On April 7, the United States inflicted a rocket blow to Syrian Air Base Shaurat in Homs Province. The operation was the answer to the chemical attack in Idlib on April 4, the responsibility for which Washington and the countries of the West pinned the President of Syria Bashar Assad. Official Damascus refutes its involvement in the attack.
As a result of the chemical attack, more than 70 people were killed, more than 500 were injured. This is not the first such attack in Syria and not the first in history. The largest cases of chemical weapons are in the RBC Photo Gallery.
One of the first major cases of the use of combat poisoning substances occurred April 22, 1915When the German troops sprayed about 168 tons of chlorine in positions near the Belgian city of IPR. The victims of this attack were 1,100 people. In total, during the first world, about 100 thousand people were killed as a result of the use of chemical weapons, 1.3 million were injured.
In the photo: Chlorine-blinded group of British soldiers
Photo: Daily Herald Archive / NMEM / Global Look Press
During the second Italian-Ethiopian War (1935-1936)Despite the ban on the use of chemical weapons established by the Geneva Protocol (1925), by order of Benito Mussolini gas IPRIT was used in Ethiopia. The Italian military stated that the substance applied during the fighting is not lethal, but for all the time the conflict from the poisoning substances killed about 100 thousand people (military and civilians), which did not even have the simplest chemical protection tools.
In the photo: Employees of the Red Cross are wounded through the Abyssinian Desert
Photo: Mary Evans Picture Library / Global Look Press
During World War II, the chemical weapons were practically not used on the fronts, but was widely used by the Nazis to destroy people in concentration camps. Sinyl Acid Pesticide called "Cyclone-B" was first applied against people september 1941 in Auschwitz. For the first time, these granules that allocate deadly gas used September 3, 1941,the victims of steel 600 Soviet prisoners of war and 250 Poles, the second time - the victims of the 900 Soviet prisoners of war were victims. From the use of "cyclone-b" in Nazi concentration camps, hundreds of thousands of people died.
In November 1943 Japan's imperial army during the battle at Chande applied chemical and bacteriological weapons against Chinese soldiers. According to the testimony of witnesses, in addition to the poisonous gases of Iprit and louisitis in the zone around the city, fleas infected with a bubonic plague were abandoned. The exact number of victims of the use of poisoning substances is unknown.
In the photo: Chinese military go on the destroyed streets of Chande
During the war in Vietnam from 1962 to 1971 American troops for the destruction of vegetation to facilitate the search for opponent's units in the jungle, various chemicals were used, the most common of whom was a chemical known as Agent Orange. The substance was produced under simplified technology and contained large concentrations of dioxin, causing genetic mutations and oncological diseases. According to the estimates of the Vietnamese Red Cross, 3 million people suffered from Agent Orange application, including 150 thousand children born with mutations.
In the photo: 12-year-old boy suffering from the consequences of Agent Orange
March 20, 1995 Members of the "AUM SINICONE" sects sprayed a neuro-paralytic chemical Zarin in the Tokyo metro. As a result of the attack, 13 people died, another 6 thousand were injured. Five participants in the sect went into the wagons, lowered packages with a volatile fluid on the floor and pushed them with the tip of the umbrella, after which they left the train. According to experts, the victims could be much more if the poisoning substance was sprayed in other ways.
In the photo: Doctors assist passengers affected by Zarin
In November 2004 American troops applied ammunition with white phosphorus during the assault of the Iraqi city of El Fallucz. Initially, the Pentagon denied the use of such ammunition, but eventually recognized this fact. The exact amount of died as a result of the use of white phosphorus in El Falluja is unknown. White phosphorus is used as an incendiary agent (people he hurts heavy burns), but he himself and its decay products have high toxicity.
In the photo: American marines lead the captured Iraqis
The largest at the time of confrontation in Syria is an attack using chemical weapons. in April 2013 In Eastern Gute, suburb of Damascus. As a result of the shelling of projectiles with zarin died, according to various sources, from 280 to 1700 people. UN inspectors managed to establish that in this place was used the Land-Earth Rockets with Zarin, and their Syrian military applied.
In the photo: UN Chemical Weapon Experts Collect Samples
The basis of the affecting effect of chemical weapons is the poisoning substances (s), which have a physiological impact on the human body.
Unlike other combat, chemical weapons effectively affects the lively enemy strength on a large area without the destruction of material resources. This is a weapon of mass lesion.
Along with air, poisoning substances penetrate any rooms, shelter, combat technique. The affecting effect is preserved for some time, objects and terrain are infected.
Types of poisoning substances
The poisoning substances under the shell of chemical ammunition are in solid and liquid form.
At the time of their use, when the shell is destroyed, they come into combat condition:
- vapor (gaseous);
- aerosol (moro, smoke, fog);
- drip-liquid.
Poisoning substances are the main affixing factor in chemical weapons.
Characteristics of chemical weapons
Such weapons share:
- By the type of physiological impact of the human body.
- On tactical purpose.
- By speed of the upcoming impact.
- According to the resistance of applicable s.
- For means and methods of application.
Classification for human impact:
- Oh nervous paralytic action. Mortal, fast, persistent. Act on the central nervous system. The purpose of their application is a rapid massive conclusion of personnel with a maximum number of deaths. Substances: Zarin, Zoman, Tabun, V-Gaza.
- Stem-disruptive effects. Mortal, slowly acting, persistent. The body is striking through skin cover or respiratory organs. Substances: Hyprint, Luzit.
- OV SHIPMITY ACTION. Mortal, fast, unstable. Blood function to deliver oxygen to the tissues of the body. Substances: Sinyl Acid and Hlorcian.
- Chopping action. Mortal, slowly acting, unstable. Amazed lungs. Substances: phosgene and dithosgen.
- Psycho chemical action. Non-mercy. Temporarily affect the central nervous system, affect mental activity, cause temporary blindness, deafness, feeling of fear, movement limit. Substances: Inaclidyl-3-benzylate (BZ) and diethylamide Lizerginic acid.
- OV irritant (irritants). Non-mercy. Act quickly, but briefly. Outside the infected zone, their exposure is stopped in a few minutes. These are tear and refractory substances that annoying the upper respiratory tract and capable of amazing the skin. Substances: CS, CR, DM (adamsit), CN (chloroacetophenone).
Chemical weapon factors
Toxins - chemical protein substances of animal, vegetable or microbial origin with high toxicity. Typical representatives: Butulic toxin, ricin, staphylococcal entsotoxin.
The striking factor is determined by toxodine and concentration. The chemical infection area can be divided into the center of exposure (people are injected there) and on the zone of propagation of the infected cloud.
The first use of chemical weapons
Chemist Fritz Gaber was a consultant of the Military Ministry of Germany, he is called the father of chemical weapons for his work in the development and use of chlorine and other poison gases. In front of him, the government has set the task - to create chemical weapons with irritating and poisoning substances. Paradox, but Gabar believed that with the help of a gas war, he would retain many lives, stopping the trench war.
The history of the application begins on April 22, 1915, when the German military first took the gas attack by Chlorine. Before the trenches of French soldiers, a greenish cloud arose, for which they were observed with curiosity.
When the cloud came close, he felt a sharp smell, the soldiers defended in his eyes and a nose. Fog walled chest, blinded, stifled. Smoke moved deep into the French positions, sow panic and death, and he followed German soldiers with bandages on his face, but they were no longer able to fight.
By the evening of chemists, other countries found out that it was for gas. It turned out that any country can produce it. Salvation from it turned out to be simple: it is necessary to cover the mouth and nose with a bandage, moistened in soda solution, and simple water on the dressing weakens the action of chlorine.
After 2 days, the Germans repeated the attack, but the soldiers of the allies were pulled in puddles of clothes and rags and applied to the face. Thanks to this, they survived and stayed at position. When the Germans came out on the battlefield, the machine guns were "spoke".
Chemical weapons of the First World War
On May 31, 1915, the first gas attack on the Russians occurred. Russian troops accepted a greenish cloud for disguise and pulled into an advanced even more soldiers. Soon the trenches were filled with corpses. Even grass died from gas.
In June 1915, a new poisoning substance was used - bromine. It was used in projectiles.
In December 1915 - Phosgen. He has the smell of hay and a protracted effect. The cheapness made it use comfortable. First released in special cylinders, and by 1916 shells began to do.
From the gases of the skin-disruptive action, bandages were not saved. He penetrated through clothes and shoes, caused burns on the body. The area kept poisoned more than a week. So was the king of gases - Iprit.
Not only the Germans, their opponents also began to produce shells with gas stuffing. In one of the trenches of the First World War, the British and Adolf Hitler was poisoned.
For the first time, Russia also applied this weapon on the battlefields of the First World War.
Chemical weapon of mass lesion
Experiments with chemical weapons were held under the cover of the development of poisons for insects. Used in gas chambers of concentration camps "Cyclone B" - Sinyl Acid - insecticidal agent.
"Agent Orange" is a substance for disintegrating vegetation. Used in Vietnam, the soil poisoning caused heavy diseases and mutations from the local population.
In 2013, in Syria, in the suburbs of Damascus, a chemical attack of a residential area was carried out - the life of hundreds of civilians, in the range of many children. Used neuro-paralytic gas, most likely, Zarin.
One of the modern options for chemical weapons is binary weapon. It comes into combat readiness as a result of a chemical reaction after connecting two harmless components.
The victims of chemical weapons of mass lesion are all who fell into the strike zone. Back in 1905, an international agreement on non-use of chemical weapons was signed. To date, under his ban signed 196 countries of the world.
In addition to chemical to weapons of mass lesion and biological.
Types of protection
- Collective. Asylum can provide a long stay of people without individual means of protection, if equipped with filter-controlled sets and well sealed.
- Individual. Gas mask, protective clothing and individual anti-chemical package (IPP) with antidote and liquid for processing clothing and lesions on the skin.
Ban for use
Humanity shook the terrible consequences and huge losses of people, after using weapons of mass destruction. Therefore, in 1928, the Geneva Protocol was entered into force on the prohibition of applications in the war and bacteriological agents and bacteriological means. This protocol prohibits the use of not only chemical, but also biological weapons. In 1992, another document entered into force, this is the Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. This document complements the Protocol, it says not only about the ban on manufacturing and use, but also on the destruction of all chemical weapons. The execution of this document is controlled by the Specially Created UN Committee. But not all states signed this document, for example, it was not recognized by Egypt, Angola, North Korea, South Sudan. He also entered into legal force in Israel and Myanmar.
Chemical weapons is a type of weapon of mass lesion, the main principle of which is the effect of toxic substances on the environment and human. Types of chemical weapons are divided by types of damage to biological organisms.
Chemical weapons - the history of creation (briefly)
| date | Event |
| BC | First use of the similarity of chemical weapons with Greeks, Romans and Macedonians |
| XV century | Using the Turkish army of chemical weapons based on sulfur and oil |
| XVIII century | Creating artillery shells with an internal chemical component |
| XIX century | Mass production of various types of chemical weapons |
| 1914.-1917 | The use of chemical weapons by the German army and the beginning of the production of chemical protection |
| 1925 | Strengthening the work of scientists on the development of chemical weapons and the creation of "cyclone b" |
| 1950 | Creating scientists from US Agent Orange and the continuation of the development of scientists of the whole world to create weapons of mass lesions |
The first semblance of chemical weapons was used even to our era, the Greeks, Romans and Macedonians. Most often it was used in the sieges of fortresses, which forced the enemy to surrender or die.
In the XV century, the Turkish army applied the semblance of chemical weapons in the combat fields, which consisted of sulfur and oil. The resulting substance was due to the enemy armies and gave a significant advantage. Next, in the XVIII, artillery shells were created in Europe, which, after hitting the goal, was emitted to a poisonous smoke, affecting the human body as a poison.
From the middle of the XIX century, many countries began to produce chemical weapons, whose species have become an integral part of army ammunition, on an industrial scale. After use by the British Admiral Gokhran T. Chemical Weapon in which sulfur dioxide has caused a wave of indignation and the leadership of more than 20 countries has massively condemned such an act. The consequences of the use of such weapons were catastrophic.
In 1899, the Hague Convention was held, on which the ban on the use of any chemical weapons was formulated. But during the First World War, the German army massively applied chemical weapons, which led to a variety of deaths.
After that, the manufacture of gas masks began, which could provide protection against the effects of chemicals. Gas masks were used not only for people, but also for dogs and horses.
German scientists from 1914 to 1917 conducted work on improving chemical delivery to the enemy and methods for protecting the population from their impact. After the completion of the First World War, all projects were minimized, but the means of protection continued to be made and spread.
this year, a pact was signed on the Geneva Convention on the ban on the use of any poisonous substances.
In 1925, the Geneva Convention took place , In which all parties signed a pact for the ban on the use of any poisoning substances. But if briefly, the history of chemical weapons continued with a new force and work on creating a chemical building only intensified. Scientists of the whole world created in laboratories many types of chemical weapons that had many types of impact on living organisms.
During the Second World War, none of the parties dared to use chemicals. Only Germans are distinguished, which are active "cyclone b" in concentration camps.
"Cyclone B" was developed by German scientists in 1922. This substance consisted of sinyl acid and other additional substances, 4 kg of such a substance was enough to destroy up to 1 thousand people.
After the completion of the Second World War and the condemnation of all actions of the German army and command, the countries of the whole world continued to develop various types of haymaking weapons.
A vivid example of the use of chemical weapons is the United States, which used the "Agent Orange" in Vietnam. The effect of chemical weapons is based on dioxin, which caused bombs, it is excessively toxic and mutagenic.
The effect of chemical weapons, the United States has demonstrated in Vietnam.
According to the US government, their goal was not people, but vegetation. The consequences of the use of such a substance were catastrophic in terms of deaths and mutations of the civilian population. These types of chemical weapons caused mutations in people who occur at the genetic level and are transmitted from generation to generation.
Prior to the signing of the Convention on the ban on the use and storage of chemical weapons of the United States and the USSR, the production and storage of these substances actively conducted. But after signing the prohibition agreement, repeated facts of using chemicals in the Middle East were revealed.
Types of chemical weapons and titles
Modern chemical weapons have many types that have differences on purpose, speed and impact on the human body.
By the speed of preserving afflicting abilities, chemical weapons can be divided not several types:
- persistent - Substances that lies Luisit and Iprit. Efficiency after the use of such substances can be up to several days;
- volatile - Substances whose composition includes phosgene and syntic acid. Efficiency after the use of such substances is up to half an hour.
There are also types of poisoning gases that are divided by applying them:
- combat - Used for fast or slow destruction of living force;
- psychotropic (not deadly) - Used for temporary failure of the human body.
There are six types of chemicals whose division is based on the results of the impact on the human body:
Neriva-paralytic weapon
This type of weapon is one of the most expensive as they influence the human body. The type of such weapon is gas that affects the nervous system and leads to death in any concentrations. The composition of neuro-paralytic weapons includes gases:
- zoman;
- V - gas;
- zarin;
- herd.
Gas does not smell and colors, which makes it very dangerous.
Poisoning weapon
This type of weapons poisons the human body for the means of exposure to the skin, after which it gets into the body and destroys the lungs. It is impossible to protect against this type of weapon. The composition of the poison weapons includes gases:
- lewisite;
- mustard gas.
Outlifting common weapons
Are deadly substances that have speed gains on the body. The poisoning substances, after use, instantly affect the erythrocytes and block the supply of oxygen into the body. The composition of emergent substances includes gases:
- hlorcian;
- hydrocyanic acid.
Suffocating weapons
The suffocating weapons are a gas that after use instantly reduces and blocks the supply of oxygen into the body, which contributes to a long and painful death. In suffocating weapons include gases:
- chlorine;
- phosgene;
- diffogen.
Psychochemical weapons
This type of weapons are substances that have a psychotropic and psychochemical effect on the body. After use, gas affects the nervous system, which causes short-term disorders and conclusion. Psychochemical weapons are endowed with an affecting effect, as a result of which a person appears:
- blindness;
- deafness;
- the incapacity of the vestibular apparatus;
- mental annexation;
- disorientation;
- hallucinations.
The composition of psychochemical weapons is mainly included - quinoclidyl-3-benzylate.
Poisoning-irritant weapon
This type of weapon is gas, which after use causes nausea, cough, sneezing and eye irritation. Such gas is volatile and high-speed. Often poison-irritating weapons or tear times applied by law enforcement agencies.
The poison-irritant weapons include gases:
- chlorine;
- sulfurian anhydride;
- hydrogen sulfide;
- nitrogen;
- ammonia.
Military conflicts using chemical weapons
The history of the creation of chemical weapons is briefly noted by the facts of its combat use on the fields of battles and against the civilian population.
| date | Description |
| April 22, 1915 | The first major use of the German army near the city of IPR of chemical weapons in which chlorine was included. The number of victims amounted to more than 1000 people |
| 1935 G.-1936 | During the Italian-Ethiopian war, the Italian army applied chemical weapons, which included Iprit. The number of victims amounted to more than 100 thousand people |
| 1941 G.-1945 | The use of the German army in the concentration camps of chemical weapons "Cyclone B", which included a substance of blue acid. The exact number of victims is unknown, but according to official data more than 110 thousand people |
| 1943 | During the Japanese-Chinese War, the Japanese army applied Bacteriological I.himoras . The composition of chemical weapons included Luisit and Iprit gas. Bacterial weapons were fleas infected with bubonic plague. The exact number of victims remains unknown |
| 1962 G.-1971 | During the War in Vietnam, the US Army applied many types of chemical weapons, thereby conducting experiments and research on the population. The main chemical weapon was the gas "Agent Orange", which included substance dioxin. A "Agent Orange" caused genetic mutations, oncological diseases and death. The number of victims is 3 million people, of which 150 thousand children with mutated DNA, deviations and various diseases |
| March 20, 1995 | In the Japanese subway, the members of the "AUM SCINICON" sect was used, the paralytic gas was used, which included Zarin. The number of victims amounted to up to 6 thousand people who died 13 people |
| 2004 | The American army in Iraq was used by chemical weapons - white phosphorus, as a result of the decay of which the deadly toxic substances are formed, which lead to slow and painful death. The number of victims is carefully hiding |
| 2013 | In Syria, the Syrian Army of Air - Earth Rocket was applied with a chemical composition in which Gas Zarin was present. Information about the dead and affected is carefully hidden, but according to the Red Cross |
Types of chemical weapons for self-defense
There is a psychochemical type of weapon that can be used for self-defense. Such gas makes minimal harm to the human body and is able to bring it out of order for a while.
What is chemical weapons? Something terrifying and frightening. This is a weapon of extremely big striking ability to cause mass losses on immense squares. It is able to carry thousands of lives, and the most inhuman way. After all, the basis of the action of chemical weapons is the poisoning substances, which, falling into the organisms of people, destroy them from the inside.
A bit of history
Before you go deep into the study of what chemical weapons is worth making a brief excursion to the past.
Even before our era, it was known - certain poisonous substances can cause death of animals and people. They knew and used for personal purposes. However, in the XIX century, these substances began to apply a large scale during combat operations.
But, nevertheless, the "official" appearance of chemical weapons, as a dangerous means of fighting the struggle, refer to the times of World War II (1914-1918).
The battle was positional in nature, and this forced the warring to look for new types of weapons. The German army decided to massively attack the positions of opponents through the use of suffocating and poisonous gases. It was in 1914. Then, in April 1915, the army repeated the attack, but applied chloro poisoning.
For more than a hundred years have passed, but the principle of action of this type of weapons of the former - people is simply inhuman and severely etched.
"Delivery" shells
Talking about the use of chemical weapons, it is worth noting at the attention of the process itself. For its "delivery" to goals, media, devices and control devices are used.
Application tools include rockets, gas meters, artillery shells, aviation bombs, mines, Bulb Gas Power Systems, Illuminated Airborns, Checkers, Grenades. In principle, all the same thing that helps use nuclear weapons. Chemical and biological are delivered in exactly the same way. So they are similar not only by their strength.
Physiological Classification
Types of chemical weapons are distinguished by several characteristics. And the method of impact on the human body is the main one. Selective substances are isolated:
- With neuro-paralytic action. Affect the nervous system. Objective: Fast and massive dismissal of personnel. Substances include: V-gases, Tabun, Zoman and Zarin.
- With skin-blast effect. Amazed through skin. There are in aerosols and sprayers - then they act through the breathing authorities. These purposes use Luisit and Hyprint.
- With a shared action. Enter the body and disrupt oxygen exchange. Substances of this type are one of the fastest. These include chlorocian and blue acid.
- With suffocating action. Amazed lungs. For this, diphosgen and phosgene are used.
- With psychochimic action. Aimed at disagreement of the living force of the enemy. Affects the CNS, cause temporary deafness, blindness, limit motor functions. Substances include - quinoclidyl-3-benzylate and diethylamide of Lizerginic acid. They violate the psyche, but they do not lead to death.
- With an annoying action. They are also called irritatants. They act quickly, but not long. Maximum - 10 minutes. These include tear substances, sneezing, annoying respiratory tract. There are those in which several functions are combined.
It should be noted that irritating substances in many countries are armed with police. So they are classified as special needs of death. A bright example is a gas canister.
Tactical classification
There are only two types of chemical weapons:
- Fatal. The substances of this type include funds that destroy live strength. They have a suffocating, shaking, skin-disruptive and neuro-paralytic effect.
- Temporarily disabling. Substances of this type include irritants and incapacitants (psychotropic drugs). They are due to the enemy for a certain period. At least - for a couple of minutes. As a maximum - for a few days.
But it is important to note that not deadly substances are able to cause death. It is worth remembering the war in Vietnam (1957-1975). The US Army did not be bored to use various gases, among which was also orthochlorobenzilide mallonitrile, bromotone, adamsit, etc. The US military assure that not deadly concentrations were used. But, according to other information, gas was used in such conditions in which he leads to death. In the closed space, that is.
Speed \u200b\u200bof exposure
Two more criteria, in accordance with which the weapon of chemical lesion is classified. By speed, it can be:
- High-speed. These are irritating substances, hatching, neuro-paralytic and psychotropic.
- Slowly. These include suffocating, skin-overexpusable and some psychotropic.
Resistance impact
Here also allocate two types of chemical patients. Substances can provide:
- Short-term action. That is, be volatile or unstable. Their affixing action is calculated by moments.
- Long term action. It lasts at least a few hours. The effect of particularly severe substances can be saved by weeks.
It should be noted that the striking factors of chemical weapons must still work. The poisoning substances are not always valid. For example, during the same First World War, it was necessary to wait for the onset of suitable weather conditions for their application.
And this, of course, plus. Historian and member of the Scientific Council of RGVIA Sergey Gennadevich Nelipovich said that it was the low efficiency of this weapon that led to the so-called "quiet" refusal of its use.
Binary ammunition
They can not be mentioned, talking about what chemical weapons are. Binary ammunition is his variety.
Such a tool is an ammunition in which several (two, as a rule) precursors are stored. So the components are called, the reaction of which leads to the formation of the target substance. In the ammunition, they are stored separately, and react (synthesized) already after reset.
At this point, when mixing two components, a chemical reaction occurs, as a result of which the poisoning substance is formed.
As well as the use of notorious chemical weapons, such ammunition is prohibited internationally. In some countries, it is even forbidden to produce reagents, with which it would be possible to create such an instrument. It is logical, because binary ammunition is aimed at the destruction of vegetation, the defeat of people, as well as the skipping of the work of institutions and objects.
Phytotoxicants
This is a chemical weapon affecting vegetation. And again remembering the topic of war in Vietnam, it is worth noting that the American army applied as many as three recipes. They used "blue", "white" and "orange" phytotoxicants.
The substances of the last species were the most dangerous. In their manufacture, dioxin was used - polychloro-derived dibenzodioxine. This substance has a slow and cumulative effect. It is dangerous by the fact that signs of poisoning them show a series of several days, sometimes months, and sometimes many years later.
Applying phytotoxicants, the US Army greatly facilitated the air intelligence process. Agricultural crops and vegetable masses along the roads, power lines and channels were destroyed, so it was easy to hit Vietnamese objects.
Naturally, the use of phytotoxicants caused irreparable harm to the environmental balance of the region and the health of the local population. It would still, because almost 50% of forest areas and sowing areas were destroyed.
Mustard gas
Related to chemical weapons of substances a lot. All and not list. But some of them deserve special attention.
Hyprint is an oily liquid of dark brown color with a smell resembling the aroma of mustard and garlic. His pairs are striking the lungs and respiratory tract, and falling inside, he burns the digestive organs.
Hyprint is dangerous in that it does not appear immediately - only after some time. All this time it has a hidden action. If, for example, a drop of iprite falls on the skin, then it is instantly absorbed into it without pain or some other sensations. But after a couple of hours, a person will feel itching and notice red. A day later, the skin will cover with small blisters, which then merge into huge bubbles. They will break through 2-3 days and expose ulcers, whose healing will take months.
Hydrocyanic acid
Hazardous substance, in high concentrations smelling fraudulently with a pleasant smell of bitter almond. It is easily evaporated, and has a deadly effect only in a vapor state.
A man who inspired a sinyl acid, the first thing feels a metal taste in his mouth. Then there is irritation of the throat, weakness, nausea, dizziness. These manifestations are quickly replaced by painful breath. The pulse begins to slow down, a person loses consciousness. His body is shooting convulsions that quickly replace the complete relaxation of the muscles that have already lost sensitivity by that moment. The body temperature drops, breathing is depressing, and in the end stops. Cardiac activity stops 3-7 minutes later.
Antidote is there. But it needs to be used to apply it. Save life can use colloidal sulfur, aldehydes, methylene blue, salts and nitrogen esters, as well as ketones and politicians.
Chemical weapons as a terrorist attack method
One of the most famous terrorist attacks can be considered what happened on March 20, 1995 in Tokyo. But before remembering this eerie story, it follows to tell the topics to tell what Zarin is.
This substance of neuro-paralytic action has already been mentioned above. Zaror has phosphorodorganic origin. This is the third force after the zooman and cyclozarine poisoning substance G-series.
Zaror is a colorless liquid with a weakly pronounced smell of flowering apple trees. At high pressure, it evaporates and after 1-2 minutes I am striking everyone who inhales it.
So, on March 20, 1995, five unknown people, each of which had in their hands on a package with zarin, descended into the subway. They distributed according to the compositions and pierced them, freeing the zarin outwards. Evaporation quickly spread through the metropolitan. One tiny droplet is enough (0.0005 mg / l) to kill an adult. And each terrorist had two packages of 1 liters.
That is, 10 liters of Zarina. Unfortunately, the terrorist attack was perfectly planned. Terrorists knew exactly what chemical weapons and how it acts. According to official data, 5,000 people flew with the hardest poisoning, 12 of them died.
Anti-wiring defense
About her, too, you need to say a few words. The use of chemical weapons is destroying, so that various sets of events held in order to weaken (and better prevent) its impact on people need. Here are the main tasks:
- Timely identify signs of chemical infection.
- Notify the population of danger.
- Protect people, animals, food, drinking water, cultural and material values.
- Eliminate the effects of infection.
To save people, use personal protective equipment. If the emergency situation is collected and exported from the chemical infection area. Control is kept constantly. For this, chemical intelligence devices are used. Everything is aimed at preventing the emergence of emergence of a similar nature.
Even if suddenly at any facility (at the factory, for example), there is a threat of an accident, the action of which is comparable to chemical weapons, the first thing is that the personnel and the population are being notified in such a situation, followed by the evacuation.
Liquidation of consequences
Agrowing chemical weapons to eliminate very hard. Liquidation of consequences is a complex and laborious process. For its implementation resort to:
- Conducting emergency restoration work aimed at stopping the emission of poisoning substances (s).
- Localization of areas where liquid s were applied. This usually happens through their obmount. Or the liquid is collected in special traps.
- Installation of water curtains in the distribution places.
- Device of fireproof curtains.
Naturally, if the factors of chemical weapons were discovered, the rescuers should help people. Skillfully put the gas masks on them, to bring injured from the foci of defeat, make an artificial respiration or an indirect heart massage, neutralize the traces of the slices on the skin, rinse the eyes with water. In general, to provide all all post assistance.
Question 3. Chemical weapons and its amazing factors. Brief description of OV and chemical infection areas.
Consideration of this issue will begin with the definition of chemical weapons.
Chemical weapon (Ho) - one of the types of weapons of mass lesion, the affecting effect of which is based on the use of combat toxic chemicals (BTHV).
To combat toxic chemicals relate poisoning substances (s) and toxins, affixing the effect on the human and animal organism as well phytotoxicantswhich can be used for military purposes to defeat various types of vegetation.
Aviation, rockets, artillery, means of engineering and chemical troops are used as a means of delivering chemical weapons.
Military specialists for the "advantages" of chemical weapons include the ability to selectively affect the lively enemy's live strength without destroying the structures and the destruction of material resources.
The result of the use of chemical weapons can be severe environmental and genetic consequences, the elimination of which will require a long time.
Affecting factors Chemical weapons are various types of BTHV combat condition.
Types of combat condition:pairs; spray can; drops.
In combat martial conditions, they are able to spread through the wind over long distances, penetrate the combat technique, various shelters and remain their affect properties for a long time.
Signs of application OV
In the explosion of ammunition stuffed with combat poisoning substances, it is formed white or slightly painted cloud of smoke, fog or steam. In the case of the use of sole devices, a rapidly dissipating dark strip appears after the aircraft, departed to the Earth. On the surface of the Earth, plants, the buildings of theses are settled in the form of oily droplets, stains or sublishes.
As a result of the distribution on the ground, the areas of chemical infection and chemical lesions are formed.
Chemical infection area Includes the territory subjected to direct influence of the chemical weapons of the enemy, and the territory on which the cloud infected with OV, as well as the spill site, and the territory on which the pairs of these substances with affecting concentrations were spreading. The boundaries of the zone are determined by the values \u200b\u200bof the threshold toxic doses of OV or AUC and depend on the size of the area of \u200b\u200bapplication of chemical weapons, meteorological conditions, terrain relief.
The focus of chemical lesions - This territory, within which, as a result of the impact of chemical weapons, there have been massive damage to people, farm animals, plants.
For the focus of chemical lesion, as well as for the focus of nuclear lesion, the mass and simularity of sanitary loss are characteristic.
The poisoning substances are classified in three directions: to toxic manifestation; in combat destination; Under the resistance of exposure.
I.. By toxic manifestation:
1. Neriva-paralytic action (Zaror, Zoman, V-gases).
2. Skin-disruptive effect (IPRTIT, LUISIT, trichlorotriethylamine).
3. Choosing actions (phosgene).
4. Solid action (Sinyl Acid, Chloroqian).
5. PsychoChemical Action (BZ / BI-ZET /).
6. Irritant / chloroacetophenone, adamsite, SI-ES (CS), CE (CR) /.
II.. By combat:
1. Death - are intended for the deadly damage or withdrawal of the living force for a long time (stem-disruptive, neuro-paralytic, shadow, suffocating).
2. Temporarily disabling (oral psychochemical action).
3. Irritating - affect the sensitive nervous endings of the mucous membranes of the eyes and the upper respiratory tract (yield of irritant).
III. Under the resistance of exposure:
1. Resistant, the action of which is preserved for several hours, day (VX, zoman, IPRIT).
2. Unstable - the action is saved by several dozen minutes after their penetration.
Currently, a huge amount of chemical weapons has accumulated on the territory of the Russian Federation. Its reserves make up 40 thousand tons (both in the form of ammunition and in tanks).
In 1997, Russia ratified Convention On the prohibition of the development, production, accumulation and application of chemical weapons and its destruction.
There are the following methods for the destruction of chemical weapons: a simple translation into the atmosphere; open burning; field neutralization; burial on landfills; Flooding in the ocean.
The Convention contains that such methods such as combustion of chemical weapons in the open air and the flooding of it in the ocean should not be applied.
It should be noted that in Russia, promising techniques for the destruction of chemical weapons have been developed - these are neutralization methods:
· Followed by burning in place or on another object;
· Followed by oxidation in wet air medium and biological processing;
· With the subsequent oxidation of water in the supercritical state;
· With subsequent biological processing.
These methods were first used in 1987 at the Polygon in Shikhan. With their help for 10 years, 4 thousand ammunition with a total mass of poisoning substances 280 tons were destroyed.
Question 4. Akhov, their classification, affecting concentrations and toxodes.
Currently, about 7 million substances, compounds, products and intermediates, artificially created by man are known. Of these, 60-70 thousand hazardous substances are in direct contact with the person. They are in the ground, air, water, often in quantities, significantly exceeding the MPC.
Akhov (Emergency chemically hazardous substance - a hazardous chemical (OCV), used in industry and agriculture, with an emergency emission (spilling) of which may be infected with the environment in the impassive concentrations (toxodoses) (GOST P22.9.05-95).
Classification Akhov
All existing emergency chemically hazardous substances can be classified in the following directions: by the degree of danger; under the resistance of the impact; on toxic manifestation; By aggregate state.
Consider each of these directions in more detail.
1. By degree of danger
| danger | |||
| Extremely dangerous | Mercury, lead, hydrogen fluoride, etc. |
||
| Chlorine, Sinyl Acid, Seroublerod, Fluoride, Phosgen, Arsenic, Hydrogen Fluoride |
|||
| Moderately | Hydrogen hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfur |
||
| Ammonia, dichloromethane, methylacryl |
2.Apportable impact
Resistance - The ability of a chemical to maintain affecting the action on the ground for a certain period of time.
The resistance of chemicals depends on the following factors:boiling temperatures; his volatility; viscosity; aggregate state.
Volatility - the ability of the substance to move into a vapor state.
3. On toxic manifestation (Toxicological groups).
Toxicity - The ability of the Achs to apply a person to the defeat of varying degrees under certain doses.
Characteristic Akhov
| Choking action | Chlorine, chlorpicrin | The defeat of the upper respiratory tract: irritation, cavity, inflammation of the mucous membrane. ways - up to toxic lung edema |
| Suffocating and shallow action | Hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, phosgene, hydrogen fluoride, nitric acid. | Elevation of the lungs, poisoning of blood and fabrics |
| Solid action | Carbon oxide (carbon monoxide), hydrocyanic acid | Carbon oxide - limits oxygen access to tissues (poison blood). Hydrocyanic acid- deprives cells of the ability to share |
| Neurotropic action | Seroublerod, Tetraeethylsvinets | Inhibit the activity of enzymes and violate the transfer of nerve impulses, which can lead to the full death of the body |
| Suffocating and neurotropic action | methylamine | Pulmonary edema, damage to the nervous system, oppression of the respiratory center, depression of cardiac activity |
| Metabolic action (metabolic disease) | ethylene oxide | Affect the central nervous system, liver, kidneys, disrupt the process of oxygen transfer to tissues |
4. By aggregate state.
By aggregate state, all Ahs can be divided into three classes.
| G a z | Liquids | Solids |
| Ammonia, chlorine, sulfur gas, hydrogen sulfide | Volatile: (Sinyl Acid, Seroublerod) | Volatile (arsenic oxide, phosphorus white) |
| Maloletia (phenol, barium chloride) | ||
| Non-volatile (Alkaloids, Paris Greens) | Non-volatile (arsenic, Sinyl Acid Salts) |
|
| Smoking acids ( nitric acid, hydrochloric acid) |
5. As a method of admission to the body
Features of Ahkh when rendering PMP
High toxicity and short latent Period - make it difficult to render first aid.
The main characteristics of Akhov
The main characteristics (parameters) of the Achs should include the degree of concentration of Achs (potential danger) and toxodine (real danger). One of them - concentration -determines the amount of hazardous substance in a volume unit (MGM 3; mg / l).
Other - toxodosis -determines the amount of substance when hitting the organism of which, a certain toxic effect occurs. At the same time takes into account exposition.
Exposition - The time of staying on the infected area.
In connection with this unit of measurement of toxodosis during inhalation is mg * min / m 3 (mg * min / l)or mg * sec / m 3(quantities of substance per unit volume),and with contact action (lesion of the skin) - g / cm 3 or g / kg.
Concentration and toxodosisIn turn, are divided into a number of other quantitative characteristics, which are given in the form of the following scheme:
| Concentration | Maximum permissible concentration | When exposed to human body does not cause pathological changes |
| PKK - limit affixing concentration | With a certain exposure, causes the organism to be defeated varying degrees, but not leading to death. |
|
| SC - deadly concentration | Death in 90% affected. |
|
| Toksodosis | Cf. Threshold | Lesions easydegrees in 50% affected |
| Cf. Withdrawing | Lesions middledegrees in 50% affected |
|
| Cf. Mortal | Death in 50% affected |
Overview of the most common ahs
To the most common representatives of the Ahs, with which we meet in everyday life and production conditions should include "Chlorine" and "Ammonia".
X l about r
It is used: for disinfection of water, as a bleaching agent, like a detergent with bleaching effect, to obtain insecticides, in the production of glycerol, for chlorinating firing of non-ferrous metals, for other purposes.
Chlorine is a greenish yellow gas, With a sharp annoying smell. The boiling point and the temperature of the frozen is respectively -34.1 ° C and -101 about C. 2.5 times heavier than air and therefore in the event of an accident (or depressurization) it is steel above the ground in the form of a fog of greenish-white color, filling first Lower floors, basement rooms, various deepening, reduced places, tunnels, transitions, wells.
Poads: PDC \u003d 1 mg / m 3. Limit affecting concentration - PPK \u003d 10 mg / m 3 (irritation). Death concentration - SC \u003d 2500 mg / m 3 (for 5 minutes). Toksodoz amazing - 0.6 mg * min / l (annoying), deadly toxodotes - 6.0 mg * min / l. Density of 3.2 kg / m 3. Chlorine is well soluble in water (for neutralization of 1 tament it is necessary 150 tons of water).
It is a strong oxidizing agent, in the presence of moisture is activated and easily affects metals, causing corrosion.
With damage to the chlorine, there is a sharp pain in the chest, dry cough, vomiting, shortness of breath, rubbed in the eyes, tearing. Perhaps a violation of coordination of movement.
First aid
On the victim, it is necessary to wear a gas mask and make out of the danger zone. Remove the upper clothes and, if necessary, make artificial respiration ("Roth-in-mouth"). Inhalation should be ensured 0.5 percent solution Drinking soda (T. K. Chlorine is an oxidizer). Surface treatment of open areas of leather and mucous membranes are processed 2 percent solution Drinking soda. Give abundant drinking (tea, coffee, warm water with soda). Provide peace and warmth.
Protection
At concentrations of up to 2500 mg / m 3, both civil and industrial gas masks can be used to protect against chlorine. Civil gas masks (GP-5; GP-7) were originally intended to protect against chlorine (1914-1916). For small concentrations, they provide reliable protection for about 40 minutes. In the presence of additional cartridges, the protection time increases (DPG-1 - 80 min; DPG-3 - 100 min; ROM - 30-50 min.).
At high concentrations or near the spill place (location of the accident), only insulating protection means (IP-4M; IP-5 are used; Kip-7; Kip-8, etc.).
And m m and a to
Ammonia is a colorless gas with a characteristic sharp odor (ammonia alcohol). The boiling and frost temperature is respectively -33.4 ° C and -77.8 o C.
Transported ammonia in liquid form, under pressure 6-8 bar. In the event of an accident (depressurization) boils and easily turns into gas due to the low boiling point. Easier air 1.7 times. When isothermia (inversion), the clouds are preserved for a long time. When convection, the cloud quickly dissipates.
Ammonia is used in the production of nitric acid, soda, urea, blue acid, fertilizer production, with tissue painting with silver mirrors and so on.
I received the greatest distribution as a refrigerant (as a working substance of refrigeration machines).
Poisonous: PDC \u003d 20 mg / m 3, (smell felt ... 40 mg / m 3). At concentrations of 40-80 mg / m - there is a sharp irritation of the eyes, the upper respiratory tract, the headache occurs. PPK \u003d 100-200 mg / m 3, SK \u003d 1500-1700 mg / m 3 ( exposure time 30-60 min.). Irritation of the throat ..... 0.28. Eye irritation ....... 0.49. Cough ........................ 1,2.
Codecodes:
· Amazing - 15 mg * min / l;
· Deadly - 100 mg * min / l.
It is well soluble in water: one volume of water absorbs about 700 ammonia volumes (at t \u003d 20 o C). The 10 percent solution of ammonia is known as the ammonia alcohol, and 20 percent - as ammonia water. It has alkaline properties (close to alkalis).
Fuel and even explosive (at k \u003d 16-28% and t \u003d 18 o C). A mixture of ammonia with chlorine is also explosive.
Signs of poisoning: breath is difficult; thread, tear; nausea, vomiting; Coordination violation, delusional state.
When contacting the liquid, burns, frostbite, ulcers are possible.
First aid
To put on a gas mask and bring the victim from the danger zone, to ensure the flow of fresh air. Remove the upper clothes and shy breathing. It is useful inhalation of warm water vapor (with the addition of acetic, lemon, boric acid) and drink warm milk.
If the presence of ammonia vapors in the stomach is established, then vomiting should be caused.
The affected areas of the skin and the mucous membranes of the eye are rinsed with water or a 2 percent solution of boric acid. With sharp pain in the eyes - to roll 1-2 drops of a 1 percent solution of novocaine. In addition, the affected areas of the skin is useful to put a grazing - of the 5 percent solution of acetic or citric acid. When burns appear, impose a sterile bandage. Provide the affected peace and warmth. Transport in the lying position. Do not make artificial respiration by pressing the chest (since the edema of light tissue becomes fragile and with mechanical exposure to the chest is possible damage to the pulmonary fabrics).
It is possible to perform artificial respiration by the "mouth - in - mouth" by the method.
Nitrile Acrylic Acid (NAC)
NAC - colorless, volatile liquid with an unpleasant smell. Soluble in water. Couples are heavier than air. Accumulate in low areas of the surface, basements, tunnels. Fire and explosive. Pooms when taking inside. Inhalation is dangerous. Couples cause irritation of mucous membranes and leather. Contact causes skin burns and eyes. Acts through intact skin. With burning forms poisonous gases. Possible fatal outcome when inhalation.
Signs of poisoning: Headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, sweating, heartbeat, decrease in body temperature, weakening of the pulse, cramps, loss of consciousness, redness and burning skin.
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