The overall view of the space and the idea of \u200b\u200bthe study of outer space can cause many questions. Why is Pluto not planet? Is it possible to hear anything in space? How many space stations are currently in space? What happens when the cosmonaut eats gases in space?
Want to know the answers to these and many other questions? Before you - 25 cosmic facts that you always wanted to know!
25. How old is the sun?
Sun is about 4.6 billion years. Billion is a thousand million.
24. Are astronauts really go in diapers?
Yes: during the start of the spacecraft, return to Earth and everything they make outside the spacecraft or space station. Although they are called not "diapers", but the "maximum absorbing garment" (Maximum Absorbency Garment, or Mag).
23. Is it true that in space no one will hear your scream?
Well yes. What we hear are sound waves that actually represent vibrations in the air. There is no air in space, so there is nothing to vibrate there. Light and radio waves apply to space, but they do not need air to spread like sound waves.
22. When will the Gallea comet again fly past?
Comet Halley will be visible from the ground in 2061. An interesting fact: Mark Twain (Mark Twain) was born a year when Comet Gallei flew (1835), and died when she flew past the earth next time (1910). A year before his death, Mark Twain said: "I came with Gallei's comet, and I must leave with her."
21. Why is Cosmos black?
Because in the overwhelming part of the universe there is nothing, including light. Or maybe in the black space to which we look, there is light - we simply cannot see it with a human eye, or light waves are in hundreds of light years from us.
20. When do we actually go to Mars?
Currently it seems that the Mission scheduled for 2030 is our most realistic schedule. One of the main problems associated with sending people to Mars is finance.
So far, more and more people require money for NASA from the government, looking at the success of private programs, such as SPASE X, it is possible that the private sector or cooperation can help deliver us to Mars.
19. Is there any spy satellites in space?
You may not doubt! In fact, Japan has just, in March, launched one such satellite - "Radar 5" ("Radar 5") - to follow North Korea. Thank you for your attention, Japan!
18. Full moon every month falls on different days, so how long does the moon cycle last?
17. What are the names of the planets in our solar system, and what do they mean their names?
With the exception of the Earth, all the planets in our solar system are named after the gods and goddesses of the ancient Greek or ancient Roman mythology.
Pluto was the God of the underground kingdom; Mercury was the messenger of the gods; Venus was goddess love and beauty. Uranus was the god of the sky; Saturn was an ancient Roman god of agriculture; Mars was the god of war, Jupiter (the largest planet of our solar system) was named after God-Ruzhozhitsa; Neptune was the God of the Seas.
16. Then why did the land given exactly this name?
In fact, it is unknown. What we really know is that the word "earth" ("Earth") is derived from the English and German words meaning "soil, soil". Our planet is stunningly beautiful, mostly covered with water, and we called it ... Earth. Hi, humanity!
15. Is there really a mysterious "Planet X", which we cannot see in our solar system?
Probably. NASA found evidence of the existence of the planet size with Neptune at an even greater orbit of the Sun than Pluto, which, according to the calculations of astronomers, makes one full rotation around the Sun for 10,000 years.
14. Is it possible to get sick "cosmic madness"?
Not? But problems with mental health on Earth would also exist in space, and if stress from flight into space was a trigger, astronauts could have a failure or case of a disease in space, so ... yes?
In NASA, there were two separate studies in the field of mental health of astronauts (one - on the ISS, another - on the already no existing space station "Peace"), and the only interesting thing that appeared in the reports is "some tension", which in principle is what can happen to any person living at work with their colleagues. On the general mood or cohesion of the group, it did not mean anything negatively.
The test, imitating the year on Mars, was started on earth and ended in 2016. Participants of the study could not leave their habitat for a distance further than 366 meters, if there were no scafflers. There was some tension and stress, as well as some interpersonal problems.
Like the neighbors on the room in the hostel, one becomes friends the rest of your life, while others will not be friends even in Facebook. So there are no specific evidence that the time spent in space causes any specific "cosmic" mental health problems. However, if they have a person on Earth, he will have them after will leave the land (theoretically).
13. What happens if you bump into space?
Well, first, the released gas will not move, because there is no gravity so that heavily air moves somewhere, and there are no air flows so that it spreads.
Man just remains one on one in this gas "cloud". Fortunately, the spacecraft are made with modifications that are filtered by such ... hmm ... gases, and astronauts find their own ways to minimize their gases on other crew members, such as, for example, to do this in less used compartments of the ISS.
12. Why do stars seem flickering or flashing?
Because their light should overcome various layers of gases in our atmosphere. Think about it like about the light passing through the water that distorts the light and makes it "sparkle". In this case, the same basic principle is valid.
11. Can blood really boil in space if a person is without a skatera?
Yes. This is due to how pressure affects the boiling point of liquids. The lower the pressure, the lower the boiling point, because molecules are easier to move and begin to turn into gas from the liquid. That is why water on Elbrus, for example, boils faster than on the Caspian Sea coast. Thus, under the conditions of vacuum of outer space, the boiling point of blood can fall to normal body temperature.
10. What is the temperature in space?
Different. In some parts of the outer space, such as, near the stars, rather hot: there can be instantly evaporate, turning into a hot ash. Whereas in other parts, in deep darkness and on the surface of some planets, looking away from the suns or located far from them, quite cold.
In fact, it all depends on where you are. For reference, ISS (without a thermocontrol system!), Being on the sunny side, it would be raised to a temperature of 121 ° C, and would have a temperature of -157 ° C, while in the shadow of the sun.
9. How many garbage we left in space?
Hmm, well, we, people, little clog our own planet, so we began to litter and beyond it. Currently, there are more than 500,000 units of "cosmic garbage" in the Earth orbit, which are tracked because spacecraft may cause damage.
While some of them are small pieces of meteors, etc., who have fallen into orbit, most of the "cosmic garbage" represents the fact that we (humanity) raised into space and did not return back to Earth.
8. Were we really sent the Gold Plate of Aliens?
Yes. Or at least we sent it to where they could take it if they existed. The farthest artificial object in space is Voyager-1 (Voyager 1), and it was launched in 1977 with Voyager 2 (Voyager 2).
Both automatic probe were to explore the long-range planets of the Solar System, and Voyager-1 in the course of fulfilling their mission went to the interstellar space.
Both "Voyager" on their board carry a gold record with greetings, music (for example, performed by Louis Armstrong, as well as some melodies performed on the Peruvian Swirls - a total of 27 different works of different styles and directions), the noise of the sea and the conversation of people, as well as images.
7. Is cosmos really look like "space pattern" that we see everywhere?
Not really. At least, not for the unarmed human eye, sorry. These superfantastics images are usually either processed in the wavelength range, which is usually not distinguished for the human eye, such as infrared or ultraviolet, or their color scheme is improving. But it does not mean at all that the cosmos is not fantastic and not beautiful - it just means that literally everything is exconed.
6. How many space stations are located in space?
Currently - two. International Space Station (ISS) and Space Agency Tiangong-1 (Tiangong-1), which belongs to China. While on board the ISS there is always a team, there are usually no people on Tiangune-1. The ISS is divided among themselves from Russia, USA, Japan, Canada and the European Space Agency (European Space Agency).
5. How far is the nearest star from us, except for our sun (which is the star)?
4.24 light year. It is called proxima Centaur. The best way to visualize is the distance: if you reduce the size of the sun and the proximation of the centaution to the size of the grapefruits, then they would still be from each other at a distance of about 4023 km (almost from Moscow to Krasnoyarsk). In reality, the sun is large enough so that more than 1 million lands could fit inside it.
4. Does any private companies exist such as Space X, plans to go to Mars?
Yes! In fact, Ilon Mask (Elon Musk) (Founder of Space X, Tesla and Paypal companies) in 2050-2100. Wants to establish a colony of people on Mars, consisting of a million people. While it sounds like a madness, Space X makes stunning things, and work schedules show that this is not a joke is a real goal.
3. Pluto was "reducing" from the planet to the dwarf planet, so what is the difference between them?
There is only one difference, and it is that the celestial body under consideration cleans the space around its orbit. The planet cleans the surrounding space, the dwarf planet - no.
Two other requirements applied to the planets and dwarf planets are as follows: 1) The planet under consideration is in orbit around the star, while herself is not a satellite; 2) has a sufficient mass to be round.
2. Since Pluto is now a dwarf planet, do other dwarf planets exist in our solar system?
Yes, in our solar system there are only 5 dwarf planets: Ceres (Ceres), Pluto (Pluto), Eris (Eris), Makemake (Makemake) and Haumea (Haumea).
Pluto is not even the biggest one. The largest dwarf planet of our solar system is Erida. It is almost 27% more pluto. Bonus fact: Erida - the goddess of contention in Greek mythology.
1. Is it possible to invade aliens to land?
Yes! Can it happen? Not really. And that is, there are several reasons: huge distances between stars and galaxies in space. (Most of us to realize it really can not.)
In addition, we have a lot of terrible problems of humanity. Why significantly advanced civilization spend years and resources to fly to us?
Contrary to the well-established ideas, the interplanetary and interstellar space is not filled with a vacuum, that is, absolute void. Gas and dust particles are present in it, remaining after various space catastrophes, it is present in it. These particles form clouds, which in certain areas form a medium, sufficiently dense to spread sound oscillations, although at frequencies of the human perception. So let's find out if we can hear the sounds of space.
This article is an introductory, more complete information on the link above.
About 220 million light years from the Sun, in the center around which many galaxies rotates, is an unusually heavy black hole. It makes up the lowest sounds, of all existing. This sound is below average "to" by more than 57 octave, that is, approximately a billion multiplied by a million below frequencies available for perception by human ear.
This discovery was made in 2003 by the NASA orbital telescope, discovered in the Perseus cluster, the presence of concentric rings of darkness and light, similar to circles on the surface of the lake from the stone abandoned in it. According to astrophysics, this phenomenon is explained by the impact of sound waves of extremely low frequency. More bright areas correspond to the peaks of the waves in which the interstellar gas is experiencing maximum pressure. Dark rings correspond to "failures", that is, the zones of reduced pressure.
Sounds observed visually
The rotation of the heated and magnetized interstellar gas around the black hole is similar to the whirlpool formed over the drain. When rotating the gas forms an electromagnetic field with sufficient power to give it acceleration and accelerate on the approach to the surface of the black hole to the subband speed. In this case, huge bursts arise (from calling relativistic jets), forcing the gas flow to change the direction.
This process generates acute cosmic sounds that apply through the entire Perseus cluster at a distance of up to 1 million light years. Since the sound is capable of passing only through the medium, with a density of not lower than the threshold value, after the concentration of particles of gas sharply decreases on the cloud border in which the Perseus galaxies are located, the distribution of these sounds is terminated. Thus, these sounds can not be heard from us, on Earth, but they can be seen, watching processes in the gas cloud. In the first approximation, it looks like an external observation of a transparent, but soundproof camera.
Unusual planet
When in March 2011, the most powerful earthquake was collapsed in March 2011 (His magnitude was 9.0), seismic stations were recorded throughout the land, the waves caused by low-frequency oscillations (sounds) and in the atmosphere. The fluctuations reached the paragraph where the Scientist ESA "Gravity Field" together with the GOCE satellite was compared to the level of gravity on the surface of the Earth and at an altitude corresponding to low orbits.
The satellite, located 270 km above the surface of the planet, recorded these sounds. This was done due to the presence of super-high sensitivity accelerometers, the main purpose of which is to control the ion power plant intended to ensure the stability of the orbit of the spacecraft. It is accelerometers 11. 03. 2011 a shift vertically was recorded in a rarefied atmosphere surrounding the satellite. In addition, wave-like changes in the pressure during the spread of sounds generated by an earthquake were observed.
The engines were given a command to compensate for the offset, which was successfully completed. And in the memory of the on-board computer, the information was preserved, in fact, which was a record of an infrasound caused by an earthquake. This entry was first classified, but later it was published a scientific group, which he was headed by R. F. Garcia.
The very first sounds of the universe
A very long time, soon after the formation of our universe, approximately the first 760 million years since a large explosion, the universe was a very dense medium and sound oscillations could well spread. At the same time, the first photons of light began their endless way. Then the medium began to cool, and this process was accompanied by condensation of atoms from subatomic particles.
Usage of light
Determine the presence of sound oscillations in outer space helps ordinary light. Passing through any environment, sound waves cause oscillatory changes in pressure in it. When compressing gas heats up. On the scale of space, this process is so powerful that causes the birth of stars. When expanding, due to reduction in pressure, gas is cooled.
Acoustic oscillations passing through the space of the young universe, provoked small fluctuations in pressure, which were reflected on its temperature mode. Physicist D. Kramer from the University of Washington (USA) on changes in the temperature background reproduced this space music, which was accompanied by an intensive expansion of the universe. After the frequency was increased 1026 times, it became available for perception by human ear.
So, although the sounds in Osmosis really exist, they will be published and distributed, you can only hear them after they are fixed by other methods, reproduced and subjected to appropriate processing.
Where does ISS actually fly? Development Myths May 15th, 2017
The original is taken by W. uchvatovsb.
Where does ISS actually fly? Debunk myths
The International Space Station is one of the most famous artificial facilities ever run into outer space. It is often shown in films, and direct inclusions with the ISS have become an integral element of large sports, cultural, socio-political events. In the consciousness of the Moscow residents of the ISS, somewhere far from the ground flies, in the very dark space. Is it really?
Of course, movies and beautiful pictures do their job. Cosmonauts on the ISS for us - almost guards of the galaxy. But if you figure it out, the height of the ISS flight is not so big. It changes slightly from year to year, and now it is about 400 kilometers above sea level. This is the upper layers of the atmosphere, to be accurate - a thermosphere. Of course, this is space. After all, the card of the Cardmann, a conditionally the boundary between the atmosphere and space, is only 100 kilometers above sea level. However, this is not that space as it seems to us when mentioning this romantic word. In order to better understand the discussed falls, it suffices to say that the polar radiance (red oxygen glow) can be observed at an altitude even above the one on which the ISS flies. Speech, again, goes about 400 kilometers above sea level.
Of course, many space objects fly at a height of much higher than the height of the MKS movement. For example, the Meteorological satellite NOAA-16 is at an altitude of 849 kilometers. Well, geostationary tits are generally treated at an altitude of 35,786 km above sea level. Here there is a space so space.
Cosmonauts are therefore can be at the station long enough, because the upper layers of the atmosphere save them from radiation. Above 500 km, radiation belts extend to people are super-limited action. For the ISS tasks of a height of 400 km more than enough. To run something higher, very large resources are needed. Although the ISS is very expensive.
By the way, the station can be observed from the ground even with the naked eye. The ISS is observed as a rather bright star, quite quickly running across the sky approximately from the west to the east. The site www.heavens-above.com you can find the schedules of ISS over a certain settlement of the planet.
So the cosmos is much closer than it seems.
Not too cold, not too hot - such conditions acceptable to life are found not only on Earth, but also in some other places in space.
We, earthlings, really should be happy. Our planet is located in the right place of the solar system. We are not too close to, as, for example, or Venus, where the average temperature can reach more than 400 ° C. But not too far as Jupiter or Saturn, the temperature of which reaches minus 140 ° C.
But our planet is not the only one who has such ideal conditions. Many other planets detected and the moons are also in the so-called habitat or zone zone. Planets or moon located in such a zone are at the right distance from their star, so it's not too cold and not too hot. The average temperature on these bodies allows the existence on their surface with liquid water, the main ingredient for the occurrence of life.
Of course, the location of the planet in the habitability zone is necessary, but not sufficient. For example, our mysterious neighbor is located in the inhabited zone of our system, however, it is most likely unsuitable for life. However, the colossal volumes of ice discovered on Mars will allow its colonization in a remote future, creating an artificial magnetic field and an atmosphere similar to the earth.
Finding the planet in the habitability area does not mean that it has water, but it means that it can potentially be there. These are potentially suitable worlds must meet other requirements in order to be able to maintain life. For example, have an atmosphere to be a rocky planet (and not to be a gas giant) and have a proper mixture of chemical compounds necessary for the functioning of living organisms.
Is there a life in space?
This question occupied the consciousness of people very and very long ago, and perhaps now we are finally close to getting a response. Several celestial bodies were identified as potential candidates for the existence of life on them.
Some of them are the size of the size, rotating around stars similar to our sun. Others are called ultra-ground - their size can be up to 45 sizes of land.
The most famous of these planets, of course, is Mars, where the existence of a huge amount of water was confirmed, which is located right under its surface. As mentioned above, Mars could take the human colony over time.
Water ice under the surface of Mars.
Life on satellites planets
Saturn, one of the largest planets of our solar system, has 62 moon, some of which are tiny objects with a diameter of 1 km. Others are more than some planets. For example, having almost half of the size of the Earth.
One of Saturnians Saturn recently found itself in the center of attention of hunters for extraterrestrial life: Enseladd. Here, scientists have discovered extensive oceans of water, buried at a depth of 30-40 kilometers below the surface of the planet, which is covered with ice and snow, and where the temperature at noon reaches -198 ° C! The space probe "" found the presence of all vital ingredients for life in these oceans: carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen.
"From the point of view of astrobiology, this is the most interesting place of the solar system," said Chris McKay, a planetary scientist from NASA in a recent news report.
Saturn is not the only planet with a satellite on which life can potentially exist. The moon of Jupiter was also a goal of cosmic intelligence since the 1960s.
Famous book (and film) " 2001: Space Odyssey ", Europe has an ocean of liquid water, depth of 15 to 20 kilometers hiding under the layer of ice. At least two future NASA projects plan to explore this satellite in more detail.
"We can hardly hope for a better goal for solving one of the biggest tasks of science - search for evidence of life existence outside the Earth."
However, nothing is not known about the internal device of this planet.
"Now we just express advament about the content of the atmosphere of this planet," said Jason.
"Future observations can allow us for the first time to explore the atmosphere potentially suitable for the Life of the planet. We plan to look for water and, ultimately, molecular oxygen.
Planet 1140B was discovered during the work of the Mearth project, which is directed to search for planets similar to Earth. In addition to 1140b, the MEARTH project found two more planets like Earth, GJ1132B and GJ1214B.
Another star system in which the existence of potentially suitable planets is called TRAPPIST-1. The system is removed by 39 light years from our planet. It is located in the constellation Aquarius, and the latest observations showed the existence of at least seven small planets rotating around the central star of this system. Of these seven planets, three are found in the inhabited zone.
"This planetary system is amazing not only because we found so many planets, but also because they are all surprisingly similar to the size of the earth!" - told Michaël Gillon from the University of Liege to Belgium.
Two of these planets, Trappist-1B and TrapPist-1C, were additionally studied and, probably, are rocky planets, such as the Earth, which makes them even more likely candidates for the presence of life there.
Other potentially suitable planets were found by the NASA Space Telescope "Kepler". One of these planets, Kepler-452B, is located in the winning constellation near the star, which is very similar to our sun. The planet is about 60% more than the Earth, but whether it is a rocky planet and whether it has liquid water, remains a mystery.
Life as it is
But how to actually find out if the planet can support life? While we do not find someone else's form of life, all our calculations are only the theory. However, a recently published study presented convincing evidence that one of the types of microorganisms could survive on - Saturn's satellite.
The compounds found in Encelade, such as methane, carbon dioxide, ammonia and hydrogen, can be used for nutrition by some earth microorganisms.
In a conducted experiment, researchers managed to grow microorganisms in the conditions of the composition and pressure of the atmosphere, which are considered to be present in Encelade. Researchers discovered one surviving: this is a microorganism, theoretically capable of surviving on Encelade.
"Microorganism Methanothermococcus Okinawensis It flourishes and produces methane in conditions similar to those who are found on the Saturn - Encelade ice moon, "said Simon Ritmann from the University of Vienna, who heads a new study.
In addition, researchers identified a geological process, known as serpentine, which can lead to the formation of a sufficient amount of hydrogen to survive any form of life on Encelade.
Conclusions confirm the idea that some microorganisms can flourish on Encelade and be responsible for part of methane detected on this moon.
But will we ever find a reasonable life?
"The physiological possibilities of several organisms found on Earth, which are able to survive in extreme environmental conditions, suggest that somewhere in the universe can exist. But we can find life and at yourself on the threshold - in the solar system, "said Simon.
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