedentary sleeve; 33 - shock rod; 34 - fungus; 35 - sleeve with a retarder; 36 - axis; 37 - transmission charge; 38 - Capsul detonator; 39- dive; 40 - counter-power, 41 - ball; 42 - check
The shock mechanism is placed in the head of the 4 fuse. It consists of a lower inertial drummer 27 with a capsule-igniter in the sleeve 26 of the upper drummer instantaneous action, which includes a shock rod 33, fungus 34, sting 5 and a ring-limiter 5; balls 6, safety rings 29, deposited sleeve 32 with legs; Safety 30 and welcoming 31 springs, counter-comparting spring 28 and the palpable counterpool 40. Over the head 4 of the membrane 2 routine and the cap 1 is screwed.
The slower mechanism consists of a sleeve 35 with a powder retarder, an adjusting crane 9, a heel 25, two brass sleeves 8 and a lead ring. 10. On the outer end of the crane, there are cutouts for the installation key and the arrow, and on the surface of the housing of the fuse - two risks with marks "about "And" 3 ", corresponding to the settings of the crane.
The swivel-safety mechanism is placed in the housing 11. It consists of two sleeves: detonator 20, motionless connected to the housing 11, and rotary 22, placed on the axis 36. There are two sockets in the rotary sleeve: in one placed capsule-detonator 38, and in Another is a locking mechanism consisting of a stopper 15 with a spring 13, sedenting sleeves 12 with spring 14 and ball 41.
The lower end of the stopper enters the jack of the detonator sleeve, while holding the sleeve 22 in an idle position, in which the detonator capsule is shifted relative to the gear charge 37 and is separated from the detonator 17 detonator sleeve. At the same time, in the case of a premature explosion of the kapxul, the detonator, the impulse of the transfer charge and the detonator will not be transmitted.
The cover 23 is attached from above to the sleeve 22, and the sleeve itself is enclosed in a cylindrical shirt 21, tightly bonded with a sleeve 20. The turn of the sleeve 22 out of idle position in the combat is carried out with a flat rotary spring 24, one end of which is attached to the lid 23, and the other - to the shirt 21.
To protect the fuse from a premature action when installing on "3" in the case of spontaneous ignition of the capsule-igniter, diving 39 with a copper check 42, which is designed so that at the moment of the shot remains the whole, but it is easily cut off by the power of gases formed when ignition ignition ignition . At the same time, diving falls into the slot of the lid 23 and holds the bushing 22 from turning into a mood position.
The Kapsul detonator remains in the displaced (idle) position, and the explosion is localized by a detonator sleeve, without transmitting a detonator.
The factory installation of the fuse - on the inertial action (the cap will come, the crane is open). To install on an instantaneous action, the cap should be twisted, and to set to slow down-closing the crane. In the latter case, the operation of the projectile will be the same in both the cap, and when the cap is removed from the fuse.
Fluster action. With a shot under the action of inertia for the linear acceleration of the sleeve 32, overcoming the resistance of the springs 30 and 31, settles down and the paws are connected to the safety ring 29. At the same time, the sedentary sleeve 12 compresses the spring 14 and frees the ball 41, which the centrifugal force shifts to the side, giving way To lift the stopper 15.
After renting the shell behind the muzzle cut, the spring 31 moves forward the deposited sleeve 32 with a safety ring 29.
Balls 6, falling into the cavity of the head sleeve, free the drummers of instantaneous and inertial action. In the rotary sleeve, the spring 13 raises the stopper 15, freeing the sleeve 22, which the spring 24 turns into a combat position. The fuse is crushed. On the flight, the drummers of instantaneous and inertial action are held from moving the counter-composite spring 28 and the sick counterproof 40.
When meeting a projectile with a barrier when installing a fuse for an instant (fragmentation) action, the upper drummer reaction to the obstacle moves back and sticks the capsule-igniter. The ray of fire through the hole in the crane is transmitted by the capsule-detonator, and the explosion of the latter through the transmission charge is transmitted to a detonator.
When installing on a fugasic effect, the lower drummer moves along the inertia ahead and heats the capsul-igniter on the sting. The fire ray is transmitted by a detonator capsule through a hole in the crane, and the detonation pulse is the transfer charge and detonator.
When installing on a slow motion (fugasny with a slowdown), depending on the presence or absence of a cap on an explosion, the upper or lower drummers excite the capsule-igniter. The ray of fire ignites the powder retarder, and after its burnout is transmitted by a capsule-detonator. The detonation impulse is further transmitted to the transfer charge and detonator.
T-7 tube _-head, remote action, having a uniform scale in 165 divisions on the lower remote ring.
The total time of the tube is 74.4 s. It is applied to 122 mm lighting and agitational projectiles.
Device. The T-7 tube consists of a housing, a remote device, a bottom sleeve with powder fuel and a safety cap.
The tube housing 24 is made of aluminum alloy and consists of head, plates and tail.
The head and the plate serve as the basis for placing the remote device. The bottom sleeve with powder petardoy is placed in the tail part.
The remote device consists of three remote rings (upper 7, medium 26 and lower 25), the ignition mechanism, the clamping ring 29, the pressure nut 4 and the ballistic cap 3.
Remote Tube T-7:
1 - connecting bracket; 2 - Safety Cap; 3 - ballistic cap; 4 - push nut; 5 - locking screw; 6 - leather gasket; 7 - upper remote ring; 8 - parchment circle; 9 - asbestos and tin mugs; 10 - transmission column in the remote ring; 11 - powder columns in the case; 12 - hairpin; 13 - a cloud circle; 15 - bottom bushing; 16 - brass circle; 18 - Powder Petard; 24 - housing; 25 - lower remote ring; 26 - average remote ring; 27 - Hoody Pressing in the remote ring; 28 - Capsell-igniter with a sleeve; 29-clamp ring; 30 - Spring of the drummer; 31 - drummer; 32 - Threaded Cork
Remote rings are made of aluminum alloy. At the lower base, they have a ring canal with a jumper, in which a slowly burning gunpowder is pressed.
The lower and middle rings at the beginning of the channel have gear ratio and gas hits. Powder posts 10 are placed in the transfer holes, which serve to transfer the beam of fire to the remote composition, into the gas-sized, small powder charges, sealed outside asbestos and foil circles 9.
In the upper ring at the beginning of the channel there is an outer hole.
On the lower bases of the rings, parchment mugs 8 are pasted on the upper bases and on the plane of the housing circles - mugs from a special tubular cloth, providing a more dense adjacent of the rings to each other and to the plate and excluding the passage of fire along the surface of the remote composition.
The upper and lower remote rings are connected to each other 1 and can rotate freely when the tube is installed.
The ignition mechanism is placed inside the housing head. It includes a remote drummer 31 with a staining, capsulsulter 28, spring 30 and a threaded plug 32. To transmit the flame ray from the capsule-igniter to the rigorous window of the upper remote ring 7 in the housing head there are four symmetrically arranged inclined holes.
The clamping ring 29 and the pressure nut 4 are designed to fix the installation of the remote rings and their tight attachment to the plate.
The ballistic cap gives the tube a streamlined shape and improves the combustion mode of the remote composition. For this purpose, it has axial (injection) and four side gas-lodging holes.
To prepare the tube to shoot and install it on a given division, it is necessary to twist the safety cap and the key to combine the commanded division of the remote scale with the red installation risk on the side surface of the housing plate.
Tube action. When shot under the action of inertia strength, the clamping ring 29 and the pressure nut 4 with a ballistic cap 3 settled down and, tightly pressing the remote rings, fix the installation of the tube. The remote striker 31 squeezes the spring 30 and heats the capsule-igniter. The beam of fire from the capsule through the wallet window flammives the remote composition of the upper remote ring 7.
On the flight, after the powder in the upper ring is uninstalled before the transfer hole, the powder column flames itself and the powder in the middle remote ring lights up. Asbestos and foil mugs 9 are embroodbled by gas pressure, and the powder gases go through the holes of the push nut under the ballistic cap. Then the beam of fire is transmitted to the lower ring and through the powder columns 11 in the inclined and vertical gear stones ignites the powder stroke. Powder gas gases embroider brass
2.2.2 Purpose of a throwing charge, the requirements for its design. Types of charges, their device and action.
Martial charge A part of an artillery shot, consisting of a porch of one or more stamps and auxiliary elements collected in a certain order and intended to communicate the projectile of the required initial speed at a certain pressure of powder gases in the barrel channel.
Artillery combat charges are classified by the type of shots in which they are used, according to the structure and by the number of brands of gunpowder.
By type of shots, combat charges are divided into the following types:
- charges for cartridge charging shots;
- charges to the shots of separate sleeve charge;
- Charges to the shots of separate cards charge.
By design, combat charges are permanent and variables.
Permanent combat charges They are a booster of powder, the value of which is strictly installed, and change it before charging is impossible or prohibited. They allow only one table initial speed, and therefore predetermine the character of the projector's trajectory.
Variable combat charges Consist of several separate samples (main hits, called a package, and additional beams), which allows for shooting to change the weight of charge, and therefore, change the initial speed of the projectile, the nature of the trajectory and the range of the projectile.
The design of the combat charge primarily depends on the type of shots to which it is intended.
Combat charges for cartridge charge shots are constant. They are used to shoot guns and can be complete and reduced. The first are extremely large for a given sample to the guns of the gunpowder, and the second is reduced. Reduced combat charges contribute to an increase in the vitality of the trunk of guns when shooting on medium range and provide more attached trajectory.
Sevets of separate sleeve charge in most cases are equipped with variable combat charges and significantly less often - permanent.
Variable combat charges are used in two varieties: full variables and reduced variables.
A complete variable combat charge is a charge consisting of a main package and additional beams and ensuring the greatest initial velocity for this sample tools. Intermediate combat charges, obtained by removing a certain amount of additional beams from the sleeve, are assigned to each of them numbers and are reduced relative to complete. For some guns in order to expand the speeds, complete variables are also used, and reduced variable combat charges. Numbering charges in full and reduced combat charge total.
Sevets of separate traffic charging are equipped with only variable combat charges. They can be both complete variables and reduced variables.
The following basic tactical and technical requirements are imposed on combat charges: the monotony of action during shooting, less influence on the height of the trunk, the free shot, simplicity of receptions for the preparation of combat charges and durability during long-term storage.
The monotony of the actions of combat charges during shooting is estimated by the scattering of the initial speeds. To fulfill this requirement, for each sample, the guns are carefully selected by nature and the composition of the powder, the shape and size of the powder elements, the magnitude and design of the igniter.
To ensure the monotony of combustion of gunpowder, and therefore monotony of the initial speeds of the shells is required to strictly observe the magnitude of the porch's sample within the established norms.
A significant impact on the monotony of initial rates of shells has a charge structure, i.e., a certain arrangement of the suspension of powder and auxiliary elements, ensuring that the favorable conditions for inflammation and burning of the powder. Experience has been established that for the normal operation of the combat charge, it is necessary that the porch's sweatshirt occupies at least 2 / s Camoras or the sleeves and there was a relatively rigid fixation.
The monotony of the actions of combat charges during shooting largely depends on accurate compliance with the rules for the treatment of combat charges both during storage and when shooting.
The requirement of a smaller influence of powder gases at the height of the trunk is directed to an increase in the duration of the stem service. This requirement is ensured by using powders in combat charges with relatively small calorie. In the case when the use of low-calorie powders is irrational, a phlegmatizer is placed in a combat charge, which reduces the thermal effect of powder gases on the metal metal.
The requirement of free shot is ensured by the use of flameful powder or special additions to charge, called flamestellers.
Easy and monotony of techniques for the preparation of combat charges contribute to increasing the rate of guns and prevent errors when performing this operation during firing.
The resistance of combat charges with long-term storage is ensured by reliable sealing of combat charges and the use of powders stable when stored.
General principles of combat charges
The combat charge consists of a gear of powder and auxiliary elements. Powder's mood is a source of a certain amount of energy that ensures the desired throwing effect. However, in addition to the powder, the auxiliary elements may include the combat charges in addition to a series of tactical and technical and operational requirements. These include: igniter, a deductor, phlegmatizer, a plane arrester and a sealing (core) device. The presence in combat charge of all listed auxiliary elements is not necessary. The use of each of them depends on the properties of the powder, devices and the purpose of the combat charge and the conditions of firing.
Powder's jacket is the main element of any combat charge. The jacket and brand of powder are determined by the ballistic calculation from the condition of the highest use of combat charge energy to achieve the required initial velocity at a given pressure of powder gases.
The magnitude of the jamming for each part of the powder is set by the test shooting at the landfill. The powder even the same brand, but different batches of manufacture inevitably differ in their properties. The powder jamming of both full constant and complete variable combat charges should ensure the greatest initial rate of the projectile at the pressure of powder gases, not exceeding the strength of the trunk of the gun. In determining the suspension of the powder of reduced charges, it is based on the conditions for obtaining a given initial speed. The maximum permissible minimal suspension of the main package of variable charges, as well as reduced permanent charges is determined from the conditions for obtaining a given minimum initial velocity at a pressure of powder gases to the bottom of the projectile, sufficient to ensure the incidence of the fuse mechanisms.
To expand the speed scales in the development of combat charge variables, it is very often resorted to the use of two guns of powder: for basic packets - with a smaller thickness of the burning arch, for additional beams - with a greater thickness of the burning arch. Such a choice of powder stamps allows at a smaller weight of the gunpowder in the main package to ensure the correction of the mechanisms of the fuse, as well as reliable ignition and full combustion of the combat charge.
The inconsistency of the requirements for the smallest and complete combat charges are sometimes not able to satisfactorily resolve in the system of one alternating combat charge. In this case, two charge variables are manufactured:
a) reduced variable consisting of a thin powder and allowing to obtain a number of initial velocity values \u200b\u200bfrom the smallest and higher (according to scale);
b) A complete variable consisting of a thicker powder and allows to obtain a number of initial speed values \u200b\u200bfrom the highest and lower.
When shooting on full and reduced charge variables, the requirements are satisfied for the entire speed scales installed for this artillery system.
Depending on the shape of the powder elements, the type of shots, as well as the design of the charging chambers, the combat charge is given by one or another form. The gunpowder can be placed in a lispier liner or in a cotton fabric card (Mitkal) in the cartridge and separate sleeve charge shots, or only in the Cartoux - in the shots of separate traffic charge. Cartumes in this case are made of silk fabric (amianthine). Silk tissue with a shot burns completely, leaving in the camar of the guns of smoldering residues, which can be prematurely ignored the next charge when charging.
Igniter. The ballistic monotony of shots is largely depends on the monotony of ignition of the powder of the combat charge. The monotony of the initial rates of shells and maximum pressure of powder gases can be obtained while simultaneously and short-term ignition of all powder elements of charge. Means of inflammation of shots themselves in many cases do not have enough power to ignite the combat charge. Therefore, the igniter is used to enhance the flammable impulse.
The igniter is a smoky powder sample, placed in a Mitkay Cartus. The weight of the igniter is established at the calculation of the trouble-free and fast ignition of the combat charge. With an increase in the weight of the igniter, in addition to the increase in the power of the flammable impulse, the initial pressure increases, which leads to an increase in the rate of ignition and burning the charge as a whole.
For reliable and fast ignition of combat charge, some minimal pressure developed by gas and igniter gases, equal to 50-125 kg / cm 2. Experienced data confirm that at a pressure of less than 50 kg / cm 2, it is difficult to obtain reliable ignition of combat charge. With insufficient power of the flammable impulse and low pressure, refusals are possible in the ignition of charge and protracted shots.
The weight of the igniter, providing reliable ignition, is selected by experimentally and is depending on the instrumental caliber in the range of 0.5-3.0% of the porch.
According to the design, the ignitions are contributable, sewn and binding and are usually located between the means of ignition and the base of the combat charge. If the combat charge has dimensions at which the entire powdery charge is not ensured by one igniter, the second igniter is used, which is located in the middle of the charge.
For variable combat charges of split sleeve charge shots, both pyroxiline grains or tubular and nitroglycerin tubular powder are used.
In fig. The full variable charge to the 122-mm Gaubice arr. 1938 The charge consists of the main package of the brand 4/1 and six additional beams of the score of the brand 9/7. Additional beams are located in two rows: two beams in the bottom row and four - in the top. Additional beams in each row are equilibrium among themselves, but multiple rows.
The main package card (Fig. 73, a) is a rectangular pouch with a central hole. To increase the rigidity, it is divided into four equal sections with firmware. An additional igniter and a flame reverse flame flame is sewn to the base of the package of the package of the VTX-10 brand. Two lower additional beams made in the form of a half-colt, when laying on top of the main package in the sleeve form a hole with a diameter of 20 mm. On top of the additional beams of the upper row, the rash, normal and enhanced lid are stacked.
The design of this charge with a hole along the axis of the main package and additional beams of the lower row provides simultaneous ignition of the powder of all elements components of the charge.
Shooting is conducted both in full charge and on six intermediate charges obtained on firing position by removing a certain number of additional beams in accordance with firing tables. Intermediate charge numbers correspond to the number of additional beams from the sleeve.
Reducing indirect damage, simplification of material and technical supply, reducing the time of attacking the target - these are only three of the numerous advantages of the controlled ammunition.
The submission ceremony is Nammo its 155 mm Extreme Range projectile, equipped with a direct-flow air jet engine that increases the range of flight to 100 km. This shell can be a factor changing the rules of the game in artillery
If you add a big range here, then it is clear how much this type of projectile is valuable for artilleryrs and commanders. The main disadvantage is the cost of managed ammunition compared to uncontrollable. However, it is not entirely possible to make a comparative assessment of individual shells. It is necessary to calculate the total cost of impact on the target, since in some situations it may be necessary to make much more shots with standard projectiles, not to mention that the fire task can be in principle not fulfilled with unmanaged shells or mining projectiles.
Excalibur IB managed projectile is widely used in modern military operations. At the moment, more than 14,000 such shells were shot.
Rising accuracy
Currently, the main consumers of managed ammunition are the US Armed Forces. In combat operations, the army shot thousands of such shells, in turn, the fleet also seeks to get such opportunities. Although some programs were closed due to cost problems, for example, in 155 mm LRLAP projectile (Long Range Land Attack Projectile), designed specifically for firing from the MK51 AGS (Advanced Gun System), installed on the DDG 1000 class of ZUMWALT , the American fleet, however, did not throw attempts to find a managed projectile actually for the AGS itself, as well as for its 127-mm guns MK45.
Bae Systems is working on numerous artillery programs. Among them, High Velocity Projectile, which can shoot from rail cannons and standard guns
The US Marine Corps is ready to start the Moving Target Artillery Round program, which may begin in 2019 in order to deploy an ammunition capable of hitting moving purposes in the absence of GPS signal on a range from 65 to 95 km. In the future, managed increasing range projectiles will also remain in the sphere of interests of the US Army, which starts the ERCA program (Extended Range Cannon Artillery) NO replacement in existing 39 caliber barrels for 52 caliber long, which in combination with increasing ranges will allow them to double their current range.
Meanwhile, Europe also follows these trends and, while numerous companies are developing managed projectiles and increasing range projectiles, European armies look closely to these ammunition, and some expect to adopt them in the near future.
It would be correct to start with the most widespread 155-mm Earth Excalibur, because in combat actions there were more than 14,000 pieces. According to Raytheon, Excalibur Ib, currently produced serial, retained the characteristics of the original projectile while reducing the number of components and cost and showed reliability over 96%, even in conditions of complex urban areas, providing accuracy of 4 meters at maximum ranges of almost 40 km when shooting from Tools 39 caliber length. In the budget for 2019, the army requested money to buy 1150 Excalibur shells.
A set of high-precision PGK (Precision Guidance Kit) Development of the Orbital ATK company is screwed at a 155 mm artillery projectile instead of a fuse, GPS and nasal rudders allow you to restrain it with high accuracy
Double-mounted homing heads
Although the current option is a bestseller, Raytheon is far from to rest on the laurels. Improving its systems, the company is close to identifying new solutions that can cope with more complex scenarios and new threats. The fracture of the GPS signal was checked in several directions, as a result of which a new version of the projectile with improved anti-counterfeit capabilities and two-mode guidance appeared. The new EXCALIBUR S ammunition will be guided by both GPS signals and with the help of the homing head (GSN) with laser semi-active homing. The company discusses with potential customers its final configuration, and the specific readiness time is not yet called.
Another two-mode version with guidance on the destination trajectory is being developed. He has no name yet, however, according to Raytheon, according to the degree of development, it is not far behind the "s" option. The variant with multi-mode GSH is also considered. Guidance is not the only component that can develop. The army set out to sharply increase the range of its trunk artillery, and therefore Raytheon works on advanced propulsive systems, among which the bottom gas generators; In addition, on the agenda, new combat parts, for example, anti-tank. This may be a response to the already mentioned MTAR Marine Corps Project. As for the US Navy, in the summer of 2018 another demonstration shooting was held with a 127-mm version of Excalibur N5, compatible with the MK45 gun. The fleet requires a range of 26 nautical miles (48 km), but the company is confident that they can achieve or even exceed this figure.
Raytheon looks at the export market with interest, although possible orders will be significantly less than in the United States. Currently, Excalibur tests with several 155 mm artillery systems: PZH200, ARTHUR, G6, M109L47 and K9. In addition, Raytheon is working on its compatibility with Caesar and Krab.
Recently, the qualification of the programmable aerodynamic brake SPACIDO from Nexter, which allows significantly improving accuracy
There are no available data on the number of 155 mm ammunition, equipped with a set of high-precision M1156 PGK (Precision Guidance Kit) of the Orbital ATC (currently Northrop Grumman) and used in hostilities. Although in February of this year the first serial batch was issued, over 25,000 of these screwing systems based on GPS-guidelines were manufactured. Two months later, the Ministry of Defense issued the Orbital ATK company by $ 146 million to refine the shells, which allows the production of PGK to April 2021.
PGK is screwed to the projectile instead of a standard fuse, the GPS antenna (SAASM - Selectively Available Anti-Spoofing Module, a noiseless module with selective accessibility) is built into the nose (SAASM - Selectively Available Anti-Spoofing Module), there are four small fixed inclined nasal stabilizers behind it and the remote fuse is installed. Programming is done using the EPIAFS manual installer (Enhanced Portable Inductive Artillery Fuse-Setter - an improved portable induction installer of artillery explosions), the same device is connected to the computer when programming Excalibur's projectile.
Using your experience in the development of PGK and sniper ammunition, Orbital ATK is developing a 127-mm marine PGK-AFT shell, since the guidance element is installed in its tail part (English, AFT)
Shells are bigger and better
Relying on your experience with the PGK kit, Orbital ATK is currently developing a 127-mm projectile, aimed at the fleet program on manageable ammunition for the MK45 instrument. The company in an initiative order wants to demonstrate a fleet of the possibility of a new PKG-AFT projectile regarding accuracy and range.
A few details are known about this device, but the name, for example, suggests that it is not installed in the nasal, but in the tail part (AFT -shtaste part) of the projectile, while the technology of overcoming overloads in the trunk of the gun is taken directly from the PGK system. As a basis for this solution with a tailing device, a study conducted by ATK, together with Darpa control of 12.7 x 99 mm, EXTREME ACCURACY TASKED ORDNANCE is a cartridge of extreme accuracy). The tail element will also have a rocket engine that will increase the range to the required 26 marine miles, and the GSN with guidance on the destination trajectory will provide accuracy of less than one meter. No information on the type of GOS, but in the company stated that "PGK-AFT supports various advanced GES and fire tasks of firefire direct and indirect vendor by all calibers without major improvements of the gun system." The new projectile is also equipped with an advanced combat part with ready-made ammunition elements. In December 2017, ORBITAL ATK conducted successful 1005-mm prototypes of PGK-AFT prototypes and is currently developing a 127-mm high-precision projectile with a PGK-AFT kit.
BAE Systems is working on a PGK-M kit (Preision Guidance Kit-Modernised), aims at improving maneuverable qualities while improving anti-repose opportunities. The latter is achieved by navigating GPS in combination with a stabilized rotation by the guidance unit and antenna system. According to the company, the circular probable deviation (CVO) is less than 10 meters, the projectile may affect the target at large corners of the attack. After completion of over 200 tests, the projectile is at the subsystem development phase. In January 2018, Bae Systems received a contract for the revision of this kit to a serial sample. The PGK-M kit is fully compatible with 155 mm M795 and M549A1 ammunition and artillery systems M109A7 and M777A2.
In the future, the second term, Katana MK2a, equipped with wings, which will increase its radius, will appear in the Nexter Katana family. In this case, the variant with laser guidance will be developed only after filing the military applications
On board the American cruisers
After you decide to close the project on the LRLAP projectile (Long Range Land Attack Projectile), created for 155 mm to install AGS (Advanced Gun System), it turned out that no shell is suitable for this tool without refinement. In June 2017, Bae Systems and Leonardo announced cooperation in the field of new high-precision systems based on new modifications of the Vulcano family for various instrument systems, including AGS and MK45 ship. Memorandum about mutual understanding between the two companies provides for the development of under all artillery systems, but each according to a separate agreement. At the moment, the agreement on two ship cannons is signed, but in the future, ground systems may become part of the agreement, for example, M109 and M777. Bae-Leonardo Group of this year spent shooting from the MK45 gun with a Vulcano GLR GPS / IMU projectile in order to demonstrate their compatibility. The US Navy has a need for high-precision ammunition and are very interested in increasing range projectiles, and the projectiles of the Vulcano family meet both these requirements.
The Vulcano family is close to the completion of the qualification process carried out in parallel for ship and ground ammunition, respectively, 127 mm and 155 mm caliber. In accordance with the Intergovernmental Agreement between Germany and Italy on the managed version and the decision on the integration of laser semi-active GSN from the Diehl Defence, the GLR Qualification Process (Guided Long Range) is funded by two companies, while the unmanaged version of BER (Ballistics Extended Range) is financed completely Italy. All operational tests have been successfully completed and now Vulcano ammunition is undergoing security tests that should be completed by the end of 2018. Meanwhile, Leonardo began production of the installation lot, which will make it possible to prepare for serial production and make the final configuration of shells. The launch of full-scale production is scheduled at the beginning of 2019.
Leonardo has developed for 127-mm and 155-mm guns a family of controlled ammunition with increased Vulcano range, which are at the last qualification stage.
In 2017, on board the Italian ship, a combat shooting was carried out by a 127 mm projectile Vulcano GLR from a modified gun 127/54; And at the beginning of 2018, the head shoulder is served from the new gun 127/64 LW installed on Fremm frigate. For the first time in the instrument installation, this shell was supplied from the revolving type shop store, programmed the induction coil embedded in the gun, to which data from the control system of the ship's battle; Thus, the complete integration of the system was demonstrated. As for the ground option, these shells were shot from the self-propelled Gaube PZH2000, the programming was performed by means of a portable unit. At the moment, Germany does not seek to integrate this system into the PZH2000 Gaubita, as a certain refinement of the semi-automatic charging system will be required. In Italy, shells were also tested with a touched by the FH-70 155/39.
An increase in the range of RULCANO projectiles is implemented at the expense of a subcaliber solution, a pallet sealing the shell in the trunk was used. The fuse can be installed in four modes: shock, with a delay, temporary and air undermining. Bernets can shoot at a distance of more than 60 km, while GLR shells can fly by 85 km when shooting from 127-mm guns and 70 km when shooting from 155-mm / 52 instruments caliber (55 km from 155/39). In the nose part of the GLR projectile, an explosion is installed, then four steering surfaces corrective by the trajectory of the projectile, and the GPS / IMU block behind them. The shells for ship tools can be equipped with infrared GSNs, while shells that are shot by land targets are equipped with laser semi-active GSN. These heads slightly increase the aerodynamic resistance, to minimally reducing the range. Although at the moment the configuration is actually accepted and the tests confirmed the projected range and accuracy, Leonardo is working on a decrease in the KBO version with laser guidance on an additional contract and is confident that it will cope with new requirements, this refinement will be adopted for all Vulcano shells; The company expects to produce one embodiment with a semi-active GSN.
In addition to Italy and Germany, the Netherlands have the status of an observer, the possibility of buying them is also considered by several potential customers, including South Korea and Australia. Recently, the Slovak Firm Konstrukta-Defence has signed a cooperation agreement with Leonardo to promote Vulcano ammunition and their integration with its artillery systems, for example, ZUZANA 2 155/52.
High-precision artillery fuse Topgun was developed by Israel Aerospace Industries
Nexter comes out in 3D world
NEXTER Ammunition has begun an evolutionary program in the sphere of ammunition of a 155 mm gauge, which provides for the development of elements of ammunition made by the 3D printing method. The first step was the high-precision bar Bonus. The SPACIDO trajectory correction kit became the next step. In the summer of this year, the company stated that all shooting was successful, the qualifications were completed and the certification documents remained.
Instead of the SPACIDO fuse, instead of the SPACIDO fuse is an aerodynamic brake that reduces the error in the range. A small Doppler radar checks the initial speed and controls the first part of the trajectory, the radio frequency channel provides data transfer to SPACIDO, the computer of which decides when the brake must turn around, reducing dispersion by three times. In fact, although the SPACIDO-protected interference is twice as expensive, it allows you to significantly reduce the flow rate of shells and shells the goals that are directly proximity to their forces.
At the EUROSATIL 2018 exhibition, Nexter announced a new family of high-precision 155-mm artillery shells of increased range, called Katana. The development of new shells was carried out within the framework of the Menhir program, which was announced in June 2016. It began in response to the needs of customers in high accuracy and range. First of all, the French army requires accuracy for what she calls "urban artillery". The projectile under the designation of Katana MK1 in the nose part has four rigidly fixed wings, there are four corrective steering wheel connected to them connected to the IMU-GPS guidance unit. All wings, including tail steering, are revealed after leaving the barrel shell. Currently, the projectile is at the stage of technological development. The first shootings were conducted under the control of the management of defense procurement. The purpose of this program is to ensure the army by a controlled projectile with a CVO less than 10 meters and a range of 30 km when shooting from a 52-caliber barrel. According to the schedule, the Katana MK1 projectile must appear on the market in two years. The second step will increase the range of up to 60 km, this will be achieved by adding a set of folding wings, the location of which could be seen on the layout exhibited on EuroSatory. They will provide lifting force on the decline site, which will double the range of flight. Nexter intends to exceed the capabilities of other competitors regarding the combination of range and combat part, but for less costs established by 60 thousand euros. A projectile that received the designation Katana MK2A will be available in about 2022. Two years later, at the emergence of need, Nexter will be able to develop a 155-mm laser guidance projectile with a meter KVO.
In addition to increasing range and guidance, Nexter also develops new combat parts using new materials and 3D printing
Next also works on combat technology technologies using 3D printing and aluminum material consisting of nylon filled with aluminum dust. This will control the radius of the lesion in the event of a shelling goal in close proximity to its forces. The company today began to study optoprotechnical technologies in order to control the initiation of the explosion through fiberboard; All these studies are still at the initial stage and will not be included in the program on Katana projectile.
ISRAEL AEROSPACE INDUSTRIES is ready to complete the development of its artillery fuse Topgun. The screwing system that performs the correction of the trajectory along the two coordinates, reduces the quota of a regular projectile to less than 20 meters. The range with such an explosion is 40 km when shooting from guns with a 52 caliber barrel length, hovering is carried out by the Ins-GPS block. The program is currently at the stage of qualification.
Nammo qualified its expanded ammunition family. The first customer became Finland, which will soon begin their tests on its sau K9 Thunder 155/52
On the Norwegian side
Norwegian company Nammo recently concluded the first contract for its 155-mm artillery ammunition of increased range. Based on his rich experience, there have developed a special module-bottom gas generator. At the same time, the production processes of small-caliber high-precision ammunition were used to reduce to a minimum of material deviations and forms, which, as a result, entails minimizing changes in the air flow and mass distribution.
The program was partially funded by the Norwegian Defense Property Office, but the first customer became Finland, who signed a contract in August 2017, the outcome of the execution of which the shooting tests scheduled for 2019 will be. Compared to standard furnishings, a 155-mm low-sensitive fragantic-fuke-in lap range may fly to 40 km when shooting from a 52-caliber barrel. Nammo is waiting for the order from the Norwegian army.
Nammo Extreme Range Range Range Range Range Range Range Plan. The key component in it is the aerodynamic driving system and therefore not a single sensor is installed in the nose part of the projectile
Nammo decided to use a radically new technology, integrating a direct-flow jet engine in 155 mm, Extreme Range projectile. The directing air jet engine, or PVRD, is the simplest air jet engine, because it uses the movement forward to compress the incoming air without using the axial or centrifugal compressor, there are no moving parts in this engine. The required minimum initial velocity is 2.5-2,6 Mach numbers, and the standard 155-mm projectile leaves the 52 caliber barrel at approximately 3 minutes of Mach. The direct-current engine by nature is a self-regulating engine, maintaining a constant speed, regardless of the height of the flight. The speed of order 3 of the masks is supported about 50 seconds, the traction is provided by the HTR3 fuel (concentrated hydrogen peroxide) with additives. Thus, the flight range of the projectile with PVRD increases to more than 100 km, which turns the artillery tool into a much more flexible and universal system. Nammo plans to hold the first ballistic tests at the end of 2019 and early 2020. Since the consequence of the increase in the range is the increase in the CVO 10 times, Nammo, together with the partner company, works in parallel above the system of guiding this projectile based on the GPS / INS module. In this case, no GUN cannot be installed in the nasal part, the principle of operation of the direct-flow engine aerodynamic and in connection with this, the air intake device is simply necessary for its operation. The projectile is compatible with the protocol for 155-mm projectiles JBMOU L52 (Joint Ballistic Memorandum of Understanding - a joint Memorandum of Ballistics). It defines a typical air intake device in the nose with a central cone, four front stabilizers and four curved tail wings that are deployed when leaving the barrel shell. The combat part of the projectile is a fragantic fugasal, the amount of BB will be reduced compared with the standard 155-mm projectile. Nammo stated that the mass of BB "will be about the same as in a 120-mm projectile." The projectile will be applied by fixed targets, according to landfinding air defense, radar, command items, etc., the flight time will be about a few minutes. In accordance with the requirements of the Norwegian Armed Forces, Nammo plans to begin mass production of this projectile in 2024-2025.
The service 155 ER02A1 Expal is adopted by the Spanish army. It can be equipped with either a narrowing tail, or a bottom gas generator providing a flight range, respectively, 30 and 40 km when shooting from a 52-caliber barrel.
At EuroSatory Exhibition, Expal Systems confirmed the signing of an agreement for the supply of 155-mm increased range ammunition. The 155-mm ER02A1 projectile can be equipped with either a module with a narrowing tail, or a bottom gas generator, which provide flight range, respectively, 30 and 40 km when shooting from a 52-caliber barrel. A fragic feus option developed jointly with the Spanish army has been qualified in contrast to the lighting and smoke options that this process has yet to be. The agreement also includes the newly developed EU-102 electronic fuse with three modes: shock, timing and delayed. In accordance with the operational needs of the Spanish Army during the next five years, Expal will supply new projectiles and fuses to them.
According to the materials of sites:
www.nationaldefensemagazine.org.
www.baesystems.com.
www.raytheon.com.
www.leonardocompany.com.
www.nexter-group.fr.
www.nammo.com.
www.imisystems.com.
www.orbitalahatk.com.
www.maxam.net
www.milmag.pl.
www.doppeladler.com.
pinterest.com.
fas.org.
armyman.info.
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