Cold and hangover after Christmas are not scary by the Soviet scientist. Therefore, on January 17, in 1970, they were sent to their first flight upgraded thunderstorms of Russian bombers - Su-24.
It was on this day that they decided to experience the new aircraft technology - the wing of the variable swelling. The experiment ended well. The result - the running and landing characteristics (modification of T6-2I) improved. But not without flaws - such a complex design was significantly lost the plane. Although it did not prevent SU-24 to become one of the best front-line bomber not only Russia.
In honor of the first flight of the Soviet Monster, Male MPORT magazine decided to recall the ten more steep world bombers. These killers are the real owners of the sky.
Boeing B-17
Boeing B-17 is the first serial American all-metal heavy four-minded bomber. This is a 30-ton monster with a complete ammunition (up to 8 tons of bombs with 13th defensive machine guns of a caliber of 12.7 mm) can accelerate to 515 kilometers per hour. It has a special accuracy of hit, as it is equipped with a Norden system that allows me to be methive directly into the target from the height of seven kilometers.
Source: Commons.Wikimedia.org.
Handley Page 0/400
Why not remember Hardley Page 0/400 - one of the dads of modern bombers. Higher accounted for pilots on board this old man: he gained 15 minutes of 1500 meters as many as 23 minutes, accelerated only to 160 km / h. Yes, and its armament is not the best - only 907 kilograms of the bomb load and 5 defensive machine guns of the caliber of 7.7 mm. Although, if not Ilya Muromets (Russian aircraft), Hardley Page would be the best bomber of the First World War.
Source: nationalmuseum.af.mil.
Junkers Yu-88
The Germans have always been ingenious. This was especially felt by their opponents during the Second World War: the poor had to face fascist firepower not only on Earth (legendary tiger tanks and panther), but also in the air. Junkers Yu-88 is not just a flying horror of Luftwaffe, and one of the most universal aircraft of this war. It was used as a speed bomber, scout, torpedo, a night fighter and as part of a flying bomb. This monster significantly exceeded his time, for which he became one of the famous aircraft of the world and got into our chart.
Source: HistoryOfwar.org.
Tu-95 has many advantages. The main ones - he became the first serially produced by the turboprop bomber adopted for weapons; Maybe at any time of day and under all weather conditions, hit the target rockets. Combat load capacity - 12 tons.
On July 30, the World Record was established in 2010: this bomber flew over 43 hours by 43 thousand kilometers over the three oceans without a single landing. Required four times.
Source: Airliners.net.
Boeing B-47
In the 1940s, the American Aviation Corporation Boeing developed a special aerodynamic scheme, which later began to be applied on all passenger aircraft - placing engines in the pylons under the wing. The first liner in which the scheme was used is, and the Boeing B-47 jet bomber has become. The car accelerates to 975 km / h, the battle load is 11 tons, there is a defensive tail set with two guns of 20 mm.
Source: Crash-aerien.aero.
Avro Lancaster
Recently, Male MPORT magazine has already written about Avro Lancaster, the first test flight of which was held on January 9th in 1941. In addition to four heavy duty engines, he has another dignity - the plane can be arm with a special bomb weighing 10 tons, or placed on board 6350 kilograms of ordinary bombs and 8 defensive machine guns of the rifle caliber.
Source: diracdelta.co.uk.
Boeing B-52
Well, how not to remember the B-52, which from the 1955th to this day consists in service with the US Air Force. At the speed of over a thousand kilometers and an altitude of up to 15 kilometers, an aircraft can carry up to the 31st tons of arms (including nuclear), equipped with a single automatic six-power gun 20 mm caliber.
B-52, as well as Tu-95, the record holder for the range of flights among the combat aircraft. Not surprising, after all, both bombers were developed in order to convey nuclear bombs to other continents (a race for weapons during the Cold War).
Russia has become the birthplace of bombarders thanks to the design of Igor Sikorsky, who in 1913 created the first aircraft of this type. The world's most massive bomber was also created in the USSR. And on January 20, 1952, the first flight of the M-4 intercontinental jet bombard, created by V.M. Meatishchev. Today is a review of bomber aircraft created by domestic designers.
Ilya Muromets - the world's first bomber
The world's first bomber was created in Russia in 1913 by Igor Sikorsky and was called in honor of the epic hero. "Ilya Muromets" - the different modifications of this aircraft were called, which were produced in Russia from 1913 to 1917. The main details of the aircraft were wooden. The lower and upper wings were collected from individual parts and connected by connectors. The wing span of the first bomber was 32 meters. Since in those years in Russia, aircraft was not produced, then the engus engus motors were installed on Ilej Muromster. Domestic Motor R-BV3 on the bomber staged in 1915.
Ilya Muromets was a 4-engine, and even stopping two engines could not force the plane to sit down. During the flight on the wings of the aircraft, people could walk, and this did not affect the equilibrium of the aircraft. The exit to the wing during the testing of the aircraft performed the Sikorsky himself to make sure that if necessary, the pilot could repair the engine directly in the air.
At the end of December 1914, the Emperor Nicholas II approved the decision of the Military Council on the creation of a "aircraft squadron", which became the world's first joint bomber compound. On the first combat task, the Russian Squadral aircraft flew on February 27, 1915. The first flight was unsuccessful, since the pilots got lost and did not find the goal. The next day, the task was successful: the pilots dropped 5 bombs at the railway station, and the bombs fell right among the rolling stock. The result of the bomber rampage managed to capture in the photo. In addition to bombs, the Bombard "Ilya Muromets" was installed a machine gun.
In total during the First World Russian bombers made 400 combat departures, dropping 65 tons of bombs and destroyed 12 enemy fighters. Combat losses amounted to only one aircraft.
TB-1 - the world's first heavy bomber
In the early 1920s, the discussion broke out among the Soviet aircraft developers about what aircraft build. Most adhered to the opinion that Soviet aircraft should be wooden, they were both those who insisted that the USSR should create all-metal aircraft. Among the latter was the young engineer Andrei Nikolayevich Tupolev, who was able to insist in his opinion.
TB-1, which, after long trials and improvements in 1931, still came across the conveyor, became the first domestic bomber-monoplast, the first domestic all-metal bombarder and the first bombarder of the Soviet construction, which entered serial production. It was with TB-1 that the formation of strategic aviation began in the USSR. These cars furred the sky for more than two decades.
It was on TB-1 that a lot of innovations had tried, which were subsequently used in aviation, in particular the Autopilot system, the radio control system, the catapulting system, and so on. The aircraft could carry 1030 kg of bomb load and small armament (three paired installations). Airplane crew - 5-6 people.
On TB-1 and its modifications, several world air discords were established. So, it was on this bombarder that the first flight flight by plane from the USSR to the United States was committed. In 1934 on TB-1 pilot A.V. Lyapidevsky saved Chelyuskintsev and took out of all women and children from the camp. TB-1 bombers were in service with the USSR until 1936, and some before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War.
PE-2 - the most massive bomber
In 1938, the famous Tupolevskaya "Suprazhka" began developing the PI-2 picking bomber, which was subsequently the most popular Soviet bombarder of the period of the Great Patriotic War.
PE-2 was very compact and had a all-metal design of good aerodynamic form. On the bombarder 2 engine M-105P of liquid cooling 1,100 hp, which allowed the aircraft to develop speed up to 540 km / h (only 30 km / h less than that of the Me-109e fighter, which was in service with the fascist army ).
In 1940, 2 serial bombers were released, and in early 1941, 258 PE-2 bombers had already descended from the conveyor. On May 1, 1941, a new bomber who received the 95th air files of Colonel Pestov, flew during a parade over Red Square. PE-2 took part in the fighting literally in the first days of the war. By 1943, PE-2 bombers occupied the first place in the number in bomber aviation. Due to the high accuracy of the bombing, they were very effective weapons. The fact is known when the pilots of the 3rd bombardment aviatorpus on July 16, 1943 destroyed 229 cars, 55 tanks, 12 machine-gun and mortar points, 11 anti-aircraft and 3 field guns, 7 fuel and ammunition warehouses.
And although in 1944, Tu-2 began to receive to the front, which were superior to the main parameters, "pawn" to the end of the war remained the main Soviet bombarder and, together with the legend of Soviet aviation.
In early 1945, 4 American aircraft B-29 were accidentally found at the USSR Far Eastern airfields, which participated in the bombardment of Japan and the territories occupied by it. When the Communist Party and Soviet Government gave constructors to create a modern far bomber, Professor Mai and Aviakrupp, Vladimir Mesishchev, offered to copy American bomber, but install domestic Ash-72 engines to the new aircraft, and replace American machine guns on the B-20 guns.
Tu-4, which was held already in 1947, - all-metal free monoplane. The length of the bomber accounted for 30.8 meters, and the wing span is 43.05 meters. Four Ash-73TC motor with a capacity of 2400 liters. from. Let the aircraft accelerate to a speed of 558 km / h at an altitude of 10 km. The maximum bomb load is 8 tons. The efficiency of the aircraft was able to increase due to the use of automation. For example, the onboard locator with autopilot allowed us to find goals and affect them even at night.
Tu-4 became the first Soviet carrier of nuclear weapons, when in 1951, a bomber regiment armed with atomic bombs was formed in the USSR. In 1956, during the Hungarian events, the regiment was departing on Budapest bombing, which at the last moment was interrupted by the order of the Soviet command.
In total, 847 aircraft were built, 25 of which were handed over to China.
In the late 1940s, with the advent of nuclear weapons, there was a need for the means of delivery. There were bombers who exceeded existing ones by technical characteristics by about 2 times. The first to develop the concept of such an aircraft launched Americans. So appeared in-60 and B-52, which rose in the air in the spring of 1953. In the USSR, work on a bombarder of this class turned with a significant delay. Stalin instructed the development of the aircraft by the Professor Mai V.Massishchev, who filed a scientifically based proposal to create a strategic aircraft with a range of 11,000 - 12,000 km, but at the same time a very hard period of project implementation was established. By December 1952, an experienced copy of the aircraft was built, and in January 1953 the M-4-eight-grade bombarder is an eight-fashioned free-line all-metal average glitter, equipped with 4 engines and retractable bicycle chassis - made his first flight.
As a result of changes and refinement, an aircraft was created, the range of whose flight in comparison with earlier models increased by 40% and exceeded 15 thousand km. The duration of one refueling flight was 20 hours, which made it possible to use M-4 as an intercontinental strategic bombarder. Another innovation - the new bomber could be applied as a distant sea torpedo stage.
M-4 use tactics The flights of these aircraft were built as part of a squadron or shelf at an altitude of 8-11 km. Approaching the goal, airplanes broke the system and each bomber performed the attack on his object. Thanks to the cannonial armament system, the bomber could effectively resist the interceptual aircraft. Airplanes were officially removed from weapons in 1994.
The design of the IL-28 bomber started with a tail. The fact is that the creation of this aircraft has become possible thanks to the launch of the Reliable English TRD with the centrifugal compressor "Ning", in which a defensive mobile installation was used, which determined the main layout features IL-28.
The main advantage of the aircraft was the fact that the IL-28 was steady on the entire speed range. He easily performed any maneuvers needed for bombers, performed turning with a roll of up to 80 degrees. With battle turn, the height set reached 2 km.
IL-28 was produced under the license in the PRC called H-5. The plane is widely operated in more than 20 countries. In total, about 6 thousand units were released.
Su-34 - 3+ generation bomber
The Russian generation bombarder 4+ was the Su-34 bombarder, designed to apply high-precision shocks for surface and land targets at any time of the day. Its design ended in the early 1990s.
Some ELS-34 elements are made using Stealth technology. So, the airplane reduces the degree of reflection of the radiation of the enemy radar with consistently good aerodynamics. Radio-absorbing materials and coatings made SU-34 less noticeable on RLS screens than such aircraft as SU-24, F-111 and F-15E. Another element of combat survivability SU-34 - the presence of second control operator at the navigator-operator.
Front-line bombers Su-34, according to experts, are many times superior to predecessors. The aircraft whose combat radius exceeds 1000 km, can carry on board 12 tons of various weapons. The accuracy of the bombing is 5-7 meters. And experts argue that the Su-34 resource has not been expensive.
Tu-95 bombarder was the first Soviet intercontinental bomber and the last aircraft created on the task of Stalin. The first departure of the Tu-95 prototype created in OKB-156 under the leadership of A.N. Tupolev, took place on November 12, 1952, and serial production was started in 1955 and continues today.
the world's world record for aircraft of this class - bombers flew in 43 hours about 30 thousand km over the three oceans, making 4 refueling in the air. And in February 2013, two strategic bombers of the Tu-95 "Bear" with wedding rockets with nuclear warheads were made on board the deposits of the West-Pacific Island Guam a few hours before appeal to the nation of the American president of Barack Obama. The newspaper "Washington Free Beacon" called this fact " the sign of the growing self-confident strategic assertion of Moscow in relation to the US».
It is worth noting that a significant trace in the history of aviation was left and bombers created in the UK, USA, Italy, Poland, Japan and other countries. Earlier, we published an overview of the Second World War.
BOMBARDERS. - These are special military aircraft, the main purpose of which is the defeat of ground, underground, surface and underwater objectives with bombs or rockets. In the Russian Air Force, today, bomber aviation is represented by the Tu-95 MS strategic bombers and the Tu-22m3 distant bombarder and the Su-24 front-line bombers, which are tactical aviation aircraft.
It is worth noting that in modern tactical aviation the difference between tactical (front) bombers, bomber fighters and attack aircraft are very blurred. Many combat aircraft intended for the application of air strikes, although they are similar to fighters, but have limited opportunities for air combat. Obviously, those characteristics that allow aircraft to effectively strike blows from small heights, a little approach to the fighter conquest of superiority in the air.
At the same time, many modern fighters, despite the fact that they were created for maneuverable air combat, can be applied both as bombers. Against this background, the main differences between the bombers continue to be their large range of action and limited air combat capabilities.
At the moment, in the Air Force of many developed countries of the world, there are simply no tactical bomber, which replaced multipurpose fighters (fighters-bombers). For example, in the United States, the last specialized bomber Lockheed F-117 was removed from weapons on April 22, 2008. Bombarding tasks in the US Air Force at the tactical level are assigned to fighters-bombers F-15E and F-16, and in the IUD - F / A-18. Against this background, Russia is currently worth a mansion. In service with our Air Force are two front-line bomber: Su-24 and Su-34. We will talk about them a little more.
Front-line bomber Su-24
Officially, the development of this aircraft was asked by the Government Decree of August 24, 1965. In the OKB dry, this topic received a working cipher T-6. In March 1966, the sketch project and the layout of the future front-line bomber took place, and the working design was completed at the end of the same year. At the same time, two options were originally created, one of them with a wing of a variable sweatshirt. The study of this model began in the OKB dry in mid-1967. And the working design of T-6 with the wing of the changeable sweep was carried out in 1968-1969.
The construction of the first two experienced copies of the bombers was completed by the fall of 1969. January 17, 1970, under the control of the test pilot V.S. Ilyushina Airplane for the first time climbed into the sky. State tests of the front-line bomber walked as much as 4 years: from January 1970 to July 1974. Such a test term was explained by the great complexity and novelty tasks, which had to solve the military together with the workers of the OKB dry during the testing of the aircraft.
It is worth noting that the T-6 became the first in the Soviet Union by a shock aircraft of tactical aviation, which could provide all-weather and round-the-clock use. Its distinctive feature was the wing of the variable sweatshirt, which provided the machine acceptable runway characteristics, as well as a high level of flight specifications on various flight modes.
In a constructive-technological plan, an important feature of the new bombarder has become a wide use of long milling panels in its design. Also, for the first time in the domestic practice on a double aircraft of this class, the layout of pilots next to each other "shoulder to shoulder" was used, as well as new unified catapults of the K-36D type, which ensured the savings of the crew in all speed ranges and heights of the bombarder, including Evacuation in the runway.
By the decision of the Soviet government of February 4, 1975, the T-6 front-line bomber was adopted under the designation of Su-24. At the same time, work was asked to further upgrade the machine to expand its combat capacity.
SU-24 serial release was deployed in 1971 in the cooperation of two aircraft manufacturing factories: the Far Eastern factory named after Yu. A. Gagarin (Komsomolsk-on-Amur) and the Novosibirsk plant named after V. P. Chkalov. In Komsomolsk, on-Amur, they were engaged in the assembly of the tail of the fuselage of the bombarder, the plumage and console of the wing, and in Novosibirsk - the head and middle parts of the fuselage together with the centerpiece and the final assembly of the aircraft. The main designer of the machine in the period from 1965 to 1985 was E. S. Felsner, and since 1985, work on the topic Su-24 in OKB was headed by L.A. Logvinov.
The front-line SU-24 bomber is a two-link highlands with a wing of a variable sweatshirt. Depending on the flight mode, the front part of the wing (console) can be exhibited in one of four positions: 16 ° - when boarding and landing, 35 ° - with a cruising flight at a subsonic speed, 45 ° - in battle maneuvering, 69 ° - during flight On arrogant or supersonic speeds. The fuselage of the aircraft of a half-mounted construction, the chassis of the retractable tricycle, the cabin is double (pilot and navigator), control double.
The aircraft was used in combat actions of the USSR Air Force and the Russian Air Force. In the Afghan war of 1979-1989, front-line bombers were applied limited. To combat work, these machines were attracted only during the Panjscher operation in 1984 and the coverings of the Soviet troops from Afghanistan in 1988-1989. At the same time, these aircraft were never based on the territory of Afghanistan, performing departures from the Soviet airbases located in Central Asia, there were no combat losses among these aircraft.
The most intense aircraft was used as part of both Chechen wars. In total, three front-line SU-24 bombers were shot down or broken, three more cars burned down at the airfield when preparing for combat departure. In August 2008, during the war in South Ossetia, two more front-line bombers Su-24 were lost, while both losses were not officially recognized, but confirmed by the pilots themselves. The first aircraft was shot down on August 9, 2008, the pilot Igor Zinov was captured (released on August 19), Navigan Igor Rzhevititin died (Hero of Russia posthumously).
In 2012, four years after the war, Vladimir Bogodukhov, Lieutenant Colonel of the Russian Air Force, who received the title of Hero of Russia, in an interview with the "Arguments and Facts" edition, said that his Su-24 was shot down on August 11, 2008, and also mentioned the fact of the loss of the Zinov aircraft .
Despite its advantages, the Su-24 aircraft was considered sufficiently difficult in piloting the machine and possessed a high level of accident. Only in the process of flight testing was lost 14 Su-24 and Su-24m aircraft, 13 test pilots and navigator died. After accepting a bombarder for weapons, every year there was up to 5-6 accidents and disasters with the participation of this aircraft. Speaking in the State Duma in 1998, the Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Air Force Victor Cat, called the Su-24 aircraft by the most emergency aircraft in the country's Air Force.
The total serial production of front-line bomber and aircraft of the SU-24 scouts was about 1,400 aircraft. Currently, the aircraft is still in service with the Russian Air Force, as well as Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine. Since 1999, a program on the modernization of crashing aircraft is carried out in OKB, together with representatives of the Russian Air Force. In service with the Russian Air Force, according to 2012, there were 124 Su-24 aircraft. As the Su-34 front-line bombers are reached, the Su-24 front-line bombers are removed from weapons and by 2020 should be fully derived from the Ministry of Air Force, with armament of the Air Force, the aircraft were removed in February 2012.
Flight technical characteristics Su-24:
Overall dimensions: wing wing span - 17.64 m (10.37 m), wing area 55.16 m 2 (51 m 2), length - 24.53 m, height - 6.19 m.
Preliminary weight: Normal - 38 040 kg, Maximum - 43,755 kg.
Power plant - 2 TRDDF AL-21F-3A, traction on the forples 2x11200 kgf.
The maximum speed is 1600 km / h (m \u003d 1.35m).
Practical ceiling - 11,000 m.
Distant distance: 2775 km from 2xptb-3000.
The battle radius of action is 600 km.
Maximum operational overload - 6G.
Crew - 2 people.
Armament: One 23 mm Six-life GS-6-23M gun (100 ammunition), battle load 8000 kg (normal 3000 kg) on \u200b\u200b8 suspension nodes.
Front-line bomber Su-34 Must be the basis of the impact relic of Russian front-line aviation, it is able to use the entire existing nomenclature of high-precision arms of the class "Air - surface". This aircraft is a decent replacement of the SU-24M round-the-clock front-line bomber.
Currently, the development and serial release of the bombarder is among the priority programs for the "Dry" company, tells us the official website of the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC). This is hard to disagree today. Back in August 2008, during an armed conflict in South Ossetia, Russian Air Forces used only two such aircraft, and as of May 29, 2015, 69 such cars are in service. Only in the air part of the military parade in Moscow on May 9, 2015, 14 front-line bombers Su-34 took part, and all their number in the Russian Air Force it is planned to bring up to 150-200 units.
Work on the creation of the T-10V aircraft was launched in the Soviet Union on June 19, 1986. The first flight of the Su-34 prototype (SU-27IB "Fighter-Bomber") - T-10V-1 committed on April 13, 1990. The plane was piloted by Honored Test pilot of the USSR Ivanov A. A. The T-10B-1 plane was the result of a deep modernization of the well-known Su-27 fighter. The machine was created to replace the Su-24 and was intended primarily for the destruction of ground and surface targets, including moving and unlikely, both in the tactical and in the operational depth of the enemy, at any time of the day and under all weather conditions.
The aircraft created by domestic designers is designed to apply rocket-bomb shocks for ground and surface targets, and may also affect the opponent's air targets. The main designer of the aircraft is Rollan Matrins. The SU-34 prototype prototype was performed on April 13, 1990. However, the path from the first flight to the adoption of the machine to armared very long. State tests of the new front-line bomber ended only in November 2010.
By the decision of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 20, 2014, the aircraft was officially adopted by the Russian Air Force. At the same time, the aircraft was produced since 2006. His release is engaged in the Novosibirsk Aviation Plant named after V.P. Chkalova, which is part of the Holding "Dry". The supply of aircraft to troops is carried out within the framework of prisoners in 2008 (32 aircraft) and 2012 (92 aircraft) from the Ministry of Defense of Contracts. Starting from 2015, it is planned to collect 18-20 data of aircraft per year. In 2014, 18 such front-line bombers were made in Russia (according to the plan it should have been 16).
The bomber is a military aircraft, the main purpose of which is the defeat of terrestrial, surface, underground and underwater objects with rocket and bombing weapons.
The appearance of the bombard
For the first time, airplanes were used to defeat terrestrial purposes before the first World War. Instead of bombs, metallic darts or flashes were used. In size, they are slightly exceeded the pencil. Thus, the bombing with darts was led from top to the positions of infantry and cavalry. Weight of such an arrow - 30 grams, it was able to break through 150 mm of wood. The first aviation bomb was created by the Italian military K. Tsiphelley. His main goal was the design of the fuse, which was supposed to work in the most responsible moment. Subsequent experiments with garnets of different types led to the death of the inventor.
The most first combat bombing took place on November 1, 1911. In the height of the Italian-Turkish war, the Italian pilot Gavotti dropped 4 bombs on the Turks in Tripoli. A little later, the Italians began to use the striking elements.
World War I
At the very beginning, the airplanes were bombarded purely to intimid the enemy. Light intelligence aircraft used as media. The bombs were reset by manually by the pilots, and the operations were not agreed with the actions of land forces. The first bombardment of Paris was carried out at the end of August 1914. In November of the same year, Lieutenant Kaspar bombed Dover.
But it is best to have been airships in this period. Germany was the most powerful aeronautical power. Possessing 18 copies, she could drop a few tons of bombs. In mid-August of the 14th year, one of the airship made an airline for Antwerp, destroying 60 residential buildings, more than 900 were damaged. But English Zenitchikov managed to knock down 4 units, after which the Germans refused to operate the airships during the daytime.
The first full and fully responsible rank of bomber was the Russian four-industrial apparatus of Igor Sikorsky "Ilya Muromets". In December 1914, "Squads of Aircraft" was created from such "Muromssev". Bombs were placed not only inside the aircraft, but also outside. In addition, the installed machine guns were responsible for protecting the aircraft. The first multi-component bombers began to appear in many countries. One way or another, they were like "Ilya Muromets". Germany - G-III, G-IV, G-V, "Zeppelin-Pharin R-VI"; England - 0/400, Vickers "Vimi"; US - Martin MV-1.
Interwar period
In the post-war period, the development of the bombardment class slowed down significantly. It was mainly due to occurring events in countries: Russia is a revolution and civil war; Austria and Germany in connection with the loss forbidden to develop the military industry; Western countries, including the United States, fought in the inner crisis.
Nevertheless, aviation developed. The main indicators of the optimal quality considered the range of flight and carrying capacity. In addition to the aircraft themselves, the battle tactics developed in flight schools. In the 20s, Italian military military julio du was a huge contribution to the development of the strategic use of aviation. The main scheme for that period is a biplant box with wooden wings, not retractable chassis and open machine gun installations. The most vivid representatives: LEO-20 - France, Hayford and Virginia - England. In the 25th year, the legendary ANT-4 rose to the sky in the USSR. It was the first serial multi-component all-metal bomber at that time. In December 30, TB-3 rose into the sky and established several world records. In 1933, the two-car "B-10 Martin" of American production became the first bomber with the internal placement of bombs, closed cabins of the arrow and pilot, smooth skin and retractable chassis. This period can be noted as the beginning of the construction of various types and types of bombers, but mostly allocated several: high-speed and far. The Versailles Mirny Agreement prohibited Germany in the construction of military aviation, so their designers with the calculation of a possible second war began to produce passenger liners with the possibility of their subsequent transformation into bombers. Typical representatives of such tricks - non-111 and JU-86 - became the basis of Luftwaffe aviation. In July 1935, the experienced prototype of the first heavy bombarder of the new generation "Boeing B-17" rose into the air. In December of the next year, TB-7 tests began in the USSR. And in 1939, Italy and England released their types of bombers: "Panjo R.108", "Stirling and" Halifax ". In parallel, the dive bombers appeared in the military aircraft industry - "PE-2" and "Junkers Yu 87".
The Second World War
In the entire history of the Second World War, over 100 different types of bombers took part in the battles. Conditionally began to divide them to long and front-line. Accordingly, from the type of bombarder they performed the tasks. Among the front-line are allocated by English de Havilland Mosquito, Soviet PE-2, American Martin B-26 Marauder, Douglas A-20 Havoc and A-26 Invader. Far Fallen - English Vickers Wellington, Soviet IL-4, American B-25 Mitchell, German "Junkers Yu 88" and "Henkel He 111". If the USSR and Germany have developed more front-line aircraft, then the United Kingdom and the United States paid attention to heavy four-dimensional bombers who could cause massive beats for the target. The basis of American heavy bombers was "Boeing B-17" Flying Fortress ", which was considered the most high-speed and high-altitude fighting law at the beginning of the war. The brightest representative was the project A. Jordanova "Boeing B-29". At that time, this unit possessed perfect aerodynamics and powerful engines. And it was he who became the first one of all on which the nuclear weapon could be transported (from Enola Gay, US Air Force bombed Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945).
From the 44th year, bombarding jet aviation participated in active hostilities. And for the first time, reactive bombers fighters began to develop. The first modification of such La-262A2, designed in Germany back in 1942. A year later, German designers developed a carrier bomber (DO-217K) for a managed weapon, which dropped planning bombs. The world's first rocket mines became obsolete by the end of the non-111 war. It was he who produced the winged Rockets of FAu-1.
Cold war period
With the beginning of complications of communication between the United States and the USSR, advanced countries began a weapon race. In particular, the bombers became the only potential carriers of the very formidable at the time of nuclear weapons. However, the development of new heavy aircraft with abilities to overcome huge distances for strikes was extremely expensive. Because of this, only three countries were engaged in similar studies: the United States, the USSR and the United Kingdom, among which the Soviet Union lagged behind most. Realizing this, the leadership of the country decided to start developing new experienced copies, in particular, CB Tupolev managed to completely copy the American B-29. The copy was called Tu-4.
New features of flights to a huge distance made it possible to remove other classes and notation. Thus, bombers who were able to overcome the distance of 10-15 thousand km began to call intercontinental, up to 10 thousand km - long (average). The devices that could be used in the front-line zone or in the rear of the enemy began to call tactical aviation.
In 1946, the United States created the first intercontinental bomber "Converse B-36". It was also the last strategic bomber, which used piston engines. In the 50s, aircraft designers managed to create LA, which for many years determined the appearance of heavy aircraft enterprises, among which the first is considered in-47. Unlike American designers, Tupolev specialists applied a wing with a rigid caisson for a new reactive bomber with a big vitality (Tu-16). At its base, the USSR was designed by the first flagship of reactive passenger aviation - Tu-104.
In April 1952, the prototype of the US intercontinental bomber rose into the air. In the design, many previously developed optimal parts of the B-47 aircraft were used. Thus, the new B-52 became the main subsonic LA strategic aviation command of America. The aircraft demonstrated himself extremely well, which influenced the decision of the Air Force command to develop purely supersonic machines. In November 56, the B-58 prototype rose into the air, which became the first long-range supersonic bomber. To increase the aerodynamic qualities, the aircraft designers applied some components of the fighter. Thus, gradually the project began to modernize, smoothly moving to B-70 "Valkyrie". The new unit was imposed on the hopes of the change of morally obsolete in-52. However, the program was closed due to the spectacular demonstration in May of the 60th year of Soviet SPC, which easily affected both subsonic and supersonic goals.
Simultaneously in the Soviet Union, Khrushchev came to power, who sacredly believed in the omnipotence of rocket weapons. Such a direction has completely stopped working on intercontinental bombers in the USSR. However, the aviation, one way or another, needed a law that could destroy AUG (aircraft carrier groups), in particular this project more concerned the creation of a new US Navy weapons. In September 1959, the first flight made a long-range super-sound bomber Tu-22. His layout was the most original and accredited nowhere was applied. Further development was the supersonic LA OKB dry T-4. However, due to political problems, the program in the 70s was closed.
Little-moving supersonic bombers
The period of the 60s in the United States was noted by constant preparations and research in the field of severe aviation. This necessity, the Guidelines of the Air Force revealed after receiving data on Soviet air defense, whose characteristics at that time were the best. A temporary solution was the adoption of the bombarder FB-111, the modification of the heavy shock tactical aircraft F-111.
In the USSR, they decided to make an analogue of the American front-line bomber - Su-24, which rose into the air in January of the 70th year. Unlike the American leadership, the Union decided not to abandon high-rise. All efforts were thrown on the creation of new multi-mode aircraft. Tu-22m is one of these projects that first rose into the sky in August 1969. At the same time, the United States began to develop a new multi-mode bomber - B-1a. According to preliminary calculations, it was supposed to be replaced by B-52, but in 77th, after a number of flight tests, the project was decided to close. In addition, the need for poor aircraft for the opponent's air defense breakthrough disappeared after the successful developments of Stons technology.
Untile-free bombers
The new air defense systems of the USSR forced the US Air Force to look for other ways to increase LA survival in combat conditions. The first subtle bombard is considered the F-117, which flew into the air in June 1981. In July 89 of the year, the B-2 bomber had risen in the air, which was created according to the ATV program. After some time, the designers had to change a little and increase the requirements, because the USSR was admitted by new S-300 SPR. In total, 20 units B-2 were built.
Modernity
When the Cold War is over, many expensive programs of strategic bombers were minimized. The Soviet Union before decay managed to build 35 units of Tu-160, which were based mainly in Ukraine, in the city of Priluki. In the 92nd year, mass production of La ceased, but a year later, the production began to make small series Tu-160 for Russia. By 2007, 16 aircraft numbered in the Russian Federation. In addition, Russia is in service with 64 TU-95MS and 158 Tu-22m. And in 2015, the Russian Air Force plans to launch the first domestic long-range bomber with the "Stealth technology" into the sky.
In 1990, US Defense requested new decisions in the production of advanced bomber. Thus, by 2007, 21 units B-2, 20 - B-2A, 66 - B-1B and 76 - B-52H consisted in the ranks of the Air Force. Lokhid and Boeing announced the intention to create a new strategic bomber. It is planned to be put into service in 2018.
Tactical aviation is characterized by blurred boundaries between bombers, front-line bomber and attack aircraft. The main differences are to be flights and restrictions on the possibilities of fighting.
Classification of bombers:
Strategic.
Tactical (front).
Stormcutters (support).
Picking.
Fighters-bombers.
Features of the design of almost all bombers are associated with:
the presence in the fuselage huge compartments for the placement of weapons;
a large volume of fuel tanks, which sometimes can increase the mass of the aircraft to 60%;
the fact that the crew cabins are sealed and large in size.
To create such La can be used radio absorbing materials that reduce radar visibility. Sometimes to overcome huge distances, the bombers are equipped with an air refueling system. In most cases, the force set is multi-engine.
Classification of aircraft:
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Up to the onset of the era of reactive aviation, and this is without a small half of the century combat aviation, the aircraft directly depended on the scope of his wings. There was an "width of the shoulders" anoplane and another weighty plus - with the advent of suspended armament. The ability of technology to carry the deadly load radically revised. The best world bombers entered the story as giants whose huge wings challenged the sun from the enemy, hovering horror before the bomb began to fall.
1
In 1941, the US military decided that if Britain, this "natural aircraft carrier" will be occupied, they will require a giant bomber who can get fascists and at the Atlantic. Later, thanks to 70 m, the wings and the ceiling of the flight 15 km, the "peacemaker" thinly threatened the USSR, carrying nuclear charges in the womb. An interesting fact - CONVAIR B-36 served as a prototype for the atomat, an aircraft with a nuclear power plant, but the experiment failed.
2
The owner of two rather controversial records at once is the heaviest aircraft of the Second World War and the largest aircraft destroyed during its same. Blochm & Voss BV 238 was a giant experimental flying boat with a wing of 60 m, capable of carrying bombs and torpedoes, or to deliver to the destination of saboteurs immediately with light appliances. Pal in unequal battle against 6 British fighters.
3
During the year of the Cold War, the Boeing engineers had a practical task - to create a bomber who can deliver 2 thermonuclear bombs from the United States to anywhere in the USSR. Those went further and they had grown up not only for the entire XX century, various modifications of B-52 plan to leave up to 2040. The wingspan of the "superreproof" reaches 56 m and it can carry 31.5 tons of the bomb load.
4
"Product 70", he is "blackjack", he also "White Swan" is an aircraft with the longest list of honored titles in the history of bombarding aviation. The wing of this reactive giant is built on the principle of variable sweatshirt, its length varies from 55 to 50 m. The Tu-160 aircraft became the priority target of the Western military and hardly survived the collapse of the socialist empire, in which they were created. In total, 16 such cars remained in the world, but there are plans to bring their number at least to 50.
Bombard invisible, the first serial plane in this category and probably the last. The reason for prosaic - the price tag is $ 1.157 billion. Makes it the most expensive flying means in history. This is ten times more expensive than the average space flight with a payload, while the 52nd "flying wing" is pretty contradictory flight characteristics. Each of the 21 aircraft B-2 Spirit has its own names dedicated to individual US states.
6 M-4
The plane was created as a competitor at once two, in the future, with the legendary bombers, the Soviet Tu-95 and the American B-52. Thanks to the turbojet engines pressed to the fuselage, its wings were "aerodynamically clean" and spread out 50 m. The model was very unbelievable, the trials constantly attracted trouble and gathered the sad harvest of human victims. Ultimately, the requirements were lowered and redesigned M4 in the tanker.
7
In mass culture, this aircraft is often confused with its predecessor, a model B-17, a dominant bomber of the Second World War. Their winged hordes sprinkled with the face of the Earth German cities and caused a man-made fiery tornado in Dresden. Achievements of Boeing B-29 much more modest - they dropped the "baby" on Hiroshima and the "fat man" on Nagasaki, spending the first atomic bombing in history. The strategic bomber with a wing wing 43 m approached this purpose perfectly.
8
The brainchild of the concept of high-speed breakthrough air defense of the enemy at ultra-low altitudes, with the rope envelope - the opposite of the classic bombardment from the height. B-1 has a wing of a variable sweep by a scope of 41 m, which allows it to dive at speeds twice the sound. A 34 tons of various bombs and rockets turn it into a symbol of the American military car - these aircraft participated in all major wars from the end of the last century.
9
Flying boat of the imperial fleet of Japan, part-time - the sea strategic bomber with a wing wing 38 m. H8K was well adapted for the aquatic environment and carried the impressive 2 tons of bombs, but when it was time to bomb pearl harbor, both sent an airplane with disgrace due to fog. After that, the giant began to mainly drive into long-term intelligence, the benefit, allowed the stock of fuel, and the airfield served the entire ocean.
10
A strategic supersonic bomber who can hunt aircraft carriers by one blow to destroy the whole tank column, leave fighters or pour from ringing heights on a careless enemy of 24 tons of death gifts. In reality, Tu-22m was almost failed, but it became a kind of test site - the first domestic on-board computers run through these aircraft. One of the few heavyweight in the world with a variable wing geometry, which swung at 34 m.
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