Bacteriological weapons are a means of mass lesions of people, farm animals and plants. Its action is based on the use of the pathogens of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, rickettsies, fungi, as well as toxins produced by some bacteria). The bacteriological weapons include the recipes of pathogenic organisms.
Bacteriological weapons can cause massive diseases of people and animals on extensive territories, it has an amazing effect for a long time, has a continuous hidden (incubation) period of action.
Microbes and toxins are difficult to detect in the external environment, they can penetrate along with air into leakage and infect people and animals in them.
Signs of use of bacteriological weapons are:
1) Deaf, unknown ordinary ammunition, the sound of the breaking of shells and bombs;
2) the presence in places of breaks of large fragments and individual parts of ammunition;
3) the appearance of liquid drops or powdered substances on the ground;
4) an unusual accumulation of insects and ticks in the gap of ammunition and the fall in containers;
5) Massive diseases of people and animals.
The use of bacterial agents can be determined using laboratory studies.
Methods for using bacterial agents
The use of bacteriological weapons, as a rule, are:
Aviation bombs
Artillery mines and shells
Packages (bags, boxes, containers) discharged from aircraft
Special devices scattering insects from airplanes.
Divergent methods.
In some cases, to spread infectious diseases
the enemy can leave injecting contaminated household items: clothing, products, cigarettes, etc. The disease in this case may occur as a result of direct contact with infected objects.
This form is also possible to distribute disease pathogens as
deliberate leaving during the waste of infectious patients so that they are the source of infection among the troops and the population.
When breaking ammunition, equipped with bacterial recipe,
a bacterial cloud is formed, consisting of the smallest droplets of liquid or solid particles weighted in the air. Cloud spreading to
the wind, dissipates and settles on the ground, forming an infected area, an area, which depends on the number of recipes, its properties and speeds
Features of damage to bacterial agents
With damage to bacterial agents, the disease does not occur
immediately, almost always there is a hidden (incubatory) period for
which disease does not show itself by external signs, and the affected does not lose their combat capability. Some diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera) are able to be transmitted from a sick person healthy and, quickly spreading, cause epidemics.
To establish the fact of the use of bacterial agents and determine the type of pathogen is quite difficult, since neither microbes nor toxins have neither color, no odor, nor taste, but the effect of their action can manifest itself through a large period of time. Detection of bacterial agents is possible only by conducting special laboratory studies, which requires considerable time, and this makes it difficult to conduct timely conducting measures to prevent epidemic diseases.
Characteristics of bacterial agents, ways to protect against them.
As bacterial agents, pathogens of various infectious diseases can be used: plague, Siberian ulcers, brucellosis, spa, tularemia, cholera, yellow and other types of fever, spring-summer encephalitis, raw and abdominal typhoid, influenza, malaria, dysentery, natural sieves and Other. In addition, botulinum toxin can be used, causing severe human body poisoning.
For the defeat of animals, along with the pathogens of the Siberian ulcers and the Sapa, it is possible to use emptyra viruses, plague and birds, cholera pigs, etc.; For damage to agricultural plants - the pathogens of rust of bread cereals, phytoofluorosis, potatoes and some other diseases.
Infection of people and animals occurs as a result of inhalation of contaminated air, contacting microbes and toxins on the mucous membrane and damaged skin, eating contaminated products and water, bitees of infected insects and ticks, contact with an infected object, injured by an ammunition with bacterial agents, and Also as a result of direct communication with patients with people (animals). A number of diseases are rapidly transmitted from sick people to healthy and causes epidemics (plague, cholera, typhoid, influenza, etc.).
but ) Chuma - acute infectious disease. The causative agent is a microbe that does not have high resistance outside the body; In the wet emitted by the person, he retains its viability up to 10 days. The incubation period is 1 - 3 days. The disease begins sharply: there is a general weakness, chills, headache, the temperature is rapidly rising, the consciousness is darkened.
The so-called pulmonary form of plague is most dangerous. Disease
perhaps when inhaling the air containing the pathogen of the plague. Signs of the disease: Along with a severe common state, pain in the chest and cough with the release of a large amount of sputum with plague bacteria; The patient's forces quickly fall, the loss of consciousness comes; Death occurs as a result of increasing cardiovascular weakness. The disease lasts from 2 to 4 days.
b) Cholera- acute infectious disease, characterized by heavyness and inclination to rapid distribution. The causative agent of cholera - cholera vibrion is a single-resistant to the external environment, the waters of several months remain in the water. The incubation period during cholera continues from several hours to 6 days, on average 1 - 3 days.
The main signs of the destruction of cholera: vomiting, diarrhea; convulsions; Vomit
the masses and feces of the patient cholera take the type of rice beam. FROM
liquid feces and vomiting the patient loses a large amount of fluid, quickly thin, the body temperature drops to 35 degrees. In severe cases, the disease will end with death.
c) Siberian ulcer - a sharp disease that affects mainly
farm animals, and they can be transmitted to people. The pathogen of the Siberian ulcers penetrates the body through the respiratory tract, the digestive tract, damaged skin. The disease occurs after 1 - 3 days; It proceeds in three forms: lung, intestinal and skin.
The pulmonary form of Siberian ulcers is a peculiar inflammation of the lungs: the body temperature rises sharply, cough appears with
dividing blood sputum, cardiac activity weakens and
there is no treatment after 2 to 3 days.
The use of bacteriological weapons, as a rule, are:
* aviation bombs;
* Artillery mines and shells;
* Packages (bags, boxes, containers), discharged from airplanes;
* Special devices scattering insects from airplanes;
* Divergent methods.
In some cases, for the spread of infectious diseases, the enemy can leave the infected content items during the waste: clothing, products, cigarettes, etc. The disease in this case may occur as a result of direct contact with infected objects. Such a form of disseminating pathogens of diseases is possible, as a deliberate leaving when the infectious patient, so that they appear to be a source of infection among the troops and the population.
With a break of ammunition, equipped with bacterial formulations, a bacterial cloud is formed, consisting of the smallest droplets of liquid or solid particles suspended in the air. The cloud, spreading through the wind, dissipates and settles on the ground, forming an infected area, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich depends on the number of recipes, its properties and wind speed.
Infectious diseases
For gear of bacteriological weapons, pathogens of the following diseases can be used: plague, cholera, Siberian ulcers, botulism, natural smallpox, Tularemia.
Plague - acute infectious disease. The causative agent is a microbe that does not have high resistance outside the body; In the wet emitted by the person, he retains its viability up to 10 days. The incubation period is from 1 to 3 days. The disease begins sharply: there is a general weakness, chills, headache, the temperature is rapidly rising, the consciousness is darkened.
The so-called pulmonary form of plague is most dangerous. The disease is possible when inhaled air containing the pathogen of the plague. Signs of the disease: Along with a severe common state, pain in the chest and cough with the release of a large amount of sputum with plague bacteria; The patient's forces quickly fall, the loss of consciousness comes; Death occurs as a result of increasing cardiovascular weakness. The disease lasts from 2 to 4 days.
Cholera- acute infectious disease, characterized by a heavy flow and a tendency to quickly distribute. The causative agent cholera - cholera vibion - Almost resistant to the external environment, in water persists for several months. The incubation period during cholera continues from several hours to 6 days, on average 1-3 days.
The main signs of the destruction of cholera: vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions; Vomit masses and feces of a patient cholera take the kind of rice beam. With liquid feces and vomiting, the patient loses a large amount of fluid, quickly loses, the body temperature drops to 35 degrees. In severe cases, the disease can end death.
anthrax - acute disease that affects mainly farm animals, and they can be transmitted to people. The pathogen of the Siberian ulcers penetrates the body through the respiratory tract, the digestive tract, damaged skin. The disease occurs after 1-3 days; It proceeds in three forms: lung, intestinal and skin.
Lung form Siberian ulcers is a peculiar inflammation of the lungs: the temperature of the body sharply increases, cough appears with the release of blood wet, cardiac activity weakens and death occurs in 2-3 days in the absence of treatment.
Intestinal form Diseases are manifested in ulcerative intestinal damage, sharp pain in the abdomen, blood vomiting, diarrhea; Death comes in 3-4 days.
Under skin form Siberian ulcers are affected most often open areas of the body (hands, legs, neck, face). At the site of the microbes of the causative agent, the title spot appears, which in 12-15 hours turns into a bubble with a muddy or blood-free liquid. The bubble soon bursts, forming a black stamp, around which new bubbles appear, increasing the size of the stamp to 6-9 centimeters in diameter (carbuncoon). Carbuncoon is painful, massive swelling is formed around it. In the breakthrough, the carbuncule is possible infecting blood and death. With a favorable course of the disease in 5-6 days, the temperature in the patient decreases, painful phenomena gradually pass.
Botulism It is caused by a botulinical toxin, which is one of the strongest poisons currently known. Infection can occur through the respiratory tract, the digestive tract, damaged skin and mucous membranes.
The incubation period is from 2 hours to days. Botulism toxin strikes the central nervous system, the nerve wandering nerve and the nervous apparatus of the heart; The disease is characterized by neuro-paralytic phenomena. Initially, the general weakness, dizziness, pressure in the nominal region, disruption of the gastrointestinal tract appear; The then develop paralytic phenomena: paralysis of the main muscles, muscles of the tongue, soft nose, larynx, facial muscles; In the future, paralysis of the muscles of the stomach and intestines is observed, as a result of which there is a meteorism and resistant constipation. The body temperature of the patient is usually lower than normal. In severe cases, death may occur a few hours after the start of the disease as a result of the paralysis of the respiratory organs.
Tularemia- infection. Tularemia causative agent is last preserved in water, soil, dust. Infection occurs through the respiratory tract, the digestive tract, mucous membranes and skin. The disease begins with a sharp increase in the temperature and the appearance of headaches and pain in the muscles. It proceeds in three forms: pulmonary, intestinal and typhoid.
Smallpox caused by a virus. This disease is characterized by fever and rash leaving the scars. Transmitted through air and objects.
Bacteriological (biological) weapon
Introduction
Bacteriological weapons (biological) is a means of mass destruction of people, animals and the destruction of crops. The basis of his affecting actions is bacterial tools to which pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, fungi) and toxins are produced by bacteria.
Bacteriological intelligence is organized for the purposes of timely detection of the enemy's preparation for the use of BS, establishing the fact of their use, determining the type of agents, as well as the scale of infection and air in the strips of the troops.
The medical service provides instruction in chemical observation posts and intelligence faults on sampling rules for the indication of the BS, as well as the implementation of complex problems of bacteriological intelligence of the foci of bacterial infection in the troops and the specific indication of the BS.
The main activities of bacteriological intelligence are:
mining and receiving intelligence data on the preparation of the enemy to the use of bacteriological weapons;
continuous observation of air and terrain to detect external (direct and indirect) features indicating the possibility of applying an opponent BS;
The indication of the BS, aimed at detecting characteristic factors, indicating the application of these funds, as well as determining the type of bacterial recipes used;
timely detection and examination of each case of infectious diseases among the troops, the population, as well as among farm animals;
Establishing the scope of bacterial infection, as well as identifying local means that can be used for antibacterial protection.
The continuous collection of reconnaissance data on the preparation of the enemy to the use of bacteriological weapons is ensured by the efforts of international headquarters.
Permanent observation of air, terrain and water management is carried out by all units of troops.
The external signs of the use of bacteriological weapons include:
Less sharp, unknown ordinary ammunition sounds of gaps of aviation bombs, rockets, shells and mines, accompanied by the formation of the cloud, fog or smoke at the surface surface;
The appearance of a quickly disappearing strip of fog or smoke for an opponent aircraft or on the way of movement of balloons;
The presence in the places of gaps of ammunition on the soil and the surrounding objects of droplets of a turbid liquid or powdered substances, as well as fragments and individual parts of ammunition;
the appearance on the area of \u200b\u200bthe remains of unusual bombs, rockets and shells with piston and other devices for creating aerosols;
The presence of insect, ticks and corpses of rodents is unusual for this area near the place of falling bombs or containers.
Under the application of the opponent of bacteriological weapons, the possibility of the appearance of infectious diseases is not excluded than the fact of bacteriological attack will be established, and earlier than bacterial causative agents will be found in the external environment. Under these conditions, the medical service is obliged to conduct a detailed epidemiological survey of the hearth disease and organize the necessary complex of anti-epidemic events.
Emergency prevention begins immediately after establishing the fact of the use of bacteriological weapons or the appearance among the personnel of mass infectious diseases of unknown etiology.
The concept of bacteriological (biological) weapons
Bacteriological (biological) weapons are special ammunition and combat facilities with delivery facilities, equipped with bacterial (biological) means.
for the defeat of people: pathogens of bacterial diseases (plague, tularemia, brucellosis, Siberian ulcer, cholera); pathogens of viral diseases (natural sucks, yellow fever, Venezuelan encephalomyelitis horses);
pathogens of ricketsiosis (raw tit, spotty fragile rocky mountains, ku-fever); pathogens of fungal diseases (coccidiodomicosis, prog, histopommosis);
Historical reference
The history of mankind has retained information on the poisoning of wells during numerous wars, infection of the precipitated fortresses of the plating, the use of poisoning gases on the battlefield.
Back in the V century BC. Indian law Manu banned military use of poisons, but in the 19th century n. e. The civilized colonialists of America gave Indians infected blankets to cause epidemics in tribes.
The only proven fact of the intentional use of biological weapons in the 20th century is the Japanese of the Chinese territories of the plague bacteria in the 30-40s.
The International Convention on Biological Weapons (Biological Weapons Convention) of 1972 has banned its production and application in any form. In 1980, the United States argued that the only country that violates the Convention was the USSR.
In 1995, there were already 17 countries in the American list of violators (Iran, Iraq, Syria, Libya, South Africa, North and South Korea, China, Taiwan, Israel, Egypt, Cuba, Bulgaria, India, Vietnam, Cuba).
The "black list" of Americans, according to observers, is perception: it includes almost all famous American enemies, but for some reason does not include America itself.
Some experts believe that the United States applied biological weapons during the War in Vietnam, where more than 100 thousand tons of herbicides and defolients were sprayed, who act primarily on vegetation (the Americans tried to destroy the greens on the trees to see the partisans from the air).
This is called an example of ecosystem biological weapons: since pesticides do not possess an absolutely electoral action, in Vietnam, there was damage to freshwater fish, the catch to the mid-80s. It remained 10-20 times lower than before the use of military purposes.
Several times lower and soil fertility of affected lands. As a result, 12% of forests were destroyed, 40% of mangroves and more than 5% of the farmland of the country.
The direct damage was to 1.6 million Vietnamese. More than 7 million people were forced to leave areas where pesticides were used.
After several years, the officially referred to the President of Richard Nixon from the development of biological weapons (BO), some military specialists in the United States began to open interest to this type of weapons.
Since the beginning of the eighties, experts have drawn attention to the rapid development of military-biological programs in different countries of the world.
Protocol on the prohibition of applications in the war of suffiling, toxic or other similar gases and bacteriological agents.
Geneva, June 17, 1925
Below adds authorized on behalf of their respective governments:
considering that the use of suffocating, poisonous or other such gases in the war, as well as any similar liquids, substances and processes, was fairly convicted by the public opinion of the civilized world;
considering that the prohibition of this application was formulated in contracts, the participants of which are most of the powers of the world;
for the purpose of widespread recognition in the international law of this prohibition, equally mandatory for the conscience and practice of peoples;
schedule:
what high Contracting Parties, since they are not already participating in contracts prohibiting this application, they recognize this prohibition, agree to extend this prohibition of bacteriological means of warfare and agree to consider themselves related to each other by the terms of this declaration related to each other.
High Contracting Parties will make all their efforts to encourage other states to join this Protocol. The government of the French Republic will be notified about this accession, and the last - all the signatories and the joining powers. He will be part of the notice made by the Government of the French Republic.
This Protocol, French and English texts of which will be considered authentic, will be ratified as soon as possible. He will wear the date of this day.
The ratification of this Protocol will be transmitted to the Government of the French Republic, which will notify each signatory or joined power on the adoption by storage.
Rattification lists or accession documents will be kept in the archives of the government of the French Republic.
This Protocol will enter into force for each signed power from the date of the receipt of ratification, and from now on such a power will be associated with respect to other powers that have already made their ratifications.
In the certificate of which the authorized signed this Protocol.
Dechanged in Geneva in one copy of the seventeenth of June a thousand nine hundred and twenty-fifth year.
Views of BS
As bacterial (biological) funds can be used:
for the defeat of people: pathogens of bacterial diseases (plague, tularemia, brucellosis, Siberian ulcer, cholera);
pathogens of viral diseases (natural sucks, yellow fever, Venezuelan encephalomyelitis horses);
pathogens of ricketsiosis (raw tit, spotted fraud of the rocky mountains, coulichorad); pathogens of fungal diseases (coccidiodomicosis, prog, histopommosis);
for the defeat of animals: Pathways of the FMD, the plague of cattle, plague of pigs, Siberian ulcers, Sap, the African fever of pigs, false rabies and other diseases;
for the destruction of plants: the pathogens of rust of bread cereals, phytoofluorosis of potatoes, late fading corn and other cultures; insect pests of agricultural plants; Phytotoxicants, defoliacs, herbicides and other chemicals.
An essential feature of bacteriological (biological) weapons is the presence of a hidden period of action, during which the affected remain in the ranks and fulfill their duties, and then suddenly ill.
The hidden period can be different, for example, when infected with plague and cholera, it can last from several hours to 3 days, Tularemia - up to 6 days, a raped typhoid-up to 14 days.
To deliver bacterial (biological) funds, the same carriers are used as for nuclear and chemical weapons (aviation bombs, shells, mines, rockets, aerosol generators and other devices). In addition, bacterial (biological) formulations can be applied by a sabotage.
The main method of the use of bacterial (biological) means is considered to be an overhaul air layer. When an explosion of ammunition or triggered generators, an aerosol cloud is formed, along the path of propagation of which the formulation particles infect the area. It is possible to use bacterial (biological) means with the help of insects infected with pathogenic microbes, ticks, rodents, etc.
Application of the opponent of bacteriological (biological) weapons can be detected by the following visible external features:
the formation of an aerosol cloud after an explosion of ammunition or when the generators are triggered;
detection of remnants of special containers, ammunition and other types of weapons;
the presence of a large number of insects, ticks, rodents, unknown for the locality, etc.
Powerful microbes cannot be detected by human senses. This is possible only with the help of technical means of non-specific bacteriological (biological) intelligence.
Prevention of lesions.
Disease pathogens can fall into the human body with various ways: when inhaled infected air, with the use of contaminated water and food, when microbes get into the blood through open wounds and burn surfaces, with the bite of infected insects, as well as in contact with sick people, animals, infected with patients Items and not only at the time of use of bacterial (biological) funds, but after a long time after their application, if the personnel of personnel was not carried out.
General features of many infectious diseases are high body temperature and significant weakness, as well as their rapid propagation, which leads to the emergence of focal diseases and poisoning.
The direct protection of the personnel during the bacteriological (biological) attack of the enemy is ensured by using the means of individual and collective protection, as well as the use of emergency prevention tools available in individual aid kits.
Features of damage to bacterial agents
With damage to bacterial agents, the disease occurs immediately, almost always there is a hidden (incubatory) period during which the disease does not exist by external signs, and the affected does not lose their combat capability.
Some diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera) are able to be transmitted from a sick person healthy and, quickly spreading, cause epidemics.
To establish the fact of the use of bacterial agents and determine the type of pathogen is quite difficult, since neither microbes nor toxins have neither color, no odor, nor taste, but the effect of their action can manifest itself through a large period of time. Detection of bacterial agents is possible only by conducting special laboratory studies, which requires considerable time, and this makes it difficult to conduct timely conducting measures to prevent epidemic diseases.
Bacterial products include pathogenic microbes and toxins produced by them. For bacteriological weapons, causative agents of the following diseases can be used:
- Chuma
- Cholera.
- anthrax
- Botulism
a) a plague-edged infectious disease. Contrinitor is a microbe that does not have high resistance outside the body; In the sputum, allocated, he retains his vitality up to 10 days. Incubatory performance is 1 - 3 days. The disease begins sharply: the present weakness, chills, headache, the temperature is rapidly rising, the consciousness is darkened.
The so-called pulmonary form of plague is most dangerous. Disease it is possible when inhaling air containing the pathogen of the plague. Signal signs: Along with a severe common state, pain in the chest and cough appear with a large amount of sputum with plague bacteria; The patient's forces quickly fall, the loss of consciousness comes; Death of akin to the result of increasing cardiovascular weakness. The disease lasts 2 to 4 days.
b) cholera - an acute infectious disease characterized by a heavy flow and a leaning to rapid distribution. The causative agent of cholera - cholera vibrion is low-resistant to the external environment, the water is saved for several months. The incubation period during cholera continues from several hours to 6 days, an average of 1 to 3 days.
The main signs of the destruction of cholera: vomiting, diarrhea; convulsions; Patient cholera's dumping and sick feces take the kind of rice beam. With liquid feces and vomiting, the patient loses a large amount of fluid, quickly loses, the body temperature drops to 35 degrees.
In severe cases, the disease will end with death.
c) Siberian ulcer-acute disease that affects mainly
farm animals, and they can be transmitted to people. The pathogen of the Siberian ulcers penetrates the body through the respiratory tract, the digestive tract, damaged skin. The disease occurs after 1 - 3 days; It proceeds in three forms: lung, intestinal and skin.
The pulmonary form of Siberian ulcers is a peculiar inflammation of the lungs: the body temperature rises sharply, coughing appears with the release of blood wet, heart activity weakens and death occurs after 2 - 3 days.
The intestinal form of the disease is manifested in the ulcerative lesion of the intestine, sharp pain in the abdomen, blood vita, diarrhea; Death occurs through
3 - 4 days. With the skin form of the Siberian ulcers, the open areas of the body (arms, legs, neck, face) are affected most often. At the site of the microbes of the causative agent, the title spot appears, which in 12 - 15 hours turns into a bubble with a muddy or bleeding fluid. The bubble soon bursts, forming a black stamp, around which new bubbles appear, increasing the size of the stamp to 6 to 9 centimeters in diameter (carbuncoon). Carbuncoon is painful, massive swelling is formed around it. In the breakthrough, the carbuncule is possible infecting blood and death. With a favorable course of the disease in 5-6 days, the temperature in the patient decreases, painful phenomena gradually pass.
d) botulism is caused by botulinical toxin, which is one of the strongest poisons currently known.
Infection can occur through the respiratory tract, the digestive tract, damaged skin and mucous membranes. The incubation period is 2 hours before the day.
Botulism toxin strikes the central nervous system, the nerve wandering nerve and the nervous apparatus of the heart; The disease is characterized by neurorateral phenomena. General weakness, dizziness, pressure in the opposite region appear, disorders of the gastrointestinal tract are then developing paralytic phenomena: paralysis of the main muscles, muscles of the tongue, soft sky, larynx, facial muscles; In the future, paralysis of the muscles of the stomach and intestines is observed, as a result of which there is a meteorism and resistant constipation. The body temperature of the patient is usually lower than normal. In severe cases, death may occur in a few hours after the start of the disease as a result of a paralysis of breathing.
Excerpt from the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation
Article67.1. Biodiversity of biological weapons
The use of biological weapons - shall be punished with imprisonment for a period of eight to twelve years. The same action, entailed by the death of a person, is punished with imprisonment for a term of ten to fifteen years.
Article 67.2. Development, Production, Acquisition, Storage, Sales, Transportation of Biological Weapons
Development, production, acquisition, storage, sales, transportation of biological weapons - are punishable by imprisonment for up to five years. The same actions that caused the death of a person, causing harm to his health or other serious consequences or committed on a preliminary conspiracy by a group of persons either by the person who biological agents or toxins were entrusted with the service or having access to them in connection with the work performed -
shall be punished with imprisonment for a period of three to ten years. The provision of a foreign state or foreign organization of assistance in the development, production, acquisition, storage, sales, transportation of biological weapons - is punished with imprisonment for a period of five to eight years.
Note. Under biological weapons in Articles 67.1 and 67.2 are understood as any living organism, including microorganism, virus or other biological agent, as well as any substance produced by a living organism or obtained by genetic engineering, or any of its derivative, as well as the means of their delivery created by In order to cause death, a disease or other defective functioning of a human or other living organism, infection of the environment, food, water or other material objects. Under biological weapons, biological agents are not understood, toxins or their delivery tools developed, manufactured, purchased, sold, transported and used for peaceful purposes, such as preventive or medical-protective.
(introduced by the Law of the Russian Federation of 29.04.93 No. 4901-1 - Vedomosti RF and Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, 1993, N 22, Art. 789)
List of references:
A. M. Arkhangelsky "Bacteriological weapons and protection from him", Moscow, 1971;
Yu. V. Borovsky, R. F. Galiyev "Bacteriological weapons of a likely opponent and protection from him", Moscow, 1990;
Medical encyclopedia;
Soviet encyclopedic dictionary.
"Civil Defense" / Edited by General Army, A. T. Altunin -M.: Milivodat, 1982.
U Tan. Chemical and bacteriological (biological) weapons and consequences of its possible application. M., 1970.
Content
Introduction 1.
The concept of bacteriological (biological) weapons 2
Historical reference 4.
Types of BS 6.
Prevention of lesions 7.
Types and main properties of combat biological agents 8
Basic signs of biological defeat 12
Rules for the behavior and action of the population in the focus of bacteriological damage 13
Methods for using bacterial agents 17
Features of damage by bacterial agents 18
Exposure from the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation 20
List of references 21
Curriculum
1. Brief historical certificate
The pathogens of infectious diseases for military purposes were used for a long time. For example, in 1346 an epidemic of plague among the Genoeses during the siege of the Cafe Fortress (on the site of the current city of Theodosius) by throwing the people who were precipitated the corpses who died from the plague for the shaft of the fortress.
The idea of \u200b\u200busing pathogenic microorganisms as a means of defeat arose due to the fact that infectious diseases constantly carried out a lot of human lives, and the epidemics associated with wars caused major losses and among the troops, the predestrating sometimes outcome of battles or even whole campaigns. For example, out of 27 thousand English soldiers participating in 1741, in conciliatory campaigns in Mexico and Peru. 20 thousand died from yellow fever. From 1733 to 1865, 8 million people were killed in the wars in Europe, of which only 1.5 million were combat losses, and 6.5 million were killed from infectious diseases.
Nowadays, it is difficult to even even submit the consequences of the intentional distribution of pathogens of infectious diseases, if the population does not know the measures to combat and protect, clearly and consistently perform them. It is worth it for this to recall examples of epidemic diseases, for example, the tragedy of G. G. Then out of 500 million people sick of the flu, 20 million died, that is, almost 2 times more than was killed for the entire first world war.
In the years preceding the Second World War, the most intensive work in the creation of bacteriological weapons was led by the Japanese. In the occupied territory of Manchuria, they created two major research centers that had experienced polygons, where the test of biological agents was carried out not only on laboratory animals, but also on the prisoners of war and peaceful population of China.
Since 1941, a special military scientific research service was actively conducted in the United States, a special military research service was created, large research laboratories were built, experimental laboratories in Mississippi, enterprises for the production of biological agents and their storage in Arkansas , Test polygon in Utah and a number of other objects. Most of the work on the creation of bacteriological weapons was performed in the strictest mode of secrecy.
The great victory of the progressive forces of the whole world was the adoption of the Convention on the prohibition of the development, production and accumulation of reserves of bacteriological weapons and its destruction.
It is necessary to emphasize such a feature of biological weapons as the possibility of reverse action. The use of a number of the most virulent pathogens of contagious (infectious) diseases creates a risk of defeating its troops and the population. For this reason, for example, in question, the feasibility of using the pathogen of plague and some others. Siberian ulcer, yellow fever, tularemia, brucellosis, ku-fever and Venezuelan Encephalomyelitis are considered more acceptable. From the disease of the Siberian ulcer and yellow fever, people without treatment are usually dying in a few weeks. Brucellosis, ku-fever and Venezuelan encephalomyelitis rarely lead to a death rate, but the disease caused by them lasts more than 2-3 months.
2. Bacteriological (biological) weapon
Bacteriological (biological) weapons (BO) refers to the means of mass lesion and is intended to defeat people, farm animals and plants, for infecting food, forage and water.
Bacteriological weapons can be applied with aviation, rockets, artillery shells, mines and a sabotage method in the form of liquid or dry (powdered) formulations, aerosols containing pathogens of various diseases, as well as by spreading insects, rodents.
The most likely bib applications can be: large administrative and industrial centers, railway units and stations, marine and river ports, water sources; Water bases and warehouses, etc.
The defeat of people can occur as a result of inhalation of infected air, when microbes and toxins and toxins for mucous rims, when eating contaminated products and water, as well as as a result of the bitees of infected insects (rodents) and direct communication with sick people.
The main features of the use of Bo are: a trace behind the low-flying plane, the deaf breaks of the bomb (shells) with the formation of a cloud, droplets or powdered matter on the soil, the emergence of a significant amount of insects or their species that have not yet been met in this area, as well as a massive disease People or case of animals. In case of sabotage use, both is concealed, without explicit external signs. The hidden period ranges from several hours to several days and depends on the type of disease.
The characteristic features of Bo belong:
The ability to hit people and animals with negligible doses;
The presence of a hidden period of the disease;
Great duration to keep striking properties;
The ability of many diseases is transmitted from a patient to a healthy body;
The difficulty of detecting pathogens of infectious diseases;
Strong psychological impact, etc.
The basis of the striking effect of bacteriological weapons is bacterial agents: pathogenic microbes (bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, fungi) and toxins produced by some bacteria (poisons).
Bacteria - vegetable origin microorganisms that are not visible to the naked eye, very quickly multiply by simple division and are able to cause severe epidemiological diseases. Bacteria die from the effects of sunlight, disinfectants and boiling.
Toxins - potent poisons produced by bacteria.
As bacterial agents, only those microbes that are resistant to drying have the ability to infect minimal doses, quickly cause severe diseases, difficult to recognize, and consequently, treatment.
These include pathogens: plague, Siberian ulcers, tularera, brucellosis, spa, melissodosis, natural smallpox, botulinum toxin and other particularly dangerous infectious diseases.
When applying aerosols, air is infected, forming a bacterial cloud, which under the action of the wind is capable of substantial distances, creating extensive areas of contamination of a few hundred square kilometers.
Infected by bacteria areas of the terrain and all objects of the external environment can be dangerous for several hours, day and even weeks. The axial aerosols can again rise ascending air flows and hold some time in the surface layers of the atmosphere. In view of small sizes, biological aerosols, like coal dust, can easily penetrate the room through window slots, open windows or loosely closed doors.
Through the respiratory tract, a person can get infected with many infections, even those that are not transmitted with natural distribution through the air.
3. Characteristics of infectious diseases
Plague - acute contagious human disease and some animals. The pathogen of the plague is a clear microbe (wand). In vivo, this is a disease of wild rodents (gopters, tushkans, rats, etc.), which spreads among the animals by flea. Hanging the blood of a patient animal, they become contagious. Periodically aroused among wild rodents in certain places, the plague is preserved in these primary natural foci. The transition of infection on rats and mice, as well as on domestic animals, the release of plagues from the natural focus and the spread beyond it is dangerous for people.
A person's infection occurs through the skin and mucous rolves when contact with patients with animals (when removing the skins and cutting of carcasses) or when the contaminated flea is bite. From a person to a man's plague is transmitted through air (at pulmonary disease), through fleas and infected things of the patient. The source of infection may also be the corpses of people who died from the plague. Incubation (hidden) period - 2-6 days. The disease is accompanied by a total sharp intoxication, damage to cardiovascular and nervous systems. There are bubonic, skin, pulmonary and septic form of plague. An exceptional danger to others represents a person who is ill forming her pulmonary form. Patients are hospitalized in special medical institutions.
The population in the focus of bacteriological damage should strictly fulfill all the requirements of the Medical Defense Medical Service. The speed of the elimination of the hearth largely depends on the organization's organization.
Infectious patients transport, as a rule, on sanitary transport or on specially fitted cars. You can not transport patients on the same car together with wounded, as well as patients with various infectious diseases. It is forbidden to carry infectious patients in passing transport.
When transporting infectious patients, it is necessary to have dishes to collect the patient's discharge, disinfecting to disinfect these selection and hands, as well as medicines to provide urgent assistance. Accompanying infectious patients must strictly observe precautionary measures: to wear bathrobes over clothes, on the head - bandages; Nose and mouth close up with a respirator or a vanity-marl bandage. Having delivered the patient to the medical institution, the accompanying undergo complete sanitary processing. Disinfect transport in the hospital, where he was delivered.
Biological (bacteriological) weapon It is a means of mass destruction of people, animals and plants. Its action is based on the use of the pathogenic properties of microorganisms (bacteria, rickettsis, fungi, as well as toxins produced by some bacteria). The biological weapons include the recipes of pathogenic microorganisms and means of delivering them to the goal (rockets, aviation bombs and containers, aerosol sprayers, artillery shells, etc.).
The affecting factor in biological weapons is a pathogenic effect, i.e. their ability to cause diseases of people, animals and plants (pathogenicity). A quantitative characteristic (parameter) of pathogenicity is virulence (degree of patholation).
Features of biological weapons
Biological weapons have a number of specific features, the most important of which are:
- epidemicity - the possibility of mass destruction of people in extensive territories in a short time;
- high toxicity, much superior toxicity (in 1 cm 3 suspension of the virus of psychotocosis contains 2x10 10 people infectious doses);
- contactivity - the ability to transmit when contact with person, animals, objects, etc.;
- the incubation period reaching a few days;
- the possibility of conservation of microorganisms, in which their viability in the dried state is preserved for 5-10 years;
- the range of distribution - the simulators of biological aerosols during testing penetrated to a distance of up to 700 km;
- the difficulty of indication that reaches several hours;
- strong psychological impact (panic, fear, etc.).
As biological agents, the enemy can use pathogens of various infectious diseases: plague, Siberian ulcers, brucellosis, spa, tularemia, cholera, yellow and other fever, spring-summer encephalitis, raw and abdominal typhoid, influenza, malaria, dysentery, natural sieves and Dr. In addition, botulinum toxin can be applied, causing severe on the etching of the human body. For the defeat of animals, along with the pathogens of the Siberian ulcers and the Sapa, it is possible to use Viruses of Famshar, the plague of horns and birds, cholera pigs, etc.; For damage to agricultural plants - the pathogens of rust of bread cereals, phytoofluorosis of potatoes and other diseases, as well as various pests of agricultural crops.
Infection of people and animals occurs as a result of inhalation of air, contacting microbes or toxins on the mucous membrane and damaged skin, eating contaminated food and water, insect bites and ticks, contact with infected objects, injured by fragments of ammunition, equipped with biological agents, as well as As a result of direct communication with sick people (animals). A number of diseases are rapidly transmitted from sick people to healthy and causes epidemics (plague, cholera, typhoid, influenza, etc.).
The main methods of using biological weapons are aerosol, transmissive (use of insects, ticks and rodents) and sabotage.
Means of protection of the population from biological weapons
The main means of protecting the population from biological weapons include: vaccine-serum drugs, antibiotics, sulfonamide and other medicinal substancesUsed for special and emergency prevention of infectious diseases, personal and collective protection products, chemicals used to neutralize the pathogens of infectious diseases.
When the signs of the adversary of biological weapons are found, gas masks (respirators, masks), as well as skin protection products, and report this to the nearest headquarters, the director of the institution, the head of the enterprise, organization.
As a result of the use of biological weapons formed biological contamination zones and foci of biological lesion. The zone of biological infection is the area of \u200b\u200bthe terrain (water area) or the area of \u200b\u200bairspace infected with the pathogens of diseases in dangerous limits for the population. The source of biological damage is the territory, within which, as a result of the use of biological agents, there were massive diseases of people, farm animals and plants. The size of the focus of biological damage depends on the type of biological means, the scale and methods of their application.
To prevent the spread of infectious diseases among the population in the lesion, a complex of anti-epidemic and sanitary and hygienic measures is carried out: emergency prevention; Observation and quarantine; Sanitary processing of the population; Disinfection of various infected objects. If necessary, destroy insects, ticks and rodents (disinsection, devratation).
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