Protection of the population from weapons of mass defeat and other modern means of attacking the enemy is achieved by the maximum implementation of all protective events of civil defense, the best use of all methods and means
protection. The main methods of protecting the population from weapons of mass
defeats are:
Covering the population in protective structures;
Dispersal in the countryside of workers and employees of enterprises, institutions and organizations that continue their activities in cities, as well as evacuation from these cities of all the rest of the population;
Using the use of personal protective equipment. Along with the? To ensure the protection of the population from weapons of mass lesion, they are carried out: universal mandatory public education methods of protection Organization of timely
alerts about the threat of an opponent's attack and the use of weapons of mass lesion; protection of food, water, farm animals and plants from infection with radioactive, poisoning substances and bacterial agents; organization of radiation, chemical and bacteriological intelligence, as well as dosimetric and laboratory (chemical and bacteriological) control; conducting preventive fire-prevention anti-epidemic and sanitary and hygienic measures; compliance with the regimes of work at the facilities of the national economy and the behavior of the population in the zones of radioactive, chemical and bacteriological infection; Organization and conduct of sprup. Atellite and urgent emergency and restoration work in lesion foci; Conducting sanitary processing of people, special processing of equipment, clothing and shoes, disinfection of the territory and structures.
This chapter discusses the main ways to protect the population from weapons of mass lesion, other protection issues will be discussed during the presentation of the remaining material.
The coverage of the population in protective structures is the most reliable way to protect against weapons of mass destruction and other modern means of attacking the enemy.
The development and improvement of rocket-nuclear weapons and strategic aviation, as is well known, significantly increased the possibility of a sudden attack of the enemy. This embodiment of war against the Soviet Union and other countries of the socialist community is very tempting for imperialists. Under these conditions, the timing of protective measures may be extremely limited. In modern conditions, therefore, the first place should be covered by the population in
protective facilities at the place of his stay - at work or school, in places of permanent residence.
Protective structures are engineering facilities specifically designed to protect the population from nuclear, chemical and bacteriological weapons, as well as. From possible secondary striking factors for nuclear explosions and the use of conventional means of lesion. Depending on the protective properties, these facilities are divided into asylum and anti-cancerous covered (PRA). In addition, simple shelters can be used to protect people.
Therefore, in solving the task of protecting the population "shelters and
anti-cancerous shelters an important place belongs to ensuring the population with such structures. Of course, reliable protection can be ensured only if there is a sufficient number of these structures, if necessary
they can be used by people by the appropriate signal in a matter of minutes. Asylums N PRU are usually built in advance, in peacetime.
In the event of a direct threat of an opponent's attack, as well as in wartime, with a lack of advanced shelters and anti-radiation shelters, quick-related asylums from ready-made building elements and structures made of bricks, concrete, sawmills and lifelines and to adapt under PRU basements and other bellied rooms. In addition, the simplest shelters will be built everywhere, in which all able-bodied population should participate in the construction of which.
The asylum includes structures that ensure the most reliable protection of people from all affecting factors of nuclear weapons - from the shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation (including nitron flow) and from radioactive infection. Asylums are also protected from poisoning substances and bacterial agents, from high temperatures and harmful gases in fire zones and fragrances and fragments of explosions.
People can be in shelters for a long time, even in dwelled asylum safety is provided for several days. The reliability of protection in shelters is achieved due to the strength of the enclosing structures and overlaps of them, as well as through the creation of sanitary and hygienic conditions that ensure the normal activity of people in shelters in the case of infecting the environment on the surface with radioactive, poisoning substances and bacterial agents or bulk fires.
The most common built-in asylums. Under them are usually used basements or semi-luminous floors of industrial, public and residential buildings.
It is also silent also the construction of shelters in the form of separate structures. Such asylums are completely or partially shrouded and sprinkled from above and from the sides of the soil. Different underground transitions and galleries, metro, mine workings can be adapted for them.
Asylums should be located in places of the greatest concentration of people, for whose shelter they are intended.
Asylum (Fig. 2) consists of the main premises intended for the placement of hidden people, and the auxiliary inputs, the filter recorder, the sanitary assembly, for the heating device, and in some cases and premises for the protected diesel installation and the artesian well. In the shelter of large capacity, rooms can be highlighted for pantry for food and under the medical room.
The room intended for the placement of those covered is calculated from a certain number of people: one person provides for at least 0.5 m "floor and 1.5 m" internal volume. Large area, the room is divided into compartments with a capacity of 50-75 people. In the room (compartments) two- or three-tiered nap-benches for seats and shelves for lying are equipped; Seat sites are arranged with a size of 0.45x 0.45 m, and for lying -0.55x 1.8 m.
In order to be in the room where the sheltered, not penetrated with infected with radioactive, poisoning substances and bacterial agents, they are well sealed. This is achieved by the increased density of the walls and overlap of such premises, seelings in them all sorts of cracks, holes, etc., as well as the corresponding equipment of the inputs.
Refuge usually has at least two entrances located in opposite sides. Built-in shelter should have an emergency exit.
Insupports in asylum in most cases are equipped in the form of two gateway chambers (tambours) separated from the main premises and the bias among themselves with hermetic doors.
Outside the entrance is a durable protective and hermetic door, capable of withstanding the pressure of the shock wave of a nuclear explosion. The input may have an expense.
Emergency yield is an underground gallery with access to an impaired territory through a vertical mine ending with a solid head (the territory, located at a distance from the surrounding buildings, equal to half the height of the nearest building plus 3 m). Emergency exit is closed by protective-hermetic shutters, doors or other opening devices for cutting off the shock wave.
A filtering unit is placed in the filtering chamber, which provides the ventilation of the shelter and the purification of outdoor air from radioactive, poisoning substances and bacterial agents.
Individual protection products are designed to protect against entering the body, on the skin and clothing of radioactive, poisoning substances and bacterial (biological) means.
Individual protection products are divided into respiratory protection equipment (SIZOD), skin protection products and medical defense.
According to the method of protection, the sizod is divided into filtering and insulating. The selection of this or that means of protection is determined taking into account their purpose, protective properties, specific conditions for the situation and the nature of infection (than and in what concentration).
The most accessible, simple and reliable means of protecting the respiratory (SIZOD) filter type (gas masks and respirators).
In the filter gas masks (Fig. 37), the air entering the respiratory organs is purified by filtration. Gas masks are designed to protect the respiratory organs, eye and skin of the face from poisoning, radioactive substances and some other harmful substances.
The filtering gas mask consists of a filtering-absorbing box, front part, boxes with unscrewing films or a special "pencil", which is used to protect glass glasses of the facial part of the gas mask from fogging and bags. At the gas mask GP-4U, the filter-absorbing box of large size and is connected to the front part with the corrugated hose, and the gas mask GP-5 and GP-7 is small and screwed directly to the front part without a hose.
The front part is made of rubber and the gas mask GP-5 is represented by a helmet-mask, and the gas mask of GP-7 and GP-4U mask, which is attached to the head with the help of ribbon. The helmet masks produced five Rostov, and masks - three Rostov. The growth of them is indicated by the number on the chin part of the helmet mask (masks).
Fig. 1. GP-5 gas mask (filtering)
To use the gas mask should correctly pick up the size of the helmet mask. The gas mask is usually carried in a bag on the left side (Fig. 38).
Table 7.
Determination of the size of the gease mask helmet
For the selection of gas mask type GP-5measure the head along a closed line passing through the top, cheeks and chin (vertical scum). The result obtained is rounded up to 0.5 cm.
The magnitude of the helmet mask is determined by the size of the circle of the head:
0 s size - up to 63 cm;
1st size - from 63.5 to 65 cm;
2nd size - from 65, 5 to 68 cm;
3rd size - from 68.5 to 70.5 cm;
4th size - from 71 cm and more.
For the selection of a helmet mask, it is important to take into account the height of the face - the distance between the point of the greatest deepening of the transfer and the lowest point of the chin. With a measurement value from 99 to 109 mm take 1st growth; from 109 to 119 mm - 2nd; Above 119 mm - 3rd mask growth.
For the selection of gas mask type GP-7measure the vertical girth of the head (see above) and horizontal scuffing of the head. It is determined by measuring the head on a closed line passing on the front of the surveillance arc, on the side of 2-3 cm above the edge of the auricle and rear through the most protruding point of the head. Then the horizontal and vertical girth of the head is summed up and the growth of the mask is determined. If the sum of the scum of the head is 118.5-121.0 cm, then this corresponds to the 1st growth of the mask; 121.5-126.0 cm - 2nd growth; 126.5 cm and more - 3rd growth.
How to use a gas mask :
1. It is necessary to check the health of all parts of the gas mask.
2. Remove the wet cloth talc from the inner surface of the gas mask.
3. Former used facial part of the gas mask for the purpose of disinfection to wipe with alcohol or 2% solution of formalin.
4. Wear a gas mask.
5. Ensure the tightness of the gas mask. To do this, close the hole at the bottom of the cork box and take a deep breath. If the breath turns out, the mask is not adjacent tight to the skin of the face. If the inhale does not work, the mask is chosen correctly.
How to put on gas mask:
1. Remove the gas mask from the bag.
2. Hold your breath and close your eyes.
3. Wear a gas mask. To do this, take a helmet mask with both hands behind the bottom, so that the thumbs are outside, and all the others inside. Take a helmet-mask to the chin and a sharp movement of hands up and back to pull it on the head so that there are no folds, and the glasses were at the eye level.
4. Make a complete exhalation, open your eyes.
A gas mask cannot be applied to people with wounds of the head, bronchial asthma, heart-dye, face skin diseases.
To protect the respiratory organs of children, gas masks of PDF-D (2D), PDF-W (2Sh) are used. The main means to protect children up to 1.5 years are the chambers protective children's KZD-4 and KDD-6.
To protect the respiration organs from carbon oxide (CO), a kit of an additional cartridge (KDP) is used with the front of the gas mask GP-5 or hepcolite dp-1 cartridge.
Children's gas masks (see Fig. 2) are completed with lightweight filtering and absorbing boxes and as the front part - MD-1 masks (children's type mask, the first) of four Rostov. Gas masks PDF-D (cassetting children's filtering, preschool) are designed for children from 1.5 to 7 years. PDF-W gas masks (cassetting children's filtering, school) are designed for children from 7 to 17 years.
Putting a gas mask on children in the following order:
Wear a bracket-brain with a gas mask on a child so that the shoulder ribbons are located on the back of the cross, and the bag itself was placed on the baby's chest; The bottom edge of the bag should be at the level of the belt;
Put a child with his back to himself so that his head rests on your chest;
Take the facial part of the gas mask with thumbs of both hands for temporal and neck ribbons (in the chin area) and put it on the chin of the child;
Moving hands, pull the front of the gas mask on the face of the child and straighten the fixed head on the back of the back, tie ribbons.
Fig. one . GP-5 gas mask (filtering)
To protect the youngest children (up to one and a half year) are intended children's protective cameras KDD-4, KDD-5, KDD-6. KDD is protected from poisoning substances, radioactive iodine and dust, bacterial agents. It consists of a shell, metal frame, pallet, clamping and shoulder braid (see Fig.3).
The camera's shell is a bag of two cloth rubberized tissue. In each cloth, a diffuse-collecting element and a transparent plastic plate (window) are mounted, through which you can follow the behavior and condition of the child. To care for the child in the upper part of the shell, a mitten of rubberized fabric is provided.
The child is placed in the chamber head to the window, legs toward the inlet. There is a bottle of baby food, a toy and one or two spare diapers. After that, the inlet is thoroughly seal. It should be borne in mind that the temperature in the chamber will be 3-4ºС above the outer one. When you find a child in the chamber, it is necessary to constantly monitor its condition, especially if the ambient temperature is higher than + 25ºС. In winter, the child in the chamber can be dressed as for the usual walk.
The protective chamber can be transferred on the bracket in the hands or over the shoulder, and is also installed on a baby carriage or sledge.
Outside the focus of the child's defeat, you can remove from the camera only by the command allowing to remove the means of protection. The one who takes the child must be in unreleased clothes. The camera used is subject to disinfect. The mass of the chamber is up to 6 kg and the time of stay in it can be up to 6 hours.
Fig. 3. . Children's protective camera (CDD)
In addition to filtering gas masks, respirators (antigasis) RPG-67, RU-60M, RU-60MU are used to protect the respiratory organs. Respirator (see Fig. 25) consists of a rubber semi-mask, filtering-absorbing cartridges, plastic cuffs with valves of inhalation and exhalation, knitted roughurbation and head towers.
Fig. 5. Respirators: A - P-2 (general view); 6 - Respirator P-2 in the working position; in - SB-1 "Petal": G - RPP-57; d - PRB-5; E - PRS2-59: W - gauze bandage
Insulating respiratory protection devices include insulating respiratory devices (IDA). Representatives of this group of protective equipment are: autonomous respiratory devices (ad), providing human respiration organs with a breathing mixture of cylinders with compressed air or compressed oxygen, or by regenerating oxygen with oxygen containing products; Hose breathing apparatus, with which clean air is supplied to the respiratory organs from blowers or compressor highways on the hose.
As skin protection products Use insulating raincoats and suits made of rubberized materials, filtering agents, which are a suit or jumpsuit from a conventional material impregnated with special chemical compositions.
The means of protecting the skin of the insulating and filter type (see Fig. 31). An insulating type leather protection tools include a general-friendly protective kit (OZK) and a light protective suit L-1. Filter type skin protection tools include impregnated uniforms and a combined integrated protective suit (OBZK), protective filtering clothing (ZFO).
The overall protective kit consists of a protective raincoat of OP-1, protective stockings and protective gloves. The kit can be applied in the form of capes, put in the sleeve or in the form of a jumpsuit.
A lightweight protective suit L-1 is made of rubberized fabric and consists of a hooded shirt, trousers with stockings, bobgls and a premium; There is also a bag to carry suit. The costumes are made of three sizes: the first - with growth to 165 cm, the second - from 165 to 172 cm, the third - above 172 cm.
Protective filtering clothing consists of a cotton overalls of special cutting, underwear and two pairs of cotton ports. The jumpsuit sew three sizes: the first - with growth to 160 cm, the second - from 160 to 170 cm, the third - above 170 cm.
Fig. 6. . A - lightweight protective suit L-1, b - protective raincoat op-1
TO medical Individual Protection Refine: Package dressing individual, individual first-aid kit (AI-2), individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8, IPP-9, IPP-10).
Package dressing individual It is used to impose primary dressings on wounds. It consists of a bandage (10 cm width and a length of 7 m) and two-volume-gauze pads (Fig. 41). One of the pads is sewn near the end of the bandage still, and the other can be moved over the bandage. Typically, the pads and bandage are wrapped in the wax paper and are embedded in a hermetic case of rubberized tissue, cellophane or parchment paper. The package has a pin. The cover shows the rules for using the package.
When using the package, it takes it into the left hand, the head-off edge of the outer cover is rightfully captured, the jerk break down the gluing and take out the package in the wax paper with the pin. From the folds of the paper shell get the pin and temporarily pin it in a prominent place to clothing. Carefully deploy a paper shell, take the end of the bandage to the left hand, to which a cottage-gauze pad is sewn, a stranded bandage and deploy it. At the same time, the second pillow is released, which can navigate through the bandage. Bandage stretch, spreading hands, as a result of which the pads are spread.
One side of the pads stitched with red threads. Supposing assistance, if necessary, can concern only this side. The pads are put on the wound another, unpripted side. With small wounds, the pads impose one to another, and with extensive wounds or burns - nearby. In the case of end-to-end wounds with one pad, the inlet is closed, and the second is the outlet, for which the pads are moved to the desired distance. Then they are binding to the circular strokes of the bandage, the end of which is fixed by the pin.
Outdoor packet case, the inner surface of which is sterile, is used to impose hermetic dressings. For example, when shooting lung.
A package is stored in a special pocket bag for gas mask or in a clothing pocket.
Aid kit individual AI-2 (Fig. 42) is designed to provide self-help and mutual assistance in injuries and burns (for pain relief), prevention or weakening by radioactive, poisoning or potent poisonous substances (driving), as well as to prevent diseases with infectious diseases.
Fig. 8. Individual aid kit
The first-aid kit is a set of medical devices distributed in the nests in a plastic box. The size of the box 90x100x20 mm, the weight of 130 g. The size and shape of the boxes allow you to carry it in your pocket and always have with you.
In the cold season, the first aid kit is worn in the inner pocket of the clothes to eliminate the freezing of the liquid drug. The following medical preparations are located in the first-aid kit nests:
Nest No. 1 - anti-slip (Promedol) is in a syringe tube. It is used for fractures of bones, extensive wounds and burns by injection into soft tissues of the hip or arms. In emergency cases, the injection can be done through clothes.
Nest number 2 - means for preventing the poisoning of phosphorodorganic poisoning substances (OB) - antidote (Taren), 6 tablets of 0.3 g. It is in a red round penalty with four semi-alone protrusions on the housing. In the conditions of the threat of poisoning, they take antidote, and then put on gas mask. With the appearance and increasing of signs of poisoning (impairment of vision, the appearance of a sharp shortness of breath) should be taken another tablet. Recovery is recommended no earlier than 5-6 hours.
Nest number 3 - antobacterial agent No. 2 (sulfadimetoxin), 15 tablets of 0.2 g. It is in a large round penalty without coloring. The remedy should be used in the gastrointestinal disorder arising after radiation damage. In the first day, 7 tablets take (in one reception), and in the next two days - 4 tablets. This drug is a means of preventing infectious diseases that may arise in connection with the weakening of the protective properties of the irradiated organism.
Nest number 4 - Radio protection Remedy No. 1 (Cystamine), 12 tablets of 0.2 g. It is located in two pink polarks - octaigners. Take it for personal prevention in the threat of radiation damage, 6 tablets immediately and better 30-60 minutes before irradiation. Recovery of 6 tablets is allowed after 4-5 hours in the case of in the territory infected with radioactive substances.
Nest number 5 - antibacterial agent No. 1 - antibiotic of a wide range of action (hydrochloride chloroetracycline), 10 tablets of 10,000,000 units. Located in two four-sided polarms without coloring. Accept as a means of emergency prevention in the threat of infection with bacterial agents or in charge, as well as in injuries and burns (to prevent infection). First, the contents of one panicle are taken - 5 tablets immediately, and then after 6 hours they receive the contents of another foam - also 5 tablets.
Nest number 6 - radioprotective agent number 2 (iodide potassium), 10 tablets. Located in a white tetrahedral penalty with longitudinal semi-alone cuttings in the walls of the faces. The drug should be taken on one tablet daily within 10 days after an accident at the NPP and in the case of consuming a person in food fresh milk from cows grazing on the polluted radioactive substances of the terrain. The drug prevents the deployment of radioactive iodine in the thyroid gland, which enters the body with milk.
Nest number 7 - anti-ansulous agent (Equipment), 5 tablets at 0.004 is located in a blue round penalty with six longitudinal protruding strips. It is accepted by 1 tablet in the injuries of the head, concussions and contuses, as well as immediately after radioactive irradiation in order to prevent vomiting.
Individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8, IPP-9, IPP-10 - Fig. 43) It is intended for disinfection of drop-like poisoning substances and some of the person who have fallen into the body and clothing of the person, on the means of individual protection and to the tool.
Ipp-8 (see Fig. 43 - a) consists of a flat glass bottle with a capacity of 125-135 ml filled with a degassing solution, and cotton-gauze tampons. The entire package is in the cellophane bag.
When using it is necessary to open the package shell, remove the bottle and tampons, unscrew the tube stopper and its contents to abundantly moisten the tampon. A swelled tampon thoroughly wipe suspicious to infection open areas of the skin and a helmet mask (mask) of the gas mask. Match the tampon again and wipe the edges of the collar and cuffs adjacent to the skin. When processing liquid, there may be a feeling of burning skin, which quickly passes and does not affect well-being and health.
It must be remembered that the liquid of the package of poisonous and is dangerous for the eyes. Therefore, the skin around the eyes should be woven with a dry tampon and rinse with clean water or 2% solution of soda.
IPP-9 (see Fig. 43 - b) - a metal vessel of a cylindrical shape with a screw cap. When using a package, the lid is put on its bottom part. To moisten the sponge (she is here instead of a gauze tampon), you need to drown a punch, which is revealed by a vessel, to stop and turning the package. 2-3 times shake. Water-sized sponge wipe the skin of the face, hands, contaminated sections of clothing. After that, pull the displacement from the vessel back to the stop and screw the lid. The package can be used for re-processing.
Ipp-10 (see Fig. 43 - c) is a metallic cylindrical vessel with a nozzle cap with the stops that is fastened on the strap. Inside the lid there is a displacement. When using the package, a cover is needed, rotating, move from the stops and the blow to open the vessel (under the lid). Remove the lid and pour 10-15 ml of liquid to the palm of 10-15 ml of liquid into the palm, to handle the face and neck in front. Then pour another 10-15 ml of liquid and handle the brushes of the hands and the neck of the back. Close the packet cover and store for re-processing.
Tools of collective protection.
Tools of collective protection- These are protective engineering buildings of civil defense. They are the most reliable means of protecting the population from weapons of mass defeat and other modern means of attack. Protective structures depending on protective properties are divided into asylum and anti-cancerous shelter (PRA). In addition, simple shelters can be used to protect people.
Refuge - These are special structures designed to protect people covering in them from all the affecting factors of nuclear explosion, poisoning substances, bacterial (biological) funds, as well as from high temperatures and harmful gases formed during fires. The shelter plan is shown in Fig. 44.
Refuge consists of basic and auxiliary premises. In the main room intended for placing those covered, two- or three-tiered nap-benches for seating and shelf for lying are equipped. Asylum auxiliary rooms are a sanitary node, a filtering chamber, and in large capacity facilities - a medical room, a storeroom for products, premises for the artesian well and a diesel power plant.
In the shelter is suitable, as a rule, at least two entrances; In shelters of low capacity - input and emergency exit. In embedded asylums, the inputs can be made from stair cells or directly from the street. An emergency exit is equipped in the form of an underground gallery, an end with a shaft with a headband or hatch on the uncounted territory. The outer door is made protective-hermetic, internal - hermetic. Between them is a vestibule. In the buildings of a large capacity (more than 300 people), with one of the inputs, a tambour-gateway is equipped, which, from the outer and inside, is closed by protective-hermetic doors, which ensures the possibility of exiting shelters without disrupting the protective properties of the entrance.
The air supply system, as a rule, works in two modes: clean ventilation (air purification of dust) and filtering. In asylums located in fire hazardous areas, additionally provides for the mode of complete isolation with the regeneration of the air inside the asylum.
Systems of energy supply, heating and sewage sewage are associated with relevant external networks. In case of their damage to shelter there are portable electrical lights, tanks for storing the emergency stock of water, as well as tanks for collecting unclean.
Heating shelters is envisaged from the total heating network.
In the shelter premises are located, in addition, a set of means for conducting intelligence, protective clothing, fire extinguishing agents, an emergency tool supply.
Antiragonal shelters (PRA) ensure the protection of people from ionizing radiation during radioactive contamination. In addition, they protect against light radiation, penetrating radiation (including from neutron flow) and partly from the shock wave, as well as from direct contact of the skin and clothing of people of radioactive, poisoning substances and bacterial (biological) tools.
PRA, primarily in the basements of buildings and structures. In some cases, it is possible to build separately favorable anti-radiation shelters, for which industrial (precast concrete elements, brick, rental) or local (timber, stones, brushwood, etc.) Construction materials.
Under anti-cancerous shelters, all suitable places suitable for this purpose are adapted: basements and cellars (Fig. 45), vegetable stores, underground production and caves, as well as rooms in ground buildings having walls from materials with the necessary protective properties.
To increase protective properties in the room, the window and extra doorways close up, pour the soil layer to the overlap and make it, if necessary, the soil intake from outside the walls protruding above the ground surface. Sealing the premises is achieved by careful sealing cracks, cracks and holes in the walls and the ceiling, in places of adjoining window and doorways, inputting heating and water pipes, fitting the doors and upholstered by their felt with a felt seal with a roller from felt or other soft tight tissue.
Shelters with a capacity of up to 30 people are ventilated by natural ventilation through the trim and exhaust box. To create traction, the exhaust box is set by 1.5-2 m above the incoming. On the outer conclusions of the ventilation boxes, visors make visors, and at the outputs to the room - tightly fitted dampers, which are closed at the time of radioactive precipitation. Internal shelter equipment is similar to shelter equipment.
In adaptable under the shelter, the rooms that are not equipped with water supply and sewage, are installed tanks for water at the rate of 3-4 liters per person per day, and the toilet is supplied with a remote package or a lap closet with a cesspool. In addition, the shelter establishes Nara (benches), racks or lari for food. The lighting is carried out from the outer power grid or portable electrical lamps.
The protective properties of anti-radiation shelters from the effects of radioactive radiation are estimated by the protection coefficient (weakening radiation), which shows how many times the dose of radiation in the open area is greater than the dose of radiation in shelter, that is, how many times the PRA will weaken the radiation action, and, consequently, the dose of people's irradiation . The protective properties of some rooms are shown below (see Table 8).
Table 8.
Protective properties of premises
The preparation of basement floors and inner premises of buildings increases their protective properties several times. Thus, the protection coefficient of equipped basements of wooden houses rises to about 100, stone houses - up to 800-1000. Unegudent cellars weaken radiation of 7-12 times, and equipped - 350-400 times.
Filling asylum (shelter) is produced organized and quickly. First of all, children, women with children and elderly are being passed. They are placed in places allotted for them.
The shelter must have a two-day food supply in polyethylene packaging, toilet accessories, documents, minimum of personal belongings and personal protective equipment.
It is forbidden to bring in a protective structure flammable and highly smelling substances, bulky things, bringing pets, walklessly on the premises, light up without permission of kerosene lamps, candles and homemade lamps. Covering are required to fulfill all the requirements of the commandant and the personnel of service link.
The main tasks of service link are: control over the correct operation and ensuring the constant readiness of the construction of people, reception and placement of them in compartments, monitoring the implementation of established rules of conduct, commissioning and maintaining the air supply system and other internal equipment.
The personnel must know the rules for the content of structures and be able to use the equipment and devices, know the location of emergency exits, water supply networks, sewage, heating, power supply and placement of disconnecting devices, to know the order of refuge and the rules of behavior of those covered, carry on duty at posts.
After filling the shelter by order of the commandant, the personal composition of the service link closes the protective and hermetic doors, the shutters of emergency outputs and the adjusting plugs of exhaust ventilation, includes a filter-ventilation unit to clean ventilation mode.
In the case of penetration detection, together with the air of poisonous or poisoning substances, the respiratory protection equipment is immediately put on, and the refuge is translated to the filtering mode.
In the occurrence near asylum of fires or the formation of hazardous concentrations, a protective structure was transferred to the full insulation mode and include the installation of air regeneration, if any.
The time of staying in protective structures is determined by the headquarters of objects. They establish, in addition, the procedure and rules of conduct when leaving shelters and shelters. This procedure and rules of behavior are transferred to a protective construction by telephone or other possible way.
The output of sheltering from asylum (shelter) is made at the direction of the service commander after the "Air Alarms" signal or in the event of an emergency condition of the structure that threatens people's lives.
When the main outputs from the shelter (shelter), the conclusion is made through the emergency exit, and if it is not, measures are used to independently opening doors and clearing the service at the inlet of service links and shelting.
The simplest shelters belong scrolls openand blocked (Fig. 46). The cracks are built by the population themselves using submitted local materials.
The simplest shelters have reliable protective properties. Thus, the open gap 1.2-2 times reduces the likelihood of damage to the shock wave, light radiation and penetrating radiation, 2-3 times reduces the possibility of irradiation in the radioactive contamination area. The blocked slot protects against light radiation completely, from the shock wave - by 2.5-3 times, from penetrating radiation and radioactive radiation - 200-300 times. It also protects from direct contact with the clothes and the skin of radioactive, poisoning substances and bacterial (biological) means.
The place for the construction of the gaps is chosen on the uncounted territory, that is, the distance to the land buildings should exceed their height, in areas that are not sleepers and rainwaters.
The gap originally arranges open. It is a zigzag trench in the form of several rectilinear areas with a length of no more than 15 m. The depth of it is 1.8-2 m, the width is at the top of 1.1-1.2 m and along the bottom up to 0.8 m. The slit length is determined at the calculation 0.5-0.6 m per person. Normal harness capacity is 10-15 people, the largest - 50 people.
The construction of the slit is starting with breakdown and tracing - the designation of its plan on the ground. Initially, the basic line is formed, the total slot length is postponed on it. Then left and right postpone the half sizes of the gap width at the top. In places of breaks, pegs are clogged, trace cords are tightened between them and the grooves are tightened with a depth of 5-7 cm.
The excerpt is starting not across the width, but somewhat retreating inside from the trace line. As depressed, gradually mount the slopes of the slot and bring it to the desired size. In the future, the walls of the gap are strengthened with boards, jerles, reed or other handicapped materials. Then the slot is overlapped with loopholes, splas or small-sized reinforced concrete plates. A layer of waterproofing is made on top of the coating, applying a tol, rubberoid, chlorvinyl film, or lay a layer of mint clay, and then the soil layer with a thickness of 50-60 cm.
The entrance is made from one or two sides at a right angle to the slit and equip them with a hermetic door and a tambour, separating the indoor tissue curtain. For ventilation, an exhaust box is installed. Along the floor, the drain groove with a catchment well, located at the entrance to the gap.
Rescue work in the foci of nuclear lesion.
The main tasks of rescue work in the focus of the nuclear lesion are the salvation of people and assisting affected.
Rescue work include:
Exploration of nomination routes and work sections;
localization and extinguishing fires on movement routes and work areas;
Search for affected and extracting them from dumps, damaged and burning buildings, rolled and smoke rooms;
The autopsy of diluted protective structures, feeding the air and the salvation of people in them;
Providing first aid and first medical care affected and their evacuation;
Conclusion (export) of the population in safe areas;
Sanitary treatment of affected and disinfection of their clothing, disinfection of territory, transport and equipment.
For rescue work, parts and unintelligent formations of civil defense of general purpose and the formation of services are involved.
Personal composition of links that produce injuries, equipped with a portable tool, convenient for work in cramped conditions: fire lobs and hatchers, sperm shovels, with metal and wood, scrapers, hammers, chisels.
The tasks of emergency rescue and other urgent works in the focus of the nuclear lesion are the localization and elimination of accidents and damage in order to prevent the increase in human victims and material losses from the secondary factors of the defeat (fires, accidents, collaps, poisoning with industrial gases, etc.) Conditions for subsequent restoration work.
Emergency and rescue and other urgent works include: laying column pathways and the device of travel in duties for the movement of equipment and transport; Fastening or collapse of structures threatening the collapse; Localization of accidents on utility and energy networks; Temporary restoration of damaged and destroyed lines of communication and utility and power networks in order to ensure rescue work.
Prior to the approach of unnecessied formations, the reconnaissance formations determine the level of radioactive infection on the paths of their extension and sites (objects) of the work, the entrances to protective structures and emergency exits of them are found, establish the nature of the destruction of structures and the state of people in them.
Fire formations using engineering formations equipped with mechanization with mechanization are localized and stew fires primarily directly at objects of work. Small foci of fires eliminate rescue formations using tablet means of fire extinguishing and engineering machines.
The search and salvation of people from the ruins of destroyed buildings are beginning immediately as the formations in the lesion center are inserted.
The finding of protective structures among the ruins are made according to pre-drawn plans and on characteristic features (emergency exits, air intakes, headings of the inputs, etc.). Having found a protective structure, first of all, establish a connection with people sheltering in it, find out their condition, degree of damage to the structure and its internal equipment (mainly air supply systems).
At the same time, the location and state of the main inputs and emergency outputs and choose the place and the method of fastening and opening. If an accident on a gas pipeline (water supply) was found near the protective structure, immediately overlap the flow of gas (water) to prevent the compounds (flooding) of the structure.
When searching for victims, all the places of the possible finding of people are examined in detail, primarily basement, various deepening and road facilities (cuvettes, pipes), exterior window and staircases, landscapped spaces of the lower floors. At the same time, rescuers periodically serve loud signals with voice or blows over the elements of the rolled and the preserved parts of the buildings. When it was found that there are people under the rubble, they are trying to establish communication with them to determine their quantity and condition.
The victims fade and remove from under the riveted, as a rule, manually, disassembled the bore from above. The victim first exempt from large, then from small fragments and garbage.
Rescue people from burning buildings is carried out by fire-fighting formations simultaneously with fire extinguishing. In the event of the destruction of the staircases or their individual sections of the victims, they are evacuated by the preserved staircases, fire stairs, through window openings using mechanical fire stairs, palm and rope stairs, automotive telescopic steels; The descent of people from the upper floors is applied along the tensioned rope with special belts.
When looking for people in the smoked rooms, rescuers, working in insulating gas masks, carefully examine the premises, as the victims, especially children, can be unconscious and located in the most unexpected places.
The penetration and autopsy of the rolled protective structures, the subsequent conclusion from them collapsed and the extraction of victims carry out general purpose formation, strengthened fire, engineering, emergency-technical formations, in cooperation with the formations of the medical service.
In the absence of an emergency exit to open asylum, the space is cleared from the spawned space in front of the protective door on the staircase or before the outdoor input. If the entrance is littered with large wreckage with the interlocking of the reinforcement and it is difficult to clear it, break through the opening in the ceiling or wall.
In protective structures with a damaged filter fiber system, simultaneously with the fastened asylum takes measures to supply inside of fresh air.
Medical assistance to victims is organized by the formations and institutions of the medical service. Of great importance is the provision of self-help and mutual assistance.
The victims in need of medical care are transferred to the venues (points) of loading on vehicles and deliver to the detachments of first aid or medical sites deployed in the preserved medical institutions of the city or in the country zone.
When conducting rescue work in the focus of the nuclear lesion, security measures must be observed. Compliance with security measures aims to prevent accidents and losses among the personal composition of the formations and population during work. Commanders of the formations operating in the lesion focus are fully responsible for their observance. They should instruct the personnel on the order of work and safety measures. These instructions should be unquestioned.
Common security measures are:
Definition (before starting work) dangerous places in damaged buildings, structures and their fence;
Prohibition to work and be in the bombing of solitary fighters;
Ensuring insurance of fighters working to save people from dilapidated buildings, bombs, gasped and smokers;
Providing fighters working in water supply, sewer wells, in gas networks, insulating gas masks;
Prohibition to work on electrolyns to disconnect them from power sources.
When carrying out work on the terrain infected with radioactive substances, measures are taken to protect the personnel of radioactive emissions.
These include:
Replacement of work and strict compliance with the duration of work installed for each shift;
The use of antiragonal medicines (antidotes);
The use of protective clothing and personal protective equipment;
Conducting sanitary processing of people, deactivation of clothing, tools and techniques when leaving the infected area.
In the areas of radioactive infection, it is forbidden to remove the means of individual protection, to work without mittens, drink, eat and smoke. For recreation and meals, premises are used in the preserved buildings after their deactivation or equipped tents on deactivated areas of the terrain.
In hot weather, a protective suit is advisable to periodically make water, and put on a rubberized suit with a wet shielding overalls of light cotton fabric. To reduce dustworking when working in the bugs, they are watered with water with manual pumps and motor-pump, rain-plants and other means.
During the production period, constant dosimetry control over the irradiation of personnel is carried out.
When leaving the zone of infection, the personnel is subjected to partial or complete sanitary processing, and clothing, shoes and objects of equipment - decontamination at special items deployed by the formations of anti-radiation and anti-chemical protection.
(ZOMP) - a complex of organizational, engineering, medical and other events aimed at preventing or the maximum possible weakening of the striking and destructive effects of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons in order to preserve the life, health, combat capability and working capacity of the personnel of troops and the population, as well as conservation military, civil and natural objects, animals and material values.
Weapons of mass lesion (OMP) - means intended for mass extermination or damage to people and animals, complete destruction or withdrawal from the normal functional state of all types of military and civilian objects, destruction and infection of material values, S.-H. cultures and natural vegetation. The OMP includes nuclear, chemical and biological (bacteriological) weapons, each of which has a specific striking effect due to its properties. At the same time, all kinds of OMP have a psychotracting effect, as a result of which neurosis and mental illness arise.
Nuclear weapon (Outdated: Atomic weapon) - Weapons of mass lesion explosive action, based on the use of internaloretter energy, the source of which are the fission reaction of heavy nuclei (for example, uranium-233 or uranium-235, plutonium-239), or the thermalide reaction of the synthesis of helium nuclei from more light elements (deuterium, tritium).
Scientific research on the creation of nuclear weapons began at the beginning of the 40s. 20 V. The first nuclear bomb was created and tested in 1945, and thermonuclear (hydrogen) - in 1952 nuclear weapons first applied the United States at the final stage of the Second World War, dropping nuclear bombs into Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These cities were almost completely destroyed and covered by fires, which was accompanied by a huge number of human victims ( table .).
The number of hiroshima and nagasaki (based on the materials of the atomic bomb book in Japan, M., 1960)
The nuclear weapon includes various ammunition (missile warheads, airbabs, art shells, mines and fugasses, equipped with nuclear charges), their means of delivering them to the target (rockets, torpedoes, artillery, airplanes), as well as management tools that ensure the ingress of ammunition in the target. Ammunition, depending on the correlation ratio of division - synthesis, are divided into nuclear (only division), thermonuclear (mainly division), neutron (mainly synthesis). Their power is estimated by a TNT equivalent, which can be from several tens of tons to several tens of millions of tons of trotyl.
The main affected factors of nuclear weapons are the shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation (gamma-neutron radiation) and radioactive pollution of the area with nuclear explosion products (after). Nuclear explosions can be air, high-altitude, terrestrial, underground, surface and underwater. With air explosion (height less than 30 thousand meters above sea level), about 50% of the energy accounts for the shock wave, 35%, on gamma-neutron radiation -5% and on radioactive pollution of the terrain, 10%. With an increase in the height of the explosion, as the atmosphere density decreases, the amount of energy spent on the light radiation increases, and on the shock wave it is reduced. High-rise nuclear explosion (over 30 kM Above the sea level) creates increased ionization of the upper layers of the atmosphere. In the ground and, especially, the underground explosion significantly increases the proportion of energy per shock wave.
At the time of the air nuclear explosion, a luminous area of \u200b\u200bspherical shape is formed - a fiery ball that is rapidly increasing in size and rises up. At the same time, a large amount of dust and other solid particles spread in the direction of the fiery ball movement are rising at the same time. After about 1 min. The fireball is cooled, the condensation of gases occurs and the mushroom-shaped cloud is formed.
With a terrestrial nuclear explosion on the surface of the Earth there is a glowing hemisphere. Thousands of tons of molten or evaporated soil are involved in the explosion region, as a result of which a huge funnel occurs and a powerful mushroom cloud is formed. The main difference between the ground nuclear explosion from the air is that with it the radioactive cloud contains a much larger number of soil particles, predominantly large. This predetermines the loss of radioactive precipitation. In case of air explosions, they are spread by air streams in various regions of the Earth, and with ground, moreover, fall out in the immediate vicinity of the explosion center, forming a track of a radioactive cloud.
With underground nuclear explosion, the released energy is absorbed by the soil, generating seismic waves. The underwater nuclear explosion is characterized by the occurrence of a giant bubble, split and highly compressed gases, a water dome, topped with a radioactive cloud, basic and gravitational waves.
Shock wave It is a sharp limited area of \u200b\u200bcompressed air moving with supersonic speed. The front border is called the front. The shock wave is distinguished by the phase of compression (positive pressure), the phase of the vacuum (negative pressure) and the phase of the dynamic pressure of moving air masses (high-speed pressure). Excessive pressure in the front of the wave, the duration of the compression phase and the pressure of the high-speed pressure determines the afflicting effect of the shock wave. The latter also depends on the power and type of explosion, the position of the person in space and its security, the time of year, the terrain and other conditions.
The damage to the shock wave is customary to be divided into primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary lesions arise from the immediate effects of the shock wave. Overpressure in the range of 14-28 kpa Usually causes easy injuries. At the same time, drumpipes are often damaged. For large excess pressure values, various mechanical injuries arise on localization and severity, leading mainly to the development of commerction-contuzion syndrome (see. Contusion). The victims often observe damage to the lungs - the gaps of interlimavolar partitions and blood vessels, mainly on the root surface of the lungs, as well as the organs of the abdominal cavity - the oversight of the mucous membrane and the muscular wall of hollow organs, capsules of parenchymal organs. Secondary damage arise from the action of the secondary shells generated during the explosion (fragments of destroyed buildings, glass fragments, etc.). The nature and severity of such damage depends on many conditions. With large kinetic energy, even small fragments can cause penetrating injuries (see Wounds). Tertiary damage is a consequence of throwing a man with a shock wave, as a result of which it hits the soil and surrounding items. In this case, there are various injuries on localization and severity, mainly bone fractures (see Fractures). Seismic silent waves can cause the destruction of terrestrial and underground structures and communications, which causes the occurrence of various mechanical, thermal and combined lesions in people.
Gamma Radiation and Neutron Stream They have a large penetrating ability and cause the ionization of atoms and molecules in biological environments. Neutrons, in contrast to gamma radiation, in addition to the ionizing effect, cause induced radioactivity of the body. The absorbed dose of penetrating radiation is expressed in glads (1 glad - dose of absorption of any ionizing radiation, which is accompanied by the release of 100 Erg Energy in 1. g. absorbing material) or greed (1 G. = 100 glad). The ratio of neutrons and gamma radiation in the total dose of penetrating radiation depends on the power of the explosion and the distance from its center. With explosions with a capacity of less than 10 kt. The main proportion of ionizing radiation is represented by neutron, and more than 10 kt. - Gamma radiation. As it removed from the explosion from the center the intensity of the neutron flow decreases faster than gamma radiation. So, air layer in 150-200 m. Reduces the intensity of gamma radiation by about 2 times, and neutron flux - at 3-3 1/2 times. Natural shelters significantly reduce the affecting effect of penetrating radiation. For example, people who are inverse to the explosion of hills rods receive a radiation dose of 5-10 times smaller than on flat terrain.
The severity of radiation damage is determined by the absorbed dose of gamma neutron radiation. The uniformity or uneven body irradiation is essential. The irradiation relates to a uniform when penetrating radiation affects the entire body, and the dose drop into separate parts of the body is insignificant. Uneven irradiation occurs in cases of local protection of individual parts of the body with elements of fortification structures, appliances, etc. In this case, not all organs are subjected to radiation effects equally, which affects the clinical flow of radiation disease. For example, with general irradiation with preferential impact on the head area, neurological disorders may develop, and with the predominant effect on the abdomen area - segmental radiation colitis, enteritis. Radiation sickness, The resulting irradiation with the predominance of the neutron component is characterized by a more pronounced primary reaction, a less long hidden period, frequent connection during the ranking of the disease of the intestinal function disorders. In addition, neutrons adversely affect the genetic apparatus of somatic and sex cells, and therefore the danger of remote radiological consequences occurs in irradiated people and their descendants.
The main methods of protecting the population from weapons of mass lesions are: shelter in protective structures; use of personal protective equipment; Evacuation of the population and dispersal of workers and employees from cities in a country zone.
Shelter in protective structures
Shelter in protective structures is one of the main ways to protect the population from the striking factors of weapons of mass lesion
Protective structures are divided into refuge and anti-cancerous shelter.
As a peacetime in large cities and important sites in accordance with national economic plans, asylum are being built to protect the population.
Refuge Called protective structures that are intended to protect in wartime collapsed from the effects of weapons of mass lesion. In addition, shelters, which are in the zones of the possible occurrence of mass fires and foci, also ensure the protection of people from high temperatures, poisoning combustion products and lesions.
According to the effectiveness of protection against the impact of the shock wave of a nuclear explosion (protective properties), shelters are divided into classes. In addition, shelters differ in: the conditions of construction; capacity; location.
Refuge consist of basic and auxiliary premises. The main premises for those covered (compartments), control points, medical items, and in asylum as healing institutions - operational and dressings, preoperative-sterilization premises; To auxiliary - Filter-controlled premises (cameras), sanitary nodes, protected diesel power plants, electrical shield, food storage facilities, balloon, tambour gateway, tambour.
In asylum premises, air supply, sewage, power supply, heating, water supply, communication, and alerts, protection of air intake devices should be provided.
Anti-radiation shelters (PRU) are called protective structures that ensure the protection of people catering in them from the affect of ionizing radiation during radioactive infection, light radiation and partially shock wave. Depending on the value of the protection coefficient, the location and destination PRU is divided into groups.
The PRU should be built on national economic plans in peacetime, but if necessary, in the threat of an opponent's attack, prefabricated PRA from materials and structures used in industry, housing and civil engineering, as well as other local materials can be built. The norms of the floor area of \u200b\u200bthe main premises of PRU per 1 covered mainly are the same as in shelters.
For accommodation and recreation, shelted in PRA, depending on the height of the premises, the installation of three-tiers, bunk and single-tier drugs are provided. The PRA provides for natural ventilation or ventilation with mechanical motivation. Natural ventilation is envisaged in PRU, equipped in the basement and first floors of buildings, as well as in PRA placed in basements, which are no more than 50 people. The ventilation with mechanical motivation should be provided in the PRA, the capacity of which is more than 50 people placed in the basement floors of buildings, as well as in the basement and first floors that have this ventilation under the conditions of operation of premises in peacetime or if it is impossible to provide natural ventilation.
In the PRU for health facilities, ventilation with mechanical motivation should be ensured regardless of their capacity. Air supply rates in PRU located in basement and basement rooms are accepted as for asylums having a pure ventilation mode. The heating of PRA is envisaged from the overall heating system or the furnace; Water supply - from a plumbing network. In the absence of water supply, there are places for the placement of portable tanks for drinking water at the rate of 2 liters of water for 1 sheltered per day. Requirements for bathrooms are mostly the same as shelter bathrooms.
The lighting in PRA should be provided from the external power grid, and the emergency - from batteries, cycleneurs, etc.
The PRA should have a telephone set, provided that the management of the enterprise (institution) is placed, only the reproductors connected to the urban or local radio broadcast network are installed in others.
Under the PRU, you can adapt the basements of buildings, underground houses, separately standing cellar, vegetable stores, underground mining and other natural cavities.
Protective properties of PRU are determined by the protection coefficient (CW) and excess pressure it withstands. The more KZ, the more reliable shelter. If, for example, a basement under a single-storey wooden building has a KZ, equal to 20--30, then it can be significantly increased, pouring and compacting the ground to the floor of the first floor, taking the window openings, if necessary, adding to the walls of the basement of the Earth et al.
Simple shelter - structures providing protection for light radiation covered from light radiation, as well as reduced exposure to ionizing radiation and shock wave of a nuclear explosion. These include gaps, trenches, as well as basements and other illuminated raw rated protective structures.
Gap - deep narrow trench. Its width is at the bottom - 0.8 m, at the top - 1.1 m, the depth is up to 2 m (Fig. 4). To avoid simultaneous lesions of people, the length of the straight sections of the slots should not exceed 15 m, located at an angle of 90-120 0 to each other. Capacity of gaps 10--50 people.
In the process of further construction and equipment, the simplest shelter is communicated in its protective properties to the PRA.
Personal Protection Medical Tools (MSI) Designed for the prevention and provision of medical care to the population affected by weapons of mass lesion. With their help, you can save your life, prevent or significantly reduce the degree of development of lesions in humans, increase the stability of the human body to the effects of some affecting factors (ionizing radiation, OV and BS). These include radio protectors, antidots and antibacterial agents, partial sanitary treatment.
Radio protector - substances that reduce the degree of exposure to ionizing radiation, among which the most common cystamine is currently used in tablets. It is advisable to take it 30--40 minutes before irradiation (before entering the formation of the go to the zone of radioactive infection, when the "Radiation Danger" signal is submitted).
As fair effective medical devices for the protection against RV, which came to the body can, be used complexones, adsorbents that prevent the absorption of RV into blood and contribute to the fastest removal of them from the body, potassium everlast.
Antidotes (antidote) - substances warning or weakening the effects. Universal antidotes do not exist. There are antidotes of non-irregularity (wow), syntic acid and other cyanides, louisitis and iris-action.
Antidotes of FOW are Athens, Taren, Atropine, etc.; antidotees of cyanide - amylnitrite, propylnitrit; Antidote of louction and other muscle-containing substances - unitiol.
These antidots can be used as prevention tools in the provision of first medical in power.
Antibacterial agents are divided into means of non-specific and specific prophylaxis. Antibiotics and interferons include antibiotics and interferons, and serum, vaccines, anatoxins, bacteriophages include antibiotics and interferons, and non-prophylaxis.
The Aid kit is individual (AI-2), an individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8) and an individual dressing package.
The first-aid kit is individual (AI-2). The aid kit includes a complex of drugs (medicines), preventing or reducing the impact on the human body of ionizing radiation, s, bs, the prevention of shock. It is an orange plastic case into which plastic syringe tubes and drugs with preparations are embedded.
To prevent the development of pain shock in bone fractures, wounds, extensive burns are used an analgesic agent - 1 ml of a 2% properol solution, which is introduced intramuscularly (subcutaneously) using a tube with a tube, located in the nest 1 aid kits (in peacetime, this is a first-aid kit Not invested, but stored separately).
Table antidote in the first-aid kit under the lesions of the FOW is Tare; 1 Tarele Tablet is delivered by the "Chemical Alarm" signal, in the event of an increase in signs of poisoning, it is necessary to take another 1 tablet (Nest 2).
In the nest 3 there is a large white-colored pencil with a sulfadimetoxy - an antibacterial agent No. 2 (15 tablets), which is taken with gastrointestinal disorders arising after irradiation.
to increase the sustainability of the body to ionizing radiation, a radioprotective agent No. 1 (cystamine) is used. It is located in the nest 4 in two penals of pink color 6 tablets in each. The remedy from this foam is taken in the threat of irradiation for 30--40 min in the amount of 6 tablets, drinking water, and with continuing irradiation - after 4--5 h - another 6 tablets. Efficiency of about 50%.
In the nest 5 there are two polar stakes with an antibacterial agent No. 1 - etciclinine (5 tablets in each penalty). This tool is recommended to be taken with a threat or bacteriological infection (as a means of emergency non-specific prophylaxis, the prevention of the wound and burn infection).
In the nest 6 is a radioprotective remedy No. 2 (Iodide potassium), which is taken 1 tablet daily within 10 days after the fallout of radioactive precipitation at the risk of radioactive iodine into the body, especially with milk from cows whose grazing is carried out on an infected RV of the territory.
To eliminate the primary reaction of the body for irradiation, manifested mainly by nausea and vomiting, the drug is used in the first-aid kit in the blue panel in the nest 7.
One-time doses of the funds in the first-aid kit (except for radio protection No. 2 and the anti-slip means) are: children under 8 years old - 1/4, children from 8 to 15 years old - 1/2 part of the adult dose; One-time doses of radio protection No. 2 and anti-collaborate for children and adults are the same.
Individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8). It is used for partial sanitary processing of open areas of the skin and adjacent to them clothes when drip-liquid or fog-shaped eating on them, PB, bacterial aerosols. This package contains a bottle with a polydaging fluid capable of neutralizing the OB, and 4 vita-gauze napkins.
Individual dressing packages. Used for dressing wounds, burns, as well as stopping certain types of bleeding.
Nuclear weapons and its amazing factors
Nuclear weapons are the most powerful in its amazing properties, which is capable of destroying a large number of people and animals in a short time, destroy buildings and structures in extensive territories. The massive use of nuclear weapons is fraught with catastrophic consequences for all mankind, so peoples persistently fight for the complete prohibition of its tests and production, the destruction of all its stocks. The striking effect of nuclear weapons is based on the use of internal energy, instantly released during the explosion.
The composition of nuclear weapons includes nuclear ammunition and their means of delivering to the goal. The basis of the nuclear ammunition is a nuclear charge, the power of which is taken to express the tropgyl equivalent. This is understood by the number of ordinary explosive, when the explosion of which is distinguished as much energy as the explosion of this nuclear ammunition. T-natal equivalent is measured in dozens, hundreds, thousands of kilo- (CT) and millions of megaton (MT).
Means of delivering ammunition to goals are rockets (the main means of applying nuclear strikes), aviation and artillery. In addition, nuclear fugas can be used.
| GPPDVD 3. |
Types of nuclear explosions
| I. |
Depending on the tasks solved by nuclear weapons, on the type and location of objects, which it is planned to apply nuclear strikes, as well as on the nature of the upcoming hostilities, nuclear explosions can be carried out in the air, near the surface of the Earth
(water) and underground (water). Accordingly, the following types of nuclear explosions distinguish:
■ Air (high and low);
ground (surface);
underground (underwater).
Main affecting factors of a nuclear explosion
Such factors are: shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, radioactive contamination of the terrain, electromagnetic pulse (Fig. 28).
The shock wave in most cases is the main affixing factor in the nuclear explosion. By nature, it is like a shock wave of an ordinary explosion, but acts longer time and has much greater destructive power. The shock wave of a nuclear explosion may at a considerable distance from the center of the explosion to apply defeats to people, destroy the structures and damage the combat technique.
The shock wave is an area of \u200b\u200ba strong compression of air propagating at high speed in all directions from the explosion center. The speed of its distribution depends on the air pressure at the front of the shock wave: near the explosion center it is several times higher than the speed of the sound, but with an increase in the distance from the explosion place drops sharply.
For the first 2, the shock wave passes about 1 M LLC, for 5 C - 2 LLC M, for 8 s - about 3 years of M.
The striking effect of the shock wave on people and the destructive effect on combat techniques, engineering structures and material agents are primarily determined by excess pressure and speed of air movement in its front. Unprotected people can, besides, struck by flying with a huge speed with glass fragments and wreckage of destroyable buildings, falling trees, as well as scattered parts of military equipment, clocks of land, stones and other objects led by speed pressure of the shock wave.
The greatest indirect lesions will be observed in settlements and the forest: in these cases, the troops may be more than from the direct action of the shock wave. The shock wave is capable of applying lesions and in closed rooms, penetrating there through slots and holes.
The lesions applied by the shock wave are divided into light, medium, heavy and extremely heavy. Light lesions are characterized by temporary damage to hearing organs, total light contusions, bruises and dislocation of limbs, heavy - strong contusions of the whole organism; In this case, damage to the brain and the abdominal organs, abundant bleeding from the nose and ears, heavy fractures and dislocations of the limbs are observed.
The degree of damage to the shock wave depends primarily from the power and type of nuclear explosion. When the underground explosion occurs a shock wave in the ground, and with underwater - in water. In addition, with these types of explosions, part of the energy is spent on the creation of a shock wave and in the air. Shock wave, spreading in the ground, causes damage to underground structures, sewage, water supply; When it spreads it in water, there is damage to the underwater part of the ships, which are even at a significant distance from the explosion site.
The light radiation of the nuclear explosion is a flow of radiant energy consisting of ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation.
The source of light radiation is a luminous area consisting of hot spawning products and hot air. The brightness of the light radiation in the first second is several times higher than the brightness of the sun. The absorbed energy of the light radiation goes into thermal, which leads to the heating of the surface layer of the material. Heating can be so strong that harbing or ignition of combustible material and cracking or melting non-combustible, which can lead to huge fires. At the same time, the effect of the light radiation of the nuclear explosion is equivalent to the massive use of incendiary weapons. Man's skin also absorbs the energy of light radiation, due to which it can be heated to a high temperature and getting burns. First of all, burns arise in open areas of the body facing the explosion. If you look in the side of the explosion in unprotected eyes, it is possible to defeat the eyes, leading to complete loss of vision. The burns caused by light radiation do not differ from the usual, caused by fire or boiling water, are the stronger than the less distance to the center of the explosion and the greater the power of the ammunition.
In case of air explosion, the striking effect of light radiation is greater than with the terrestrial explosion of the same power. Depending on the perceived light pulse, burns are divided into three degrees. The first degree burns are manifested in surface lesion of the skin: redness, swelling, soreness. When burns, bubbles appear on the skin. With the third degree burns, the skin is observed and the formation of an ulcer.
Radioactive infection, as well as people, military equipment and various objects with a nuclear explosion due to the fragments of the division of the charge substance and the unreacted part of the charge falling from the cloud of the explosion, and induced radioactivity. Over time, the activity of the division fragments is rapidly decreasing, especially in the first hours after the explosion. For example, the total activity of the division fragments during an explosion of a nuclear ammunition with a capacity of 20 kt in one day will be several thousand times less than one minute after the explosion. In the explosion of a nuclear ammunition, a part of the charge substance is not subjected to division, and falls out in its usual form; Its decay is accompanied by the formation of alpha particles. The induced radioactivity is due to radioactive isotopes formed in the ground as a result of irradiation with neutrons emitted at the moment of explosion by nuclei atoms of the chemical elements that are part of the soil.
The decay of many of the generated isotopes is accompanied by gamma radiation.
The main part of the DRL-human isotopes is concentrated in the radioactive cloud, which is formed after the explosion. As the clouds are promoted, the largest particles fall out of it, and then more and smaller, forming a radioactive contamination zone along the path, the so-called "track" of the clouds. The size of the trace depends mainly on the power of the nuclear consuming, as well as from the wind speed and can reach a length of several hundred, and in the width of several tens of kilometers.
Defeasure as a result of the inner exposure of the appearance of the appearance of radioactive substances into the body through the respiratory organs and the gastrointestinal tract. In this case, radioactive radiations come into direct contact with the internal organs and can cause a strong radiation disease: the nature of the disease will depend on the number of radioactive substances in the body. For weapons, combat equipment and engineering facilities, radioactive substances do not have a harmful effect.
To estimate the intensity of gamma radiation emitted by radioactive substances on an infected area, the concept of "radiation level" (radiation dose capacity is introduced. Radiation levels can be measured in x-rays per hour (p / h |, small levels of radiation - in billage agents per hour (MR / h) or in glad per hour (rad / h)! About millirades per hour (mrad / h), in microradi per hour (MKD / H).
The degree of radioactive contamination of the area and the size of infection under the nuclear explosion depend on the power and type of explosion, meteorological conditions, as well as the nature of the terrain and the soil. Infection of the area is conditionally divided into zones:
■ extremely dangerous infection: at the outer boundary of the dose of radiation (from the moment of the fallout of radioactive substances from the cloud to the terrain to their complete decay) is equal to 4 ooky, the radiation level after 1 h after the explosion - 800 rad / h;
■ Hazardous infection: at the outer boundary of the radiation dose zone is 1,200 radiation, the level of radiation after 1 h after the explosion - 240 rad / h;
■ strong infection: at the outer border of the dose of radiation - 400 radiation, the level of radiation after 1 h after the explosion - 80 rad / h;
■ Moderate infection: at the outer boundary of the dose of radiation - 40 radiation, radiation level after 1 h after the explosion - 8 rad / h (Fig. 29).
Penetrating radiation is an invisible flow of gamma quanta and neutrons emitted from the nuclear explosion zone. Gamma quanta and neutrons apply to all directions from the center of the explosion for hundreds of meters. With an increase in the distance from the center of the explosion, the amount of gamma quanta and neutron, passing through the unit of the surface, decreases. With underground and underwater nuclear explosions, the effect of penetrating radiation spreads at distances, significantly smaller than with ground and air explosions, which is explained by the absorption of the neutron flow and gamma quanta with soil or water. The areas of damage to penetrating radiation during the explosions of medium and high power of nuclear ammunition are somewhat less than the shock wave zone and light radiation. For ammunition with a small trotyl equivalent (1000 tons or less), on the contrary, the zones of the affixing effect of penetrating radiation exceed the area of \u200b\u200bdamage to the shock wave and light radiation.
The affecting effect of penetrating radiation is determined by the ability of gamma quanta and neutron ionizing the atoms of the medium in which they are distributed. Passing through the living fabric, gamma quanta and neutrons ionize atoms and molecules included in the cells, which leads to a violation of the vital functions of individual organs and systems of the living organism. Under the influence of ionization in the body, biological processes of diefing and cell decomposition occur
As a result of the effects of ionizing radiation, there are radiation disease.
To estimate the ionization of the atoms of the medium, and consequently, the affecting effect of penetrating radiation on a living organism introduced the concept of "dose of irradiation" (or "dose of radiation"), the unit of measurement of which is X-ray (P). Dose of radiation 1 P corresponds to the formation in one cubic centimeter of approximately 2 billion pairs of ions.
Depending on the dose of radiation, three degrees of radiation disease are distinguished. The first (light) occurs when receiving a dose from 100 to 200 p and is characterized by general weakness, light nausea, short-term dizziness, increase in sweating. Personal composition, which received such a dose, usually does not fail. The second (average) degree of radiation sickness develops upon receipt of a dose of 200-300 R. In this case, the signs of the lesion are headache, an increase in temperature, gastrointestinal disorder - appear more sharply and quickly. Personal composition in most cases fails. The third (severe) degree of radiation sickness occurs at a dose of over 300 p and is characterized by heavy headaches, nausea, strong general weakness, dizziness and other in -itudes; A severe form often leads to a deadly outcome.
The electromagnetic pulse is a powerful electric field that occurs at a very short time. The electromagnetic pulse affects electronic and electronic equipment, causing insulation test, damage semiconductor devices, fuses, etc.
Main ways to protect the population with radioactive contamination (infection)
The most important and indispensable condition for the development of the noosphere is the elimination of wars from humanity. International organizations, the leaders of many countries carry out the most serious efforts and measures aimed at weakening the threat of a large-scale war on Earth.
However, despite these purposeful actions, the modern world is characterized by severe political instability, the presence of significant contradictions and often sharp increase in tensions in relations between various states.
Currently, the situation was especially complicated in connection with the holding of a large group of countries in combating international terrorism, as well as with their supporting dictatorial regimes. In these conditions, it does not exclude the possibility of direct armed conflicts in certain regions using certain types of weapons of mass lesions (nuclear, chemical, biological, etc.), capable of destroying the mass of people, cause tremendous destruction, to cause significant damage to the natural environment.
All this causes the need to understand and know the peculiarities of such weapons, the nature and degree of danger of its amazing factors, organizations and means of protecting the population when using it.
The main methods of protection of the population in radioactive contamination (infection) are:
■ notification of the danger of radioactive contamination;
■ Shelter in protective structures (shelters, anti-cancellation shelters - PRU), and in their absence - n buildings with immediate sealing of windows, doors, ventilation holes, etc.;
»The use of individual means of protection (gas masks, respirators), and in their absence of cottage-gauze bandages;
■ the use of preventive anti-cancellation preparations;
■ eliminating consumption of contaminated products and water;
Compliance with the rules (regimes) of people's behavior in polluted territory;
■ if necessary, evacuating the population from contaminated territories;
■ restriction of access to polluted territory;
■ Sanitary processing of people, deactivation of clothing, technology, structures and other objects.
The procedure for the action and rules of behavior of people in infected with radioactive substances (PB) are determined by the radiation situation.
With moderate infection, it is necessary to be in the PRA from a few hours before the day, and then you can go to the usual Pom, the way out of which in the first day is permitted by no more than 4 hours. Enterprises and institutions continue to work as usual.
With a strong infection, it is necessary to be in the shelter to 3 days, in the next 4 days, we will admit to stay in the usual room. It is not more than 3-4 h. Enterprises and institutions work according to a special regime, while working in open locality is terminated for a period of several hours to several days.
In the case of a dangerous and extremely dangerous infection, the duration of stay in the shelter is at least 3 days, after which it is possible to go to the usual room, but it should be left out of the burrow only with a short time.
Water for drinking and cooking pings should be taken only from the water pipeline and protected wells. All products, packed in hermetic containers, as well as stored in refrigerators, cabinets, basements in glass and enameled dishes, polyethylene bags are suitable for use.
If, as a result of a nuclear explosion, shelter (shelter) will be damaged and further stay in it will be associated with danger to shelting, it is necessary to take measures to quickly out of it, without waiting for the arrival of rescue formations. Previously, to immediately wear respiratory protection equipment. As an indication of the shelter's commandant (senior shelter), shelled out of asylum (shelter), using outputs that are free. If the main outlet is chosen, it is necessary to use a spare or emergency exit. In the case of when it is not possible to use one of the outputs from the protective structure, the sheltering proceeds to the clearing of one of the diluted outputs or to do the exit in the place where the asylum command will indicate (senior to shelter).
In the settlements, there will be a greater danger to people to represent fires caused by the light radiation of the nuclear explosion, secondary factors after the explosion, as well as the opponeling substances resulting from an opponent.
After leaving the nuclear lesion (radioactive contamination zone), it is necessary to carry out partial deactivation and sanitation, i.e., remove radioactive dust: during deactivation, from clothing, shoes, personal protective equipment; With sanitary processing - with open areas of the body and mucous membranes of eyes, nose and mouth.
With partial decontamination, it is necessary to carefully remove clothing (means of protection of the respiratory organs not to remove), to become a back to the Negar (in order to avoid radioactive dust falling onto the lines and open areas of the body with further actions) and shaken it; Then rave clothes at the crossbar or rope and, also standing back to the wind, accelerates dust from it from top to bottom with a brush or broom. Clothes can be deducted, for example a stick. After that, it is necessary to cut the shoes: rub with rags and rags, moistened with water, clean the broom or brush; Rubber shoes can be washed.
The gas mask is deactivated in such a sequence. The filter-absorbing box is removed from the bag, the bag is thoroughly shaken; Then a tampon, moistened with soap water, detergent or liquid from the anti-chemical package, is treated with a filter-absorbing box, the outer surface of the helmet mask (masks). After that, the gas masks remove.
Difficult fabric masks in deactivation are thoroughly shaken, clean the brushes, with the possibility of stitching or erased in water. Infected vita-gauze bandages are destroyed (burned).
With partial sanitary processing, open parts of the body, primarily hands, face and neck, as well as eyes, are wrapped in water; Nose, mouth and throat stall. It is important that when kneading the face, infected water did not get into the eyes, mouth and nose. With a lack of water, the treatment is carried out by repeatedly wiping the body sections with gauze tampons (wools, pacles, vessels), moistened with uneven water. Running should be carried out in one direction (from top to bottom), each time turning the swab with a clean side.
Since disposable partial deactivation and sanitary treatment do not always guarantee complete removal of radioactive dust, then after their conduct, dosimetry control is carried out (Fig. 30). If it turns out that the infection of clothing and body is higher than the permissible norm, partial deactivation and sanitary processing are repeated. In the necessary cases, complete sanitary treatment is carried out.
In winter, unexpressed snow can be used for partial deactivation of clothing, shoes, protection tools and even for partial sanitary treatment. In summer, sanitary processing can be organized in a river or other flow reservoir.
In time, partial deactivation and sanitary treatment can completely prevent or significantly reduce the degree of degradation of people with radioactive substances.
When the population is located during a nuclear explosion outside shelter (shelter), such as open-terrain or on the street, the natural immediate shelter should be used in order to protect. If there are no such shelters, you need to turn to the explosion with your back, lie face down, hand to hide under yourself. After 15-20 s after the explosion, when the shock wave passes, stand up and immediately put on a gas mask, respirator or any other means of protecting the respiratory organs or close the mouth and nose with a scarf, scarf or dense material in order to exclude inwards
the bottom of radioactive substances affecting the action of which can be significant for a long time, since the allocation of them from the body is slow. Then shake the dust-colored and shoes, put on the existing leather panels (use clothes and shoes as a means of protection) and exit the lesion focus or hide in the nearest protective construction.
Finding people on the contaminated radioactive substances outside shelters (shelters), despite the use of personal protective equipment, is associated with the possibility of hazardous irradiation and, as a result of this, the development of radiation sickness.
In order to reduce the possibility of defeating with radioactive substances in the territory of the lesion (in the zones of infection), it is forbidden to eat, drink and smoke.
Meal of food and shelters (shelters) is allowed on the ground with radiation levels of no more than 5 p / h. If the level of locality is higher, food intake should be carried out in shelters or deactivated areas of terrain. Preparation of food should be carried out on an unreleased area or, in extreme cases, on the ground, where the level of radiation does not exceed 1 p / h.
When leaving the focus of the lesion, it is necessary to take into account that as a result of nuclear explosions, the destruction of buildings and networks of municipal economy. At the same time, individual elements of buildings can be collapsed after some time after the explosion, in particular from concussions when driving heavy transport, so it is necessary to approach buildings with the least dangerous side: where there are no elements of structures threatening. It is necessary to move forward in the middle of the street, taking into account the possible rapid waste to a safe place. In order to exclude accidents, the electric pipe cannot be torn as they can be under the current; You need to be careful in places of possible gas.
The direction of movement from the focus of the lesion should be chosen taking into account the signs of the fence, placed intelligence, towards reducing the level of radiation. Moving along the infected area, we must try not to lift dust, in the rainy weather to bypass the puddles and not to raise splashes.
Check questions and tasks
1. Call and characterize the main striking factors of the nuclear explosion.
2. What is the center of the nuclear explosion?
3. What are the fixed assets and methods of protection against the affecting factors of nuclear weapons?
4. Word the rules of behavior in the nuclear focus
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