Nevada nuclear polygon was created in 1951. While occupying an area of \u200b\u200b3,500 square kilometers, a polygon except the test field includes about a thousand more buildings of various purposes and several airfields.
From 1951 to 1992, 928 was produced at the Nevada polygon (think of this figure!) Nuclear explosions, of which 828 underground. Nuclear mushrooms from explosions were so huge that they were observed even in Los Angeles.
The last test in Nevada was produced in 1992. Now the surface of the landfill is reminiscent of the lunar - lifeless desert and numerous funnels, like lunar crater. A high-rise building can easily fit into some of these funnels. The biggest crater - crater sedan, its depth is 100 meters, and the diameter is all 400!
Source - Internet
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On February 6, 1951, on the largest American nuclear landfill, located in Nevada, just 100 kilometers from Las Vegas was blown up by a capacity of 22 kilotons. Nuclear "mushroom" in a matter of minutes rose in a height of 437 meters. It was the last and most powerful test (received the name FOX) within the Ranger operation.
This operation itself became the first for the Nevadian landfill, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich was about 3.5 thousand square kilometers. Today, the tests are no longer held here, as October 1, 1992, US President George Bush Senior declared a moratorium on them. Although the polygon is considered to be still valid, here even planned in 2006 to make an explosion of non-nuclear equipment, but then they refused the idea. Today, this desert terrain is chosen by the crater remaining as a result of underground explosions. There are even tours here, but it is forbidden to take the equipment and binoculars with curious guests.
For more than 40 years of history, more than 900 explosions were produced in this desert. "RG" recalls the most powerful ones: how nuclear mushrooms grew up the guests of the "City of Sin" could watch the windows of their hotels. And some of them even went closer to the epicenter of the grand event, as Americans announced the holding of explosions in advance. So in the United States, "nuclear tourism", about the radioactive consequences of such a curious, then few people guess.
October-November 1951 - BUSTER-JANGLE operation
On November 5, the Bomb (Easy Test) with a capacity of 31 kilotonna was dropped into the Nevada Waste from the first American B-45 reactant bomber from a height of about 400 meters. The three previous projectiles were also discarded from the aircraft - heavy bombard B50. During this series of explosions in Nevada, military and scientists wanted to check how nuclear strikes affect various objects - plants, animals, as well as clothing. 6.5 thousand soldiers were involved in the operation. Some of them were just six miles from the epicenter of the explosion of another bomb (Dog power 21 kiloton) operation of the buster-jangle.
March-June 1953 - Upshot-Knothole operation
During this series in the desert, the Nevada thundered three most powerful explosions: April 25 - SIMON tests (43 kilotons), May 19 - Harry (32 kilotons) and June 4 - Climax (61 kilotonne). About the last two worth saying especially. During the explosion, Harry was tested by a nuclear charge Hamlet, developed by one of the leading American creators of nuclear and thermonuclear charges Ted Taylor in Los Alamos. Here for the first time, the so-called "hollow nucleus" was used, which should have increased the effectiveness of the explosion. Hamlet was supposed to become also the cleanest charge with energy release up to 100 kilotons. An early May morning bomb was blown up on the 90-meter steel tower. However, the test led to a large-scale radioactive infection of the US continental territory, it caused a large resonance in society and the media. The explosion eventually got the nickname "Dirty Harry".
And the CLIMAX test was carried out with the help of the American Intercontinental Bomber CONVAIR B-36, from which in early June with a 406 meter fusion was dropped at a 61 kiloton bomb base. It is noteworthy that the unofficial name of the bombarder is "peacemaker". This is the largest wing and height of a combat aircraft in the history of aviation. He was intended for the bombardment of Germany from the territory of the United States if the Germans surrendered to the mercy of the Germans. By the beginning of the Cold War, the B-36 became the basis of the US strategic nuclear forces, as the plane could deliver nuclear bombs to goals in the USSR.
It is necessary to mention two of the two explosions within this series. During the test of GRABLE (May 25), nuclear artillery was first applied - a 150-cell atomic fluff was released with a 280-milieth nuclear powder. Annie's other nuclear explosion with a capacity of 16 kilotons, made on March 17, showed one of the TV channels. At the landfill, there were two frame houses, eight typical urban bomb shelters and lay 50 cars. The Ministry of Civil Defense checked the safety in the car during an explosion and protective capabilities of wooden buildings. Military officials assumed that at a distance of 1,200 meters from the epicenter, a person can survive in an ordinary house, and at a distance of 2.5 kilometers, the supporting structures will not even be damaged. And they were right: as a result of the test, both structures confirmed security calculations.
February-May 1955 - TEAPOT operation
The two most powerful explosions of this series took place on March 7 (TURK - 43 kilotons) and May 5 (Apple-2 - 29 kilotonn). And with the help of the second military wanted to test the strength of buildings from various materials. Some of the buildings are still preserved on the territory of the first nuclear landfill in Nevada. This explosion was removed by a documentary, where shown as a nuclear wave sweeps at home, the truth in the picture the operation is called "CUE". Later, some frames were used in the film "The next day" of 1983.
On July 6, an explosion occurred, 104 kilotonne, called Sedan. It was one of the most spectacular though underground nuclear tests. As foreign researchers write, it was conducted under the auspices of the program of non-military use of nuclear explosions. The goal is to write the potential of "clean" thermonuclear installations to create cheap crater during the construction of channels or harbings. During the explosion, the crater was formed with a diameter of 390 meters and depths? 100 meters.
And on July 17 of the same year, in the framework of Sunbeam surgery, the nuclear explosion in the atmom fleece occurred in Nevada. After an agreement was signed on the prohibition of tests of nuclear weapons in an atomosphere, outer space and under water, all explosions at the landfill in Nevada were already carried out underground. Today in the desert you can see huge funnels - the monuments of the "Arms Racing", - which high-rise buildings can fit. In total, 828 underground explosions thundered among the sands.
It consisted of eight explosions, the capacity of two of which - Lubbock (October 18, 1991) and Junction (March 26, 1992) could be up to 150 kilotons. And the last nuclear test in the history of this landfill and the United States as a whole became an explosion on September 23 of the Divider Divider with a capacity of less than 20 kiloton. Officially, his goal was to test "ensuring the safety of American consideration forces".
Coordinates: 37 ° 07 'p. sh. 116 ° 03 'z. d. / 37.117 ° C. sh. 116.050 ° F d. / 37.117; -116.050 (G) (I) near Las VegasUSA.
Location of the landfill.
Nevada test landfill (eng. Nevada Test Site.) - One of the largest nuclear polygons of the United States, existing since 1951. Previously called Nevada Proving Ground. The territory of the landfill is about 3,500 km², 928 nuclear explosions were carried out on it. The very first explosion of 1 kilotonna was produced on January 27, 1951.
Geographical data
The polygon occupies 3500 km². Its territory is divided into 28 parts, on which 1000 buildings are located, 2 runways, 10 helicopters.
History of the landfill
The first nuclear explosion at this landfill was held on January 27, 1951. The capacity of the bomb was 1 kilotonne. The creation of a landfill was part of the atomic project and the choice was made, as it turned out later, very successful - relief of the locality made it possible to carry out underground nuclear explosions and in galley, and in wells.
1951-1992
On July 17, 1962, the explosion "Little Feller I" Operations of Sunbeam became the last explosion in the atmosphere on the nuclear landfill in Nevada.
Underground tests continued until September 23, 1992; Explosions that do not reach the critical mass continue to this day.
1992-2007
An ordinary non-nuclear explosion was planned a very powerful 1100-ton bomb in 2006, but in 2007 officially canceled this project.
Modern condition
Studies survival
At the landfill, buildings typical for European and American cities are reproduced, there are various techniques and vehicles, fortification facilities both NATO and the Warsaw contract. All these objects were at different distances and at different angles to the explosion points.
High-speed chambers in protected places recorded all effects from explosive waves, radiation, temperature and other consequences of nuclear explosions.
Test series of nuclear explosions on the nuclear landfill in Nevada
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Excerpt that characterizes the Nevada test landfill
This is said in stories, and all this is completely unfair, which is easily convinced by anyone who wants to delve into the essence of the case.Russians did not find better position; And, on the contrary, there were many positions in the retreat of their positions that were better than Borodino. They did not stop at either one of these positions: And because Kutuzov did not want to take a position chosen not to them, and because the demand of the folk battle was not strong enough, and because Miloradovich did not come up with militia, and another For other reasons that are notishable. The fact is that the previous positions were stronger and that the Borodino position (the one on which the battle was given) is not only not strong, but not for some reason the position is more than any other place in the Russian Empire, for which, gaday, to specify a pin on the map.
Russians not only did not strengthen the position of the Borodino field to the left at right angles from the road (that is, the places on which the battle occurred), but never before August 25, 1812 did not think that the battle could occur at this place. This serves as evidence, firstly, the fact that not only the 25th was not at this place of fortifications, but that, the ones started on the 25th, they were not over the 26th; Secondly, the proof is the position of Shevardinsky Rarut: Shevardinsky Reduce, ahead of that position on which the battle is made does not make any sense. What was the stronger than all other items reinforced this twer? And why, protecting him on the 24th to the late night, all efforts were depleted and lost six thousand people? To observe the enemy, it was enough for the Cossack road. Thirdly, the proof that the position on which the battle occurred was not foreseen and that Shevardinsky had not been the best point of this position, the fact that Barclay de Tolly and Bagration to the 25th were in the belief that Shevardinsky Reduces is left Flang position and that Kutuzov himself in the reporting of his heviar after the battle, calls Shevardinsky Reduce the left flank position. Already much after, when they were written on the square of the borodine battle, it was (probably, to justify the mistakes of the Commander-in-Chief, having to be infallible), the unfair and strange testimony was invented, as if Shevardinsky had served as an advanced post (whereas it was only a fortified point of the left flank) And as if the Borodino battle was accepted by us on the fortified and forever of the selected position, whereas it happened in a completely unexpected and almost unnecessary place.
The case was obviously like this: the position was elected on the river Koloche, crossing the big road not at the right, but under an acute angle, so the left flank was in Shevardine, right near the village of New and Center in Borodina, when merging the rodies and in yna. This position, under the cover of the rollers, for the army, aimed at stopping the enemy, moving along the Smolensk Road to Moscow, is obvious to anyone who will look at the Borodino field, forgetting how the battle occurred.
Napoleon, having left the 24th to Valuev, did not see (as they say in stories) the position of the Russians from the ground to Borodin (he could not see this position, because it was not) and did not see the advanced post of the Russian army, but came across in the persecution of the Russian Arrigard On the left flank of the position of the Russians, on Shevardinsky, and unexpectedly for the Russians translated the troops through the slicer. And the Russians, not having time to enter into a general battle, retreated with their left wing from the position that they intended to occupy, and took a new position that was not foreseen and not strengthened. Going on the left side of the routicle, to the left of the road, Napoleon moved the entire future battle to the right left (from the Russians) and moved it to the field between the duck, Semenovsky and Borodin (in this field, which does not have anything more profitable for a position than anything Another field in Russia), and on this field all the battle of the 26th has occurred. In gross form, the plan of the alleged battle and the battle will be the following:
If Napoleon did not leave the 24th in the evening on the neck and did not tell the immediate evening to attack red, but began to attack the next day in the morning, then no one would doubt the fact that Shevardinsky had the left flank of our position; And the battle would have happened as we expected him. In this case, we probably would still stubbornly defended the Shevardinsky Reduce, our left flank; Attachment would be attacked in the center or right, and the 24th would have happened the general battle on the position that was reinforced and foreseen. But since the attack on our left flank occurred in the evening, following the retreat of our Ariergard, that is, immediately after the battle in Gridnev, and since the Russian commanders did not want or did not have time to begin the same time in the evening of the general battle, the first and most importantly of Borodino The battles were played by the 24th and, obviously, led to the loss and the one that was given on the 26th.
After the loss of Shevardinsky Reduta, by the morning of the 25th, we found themselves without a position on the left flank and were in the need to bend our left wing and hastily strengthen it wherever it fell.
But not only that on August 26, the Russian troops were stood only under the protection of weak, unclear fortifications, - the misguide of this situation increased since the Russian warlords, not recognizing the fact that the position on the left flank and the transfer of the entire future field of the battle on the right left ), remained in our stretched position from the village of New to the net and due to the way they should have moved their troops during the battle to the right left. Thus, at all time the battle, the Russians had against the entire French army, directed on our left wing, twice the weakest forces. (Actions understood against the paste and Uvarov on the right flank of the French were separate from the battle of action.)
So, the Borodino battle occurred at all, not as (trying to hide the mistakes of our military leaders and due to the fascination of the glory of Russian troops and the people) describe it. Borodino battle did not occur on the chosen and fortified position with several only weakening from the Russian forces, and the Borodino battle, due to the loss of Shevardinsky Rated, was accepted by Russians on an open, almost unnecessary locality with twice the weaker forces against the French, that is, in such conditions, In which not only unthinkable was to fight ten o'clock and make the battle indecisive, but it was unthinkable to keep the army from the perfect defeat and flight.
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