As you know, a person has a force not only physical, but also spiritual. The one that encourages it to action and sends to goals, manifests itself in convictions and dreams, in fearlessness and determination. It is thanks to her, it arises not only material, but also spiritual activity of man.
Sometimes it takes only endless internal self-confidence and the search for secret meanings and truths. But spiritual activity cannot be understood so narrowly, it is also aimed at creating and creativity. It is wrong to think that the work of the Spirit is always hidden in the minds and consciousness of people - it is not. It is widely manifested in public life, as it gives rise to its main values \u200b\u200b- moral, moral, religious and aesthetic.
Types and forms of human spiritual activity
Two main types of spiritual activity of people are distinguished: spiritual and theoretical and spiritual and practical.
As a result of the first type of activity, new theories and thoughts arise, ideas are created. They become the spiritual heritage and values \u200b\u200bof humanity. They are taught in the form of a literary essay or scientific work, sculptural and architectural structures, musical works and creations of painting, artistic films and television programs. Whatever the form - she always carries the idea of \u200b\u200bthe author, his eyes and evaluation of events, phenomena, actions.
Spiritual and practical activities are aimed at preserving and studying, understanding the values \u200b\u200bcreated. After compiling them, people change their own worldview and consciousness, enrich their inner world - so the creations of thinkers, artists and scientists affect them.
For the preservation and distribution of spiritual values, humanity uses museums, libraries and archives, educational institutions and the media. Due to their existence, a variety of knowledge and achievements - historical, artistic, technical, literary, scientific are replenished and transferred from one generation to another.
Spiritual needs of man
The peculiarity of spiritual activity is in the manifestation of the highest motivations and striving of a person. Each has different needs, among which there are material - necessary to maintain life, social - important for the existence of society, and spiritual - manifestation of the highest form of consciousness. It is the thirst for knowledge and discoveries in a person. This is because of them people seek to see and create beauty around, empathize and love, create and help.
Some spiritual needs encourage to create something new, useful people. Moreover, the creators themselves do this for themselves: so they reveal their talents, implement their abilities. After all, self-realization is also one of the highest needs, which directs the spiritual activity of the person. Showing himself, thinkers, poets and artists satisfy their need for self-expression, in the desire to convey their idea to people.
Those who take this idea are consumers of spiritual values. They also experience spiritual need 
- in painting and music, poetry and knowledge. They empathize the creator's creativity and comprehend the idea of \u200b\u200bthem. And sometimes it happens that there is a long time between creating a spiritual product and its consumption. Not always the writer immediately finds his reader, and the teacher is a student. Sometimes this gap is measured without years, and in centuries, which, who, spiritual activity on the creation of values, as a result, connects with their spiritual consumption - recognition and preservation.
But this is happening, because high motives, desires and aspirations live in man. They nourish and enrich it, inspire and make it better.
Trying to explain the activities of people, their actions, thinkers of different eras gave different answers to the question of what moves these actions, and consequently, the development of society. Some of them explained the development of society by the influence of the geographical environment. So, the French enlightener of the XVIII century. S. Montesquieu believed that climatic conditions determine the individual characteristics of a person, his character and inclinations. In countries with fertile soil, the spirit of dependence is made easier, as people engaged in agriculture once think about freedom. And in countries with a cold climate, people think more about their freedom than the crop. Of these considerations, conclusions were made about the nature of political power, laws, trade, etc.
Other thinkers explained the society of society by a spiritual factor: "Ideas rule the world." Some of them believed that these ideas of critically thoughtful personalities who create ideal public equipment projects. Another look was that the story rules the world mind. Such a look developed in his writings German philosopher Hegel.
Another point of view on the development of society is that the activities of people can scientifically explain, studying the role of material factors. The importance of material production in the development of society justified K. Marx. He paid attention to the fact that before practicing philosophy, politics, art, people should eat, drink, dress, have accommodation, and therefore create it all. Changes in production, according to Marx, cause changes in other spheres of life. The activity of people is determined in the end their material, economic interests.
Some scientists denied the possibility of explaining historical changes to any one factor, indicating the interaction of various causes and conditions of development. For example, the German scientist M. Weber argued that the spiritual factor plays a no less role than the economic that important historical changes took place under the influence of both. However, many scientists today think that it is possible to find the determining factor in the society, highlighting it from others. In the conditions of the Scientific and Technical Revolution of the XX century. Some scientists as such factor considered technique and technology.
Psychologists are learning the experiences of a person, encourage him to activities. Such experiences of a person are called the motive. The word "motif" of French origin and means literally: a motivating reason, a reason for any action. In psychology, under the motive, they understand what the human activity encourages, for which it is committed. Requirements, social attitudes, beliefs, interests, attractions and emotions, people's ideals can be played as motifs.
In the motives of the activity manifest human needs. And the need is a surviving and aware of the need for the need for maintaining his body and personality development.
The need is certainly aimed at some subject. For example, hunger is the need for food, the subject of the need for food. The inability to cope with any task generates a lack of knowledge that is necessary for solving it. The subject of the need for this case is knowledge. The needs of a person can be divided into three groups:
1. Biological needs: requirements in respiration, nutrition, water, normal heat exchange, motion, self-repair, preservation of the genus and other needs associated with the human biological organization, its belonging to nature. In other words, these are the same goals as in animals. The German writer G. Belly (1917-1985) so wrote about one of these needs: "Sleep is beautiful in that it is equalized by a person and an animal."
2. Social needs generated by society. They are embodied by the need of personality, for example, in various relationships with other people, in self-realization, self-affirmation, social recognition of its advantages. Among social needs sometimes allocate the needs of "for themselves" (the need to insist on their rights) and "for others" (the need to fulfill their duties).
3. Ideal needs: to know the world around the world as a whole and in his details, aware of our place in it, the meaning and appointment of your existence. The need for knowledge was noted in antiquity. Philosopher Aristotle wrote: "All people from nature seek to know."
In some people, ideal needs are reduced to entertainment. But in this case, they are diverse: someone's cinema, someone dancing, and someone is hurting for a favorite football team. Those who professionally engaged in science and art are characterized by developed ideal needs.
Biological, social and ideal needs are interrelated. The biological idea of \u200b\u200ba person, in contrast to animals, becomes social. Indeed, on the hot days of many people torments thirst, but no one will drink from the puddles on the road. The person chooses a drink, quenching thirst, and cares for the dishes from which she drinks was clean. And the reception of food for a person becomes the need for "the satisfaction of which has many social faces have both culinary subtleties, conditions and table settings, and the quality of the dishes, and the design of the dish, and the pleasant community, divides me to meals.
Most people have social needs dominate perfect. The need for knowledge is often as a means to gain a profession, take a decent position in society.
In some cases, it is generally difficult to separate the biological, social, ideal. An example is the need for communication (it will be discussed below). The above classification of needs is not the only scientific literature. There is a lot of others. One of them was developed by an American psychologist A. Maslow. He allocated the following basic needs:
physiological: in reproduction of kind, food, breathing, clothing, housing, physical
movements, rest and the like; Existential (from the Latin word meaning literally: existence):
safe of its existence, comfort, consistency of life conditions,
in guarantees of employment, insurance against accidents, confidence in tomorrow and the like; Social: in social connections, communication, affection, care
another and attention to themselves, participation in joint activities with others; Prestigious: in self-esteem, respect from others, recognition, achieving success
and high marriage, official growth; Spiritual: in self-actualization, self-expression. According to the theory of Maslow, the first two types of needs are primary (congenital), and the following three are secondary (purchased). The needs of each next level become essential when previously satisfied. Along with the needs of the most important motive activity is social installations. Under them implies the overall orientation of the person to a certain social object expressing the predisposition to the action in a certain way relative to this object. Such an object can be, for example, a family.
Depending on the assessment of the value of family life, its utility for itself may be inclined to create a family, its preservation or, on the contrary, is not configured to create and protect family bonds. From this depend on its action, his behavior.
An important role in the motives of activity is played by convictions - sustainable views on the world, ideals and principles, as well as the desire to embody them through their actions and actions.
In the formation of the motives of activities, the interests play a special role. This word is also Latin descent, means literally: make a value, important. The interests of people are of their own needs, but are not sent so much on objects of needs, as for those social conditions that make more or less accessible these items, first of all, material and spiritual benefits that ensure customer satisfaction. The interests of people consist in preserving or transforming those conditions (institutions, orders, norms of relationships, etc.), on which the distribution of goods depends. These interests depend on the situation in the society of certain groups of the population. Each person belongs to several social groups. For example, a young man belongs to young people who have its own, different from other groups, interests (get an education, profession, have material conditions for the creation of a family, etc.). It also applies to any ethnic group and has common interests with other members of this group (the possibility of developing national culture, language). Being a member of other groups, a person has relevant social interests. It turns out that interests are determined by the situation of various social groups and individuals in society. They are more or less recognized by people and are essential motivating incentives to various activities. A variety of interests interact in society: individual, group, society interests in general. In the direction of interest, interests are divided into economic, social, political, spiritual. They find a generalized expression topical needs of people.
Needs and interests occupy a leading place in motivates. Hegel wrote: "The closest consideration of history convinces us that the actions of people leak out of their needs, their passions, their interests ... and only they play the main role" h
Their ideals are connected with the interests of people. A public ideal is an image of a perfect society in which the interests and aspirations of a certain social group are reflected, the idea of \u200b\u200bhigher justice and the best social system.
Needs, interests, ideals are recognized by people, that is, characterizes conscious activities. People think of activities, carry out self-control of their actions. However, the activity is also shown and the unconscious, which means mental life, occurs without the participation of consciousness.
Austrian psychologist 3. Freud (1856-1939), who studied the unconscious, attached him great importance: "Much in" I "is definitely unconsciously, exactly what should be called" the "kernel" I ". Under the unconsciousness in psychology is understood by the impacts of the state in which a person cannot figure out.
In modern psychology, there was a point of view, according to which the unconscious is a creative beginning, the main source of motives and experiences of people. Swiss psychologist K. Jung (1875-1961) believed that the unconscious is the source of the creative imagination of the Spirit.
The human activity can have a great influence of its train, that is, mental states expressing unconscious or not enough conscious need. Some trains encourage activities aimed at preserving and developing life, others find themselves in aggressive, destructive actions.
For a person experiencing a state of attraction, it is not clear what attracts it to the object, what is the purpose of its action. Recall the words of Prince with the "Mermaid" A.S. Pushkin: "Unknown to these sad shores, an unknown force attracts me." The hero of the drama is not aware of what force forced him to come to the place where his beloved girl died.
Many scientists believe that the train is the initial stage of the formation of human behavior motives. First, unconscious attractions are inferior to conscious motives.
German sociologist M. Weber (1864-1920), speaking of activity, divided the actions depending on their motives for the celender, value-rational, affective and traditional.
The descriptive effect is characterized by a rationally supplied and thoughtful goal. The individual, whose behavior is focused on purpose, the means and possible side results of his actions. In this case, the individual is rationally considering the attitude of the means to goal and side results, the conditions for achieving conceived.
The value-rational affairs is characterized by a conscious definition of its orientation and consistently planned orientation on it. But the meaning is not to achieve any goal, but in the fact that the individual adheres to its concepts about the debt, dignity, beauty, religious canons, piety. Such an action is subordinate to the principles, commandments, requirements. It is based on faith in the aesthetic, religious or other value of certain behavior.
Affective action is due to the emotional state of the individual (the word "affect" comes from the Latin word, meaning literally: mental excitement; psychologists understand this term relatively short-term, strongly and rapidly flowing emotional experience - rage, horror, despair, etc.). It can be a response to completely unusual irritation. The individual acts under the influence of the affect, if he seeks to immediately satisfy his need for revenge, enjoyment, devotion and the like.
Traditional action is based on a long habit. Often this is an automatic reaction to the usual irritation in the direction of the once assimilated installation (for example, the emergence in our country in the Soviet times the lack of any desired product caused many people a desire for the first opportunity to create a stock of this product at the first opportunity).
M. Weber noted that in its pure form these types of behavior are random. As a rule, different motifs are combined, superimposed on each other. However, their knowledge helps to understand the motives of the behavior of people, the content of their activities.
Basic concepts
Activity. Behavior. Actions. Business Needs. Interests.
An object. Subject. Purpose. Funds.
Questions for self-test
1. What are the signs of human activity?
2. How do the goal and means of its achievement correlate?
3. How does the human attitude towards other people appear in the behavior of a person?
4. What is the connection of needs and interests? What is the difference between them?
1. Think about the words of the French philosopher Didro (1713-1784): "If there is no purpose, you don't do anything, and you do not do anything great if the goal is insignificant." Can a person do something without a goal?
2. In the architect, the goal acts in the image of the conceived building. And what could be the goal of the statesman, the teacher, the commander? Answer argue.
3. Indicate the subject and object of activity in the following events: peasant reform 1861. in the Russian Empire. The English revolution of the XVII century, the first world journey, the liberation war of the Ukrainian people 1648-1657.
4. German Poet and thinker I. Goethe (1749-1832) wrote: "Taking funds for the purpose, people are disappointed in themselves and others, because of what nothing happens or turns out to be the opposite to what they want."
What do you think for the Bolsheviks dictatorship was the goal or means?
5. What conclusion about the relationship between goals and funds can be made from the following statements by the Roman writer and the historian of light (and -11 century). "Those who have sought small benefits at the cost of great dangers, he compared with a fisherman, fishe fish on a gold hook: beat off the hook - and no catch will be replaced with a loss"?
6. I.V. Goethe wrote: "Behavior is a mirror in which everyone shows his face." How do activities and behavior correlate? Give examples of different behavior in the process of the same activity. How does the personality turn out to be in these cases?
7. American Writer E. Hemingway (1899-1961) said: "Every person is born for some business."
What do you think, under the word "case" here mean an action or activity? Explain your point of view.
If you consider the life of a person as his movement forward along the path of development, it can be said that life is the process of permanent overcoming new borders, achieving the best results, self-development and personal growth. And in this process, one of the dominant roles plays the meaning of all actions and actions that make a person. What affects the human activity and his behavior? Why does he do something at all? What does it encourage? What motivates? After all, any action (and even inaction) almost always has its own motive.
So that we can communicate better with each other, so that it is easier for us to understand the people around the people and themselves, as well as other people and their own actions, should talk about what motivation is. This question is also important for psychology, such as its basics or methods. For this reason, we dedicate the subject of motivation to a separate lesson, in the process of studying which we will get acquainted with the process of forming motivation, the system of motivation, theories of motivation, its species (labor, educational, self-motivation). We learn about the methods of managing motivation and personnel, students, schoolchildren and themselves; Let's talk in detail about the methods of stimulating and increasing motivation.
What is motivation?
And the conversation about motivation should be started with a clear definition of this concept. The concept of "motivation" comes from the Latin word "MoveRe" to move. There are several motivation definitions:
- Motivation - This is a motivation to action.
- Motivation - This is the ability of a person to meet their needs through any activity.
- Motivation - This is a dynamic psychophysiological process, which manages human behavior and determines its organization, orientation, stability and activity.
Currently, this concept of various scientists is understood in different ways. Someone adheres to the opinion that the motivation is a totality of the processes responsible for the motivation and activities. Others determine motivation as a totality of motives.
Motive - This is the perfect or material subject, the achievement of which is the meaning of activity. It seems to be a person in the form of specific experiences that can be characterized by positive emotions from achieving this subject, or negative, associated with dissatisfaction in the present situation. To realize the motive, you need to make a serious internal work.
The motive is often confused with the need or goal, but the need is a subconscious desire to eliminate discomfort, and the goal is the result of the conscious process setting the goal. For example, hunger is a need, a desire to eat is a motive, and the food to which the hands of a person pulls is a goal.
Motivation is a complex psychological phenomenon, with which its diversity is connected.
Motivation species
In psychology, it is customary to allocate the following types of human motivation:
- External motivation - This is a motivation that is not related to the content of some kind of activity, but is due to external circumstances (participation in competitions to get a reward, etc.).
- Internal motivation - This is a motivation associated with the content of activities, but not with external circumstances (sports, because it delivers positive emotions.).
- Positive motivation - This is a motivation based on positive incentives (if I will not be capricious, then parents will play a computer game and the like.).
- Negative motivation - This is a motivation based on negative incentives (if I will not be capricious, then parents will not scold me, etc.).
- Sustainable motivation - This is a motivation based on the natural needs of a person (thickening thirst, hunger, etc.).
- Unstable motivation - This is a motivation that requires constant external support (quit smoking, lose weight, etc.).
Stable and unstable motivation varies and by types. There are two main types of motivation: "To something" or "from something" (it is also often called the "method of whip and gingerbread"). But there are additional motivation types:
- Individual motivationaimed at maintaining self-regulation (thirst, hunger, avoiding pain, temperature support, etc.);
- Group motivation (care for offspring, searching for its place in society, maintaining the structure of society, etc.);
- Cognitive motivation (Gaming, research behavior).
In addition, there are separate motifs that move the actions of people:
- Motive self-affirmation - The desire to assert in society, get a certain status, respect. Sometimes such desires refer to the motivation of prestige (desire to achieve and maintain higher status).
- Motive identification - The desire to resemble someone (authoritative, idol, father, etc.).
- Motive of power - The desire of a person to influence the surrounding, lead them, direct their actions.
- Procedure and meaningful motifs - prompting to action through non-external factors, but by the process and content of activity.
- External motifs - The factors that encourage actions are out of activity (prestige, material benefits, etc.).
- Motive self-development The desire for personal growth, the implementation of its potential.
- Motive achievement - The desire to achieve the best results and master the skill in something.
- Prosocious motifs (socially significant) - Motives that are associated with a sense of debt, responsibility to people.
- Affiliation Motive (Accession) - The desire to establish and maintain contact with other people, to contact and pleasant communication with them.
Any kind of motivation plays a very important role in the study of human psychology and his behavior. But what affects the motivation of man? What factors? It is to study these issues that motivation theories are applied.
Motivation theories
Motivation theories are studying and analyzing the needs of a person, their content and how they are related to its motivation. They attempt to understand that he encourages a person to some kind of activity, what needs to motivate his behavior. The study of these needs led to the appearance of three main directions:
Consider each direction in more detail.
Analyzes the factors that affect the motivation. For the most part, they are concentrated on the analysis of human needs. Content theories describe the structure of needs and their content, as well as how it all is associated with the motivation of the individual. The bias is made to understand what man prompts the activities from the inside. The main theories of this area are: the theory of hierarchy of the needs of Maslow, the theory of ERG Alderfer, the theory of the acquired needs of McCleld and the theory of two Herzberg factors.
Theory of Maslow Needs Hierarchy
The main provisions are:
- A person always feels the need for something;
- Those experienced by man strongly pronounced needs can be combined into groups;
- Groups of needs are hierarchically;
- A person prompted unsatisfied needs to actions; Satisfied needs are not motivation;
- The place of satisfied need is dissatisfied;
- In the usual state, a person comes at once a few needs, which interact comprehensively;
- The first person meets the needs that are at the base of the pyramid, then the need for a higher level needs to be influenced by a person;
- A person can meet the needs of a higher level in a large number of ways than the need for a lower level.
Pyramid needs Maslow looks like this:
In his work, "To the Psychology of Being", a list of higher needs added a list of higher needs after a while, calling them "growing needs" (existential values). But he also noted that they are difficult to describe, because All are in close relationship with each other. This list included: perfection, integrity, justice, completion, vitality, beauty, simplicity, wealth of manifestations, good, truth, ease, honesty and some others. According to the oil, growth needs often actually act as a powerful motive of human activity and are part of the structure of personal growth.
You can find out how to study the oil correspond to reality. To do this, you just need to make a list of the most significant needs for you, divide them into groups according to the pyramid of the needs of Maslow, and try to determine, Caia from needs is satisfied with you in the first place, which in the second, etc. You can also find out, the satisfaction of the needs of what level prevails in your behavior and behavior of people familiar to you.
Interesting and such a fact: Abraham Masu adhered to the opinion that the "stages of self-realization" reaches only 2% of all people. Calculate your needs with your life results, and you will see you enter into the number of these people or not.
You can get acquainted in more detail with the theory of the butter here for this.
Theory of Erg Alderfer
He believes that all human needs can be combined into three large groups:
- The needs of existence (safety, physiological needs);
- Communication needs (social needs; desire to have friends, family, colleagues, enemies, etc. + part of the needs of the Pyramid Maslow: recognition, self-affirmation);
- The needs of growth (the needs of self-expression from the Pyramid of the Oil).
The theory of the butter from the Alderfer theory is distinguished by the fact that, according to the oil, the movement from needs for needs is possible only from the bottom up. Alderfer believes that the movement is possible in both directions. Up, if the needs of the lower level are satisfied, and vice versa. Moreover, if the highest level is not satisfied, the needs of the lower, and the person's attention switches to this lowest level.
For clarity, you can take the pyramid of the needs of the oil and trace how needs satisfaction in your case. If you have noticed that we are moving up levels, then this process, according to ADDERFER, will be the process of satisfaction. If you go down in levels down, it is frustration (defeat in the desire to satisfy the need). If, for example, you cannot satisfy your growing needs, your attention will switch to the needs of communication, which will be called frustration. In this case, to return to the process of satisfaction, the low-level need should be satisfied, thereby rising to the top.
More details with the theory of Alderfer can be found.
Theory of Acquired Needs of McCleld
His theory is associated with the study and description of the needs of achievement, complicity and refuse. These needs are purchased throughout life and (provided that strong presence) have an impact on a person.
You can easily determine which of the needs have the greatest impact on your activity: if you strive to achieve the goals set more efficiently, the earlier, the motivation to meet the needs of achievement prevails. If you are striving for friendly relationships, try to install and maintain contacts, if you are important for approval, support and opinion of others, then you are asked to satisfy, mainly the need for complicity. If you notice the desire to control others, to have an impact on them, to take responsibility for the actions and behavior of others, then the desire to meet the needs of mutual.
By the way, people with the prevailing rule of dominance are divided into 2 groups:
- 1 group - people seeking power for power;
- 2 Group - People seeking power for the realization of some common cause.
Knowing what type of needs prevails with you or others, you can more deeply understand the motives of your or other people, and use this knowledge to make life and relationships with others better.
Additional information about McCllanade theory can be found along this.
Theory of two factors of Herzberg
His theory is obliged to appear the growing need to clarify the influence of material and intangible factors on human motivation.
Material factors (hygienic) are associated with man's self-expression, its internal needs, the environment in which the person acts (the amount of wage, living and labor, status, relationship with people, etc.).
Intangible factors (motivating) are associated with the nature and essence of human activity (achievements, public recognition, success, prospects, etc.).
Data on this theory very effectively use managers of companies, firms and other organizations when analyzing the work of their employees. For example, the disadvantage or absence of hygienic material factors may lead to the fact that the employee will experience dissatisfaction with its work. But if material factors are enough, they themselves are not motivating. And the absence of intangible factors does not lead to dissatisfaction, but their presence is satisfied and is an effective motivator. It should be noted that Frederick Herzberg made a paradoxical conclusion that the remuneration of labor is not a factor that motivating a person to action.
You can learn in detail about this theory.
Analyze how a person is distributed to efforts to achieve new goals, and what type of behavior will be chosen for this. In procedural theories, human behavior is determined not only by the needs, but is the function of its perception and expectations associated with a specific situation, and the possible consequences of the type of behavior that a person chose. Today there are more than 50 procedural theories of motivation, but the main in this direction is considered: the theory is awarded, the theory of Adams, the theory of porter-looler, theory of the Locke and the concept of partisipative control. Let's talk about them in more detail.
The theory of expectations is hand
This theory is based on the situation that the availability of need is not the only condition for the person's motivation to achieve anything. A person must count on the fact that the type of behavior he chose will lead him to the satisfaction of his need. The behavior of the individual is always associated with a choice of two or more options. And from what he chooses, depends on what he does and how he does it. If we speak differently, then, according to Us, the motivation depends on how much wishes to get a person and how much it is for him how much effort is he is ready to take for this.
The theory of expectations is groaning perfectly suitable in order to use it in practice to increase employee motivation in organizations, and is very useful for managers of various levels. Because The theory of expectations is reduced to the goals and needs of specific employees, the managers should make that their subordinates satisfy their needs and at the same time achieved the goals of the organization. It is necessary to try to achieve maximum conformity between what an employee can and what is required of it. To increase the motivation of subordinate managers should determine their needs, the possible results of their work and make sure that they have the necessary resources to qualitatively fulfill their duties (time, conditions, equipment). Only with the right ratio of these criteria can be achieved the maximum result, which will be useful for both the employee and is important for the organization.
You can see more details from the theory by going through this.
Theory of Equality (Justice) Adams
This theory states that a person evaluates the effectiveness of motivation not at certain factors, but given the assessments of remuneration, which were obtained by other people in similar conditions. Those. Motivation is considered not from the point of view of the needs of the individual, but on the basis of its comparison of himself with others. We are talking about subjective assessments and people compare their efforts and the result obtained with the efforts and the results of others. And here are three options: underestimation, fair assessment, revaluation.
If you again take an employee of the organization, then we can say that it estimates the amount of its remuneration with the size of the remuneration of other workers. It takes into account the conditions in which it works and others. And if the employee it seems that, for example, he is underestimated and in relation to him did unfairly, he can do as follows: intentionally distorted its contribution and results, as well as the contribution and results of others; try to make others change their contribution and results; Change the contribution and results of others; Select other parameters for comparison or just quit work. Therefore, the manager should always be attentive as to whether his subordinate injustice does not feel in relation to themselves, to achieve from workers of a clear understanding of the required results, encourage employees, taking into account what they are interested not as much as they will appreciate them, how much According to them as compared to the rest.
Porter-Lowera model
Their comprehensive motivation theory includes elements of the theory of expectations are awarded and the theory of Adams's justice theory. This model contains five variables: spent effort, perception, results obtained, remuneration and degree of satisfaction.
According to this theory, the results depend on the efforts, abilities and characteristics of a person, and from the aware of their role. The level of effort determines the value of remuneration and the degree of confidence that the accompanying efforts will really bring a certain remuneration. It also establishes compliance between remuneration and results, i.e. A person satisfies his needs with the help of remuneration for achieving a certain result.
If you explore and analyze all the components of the theory of porter-looler more details, you can understand the mechanism of motivation at a deeper level. The efforts that the person spends depends on how valuable for him is remuneration and from the faith of a person in their relationship. Achieving a person of certain results leads to the fact that it feels satisfaction and self-esteem.
There are connections between results and remuneration. On the one hand, for example, results and remuneration may depend on the possibilities that the head in the organization for its employee defines. On the other hand, the worker has its own opinion on how true the remuneration for certain results is. The result of the equity of domestic and external remuneration will be satisfied with the qualitative indicator of the value of remuneration for the employee. And the degree of this satisfaction will continue to influence the perception by an employee of other situations.
The theory of setting goals E. Locke
The prerequisite for this theory is that human behavior determines the goals that it sets itself, because It is for their achievement that it performs certain actions. It is important to notice that the setting of goals is a conscious process, and the intentive intention and goals are determined by his behavior. Guided by emotional experiences, a person estimates the events taking place around. On the basis of this, he sets itself the goals that intend to achieve, and, on the basis of these purposes, acts in a certain way. It turns out that the selected strategy of actions leads to certain results that are satisfied with man.
In order to, for example, raise the level of personnel motivation in an organization, according to the Locke theory, you can use several important principles. First, it is necessary to clearly put the goal before employees so that they definitely understand what is required of them. Secondly, the level of the tasks must be medium or high complexity, because Thanks to this, higher results are achieved. Thirdly, employees must express their consent to the fulfillment of the tasks and achieve their goals. Fourth, employees should receive feedback on their promotions, because This connection is a pointer that the right path is chosen or what more efforts must be attached to achieve the goal. And, fifth, it follows and the workers themselves attract the goals. This has a better impact on a person than when the goals put other people (impose) to him, and also contributes to a more accurate understanding by the employee of their tasks.
Participative control concept
Participative management concepts were developed in the United States thanks to experiments to improve labor productivity. From these concepts it follows that a person in the organization is manifested not only as a performer, but also shows interest in organizing its activities, working conditions, the effectiveness of its actions. This suggests that the employee has an interest in participation in various processes occurring in his organization and related to its activities, but beyond the functions performed by them.
In fact it looks like this: if the employee takes an active part in various activities within the organization and receives satisfaction from this, then it will work better, better and more productive. If the employee is allowed to make decisions on issues related to its work in the organization, it will motivate it for better fulfilling its duties. It also contributes to the fact that the contribution of the employee to the life of the organization will be much more, because Its potential is involved in the maximum.
And another important direction in the study and analysis of human needs are theories based on the specific picture of the employee.
Theories based on the specific picture of the employee, take the basis of a certain sample of an employee, its needs and motives. These theories include: the theory of McGregor and the theory of Obechi.
XY-theory of McGregor
His theory is based on two prerequisites:
- Authoritarian Guide to employees - Theory X
- Democratic employee management - theory Y
These two theories imply completely different guidelines for motivating people and appeal to various needs and reasons.
Theory X suggests that employees of the organization are initially lazy and try to avoid active activities. Therefore, they should be supervised. For this, special control systems have been developed. Based on the theory of X, without an attractive system of promotions, employees of the organization will be passive and will try to avoid responsibility.
So, for example, based on the provisions of the X theory, it follows that the average worker is experiencing dislike and reluctance to work, he likes to be driven more to be guided by, trying to avoid responsibility. To increase the motivation of employees, managers should pay special attention to various incentive programs, produce careful control of work, to direct employees. If necessary, the methods of coercion and the system of punishments should be used to implement the goal set by the organization.
The theory of Y by the starting point takes the initial ambitiousness of employees, implies their internal incentives. In this theory, employees themselves show the initiative to take responsibility, self-control and self-government, because Get emotional satisfaction from what their duties do.
From the premises of the theory Y, it follows that the average employee under proper conditions will learn to be responsible, approach work creatively and creatively, to control themselves alone. Work in this case is akin to a pleasant pastime. Stimulate the motivation of their employees to managers is much easier than in the first case, because Employees will independently strive to better fulfill their duties. It should be shown to workers that they have free space for their activities that they can express themselves and self-realize. Thus, their potential will be involved in full.
You can use the McGregor Theory in order to better understand what motivates to the exercise of a certain activity of you. Sprog the X and Y theory on yourself. Knowing what motivates you, and what approach you need for more fruitful activities, you can find the most suitable job for you or even try to specify your manager to change the strategy of your management to increase the efficiency of employees and the whole organization in Overall.
You can learn about "XY-theory for details you can.
Theory Z Ouchi.
In theory z, Japanese experiments on psychology were taken as a basis and complemented by parcels from the XY-theory of McGregor. The main for theory Z is the principle of collectivism in which the organization is represented as a whole labor clan or a large family. The main task is to bring in compliance of the goals of employees with the goals of the enterprise.
To be guided by the theory of Z in the organization of employees' activity, it should be borne in mind that most of them love to work in the team and want to have a perspective of career growth related, among other things, with their age. Also, employees believe that the employer will take care of them, and they themselves are responsible for the work performed. The company must provide its employees to training programs and advanced training. A long role is played by the period on which the employee hired. Best if you are lifetime. To increase the motivation of employees, managers should achieve their faith in common goals, pay great attention to their well-being.
Read more from Z-theory.
The most popular motivation theories considered above are the most popular but not exhaustive. The list of current motivation theory existing on these data can be supplemented with not one dozen theories (hedonic theory, psychoanalytic theory, the theory of drives, the theory of conditional reflexes and many others). But the task of this lesson is considerations of not only theories, but also methods of human motivation, which are widely used today to motivate people of completely different categories and in completely different areas.
Methods of motivation
All motivation methods that today are successfully applied in a person's life can be divided into three main categories:
- Personal motivation
- Moiotivation
Below we will look at each category separately.
Personal motivation
Personal motivation - This is a system of moral and material incentives for workers. It implies a set of measures to improve labor activity and labor efficiency. These measures can be the most different and depend on which stimulation system is provided in the organization, what is the general management system and what features of the organization itself.
Personnel motivation methods can be divided into economic, organizational and administrative and socio-psychological.
- Economic methods imply material motivation, i.e. fulfillment by employees of their duties and the achievement of certain results for the provision of material goods.
- Organizational and administrative methods Based on authorities, subordination to the regulations, laws, charter, subordination, etc. They can also rely on the possibility of coercion.
- Socio-psychological methods Used to increase the social activity of workers. There is an impact on the consciousness of people, their aesthetic, religious, social and other interests, and also there is a social stimulation of employment.
Considering that all people are different, to apply any one method for motivation is ineffective, therefore, in management practice, in most cases, all three methods and their combinations should be present. For example, the application of only organizational-administrative or economic methods will not allow to intensify the creative potential of employees. And only the social and psychological or organizational and administrative method (control, instructions, instructions) will not "hooked" those people who motivate material promotions (increase salaries, premiums, bonuses, etc.). The success of measures that increases motivation depends on the competent and integrated implementation of their implementation, as well as from systematic monitoring of employees and the skillful identification of the needs of each employee separately.
More personnel motivation You can find out from here.
- This is a very important stage on the way of formation of the students of motives, which can take care of the meaning, and the very fact of educational activities make an important goal for a student or student. In other cases, successful training will be impossible. Motivation for learning, unfortunately, by itself manifests itself quite rare. It is for this reason that it is necessary to use various methods of its formation so that it can provide and maintain fruitful learning activities during a long period of time. Methods / techniques for the formation of motivation to training activities are quite a lot. Below are the most common.
- Creating situations of entertainment This is the process of introducing interesting and entertaining experiences, vital examples, paradoxical facts, unusual analogies that will attract students' attention, and cause their interest in the subject of study.
- Emotional experiences - These are experiences that are created by haunted unusual facts and experiments during classes, as well as caused by the scale and uniqueness of the outlined material.
- Comparison of scientific and everyday interpretations of natural phenomena - This is such a reception in which some scientific facts are given and are compared with changes in the lifestyle of people, which appears interest in students and the desire to learn more, because This reflects reality.
- Creating situations of a cognitive dispute - This reception is based on the fact that the dispute always causes an increased interest in the topic. Attracting students to scientific disputes contributes to the deepening of their knowledge, attracts their attention, causes a wave of interest and the desire to understand the contested issue.
- Creating situations of success in teaching This technique is used mainly in relation to students who experience certain difficulties in learning. It is based on the fact that joyful experiences contribute to overcoming difficulties in learning.
In addition to the listed methods, there are other methods of increasing motivation to learning. Such methods are approximations of the content of educational material to important discoveries and achievements, the creation of novelty situations and relevance. There is also a positive and negative cognitive motivation (see above (positive or negative motivation).
Some scientists indicate that the content of educational activities and the content of educational material affect the motivation of students. It follows that the more interesting educational material and the more the student / student is involved in the active learning process, the more enhanced its motivation to this process.
Often, social motives are also influenced by the improvement of motivation. For example, the desire for utility or occupation of a certain position in society, the desire to earn credibility, etc.
As can be seen, in order to increase the motivation of students of schools and students of universities to learning, you can use completely different ways, but it is important to understand that these methods will always be different. In some cases, focus on collective motivation should be focused. For example, to ask each group to express their subjective opinion on a particular issue, involving students in the discussion, thereby awakening interest and activity. In other cases, it is necessary to take into account the individuality of each student, to study their behavior and needs. Someone may like to conduct your own research and then speak with the report and this will satisfy the need for self-actualization. Someone needs to be aware of their promotion on the path of teachings, then the student should praise, indicate it to his progress, even if he is very small, pick up. This will cause a sense of success and the desire to move in this direction. In another case, you need to give as much analogies between the material studied and real life so that students have the opportunity to realize the importance of what they study, thereby causing interest in them. The main conditions for the formation of cognitive activity will always be a support for the active mental process of students, conducting the educational process in accordance with the level of their development and the emotional atmosphere during classes.
Several useful advice on the motivation of students you can find in.
And the last but no less important issue that we need to consider will be a matter of self-motive. Indeed, it is often what the person seeks to what he achieves in the end depends not as much on how it motivates employers, teachers and other people around how much from how much it is capable of motivating themselves alone.
Moiotivation
Moiotivation - this is the desire or a man's desire for something, based on his inner convictions; Stimulus for the action he wants to make.
If we talk about myctoment somewhat differently, you can characterize it like this:
Moorotivation is the impact of a person on its condition when the motivation from outside ceases to influence it properly. For example, when something does not work with you and things are going out of the hands, it is bad, I want to quit everything, omit your hands, but you yourself find the reasons for yourself to continue to act.
Moisotivation is very individual, because Each person chooses different ways in order to motivate himself. But there are certain methods that have a positive impact on most people. Let's talk about them more specifically.
Affirmations
Affirmations - These are special small texts or expressions that affect human influence mainly on the psychological level.
Many successful people use affirmations in their everyday life in order to constantly have internal stimuli for anything. Very often they are used by people in order to change their attitude to something, remove psychological and subconscious blocks. In order to draw up for yourself the most effective affirmations, you should use the next reception: you need to take a blank sheet of paper and divide it with a line into two parts. On the left, the beliefs and blocks are written, which, as you think, have a negative impact on your activity. And on the right - positive affirmations. For example, you know that you have fear of communication with your boss at work, but you often have to talk with him, and because of this you constantly feel stress, discomfort and reluctance to go to work. Write on one part of the sheet "I'm afraid to communicate with the boss," and on the other - "I like to communicate with the boss." This will be your affirmation. Affirmations are usually used not isolated, but comprehensively, i.e., except that you are afraid of communicating with the boss, you must define some other fears and weaknesses. They can get quite a lot. To reveal them to the maximum, you need to do a fairly thorough work on yourself: Highlight time, create a comfortable setting so that you do not distract anything, and think carefully about what you would like to change and what you fear. After you write down everything on a piece, write to all this affirmations, cut the sheet scissors into two parts and leave only part with affirmations. So that they began to act and influence you and your life, read your affirmations every day. Best of all, if it is immediately after you wake up before bedtime. Make reading affirmation with your everyday practice. After a while you will notice change in yourself and your life. Remember that affirmations affect the subconscious level.
Detailed information about affirmations you will find.
Self-pressure
Self-pressure - This is the process of exposing a person to his psyche in order to change its behavior, i.e. The method of forming a new behavior previously not peculiar.
In order to inspire some things yourself, you need to make a list of correct statements and installations. For example, if you feel at some points of the strength and depressed state, you can use the assertion: "I am full of energy and strength!". Repeat it as often as possible: and at the moments of decline and at the moments of the usual state. From the first time you can and not notice the impact of such an impact, but with practice you will come to what you will have to notice its influence. To approval and installations produce the greatest effect, you need to adhere to several rules: approval should reflect what you want, and not what you are trying to get rid of. Do not use the "not" particle. For example, say not: "I do not feel bad," and: "I feel good." Any installation must be short and have a specific meaning. It is important to form the installation in the present time. And most importantly - repeat the installations meaningfully, and not simply seeking the text. And try to do it as often as possible.
Biographies of famous personalities
This method is one of the most effective for self-motive. He is in meeting the life of successful people who have achieved in any field of outstanding results.
If you feel that you have lost motivation to activities, achieving success, continueing work on some project or even work on yourself, do the following: Think someone from your famous personalities causes your interest and admiration. It may be some kind of businessman, the founder of some company, a coach for personal growth, a scientist, athlete, a star of cinema, etc. Find the biography of this person, articles about it, his statements or any other information. Start learning found material. Surely, you will find in the life of this person many motivating moments, examples of persistence and desire to go forward in spite of everything. During reading, you will begin to feel the desire to take yourself in hand, continue to strive for the target goal, your motivation will increase repeatedly. Read books, articles, watch movies about the life of outstanding people always, when you feel that your motivation is weak and requires feeding. This practice will allow you to always be in a tone and have a strongest motivation, because you will have a clear example of how people remain faithful to their dreams and continue to believe in themselves and their success.
About what will will be, we wrote in one of our past lessons. The impact of the power of the will on human life is impossible to overestimate. It is the strong will that helps a person to develop, self-improve and achieve new heights. She helps to always keep themselves in their hands, not to fade under pressure from problems and circumstances, to be strong, persistent and decisive.
The simplest, and at the same time, the most difficult way to develop the power of the will is to do what you do not want to do. It is "doing through I don't want", overcoming difficulties, makes a person stronger. If you don't want to do something, then the easiest will simply postpone it, leave for later. And for this reason, many people do not achieve their goals, lower their hands in difficult moments, succumb to their weaknesses and go on occasion. Getting rid of bad habits is also a workout of the power of will. If you feel that some habit is dominated by you, just give up it. First it will be difficult, because Harmful habits take energy from you. But then you will notice that you have become stronger and habit has ceased to manage your actions. Start the Will Power Training with a Small, gradually raising the bar. And in the list of your affairs, on the contrary, always choose the most difficult and make it first. Simple cases will do easier. Regular training of his own will of Will will begin to give results through time, and you will see how easier you began to cope with your weaknesses, the reluctance to do something and laziness. And this, in turn, will make you stronger and better.
Visualization
Visualization - This is another very effective method to increase your motivation. It consists in a mental representation of the desired.
It is done very simple: Try to choose the time that no one distract you, sit comfortably, relax and close your eyes. For some time just sit down and watch your breath. Breathe exactly, calm, measured. Gradually, begin to represent a picture of what you want to achieve in the imagination. Do not just think about it, but imagine it as if it already has it. If you really want a new car, then imagine that you are sitting in it, turn the ignition key, take the steering wheel, click on the gas pedal and go from the spot. If you strive to be in some important place for you, then imagine that you are already there, try to outline all the details, environment, your feelings. Detach the visualization of 15-20 minutes. After you finish, you will feel that you have a strong desire to start something to do to achieve your goal. Immediately proceed to action. Daily visualization practice will help you always remember what you want most. And most importantly - you will always have a charge of energy to do something, and your motivation will always be at a high level, which means that the desired will become even closer to you and closer.
Completing the conversation about self-confidence, it can be said that it is the most important stage in the path of self-development and personal growth. After all, not always nearby people are able to awaken in us the desire to act. And much better when a person is able to make himself, to find an approach to himself, to study his strengths and weaknesses and learn how to arouse the desire to move forward in itself, to achieve new peaks, seek the goals.
In conclusion, it is worth noting that knowledge about motivation and the use of them in their everyday life is an opportunity on the deep level to understand yourself and others, find an approach to people, make their relationship with them more efficient and pleasant. This is an opportunity to make life better. It doesn't matter if you are the leader of a large company or simply by its employee, you learn other people something or learn, help someone else to achieve or yourself strive for achieving outstanding results, but if you know what others need and You yourself, then this is the key to development, growth and success.
Literature
If you have a desire to get acquainted with the theme of motivation in more detail and understand the intricacies of this issue, you can use the sources indicated below:
- Babansky Yu. K. Intensification of the learning process. M., 1989.
- Vinogradova M. D. Collective cognitive activity. M., 1987.
- Vikhansky O.S., Naumov A.I. Management. M.: Gardica, 1999
- Gonoblin F. N. Attention and its upbringing. M., 1982.
- Dyatlov V.A, Kibibanov A.Y., Pichalo V.T. Personnel Management. M.: Prior, 1998
- Yegorzyn A.P. Personnel Management. Nizhny Novgorod: Nimb, 1999.
- Yermolaev B. A. Learn to learn. M., 1988.
- YERETSKY M. N. Improving training in the technical school. M., 1987.
- Ilyin E.P. Motivation and motifs. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2000
- Knorring V.I. Theory, Practice and Art of Management: Textbook for universities in the specialty "Management". M: Infra rate, 1999
- Lipatat VS Management of staff and organizations. M.: Suite, 1996
- Fields M. N. How to encourage students to teach and work. Chisinau 1989.
- Skhatkin M.N. Improving training processes. M., 1981.
- Strakhov I. V. Education of attention from students. M., 1988.
- Shamova T. I. Activation of student learning. M., 1982.
- Schukina G. I. Activation of cognitive activity of students in the educational process. M., 1989.
Check your knowledge
If you want to test your knowledge on the subject of this lesson, you can pass a small test consisting of several questions. In each question, only 1 option can be correct. After choosing one of the options, the system automatically moves to the next question. The points you receive affect the correctness of your answers and spent time spent. Please note that questions every time are different, and the options are mixed.
And now we think about the decision of the task 20.
The "spiritual culture of man and society" is devoted to the tasks from the fourth on the sixth - this is necessary. But in other tasks, this topic is also represented. For example, where you need to work with graphic data (with a diagram that reflects the results of a sociological survey), or where you need to insert missing words into the text. Or in the task to find the features of the differences and traits of similarity. Or on the allocation of statements of theoretical, actual and evaluative nature. All these tasks can be on any of the sections of social studies.
In the demo version of the exam, 2016, the twentieth assignment was drawn up on the basis of the material of the section "Man, society, spiritual culture". I suggest him now to decide.
Read the following text in which a number of words are missed. Select from the proposed list of the words you want to insert into the place of pass.
"The motive ____ (a) is called what encourages it, for which it is carried out. As a motion, it usually performs a specific ____ (b), which is satisfied during and through activities. This is a certain form of communication of living organisms with the world necessary for the existence of ____ (c), social group and society as a whole.
____ (d) Needs are caused by the biological nature of man. These are the needs of people in all that is necessary for their existence, development and reproduction. ____ (e) Needs are related to the fact that a person belongs to society, takes it a certain place in it, participates in work and communication with other people. ____ (e) Needs are associated with the knowledge of the world around the world, its place in it and the meaning of its existence. Each of the groups of needs corresponds to a certain type of activity. "
Words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can be used only once. Choose a sequential one word after another, mentally filling each pass. Note that words in the list are more than you need to fill the pass.
List of terms:
-
social;
natural;
genuine (reasonable);
individual;
-
perfect (spiritual).
need;
activity;
In this below, the table shows the letters denoting missed words. Write in the table under each letter number of your chosen word.
Answer:
How are these tasks?
You see that after each passing is the letter. Six words or phrases are missed. They are denoted by letters: a, b, in, g, d and e.
The text is given the terms from which you need to make a choice. And if you pass six, then termines nine. It means that three terms are superfluous. You can only insert them one time. And in the plate under each letter you must write the corresponding digit.
Also pay attention to the fact that the words in the list are given in maldly case. Moreover, if we are talking about adjectives, they are given in men's way, but in the text they can also be used in feminine. This also needs to be considered. Well, at least by context, we can guess what you need to insert: noun or adjective. It can facilitate the search for the right word.
So, carefully read.
The motive ____ (a) is called what it encourages it, for which it is carried out.
We need to choose it. The motive encourages her. It is possible, in general, immediately guess that we are talking about the motive of actions or activity. We are looking for something suitable. At number two find activities. Choose two.
As a motion, it usually performs a specific ____ (b), which is satisfied during and through activities.
Using activities, a person will satisfy its needs. It is the need for one of the most common motives of activities. Choose one.
This is a certain form of communication of living organisms with the world necessary for the existence of ____ (c), social group and society as a whole.
So, in the increasing: less, more, more means a person. But we do not have a person in the list of terms, but there is an individual. Choose eight.
____ (d) Needs are caused by the biological nature of man. These are the needs of people in everything that is necessary for their existence, development, reproduction.
These are biological needs. Otherwise, you can call them "natural needs". Choose the top five.
____ (e) Needs are related to the fact that a person belongs to society, takes it a certain place in it, participates in work and communication with other people.
Society is different called Socium. Public needs are called social. Choose the fourth answer.
____ (e) Needs are associated with the knowledge of the world around the world, its place in it and the meaning of its existence.
Cognition relates to spiritual needs. In this case, you are offered both options for the name of this group of needs - the ideal (spiritual). Choose a nine.
As a result, we write to the table: 2, 1, 8, 5, 4, 9.
Good luck on the exam!
Social Studies - Grade 10.
Topic of the lesson: What does a person encourage activities?
The purpose and objectives of the lesson: the basis of the formation of skills and skills of integrated understanding of knowledge of students to give an idea of \u200b\u200bactivities as a method of being of a person and society. Educational: To form the concept of "motifs of activity," to characterize the needs, social attitudes, interests, beliefs, to give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe factors of social development, on the role of the unconscious, to acquaint with the classification of M. Deber's actions, justify the multi-factority of human activity. Developing: Improve the ability to work with textbook text, analyze and compare, to establish causal relationships, associate knowledge with experience everyday. Educational: promote self-knowledge, the development of tolerance.
Type of lesson: lesson studying a new material.
Form lesson: Laboratory work.
The main stages of the lesson: - Problem setting; - study of the new material (analysis of the text of the textbook in groups, drawing up tables and schemes, demonstration of results and discussion); - fixing and primary control of assimilation; - homework.
During the classes
Setting the problem task.Teacher: Before you card number 1. There are several definitions in it. After reading them, try formulating theme lesson. Card number 1.
Any activity of the person he himself gives some sense.
Specific human form of active attitudes towards the environment, the content of which is its appropriate change and transformation.
Work, systematic use of its forces in any area.
The shape of the mental activity of the subject, which consists in the motivational achievement of a consciously set goal of knowing or converting an object.
2. Studying a new material. Teacher: So what will be speaking in the lesson? It will be about human activity and what encourages it to this activity. Theme lesson (slide 1.)
"There is no activity without purpose
no interests no goal
and without activity there is no life "
V.G. Belinsky
What is activities?
What are its components? (activity structure)
Why is a person doing activities? (activity motives)
Given the general characteristics of the activities given in the definitions, try to write a generalizing definition to the notebook (hear the answers of 3-4 students, ask if all the characteristics are taken into account: activity, goaling, motivation). Activities are a form of human activity, characteristic of a person attitude towards the outside world aimed at its transformation.
Teacher: What do you think is distinguished by human activity from animal behavior? (goaling, ability to go beyond experience, transformation of natural and social environment). (Slide 2.). Appeal to the epigraph.
Teacher:What components is the structure of activity?
Structure of activity
| |
Actions result
Teacher. In the structure of activity, its subject and object differ.
Who, in your opinion, maybe a subject of activity? (Man, group of people, organization, state authority).
Name possible objects of activity (natural materials, spheres or areas of life of people, people themselves).
To define: purpose - a conscious image of an anticipated result, the achievement of which activities are directed; - What seems to be conscious and is expected as a result of activities.
Actions
What actions are you known?
Celender (based on thoughtful and set),
Value-rational (based on ideological principles),
Affective (under the influence of emotional state)
Traditional (under the influence of the habit). Teacher: - What varies with the descriptive and value-rational action? Give your examples of each of the actions.
Needs - realized by man the need is needed to maintain the life of the development of personality. Working with a textbook (in groups)
What groups of needs includes these statements? Aristotle: "All people from nature seek to know."
Bellel: "Sleep is beautiful in that it is equalizing a person and an animal."
Y.Nagibin: "If I define its main aspiration - he always helped someone ... Helping it was a vocation"
Teacher: - Is the knowledge of the needs for understanding the motives of activities? Consideration by text and filling out the "Motive" table.
Motives - this is a motivation to activities relatedwith satisfactionneeds. Motives of activity (work with a textbook and filling in the table.)
3. Consolidation and primary assimilation control;
"Activities - inherent only to a person's form of interaction with ___________ (1). Its main content is a change and _________ (2) of the world in the interests of people. The activity is characterized by a focus on the creation of what is not in nature, on _________ (3) of the product of material or spiritual culture.
G) consumption h) need
Task 1 group: After reading the text, answer orally to questions.
In the fairy tale M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "Wild landowner" The author depicts a landowner, whose prayer God cleared all his possessions from men. Enjoyed this landowner by air, freed from the smell of meakry and sheepskin, and dreamed of what kind of fruit garden he reclits: "Here there will be pears and plums; Here - Peaches, here - Walnut! " I thought, "what kind of cows he collects, that neither the skin, no meat, but all one milk, all the milk! .. What a strawberry he is noting, all double and triple, five berries on the pound, and how much he sells this strawberry in Moscow . A lot of whether there was a lot of time, just sees a landowner, that in the garden he has a ruck of friction, in the bushes of the snake yes, all sorts of chassis are silent, and in the park beasts wild and regalia, and did not have the opportunity to get In the bazaar or pound flour, nor a piece of meat.
What were the targets of the landowner?
What did he choose funds to achieve them?
Did the actions of the landowner led to the results to which he sought? Why?
Task 2 groupAfter reading the text, answer orally to questions.
Two generals depicted by M.E. Saltykov-generous, saved from hungry death, as you know, a man who "shouted to act before them. I climbed first and narrowing the generals for the top ten of the most ripe apples ... Then I had kicked up the earth - and got potatoes from there; Then he took two pieces of wood, rubbed their friend about his friend - and extracted fire. Then made of their own hair and caught a row. Finally, there was a fire and pixels ... different provisions ... "
What were the goal of the activity of the man, the means of achieving it and the results?
What specific action this activity consisted? 3. Does its results suitable?
Task for all.
Teacher of junior classes turned to high school students with a request to help him in the preparation of the New Year's holiday for kids. Those of high school students who responded to this request, organized a "workshop of Santa Claus". They composed the scenario of a fabulous performance, sewed costumes, picked up the music, learned and with the kids of songs and games. Connected kids to the design of a fabulous town, making Christmas tree toys, surprises.
Describe the structure of this activity of high school students:
determine its subject, object, goal, means and results.
What could be the incentive motive of this activity?
Teacher: - Returning to the epigraph of the lesson What new did you know today at the lesson? (A person to become a subject of its livelihood only in the event that he is trying to realize and, if possible, regulate the motives of its own activity).
4. Homework. Tutorial page 168-174 Based on well-known factors, analyze the activities of one of the historical figures.
application
Motives of activity
| Essence | Possible examples |
|
| Social Installations | Total orientation on a specific social facility | Attitude towards the family |
| Beliefs | Sustainable views on the world. The desire to embody them | Living nature - "Product of Evolution" or "All Living - the result of creation" |
| Interests | The desire to influence the social conditions, on which the distribution of goods depends. | Have land in private property |
| An image of a perfect society | Society of universal equality |
Types of action
| Actions | Essence | Possible examples |
| Celegencies | Orientation for a rationally supplied and thoughtful goal | Perform labor and training tasks. |
| Value-rational | Following your beliefs and moral values. | Caring for elderly |
| Affective | Conditionality by the emotional state of the individual | Rage in battle |
| Traditional | Based on a long habit | Creation of stocks productive |
Theme lesson:
Theme lesson:______________________________________________
Your opinion about the lesson: _______________________________________________
Theme lesson:______________________________________________
Your opinion about the lesson: _______________________________________________
Theme lesson:______________________________________________
Your opinion about the lesson: _______________________________________________
Card number 1.
1. The process of active interaction of the subject with the world, during which the subject satisfies any needs.
2. Love the activity of a person he himself gives some sense.
3. Speakingly human form of active attitudes towards the environment, the content of which is its appropriate change and transformation.
4. Work, systematic application of its forces in any area.
5. The form of the mental activity of the subject, which consists in the motivational achievement of the consciously set goal of knowing or converting an object.
Filling out permits in the text:
A. "Activities - inherent only to a person's form of interaction with ___________ (1). Its main content is a change and _________ (2) of the world in the interests of people. The activity is characterized by a focus on the creation of what is not in nature, on _________ (3) of the product of material or spiritual culture.
The activity is always associated with a certain ___________ (4), it is carried out for its satisfaction. The activity is manifested in various spheres of society. It is characteristic of such features as ________ (5), productivity, social character. It includes a goal, funds, _________ (6), and the process itself is usually consisting of a number of actions or actions. "
Words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can be used once:
A) the world b) adaptation
C) transformation d) result
E) production e) consciousness
G) consumption h) need
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