What are the pretexts for jokes? What prepositions are there in Russian? Prepositions of place, time and non-derivative. How to write prepositions correctly. Types of prepositions by origin

Pretext- this is an official part of speech, expressing the dependence of nouns, numerals and pronouns on other words in phrases and sentences: I will go To uncle, I'm going per milk, walk on three.

Morphological signs of prepositions

Prepositions connect words in phrases and sentences: to go v shop, go out from store, go per House.

Prepositions, like other official parts of speech, do not tend to change.

Prepositions themselves do not represent members of the sentence, but are part of them (it is necessary to underline together with independent words): We got off with roads.

Types of prepositions

According to their composition, prepositions can be divided into three main groups:

1) Simple prepositions (they contain only one word with one root): u, about, over, thanks.

2) Composite prepositions (such prepositions include two or more words): despite, unlike, in the sequel.

3) Complex prepositions (contain two roots, they need to be written with a hyphen): from behind, from under, over.

By origin, two groups of prepositions are distinguished:

1) Non-derivatives (do not correlate by education with any part of speech): v, k, oh, s, y, for, from other. Non-derivative prepositions include more complex ones: from behind, from under, over.

2) Derivative prepositions by their origin are associated with other parts of speech: towards, like, about, despite.

Prepositions formed from other parts of speech are:

1) Adverbs (genetically related to adverbs): near, in front, inside, behind etc. Such unchangeable words as in near, around, around and similar ones are used, among other things, independently (without connection with the name), i.e. can refer to adverbs. Combined with nouns, these words become prepositions: He kept on walking around Yes about (adverbs) - It was already too late about midnight(pretext).

2) Otymennye prepositions are the result of the transition of nouns into prepositions. Most often these include former nouns with prepositions: due, during, in continuation, like, in relation, due to etc. Examples: As a consequence for some delay we had to wait for the next trolleybus. Continuing Throughout the winter the Skvortsovs visited us two or three times a week.

3) Verbal prepositions are directly related to gerunds: despite (despite), despite (on), thanks, including, excluding, starting (with), after etc. Example: On the sea, in spite of fog, you could admire the beautiful landscapes.

Together with the article "What is a preposition in Russian?" read:

§1. General characteristics of prepositions

A preposition is a service part of speech. Prepositions are needed to connect words in a phrase. Prepositions express the dependence of some words on others. Prepositions can be used with nouns, pronouns and numerals.
Prepositions are an unchangeable part of speech. The preposition is not a member of the sentence, but since the meaning is expressed by a prepositional-case combination, when parsing, prepositions can be underlined along with the words to which they refer. Prepositions express various semantic relationships:

temporary: arrive under evening, submit a report To Thursday, call v Wednesday,
spatial: put v table, put on table, put under table,
causal: skip classes due to disease,
target: come for participation in the competition and others.
But the proper meaning of the preposition does not appear outside the prepositional-case combination of the preposition with a noun, pronoun or numeral.

Prepositions can be used with only one case or with different cases. Examples:

To to whom? To what ?: To friend, to school - D.p .;
thanks to to whom? what? thanks to help, thanks to father - D.p .;
in what? v five hours - V.p .;
v how? v forest - P. p.

The examples show that the prepositions To and thanks to are used only with nouns in D.p., and the preposition v- with nouns in different cases: V.p. and P.p.

§2. Preposition formation

In terms of education, prepositions are divided into non-derivatives and derivatives.

Non-derivative prepositions: without, v, before, for, per, from, To, on, above, O, about, from, on, under, before, at, about, with, at, across.
Derivative prepositions are formed by the transition of independent parts of speech into the official one. In this case, the lexical meaning and morphological features of words are lost. Examples:
Around parka - a preposition derived from the adverb around.
During hours - a preposition formed from a noun with a preposition.
Thanks to help - a preposition formed from the gerunds.

Accordingly, adverbial, canceled, verbal prepositions differ.

Non-derivative prepositions are often used with different cases.

Derivative prepositions are usually used with one case.

§3. Preposition structure

In terms of structure, prepositions are divided into simple and composite.

Simple prepositions are prepositions consisting of one word: in, on, to, under, above, in spite of, etc.
Compound are prepositions consisting of two, less often three words: in continuation, during, in connection with, depending on, towards, etc.

§4. Digits by value

By meaning, prepositions are divided into:

Places (spatial): on a window, in a window, near a window, under a window, above a window, outside a window, in front of a window, etc.
Times (temporary): at eight, around eight, at eight, before eight, after eight, etc.
Object (object): about a book, about a book, with a book, etc.
Causes (causal): Due to rain, due to rain, due to rain, due to illness.
Goals (target): for children, for the sake of children, money for children.
Mode of action: work without inspiration, work with inspiration.
Comparisons: the character of the father, the growth of the father.
Definitions: striped fabric, motorized bike, coffee with milk.

Prepositions can be unambiguous and ambiguous.

Unambiguous: thanks, in view, because of, etc.
Multi-valued: v (v Wednesday - time, v closet - space, v father - comparisons, v strip - definitions)

Test of strength

Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.

Final test

What are prepositions for?
- To link words in a sentence
- To link simple sentences in complex
- To express emotions
Can we assume that each case corresponds to one specific preposition?
Are there any unambiguous prepositions in the Russian language?
Why are you right when you are dissatisfied, having heard or read someone's “I came back from the store”, “I can’t say anything for this film, I haven’t seen it”? We analyze difficult cases of using simple prepositions, taking into account the advice of the portal "Gramota.ru".
To the doctor or to the doctor?
Despite two consecutive consonants in the word "doctor", it is correct to write and say "see a doctor". "Ko" is required only in a number of cases:
- before the words "lion", "ice", "flax", "forehead", "lie", "moss", "moat", "rye", "mouth", "all", "every", "every kind" , "Tuesday", "second", "much" in the dative case: to the forehead, to the lion, to any holiday;
- before the word "me": come to me;
- before the words "yesterday", "seam" you can use both the preposition "to" and the preposition "to": let's turn to / to yesterday's news.
BUT! In some cases (in fiction, in journalism), to give the speech pathos and solemnity, it is possible to replace the preposition "k" with "ko": to the universal tragedy.
ABOUT a book or About a book?
Both options are possible, but the preposition "pro" is a sign of a conversational style, easy speech, while the phrase with "o" is stylistically neutral and flawlessly competent.
In Ukraine or in Ukraine?
This is one of the most popular questions for the specialists of the portal "Gramota.ru". Their answer: the literary norm of the modern Russian language is “in Ukraine”, “from Ukraine”. And no politics, only the traditions of the great and mighty, which have evolved over the centuries.
Control FOR or control of OVER?
Both prepositions can be used in conjunction with nouns that are derived from the verbs: control over / over spending profits. Subtleties: if a noun denotes an action, process or sign, it is better to choose the preposition "for" (control over the independent work of students, control over the execution of the director's order). And if it is an abstract concept or an animate object, the scales tilt in favor of “over” (control over trainees, control over business).
Worried FOR or worried ABOUT?
You don't need to worry about your own literacy or think badly about it: both options have a right to exist. Before, however, the construction "to worry about something, someone" was considered colloquial.
About all, about all or about all?
The correct answer is everyone. When are the prepositions “o”, “about” and about ”needed?
- in the accusative case, before words that begin with consonants (except for the words "everything", "all", "all", "all", "what"), we write-pronounce the prepositions "o" / "about": hit o / about water;
- in the accusative case, before words that begin with vowels, the preposition "about" is needed: about the university, about apricot jam;
- in the accusative case, before the words "all", "all", "all", "all", "what", "something", "something", "something" we put the preposition "about": hesitated something in the dark;
- in the prepositional case, before words that begin with consonants (except for the words "me", "everything", "all", "all"), the preposition "o" is required: sang about love;
- in the prepositional case, before words that begin with vowels, the preposition "about" is used: reminded of the vacation;
- in the prepositional case, before the words "me", "all", "all", "all", the preposition "about" is needed: I guessed about all her tricks.
BUT! Words with "e", "e", "u", "I" at the beginning (the case is no longer important) is only suitable for the preposition "o", since they are not in writing, but in pronunciation "start" with the consonant sound "y »: Tree = yolka, so about a tree, about apples, about a lawyer.
FOR a book or about a book?
Which phrase seems more euphonic to you: “I will say for the new book: interesting” or “I will say about the new book: interesting”? You are right: using the preposition "for" instead of the preposition "about" is incorrect.
Is he from the store or is he from the store?
Let's remember the pairs of prepositions that complement each other like yin and yang: the preposition "from" is the partner "in", and the preposition "s" is the friend "on". That is, if someone went to the store, then they will return from the store, and not from it. And if someone is from the Urals, then they will go to the Urals to visit their parents (compare: "I am from Siberia, but" I am going to Siberia ").
Since yesterday or since yesterday?
In this example, both options are equal. In general, the preposition "co" instead of "c" is necessary:
- before words that begin with "s / z / w / w + consonant" or with a consonant "u": from the schooner, with generosity;
- before the words "lion", "ice", "flax", "forehead", "moss", "moat", "mouth" in the genitive and instrumental cases: from the forehead, with ice;
- with the words "me", "me";
- before the case forms of the words "louse", "all", "everyone", "every kind", "Tuesday", "second", "a lot": from Tuesday, with everyone;
- in stable combinations: with taste, with attention, over time, from the yard, from day to day, from the bottom.
BETWEEN trees or BETWEEN trees?
Philologists know: to say "between what?" and "between what?" not a mistake. But the second option (between trees, between tables, between books) is considered obsolete.
We ourselves or We ourselves?
There is no need to repeat the preposition in such expressions, this is a feature of vernacular.
In the Universe or IN the Universe?
Before words that begin with "w / f + consonant" (in the All-Russian competition, the need for fluoridation of water), you need to write and pronounce the preposition "in". Otherwise, especially in oral speech, it is easy to stumble over an unspoken accumulation of consonants.
ON May 20 or BEFORE May 20?
So, you need to designate yourself or someone else a time period and indicate the date of its end. It is generally accepted that in a date with the preposition "to", the border is the previous day: for example, before May 20 is May 19 as the last date. And if it says "by May 20", then the task can be completed on the 20th. But linguists emphasize: constructions with both pretexts do not reliably determine whether the control date is included in the period it ends. And it is advised to add the adverb "inclusive": from 10 to 20 May inclusive, from 10 to 20 May inclusive.
By Monday or Monday?
And again the subtleties of meaning. By Monday means to do something on Sunday before the next day. “Monday” means that the job can be done during that day.
Petrova's statement or OT Petrova's statement?
When writing a document, both options are equivalent: to use a preposition or not - the choice is yours.

From other words in phrases and sentences. Prepositions, like all service words, cannot be used independently, they always refer to some noun (or a word used in the function of a noun). Due to their syntactic independence, prepositions never act as members of a sentence. They serve management as a kind of subordinate relationship, being associated with the governing component of the phrase.

This part of speech was formed due to other lexical and grammatical categories. This is largely due to the heterogeneity of prepositions. During the XIX-XX centuries, there is a continuous replenishment of the composition of derivative prepositions. The most interesting are prepositions that express the most abstract meanings - objective, causal, target, etc. The growing role of publicistic and scientific speech in the Russian language of the 19th century is reflected in the development of new prepositions.

Some prepositions, mostly derivatives, combine a number of meanings. So, prepositions behind, under, from, from, to, on combine causal, spatial and temporal meanings. Pretext across, expressing spatial ( through the mountains) and temporary ( through the centuries) relationship, colloquially found when expressing causal relationships ( through you I lost my family). Other prepositions combine causal meanings with goal meanings, such as for, by.

Classification by origin and structure
- Non-derivative (the oldest prepositions) - in, without, before, from, to, on, by, about, from, before, with, through, with, at, behind, over, about, under, about, for.
- Derived prepositions were formed at a later time from words of other parts of speech and are subdivided into:
  - adverbial - near, inward, along, near, around, around, in front, after and etc.;
  - retired - by, in the role, depending on, by, about, about, in view, on the occasion, during and etc.;
  - verbal (for the most part, they were formed from gerunds rather than verbs proper) - thanks, despite, later other.
Structural classification
- Simple (consist of one word): in, s, k, y, over, on, before, at and etc.
- complex (consist of two simple ones connected by a hyphen): from under, because of, over and etc.
- compound (consist of several words): despite, unlike, in connection with and etc.
Classification by use with cases of nouns (valency)
- with one case
- with two cases
- with three cases
Classification by relationship

As the researchers note, in the modern Russian language, the range of meanings of prepositions, the sphere of relations expressed by them, are expanding and deepening. So, prepositions do not change and are not members of the sentence, but they express different relationships:
- spatial - about,, among, on and etc.;
- temporary - during, during and etc.;
- causal - due to, due, due, due, due to and etc.;
- target - for and etc.;
- object - and etc.;
- comparative
- determinative
- concessions
- accompanying
see also

Links
- English preposition: "who is he friends with?" (Comparison of Russian and English prepositions)
Literature
- Baranov M.T. Russian language grade 7. - Education, 2011 .-- 224 p. - 50,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-09-024813-6
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
Synonyms:
- Adverb
- Union (disambiguation)
See what "Preposition" is in other dictionaries:
Books
- Pretext - we are familiar with it! Teaching the use of prepositions in writing, Ivanova Svetlana Vasilievna. The manual offers the author's didactic material for working with primary school students who have a general underdevelopment of speech, with children of classes of correctional and developmental education, ...
Of course, any language deserves high marks for its uniqueness. But can each of them boast of its own richness of vocabulary, a gigantic set of grammatical forms, deep complex and simple syntax, majestic morphology? Russian prepositions provide a high degree of uniqueness.

Special part of speech

Prepositions in Russian are a separate part of speech. Their classes and categories also require close attention.

In modern Russian, they distinguish 6 independent parts of speech:
1. Noun.
2. Verb.
3. Adjective.
4. Numeral.
In addition to this group, linguists distinguish one more, which they called service parts of speech (v. R.). Its elements perform "secondary" functions, but in the higher formations of the language (syntax) their role is significantly higher, since without them it will not be possible to compose a sentence. This includes 3 main groups:
- Union.
- Particle.
- Preposition (additionally distinguish a special group of interjections).
Of all the above, ch. R. the third is the most interesting. The preposition cannot answer any of the questions and is always written before the noun. At its core, it is a kind of glue or mortar used to build a syntactic whole (sentence). The text is built from sentences, which means that prepositions perform a very important function in the text. Thus, a definition can be formulated.

A preposition is a service part of speech that serves to connect words in a sentence.

Basic classifications

Derivative and non-derivative prepositions are distinguished by origin and structure. Non-derivatives have never been other parts of speech or their morphemes. Derivatives were formed by the transition of an independent part of speech to the service part. For the Russian language, such a phenomenon is not rare and often happens when one part of speech gradually acquires morphological features of another. The phenomenon of part-of-speech transition is constantly being studied by scientists. The main tool for such analysis is the identification of patterns in modern language processes.

By structure, groups of simple ones are distinguished: in, under, on; and composite: despite, in conclusion.

To understand the writing of derivative prepositions and their homonymous forms, it is necessary to determine the cause-and-effect relationships of their formation. It is necessary to find out with examples how homonymous forms should be written, how they are emphasized and how they differ from each other in writing. To do this, you need to draw up a table.

The data in the table indicate that it is necessary to distinguish between independent parts. and derived prepositions, since it depends on which member of the sentence the words are. If it is incorrect to determine the h. R., You can be mistaken in the end. This means that there is a risk of violating the rules for separating additions and circumstances.

Derivatives are of three types:
- Formed from a noun (by, in continuation).
- Formed from an adverb (around, during, due to, in view of, about).
- Formed from the gerunds (thanks, despite).
It should be noted that, passing from a noun, adverb, or gerunds, the word is deprived of the morphological signs of independent parts. It changes some morphological categories to others. For example, gender, number, case, etc. are lost.

Morphological analysis is a way to prove which part is. is the word. Any of them has morphological features (categories). You need to get acquainted with an example of such a parsing.

Morphological parsing consists of 3 steps:
1. Definition of part of speech. Overall value.
2. Determination of the type of preposition - simple or compound, derivative or non-derivative.
Thus, oral analysis is built. In practice (in writing) it looks like this:

The earth is buried under the tall grass.
1. Under is a preposition.
2. Buried (x) (under what?) Underground.
3. Morphological features: simple, non-derivative.
Until now, not everyone knows how a preposition is emphasized in a sentence, and it is incorrectly highlighted graphically. According to the generally accepted rule, it can only be denoted as a noun associated with it.

If a noun is an object in a sentence (underlined by a dotted line), then the item will be underlined in the same way (above the forest). If the noun in the sentence is a circumstance, then the item will be underlined in the same way.

Many people underline the n. In the same way as the adjective (with a wavy line), if it stands between the noun and the preposition. This is not true. It is always associated only with a noun and reflects the case form of this part of speech, but only dependence on the noun connects it with the adjective.

With what h. R. not used

Since only nouns can be used with n., We can say that this quality extends to par., The morphological characteristics of which similar to a noun:
- Pronoun (except adjective pronouns).
- Participle.
- Quantitative nouns.
With these ch. R. the preposition can be combined, but the connection is never observed with adjectives, adverbs, ordinal numbers. This is due to the fact that the above parts. in their morphological categories they are similar to the adjective, and the preposition does not depend on it.

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