Drakont Court Draconic Measures and Drakont A man named Drakont resided in Athens in the 7th century BC. e., belonged to the noble class and worked as a lawyer. At that time, all legal disagreements in Greece were resolved according to oral tradition, blood feud was routinely practiced, that is, any murder dragged a long bloody tail. The dragon gave the Athenian republic the first constitution in the history of antiquity, written laws combined into an orderly code. The official city court received the exclusive right to execute and pardon. The texts of the laws, in order to avoid a free interpretation, so that they could read everything, and then did not say nonsense, were carved axons on wooden tablets.
SOLON was elected archon in 594 BC. I also strive to have wealth, but it is dishonest to own it. I don’t want to: finally, the Truth will come! Reform "shaking off the burden" Relief from debt obligations Prohibition of enslaving the Athenians Division of the population into 4 categories (criterion-the number of products received from the site)
SOLON'S REFORMS The essence of the law Main content Forgiveness of debts People who had a debt were freed from paying it; the plots pledged by the farmers again became their property. It is forbidden to enslave for debts. All debtor slaves were freed, and those sold overseas had to be found and returned at the expense of the state treasury. Election of judges From all Athenians, regardless of their nobility and wealth. Regular convocation of the National Assembly All Athenian citizens took part in the work of the National Assembly. Significance of laws The foundations of democracy have been laid.
Disadvantages of the reform To know: could not enslave demos and increase land holdings Demos: could not occupy any positions in the state to increase land holdings "... To consider a person who is still living happy is the same as to proclaim a warrior who has not yet finished a fight as a winner .." Solon Croesus - King of Lydia
The tyranny of Peisistratus and the reforms of Cleisthenes in the 6th century BC. Solon's relative, Pisistratus, seized power. He took care of the economy of Athens - olive farming, viticulture, the construction of a water supply from 509 to 500 years, the legislator Cleisthenes proposed a law on ostracism (court of shards. Expulsion from the policy by decision of the assembly for 10 years for a threat to democracy)
Grade 5 The birth of democracy in Athens
The purpose of the lesson: to give an idea of the beginning of the formation of a democratic system in Athens.
Tasks:
Subject:
Give an understanding of the reasons and significance of Solon's reforms.
Ensure the assimilation of the concepts: "democracy", "reform".
Metasubject:
Develop the skills of group, independent work;
Formation of students' skills to analyze past events, establish cause-and-effect relationships, generalize, put forward hypotheses and assumptions.
Personal:
Foster a cognitive interest in the subject and self-confidence;
To instill in students respect for the institutions of democracy, to foster a sense of empathy for the fate of ordinary people.
During the classes
- Organizing time
- Checking D / Z:
Test.
1. What is called a policy?
a) city-state in Ancient Greece +
b) a city in Ancient Greece
c) the name of the city governing body
2. What was the name of the Council of the Nobility in Athens?
a) Areopagus +
b) demos
c) policy
3. What was the Greek name for the common people?
a) helots
b) policy
c) demos +
4. Nine rulers of Athens, who were annually chosen by lot:
a) strategists
b) archons +
c) National Assembly
5. Who in the Athenian state paid the tax for the right to live in this policy?
a) slaves
b) citizens of Athens +
c) merchants-migrants
6. Hill in Athens, where the main temples of the city were located:
a) Acropolis +
b) Agora
c) Academy
1. On which peninsula was Ancient Greece?
2. What seas wash Ancient Greece?
3. How is the word "polis" translated from the Greek language?
4. Give a definition of the terms: demos, aristocracy, colony, metropolis.
III. Transition to the study of a new topic.
What was the name of the area where the city of Athens was located?
Let's remember what groups the population of Attica was divided into.
Who was in power in Athens?
What do the people who run the state rely on?
What is the law?
Working with the tutorial.
Who first ordered the writing of Greek laws?
What punishment awaited a person who stole at least a piece of bread or an onion, according to the laws of Drakont?
Why did people steal?
What was installed on the field of a peasant when he borrowed something from a rich neighbor?
The plight of the common people gave rise to a desire in them to end the age-old injustice and abuse of the nobility. The confrontation between the nobility and the poor practically turned into a war.
However, neither the demos nor the nobility could achieve a final victory, so they called on the Athenian Solon to establish such laws that would suit everyone.
Solon belonged to the noble family of Medontids, from which the Athenian kings emerged. This statesman did not possess wealth, he belonged to the stratum of citizens with an average income (different sources interpret this fact in different ways). Perhaps he did not neglect trading activities. Among the human qualities noted by Solon, the main one was curiosity. He was not only a prominent politician, but also a sage and poet. He spoke about himself like this: "I am getting old, but I always learn a lot." In addition, he was convinced that an honest name was more valuable than money.
Subsequently, the system established by Solon will receive the name"democracy".
The word democracy has two parts. Word " demos" already familiar to you, so I suggest you think about the meaning of the word Kratos.
Democracy
Demos Kratos
Working with the tutorial: P. 138 - 140, paragraph 2. Write out what reforms Solon carried out in Ancient Athens?
What is "reform"?
Whose laws did Solon overturn? (Draconis laws, excluding murder laws.)
How did the laws of Solon resolve the issue of the debts of the population? (He canceled both private and public debt.)
What four groups did Solon divide the population into? (He divided the population into four classes by property.)
What rights did Solon give to each group? (Everyone had rights, but of a different volume. People could go to court in case of violation of their rights.)
What did it matter? (Previously, only the rich had rights, but now everyone. This is very important for the demos.)
What new body of government did Solon create? (National Assembly)
What rights has the National Assembly received?
What judicial body has appeared?
Who could be the judge?
Working with terms.
Archon is the ruler of Athens.
Citizens are all free residents of Athens.
The National Assembly is a body that decided important, state affairs; all citizens of Athens participated in its work.
Democracy is "the rule of the demos", or democracy.
The solution of the problem.
What the Greek ruler Solon wrote about:
Black mother, long-suffering land,
From which I have thrown the pillars of shame,
A slave before, but now free.
Explain what this passage is about?
What changes have occurred in the Athenian state after the reforms of Solon?
How important were these changes?
Answer:
a) We are talking about a personal assessment of his activities by Solon himself. He considers his main achievement to be the abolition of slavery in the Athenian state. From the moment of the reforms, only foreigners were slaves in the Athenian state.
b) After the reforms of Solon, all citizens (free residents of Athens) received the right to participate in the elections to the National Assembly, go to court, attend court sessions, after 30 years, any decent citizen of Athens could be chosen as a judge.
c) Solon's reforms were of great importance for the state. They laid the foundation for democracy.
Teacher's story.
After carrying out his reforms, Solon was forced to leave the state for 10 years, to go to Egypt, as Aristotle writes about this.
What happened in the absence of Solon?
What new terms did you learn from what you read?
A tyrant is a person who seized power by force, governing according to his own will, and not according to laws.
Tyranny is the rule of a tyrant.
Could Solon establish laws that would please everyone? Why?
Summarizing:
Homework.
The city of Athens was one of the largest and most highly developed settlements in Ancient Greece. And before the famous reforms of Solon, in this polis, as in many others, the dominant place was occupied by the nobility, which seized fertile land, while the peasants had to put up with small plots of land in the mountains that could not give a sufficient amount of harvest.
The peasants were dependent on the nobility, they had to give away part of the harvest that they harvested. This caused conflicts between these estates, such a situation could end in an armed struggle. Then in 594 BC. it was decided to turn to a respected and educated representative of the nobility - Solon. He adopted a series of cardinal reforms that contributed to the birth and establishment of democracy in Athens.
Solon's reforms
First of all, he destroyed all the debt obligations of the peasants to the nobility and ordered the removal of debt stones from their plots. Thus, the peasants ceased to depend on the upper class. Solon freed everyone who was in long-term slavery, and even tried to free those Athenians who were redirected to other territories.
Since then, it has been forbidden to take someone into slavery for debt.
Solon also carried out a series of reforms regarding the appointment of posts among the Athenians. Higher positions, as before, remained richer and noble people, but from now on everyone else also had the opportunity to occupy some position - according to the amount of products that a citizen received from his land, the Athenians were divided into four ranks. A representative of each category could serve for the state, and hold a position determined for his category.
An important change was the newly introduced system of the people's assembly, at whose sessions laws were adopted and state affairs were decided. Every Athenian could take part in the meeting. Also, one cannot fail to note the importance of the emergence of the people's court, the defining condition of which was that the Athenians of all ranks were equal before the law.
It was Solon's reforms that laid the foundations of the democratic system in Athens, because the basis of democracy, first of all, is the rule of the people.
But the peasants were also dissatisfied with the reforms, and the nobility, conflicts between them continued to intensify. After the departure of Solon, the struggle between them resumed, and subsequently Athens had to endure the toughened tyranny of Peisistratus. However, he did not cancel Solon's reforms, but during his reign only his supporters were elected to public office. After him, power over Athens was in the hands of his sons, who turned out to be cruel and unjust rulers.
Cleisthenes' reforms
The head of the supporters of democracy, Cleisthenes, came to power, and from 509 - 500 BC. carried out a series of democratic reforms. A significant change was brought about by the "trial of skulls", at which the Athenians discussed those who threatened democracy in the polis. A fair vote was taken, and each citizen wrote on the shard given to him the name of someone he considered a threat to the democratic order. The person who received the most votes was expelled from the Athens polis for as long as 10 years.
Obliged to Ancient Greece. After all, it was there that theater, pedagogy, philosophy, sports and, of course, democracy first appeared. The main center of everything advanced in the world in the ancient period of history was the capital of modern Greece. Therefore, the emergence of democracy in Athens had a particularly great influence on the further development of mankind.
Background
As you know, in Ancient Greece, polis prevailed - city-states, of which Sparta and Athens were the largest. There were no two sharply divided groups of inhabitants - the victors and the defeated, since there were no enslaved, and these state formations were formed through peaceful mergers with some weaker neighbors. Despite this, there was a class division, which could not but cause outrage among the impoverished strata of the population. Over time, the contradictions between aristocracy and demos became more and more obvious. A revolution was brewing, which could only be prevented by a radical revision of the existing
Who was Solon
One of the representatives of the noble family of the Codrids, which was previously royal, managed to reconcile all the contradictions. His name was Solon, and later he went down in history as one of the seven. Before entering politics, he was known to the Athenians as an excellent poet and thinker, and then became famous as a successful military leader. In 594 BC. BC, at about the age of 34-35 years old, Solon was elected archon-eponym, that is, the main of the 9 collective rulers, and was entrusted with extraordinary powers. As it turned out, the sage Solon had been preparing for reforms in his native city for a long time, and he immediately began reforms. Several decades later, Cleisthenes continued his work, and it was the transformations of these politicians that predetermined the course of the development of human society for millennia to come.
Solon's reforms
It is believed that the birth of democracy in Athens began long before Solon. However, it was he who created the laws on which she began to rely. First of all, he declared a sysakhfia, canceling all debts, the mortgaged land plots were returned to the owners, and it was forbidden to take out loans on the security of people. In addition, at the expense of the Athenian treasury, the inhabitants of the policy, sold to a foreign land, were bought and returned to their homeland. Solon also established the maximum rate of land tenure, that is, no citizen could buy up plots in excess of the required area and become a super-large landowner.
Government
The highest state bodies in Athens during the reign of Solon were the Areopagus, the National Assembly and the boule. The latter was a completely new organ and consisted of four hundred people. By the way, many researchers believe that it was his appearance that signified the birth of democracy in Athens. In the boule, all laws and issues were previously discussed, which were then considered in the People's Assembly. Although Ecclesia existed in Athens and other cities of Greece before, under Solon it became a truly active body, and it was convened much more often. Moreover, the archon issued a decree according to which, during the period of civil strife, every free man who reached the age of majority was obliged to take an active position in society, otherwise he was threatened with deprivation of civil rights.
The Rise of Democracy in Athens (World History): Cleisthenes' Reforms
The final formation of the political system of Athens, based on the free expression of the will of the people, took place at the end of the 6th century BC. NS. The author of the new reforms was Cleisthenes, who was elected archon, with the same powers that Solon had once been given.
He divided the territory of Attica into 3 districts: Athens itself, the coastal strip and the flat territory. Each of them, in turn, was divided into 10 tritium. In addition to the territorial one, Cleisthenes also carried out an electoral reform. According to the new laws, 10 phyla were formed, which included citizens from three tritiums, one from each district. The Philae nominated 50 of their number to participate in the Council of 500. Thus, Cleisthenes, as his contemporaries wrote, “mixed up” the Athenians. This meant that now they elected the authorities no longer on the basis of territorial or gender lines, but on the basis of
Ecclesia at Cleisthenes
All important decisions in Athens during this period were made collectively by the renewed ecclesia, exercising legislative, judicial and executive powers. The main issues to be resolved during such general popular assemblies were:
- election of officers;
- the decision to amend existing laws and the adoption of new ones;
- ostracism against individual citizens;
- decision on the most important national issues related to war and peace, the conclusion of allied agreements, the spending of public money, etc.
An interesting detail: before each “session” of the National Assembly, the chairperson had to hang posters around the city informing about the issues that were to be considered. In addition, in order to ensure the impartiality of the Council of 500, each fila carried out its activities for only 1 month of the year.
Heliya
The birth of democracy in Athens was also marked by the emergence of a new type of legal procedure, which also became collective. Cases were decided by the so-called Gelieya - the jury, which consisted of 6,000 people. In parallel, the Areopagus existed - the court of elders, consisting of aristocrats, which, with the advent of democratic bodies, began to lose its influence and significance.
Ostracism
The emergence and development of democracy in Athens made possible and the emergence of a completely new phenomenon in him became ostracism. Once a year, the ecclesia had to answer such an important question: "Is there a person among the citizens who is capable of seizing power and becoming a tyrant?" If the National Assembly considered that there was, then another meeting was scheduled to conduct a kind of voting on clay shards. If a person potentially “dangerous” for democracy received a majority of votes against himself, then he was expelled from the policy.
Now you know how the birth of democracy took place in Athens and Cleisthenes) and can compare it with its modern counterpart.
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