Krupskaya N.K.
(1869-1939;autobiography) - genus. In Petersburg. The parents, although noble by birth, were both orphaned early and were raised at government expense - the mother at the institute, the father in the corps. After graduating from college, my mother became a governess, my father graduated Military Academy and was serving military service. The parents did not have any movable or immovable property. Both were early captured by revolutionary ideas, and in the house of K.’s parents from a very early age she saw revolutionaries of various directions. My father put his revolutionary ideas into practice, for which he was put on trial, although he was later acquitted. All his life, K.’s parents had to move from city to city, depending on the change in his father’s service. His father died when K. was 14 years old, and since then he and his mother have been doing odd jobs: correspondence, lessons, renting out rooms to tenants. K. studied at the Obolenskaya gymnasium, from which she graduated with a gold medal. After graduating from high school, I was a sweatshirt for some time. From 1891 to 1896 she studied in Sunday school and evening classes in Smolensk for workers (behind the Nevskaya Zastava). At the same time, she becomes a Marxist, conducts propaganda among workers, and participates in the creation of the “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.” During the strikes of 1890, she was arrested and imprisoned for 6 months, and then sent for 3 years to the Minusinsk district, to the village of Shushenskoye, where she married Vl. Ilyich Ulyanov, with whom I previously worked in St. Petersburg, in the Union of Wrestling.
He spends the last year of exile in Ufa, where he also conducts revolutionary underground work. In 1901 she was issued a foreign passport. Arriving in Munich in the spring of 1901, she became secretary of Iskra, then a member of the Foreign League of Russian Social Democrats, then, after the 3rd Party Congress, secretary of the foreign part of the Central Committee and Central Organ. At the end of 1905 he returned to Russia, where he worked full-time as secretary of the Central Committee. At the very beginning of 1908 he left again abroad. Zaglazno is involved in three cases under Article 102. Abroad he again works as a secretary of Bolshevik organizations, while at the same time studying pedagogical foreign literature and foreign schools. From abroad he writes articles for Free Education and is working on the book “Public Education and Workers’ Democracy.” Upon arrival in Russia, he first works in the secretariat of the Central Committee, but is soon elected to the Vyborg District Duma, works there in the council, in charge of business public education, and takes part in the revolutionary movement. After the October Revolution, he became a member of the board of the People's Commissariat for Education, where he first conducted extracurricular work, then also worked as chairman of the scientific and political section of Hus. At the same time, he helps the women's department, the Komsomol, the pioneers, and writes in newspapers and magazines. All her life, starting from 1894, she helped Vladimir Ilyich Lenin in his work in any way she could.
[Since 1929, Deputy People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR. From 1924 a member of the Central Control Commission, from 1927 a member of the Party Central Committee.]
Kr at Pskaya, Nadezhda Konstantinovna
Genus. 1869, d. 1939. Revolutionary, politician, wife of V.I. Lenin (see). IN early years was a follower of L.N. Tolstoy. One of the founders of the Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class. She spent several years in exile, from 1901-1905. and 1908-1917 in exile (secretary of party publications, assistant to V.I. Lenin). After the October Revolution - government commissioner, member of the State Education Commission, head of the extracurricular department of the People's Commissariat of Education and deputy commissar of education. The initiator of the creation and the head of Glavpolitprosvet. In the 20s head of the scientific and pedagogical section of the State Academic Council, chairman of the society of Marxist teachers at the Communist Academy. She was also a member of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) (from 1924), the Central Control Commission (1927), the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Council for Cultural Construction under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In the 30s headed the Library Department of the People's Commissariat for Education. Author of the book "Public Education and Democracy" (1917), honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1931).
Large biographical encyclopedia. 2009 .
See what “Krupskaya, Nadezhda Konstantinovna” is in other dictionaries:
Krupskaya, Nadezhda Konstantinovna- Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya. KRUPSKAYA Nadezhda Konstantinovna (1869 1939), public figure. Wife of V.I. Lenin. Since 1917, member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Education, since 1920, chairman of the Glavpolitprosvet, since 1929, deputy people's commissar of education of the RSFSR. Member... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (1869 1939) politician, honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1931). Wife of V.I. Lenin. Member of the St. Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class. Since 1917, member of the board, since 1929, deputy people's commissar of education of the RSFSR. Since 1920 chairman... ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary
- (1869 1939), party and statesman, honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1931), Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences (1936); wife and closest assistant of V.I. Lenin. Member of the Communist Party since 1898. Born. In Petersburg. Studied at the Women's Foundry... ... St. Petersburg (encyclopedia)
The request for "Krupskaya" is redirected here; see also other meanings. Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya ... Wikipedia
"Krupskaya" request is redirected here. See also other meanings. Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya N.K. Krupskaya. 1895 ... Wikipedia
- (1869 1939), politician, honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1931). Wife of V.I. Lenin. Member of the St. Petersburg “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.” Since 1917, member of the board, since 1929, deputy people's commissar of education of the RSFSR. Since 1920 chairman... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Krupskaya (Ulyanova) Nadezhda Konstantinovna, participant revolutionary movement, Soviet statesman and party leader, one of the founders of the Soviet public education system, doctor... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Krupskaya, Nadezhda Konstantinovna- (1869 1939) Lifelong wife and employee of Lenin. Born into a family of intellectuals in 1869 in St. Petersburg. In the house of her parents, imbued with revolutionary ideas, N.K. saw revolutionaries of various directions from her earliest years. After death... ... Historical reference book of Russian Marxist
KRUPSKAYA Nadezhda Konstantinovna- , state and part, activist, theorist and organizer of the Soviet Union. pedagogy and systems of people. education, doctor of ped. Sciences (1936), honor. Part of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1931). Graduated from wives. gymnasium book A. A. Obolenskaya with a gold medal... ... Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia
Krupskaya, Nadezhda Konstantinovna- (1869 1939) statesman and party leader, theorist and organizer of Soviet pedagogy and the public education system, doctor of pedagogical sciences (1936), honor. Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1931). Wife of V.I. Lenin. In exile (since 1901) she studied issues... ... Pedagogical terminological dictionary
Books
- My husband is Vladimir Lenin, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya. Lenin was the only ruler of Russia have a great life of which virtually nothing is known. As if Lenin had nothing but endless articles, political disputes and leadership...
All historians clearly agree that Nadezhda Krupskaya loved her husband very much, from her youth and to the end. But whether Lenin loved her, or rather, how much he loved her, is an ambiguous question.
Revolutionary youth of the leader
Lenin was indeed quite sincerely “turned” on revolutionary ideology. At the same time he was passionate and emotional person, receptive to everything bright and unusual. He treated women the same way. The first of his sympathies, as reported by history, was the young activist of the Marxist circle, Apollinaria Yakubova. In order to get closer and unobtrusively to the subject of his interest, Vladimir undertook the tactics of communicating with the three of them, and the third was Apollinaria’s friend Nadezhda Krupskaya.
Nadezhda immediately and madly fell in love with the charming young revolutionary, but hid this fact, realizing that against the background of her friend’s bright beauty, she had little chance. She took on the role of mediator in their relationship and tried to invite Vladimir Ilyich to visit her. Her mother Elizaveta Vasilievna cooked well and attracted the young Marxist with delicious home-cooked food. Nadezhda herself never learned to cook, but she was an intelligent and wise woman, little dependent on other people’s opinions. She was quite capable of single-handedly building a plan to “capture” Ilyich.
History is silent about how exactly Vladimir proposed to Yakubova, but when he was once again arrested, only Nadezhda came to the window of his prison: relations with Apollinaria Yakubova were no longer renewed.
Marriage in Shushenskoye
Lenin was sent into exile in the village of Shushenskoye, and Nadezhda followed him. There are different versions about the circumstances of this trip, but Krupskaya herself said that Lenin proposed to her in correspondence, and she agreed: “Get married like that.”
It is possible that Lenin, firstly, got used to the constant presence of a party comrade in his life, and secondly, he realized that in his work he could not do without such an intelligent adviser as Nadezhda. Gleb Krzhizhanovsky wrote about Krupskaya: “Vladimir Ilyich could find a more beautiful woman, so my Zina was beautiful, but smarter than Nadezhda Konstantinovna, more dedicated to work We didn’t have anything like her..."
Peasants from the village were invited to the wedding, as well as exiled friends: Krzhizhanovsky, Starkov and others. The guests were so noisy that the owners of the house where the wedding celebration was held came asking them to be quieter.
In none of the surviving photographs do Lenin and Krupskaya show sympathy for each other - they are captured dispassionately and purposefully: as befits the leaders of the revolution. But later Krupskaya wrote in her memoirs: “We were newlyweds,” and this brightened up the exile. The fact that I don’t write about this in my memoirs does not mean at all that there was no poetry or young passion in our lives...”
Everyday life of revolutionary married life
Nadezhda became a faithful assistant to her revolutionary husband. She processed correspondence, taught at the party school, was an editor, and a copyist of articles. Lenin found in Nadezhda Konstantinovna not only a comrade-in-arms in the revolution. He passionately loved to wander through the forests - picking mushrooms or just like that, and his wife kept him company. Subsequently, Krupskaya said that they found untouched corners of nature even in Munich and London.
Mother-in-law Elizaveta Vasilyevna traveled with the spouses until her death in 1915. It was she who took upon herself to “provide the rear” - all the kitchen and housework. According to the professor of history and famous expert cooking by V. Pokhlebkin, the signature dish of the life partner of the leader of the world proletariat was fried eggs from 4 eggs - Pokhlebkin suggests that it was the abuse of this dish that subsequently caused atherosclerosis of the cerebral vessels in Lenin.
When Elizaveta Vasilievna died, the couple preferred to eat in cheap canteens. Nadezhda Konstantinovna admitted: after the death of her mother, “our family life became even more student-like.”
The Ulyanov-Krupskaya marriage turned out to be childless, and the reason was Nadezhda’s illness. Vladimir Ilyich, in one of his letters to his mother, said: “Nadya must be lying down: the doctor found that her illness requires persistent treatment, that she should lie down for 2-6 weeks.” Vladimir Ilyich spared no expense on her treatment and sought out the best doctors. Later, already abroad, Krupskaya fell ill with Graves' disease and had to undergo surgery. In a letter to his mother, Ulyanov reported that Nadya “was very bad - extreme fever and delirium, so I was pretty scared...”.
Love-party triangle
The relationship between Vladimir Ilyich and Nadezhda was reliable, logical and calm, and Lenin, by his nature, was drawn to adventure. After 11 years of marriage, while in Paris, Vladimir Ilyich met Inessa Armand, the widow of a manufacturer, an ardent revolutionary and mother of five children. It was very beautiful woman adventurous warehouse. As a governess in the family of a wealthy industrialist Armand, Inessa married his eldest son Vladimir, but after giving birth to four children, she ran away with his 17-year-old younger brother, who later died of tuberculosis.
The woman is fire - and passion flared up between her and Lenin. She was 35, he was 39. But he could not refuse Nadezhda, although she tried to leave. As A. Kollontai said: “in general, Krupskaya was in the know. She knew that Lenin was very attached to Inessa, and more than once expressed her intention to leave. Lenin held her back." For some time it formed love triangle, in which, contrary to all the ideals of communism, Vladimir Ilyich needed both such contrasting women for happiness...
In the Ulyanovs' house, Inessa Armand became indispensable: housekeeper, translator, secretary. Friendly relations were established between the two women.
In April 1917, Armand arrived in Russia in the same compartment of a sealed carriage with Lenin and Krupskaya.
Inessa Armand became the organizer of the first international conference of communist women and wrote dozens of articles in which she called the traditional family a relic of antiquity.
In the 2000s, an interview with Alexander Steffen, who was born in 1913 and called himself the son of Vladimir Ulyanov and Armand, appeared in the media. A German citizen claims that 7 months after his birth, Vladimir Ulyanov placed him in the family of Austrian comrades.
Hostages of the revolution
After the revolution, Lenin was forced to decide on his personal life, and he chose Krupskaya. The ardent Frenchwoman returned to Paris and wrote letters from there, full of love to Lenin and sympathy for his wife:
“Even now I would do without kisses, just to see you, sometimes talking to you would be a joy - and it would not hurt anyone. Why was I deprived of this? You're asking if I'm angry that you "handled" the breakup. No, I don't think you did it for yourself. There were a lot of good things in Paris and in relations with N.K. In one of our last conversations, she told me that I had become especially dear and close to her only recently. And I fell in love with her almost from the first time I met her...
In 1920, Inessa Armand died of typhus while returning to Moscow from Kislovodsk, where she had gone to improve her health. Lenin personally met the coffin with her body at the Kursk station.
Among the many wreaths on the fresh grave, one of the white flowers with a black ribbon stood out: “Comrade Inesse from V.I. Lenin.”
Even during this period, Vladimir Ilyich did not lose his affection for his wife. He watched for her quiet steps and went out to meet her on the stairs. When Stalin, who already considered himself the head of state, was rude to Nadezhda Konstantinovna, Lenin stood up for his wife and was so nervous that this excess accelerated his death.
Lenin outlived Inessa Armand by only 4 years. And Nadezhda outlived her husband by 15 years. Lenin and Krupskaya did not have their own children, and Nadezhda Konstantinovna looked after strangers until the end of her life. Including the children of Inessa Armand, and her daughter became the closest person to Krupskaya.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna died in 1939, the day after her birthday, which was celebrated on a grand scale. Suddenly appendicitis with peritonitis opened, and the doctor arrived only three hours later.
Krupskaya and Armand are even buried nearby. On Red Square near the Kremlin wall.
Nadya Krupskaya was born on February 26 (new style) 1869 in St. Petersburg into a poor noble family. Father Konstantin Ignatievich after graduation Cadet Corps received the position of head of the district in the Polish Groets, and his mother Elizaveta Vasilievna worked as a governess. Her father died when Nadya Krupskaya was 14 years old, since her father was considered “unreliable” due to his connection with the populists, the family received a small pension for him. Nadezhda lived with her mother Elizaveta Vasilievna.
Krupskaya studied in St. Petersburg at the private gymnasium of Princess Obolenskaya, and was friends with A. Tyrkova-Williams, her future wife P.B.Struve. Graduated from high school with gold medal, was fond of , was a “sweatshirt”. After graduating from the eighth pedagogical class. Krupskaya received a diploma as a home tutor and successfully teaches, preparing students of Princess Obolenskaya’s gymnasium for exams. Then she studied at the Bestuzhev courses.
In the fall of 1890, Nadya abandoned the prestigious women's Bestuzhev courses. She studies the books of Marx and Engels and teaches classes in social democratic circles. I memorized German specifically for studying Marxism.
Nadezhda Krupskaya meets Vladimir Ulyanov
In January 1894, a young revolutionary comes to St. Petersburg. Behind the back of the modest, twenty-four-year-old provincial, however, there were many experiences: the sudden death of his father, the execution of his older brother Alexander, the death of his beloved sister Olga from a serious illness. He went through surveillance, arrest, and easy exile to his mother’s estate.
In St. Petersburg, Ulyanov establishes legal and illegal connections with the city’s Marxists, the leaders of some Social Democratic circles, and makes new acquaintances. In February, a meeting of a group of city Marxists took place at the apartment of engineer Klasson. Vladimir meets two activists - Apollinaria Yakubova and Nadezhda Krupskaya.
After this, Ulyanov often meets with his friends, both together and separately. On Sundays he usually paid visits to the Krupsky family.
“Before his marriage in July 1898 in Shushenskoye to Nadezhda Krupskaya, only one noticeable “courtship” of Vladimir Ulyanov is known,” says historian Dmitry Volkogonov. “He was seriously attracted to Krupskaya’s friend, Apollinaria Yakubova, also a socialist and teacher.
Ulyanov, no longer very young (he was then over twenty-six), wooed Yakubova, but was met with a polite but firm refusal. Judging by the series indirect signs, unsuccessful matchmaking did not become a noticeable drama for the future leader of the Russian Jacobins..."
Vladimir Ilyich immediately impressed Nadezhda Krupskaya with his leadership abilities. The girl tried to interest the future leader - firstly, with Marxist conversations, which Ulyanov adored, and secondly, with her mother’s cooking. Elizaveta Vasilievna, seeing him at home, was happy. She considered her daughter unattractive and did not predict happiness for her in her personal life. One can imagine how happy she was for her Nadenka when she saw a pleasant person in her house. young man from a good family!
On the other hand, having become Ulyanov’s bride, Nadya did not cause much delight among his family: they found that she had a very “herring look.” This statement meant, first of all, that Krupskaya’s eyes were bulging, like a fish’s - one of the signs of Graves’ disease discovered later, because of which, it is assumed, Nadezhda Konstantinovna could not have children. Vladimir Ulyanov himself treated Nadyusha’s “herring” with humor, assigning the bride the appropriate party nicknames: Fish And Lamprey.
Already in prison, he invited Nadenka to become his wife. “Well, a wife is a wife,” she replied.
Having been exiled for three years in Ufa for her revolutionary activities, Nadya decided that serving exile with Ulyanov would be more fun. Therefore, she asked to be sent to Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, where the groom was already located, and, having obtained permission from the police officials, she and her mother followed her chosen one.
Nadezhda Krupskaya and Vladimir Ulyanov in Shushenskoye
The first thing that the future mother-in-law said to Lenin when they met was: “How you were blown away!” In Shushenskoye, Ilyich ate well and led a healthy lifestyle: he hunted regularly, ate his favorite sour cream and other peasant delicacies. The future leader lived in the hut of the peasant Zyryanov, but after the arrival of his bride he began to look for another place to live - with a room for his mother-in-law.
Arriving in Shushenskoye, Elizaveta Vasilievna insisted that the marriage be concluded without delay, and “in full Orthodox form.” Ulyanov, who was already twenty-eight, and Krupskaya, one year older than him, obeyed. A long red tape began to obtain a marriage license: without this, Nadya and her mother could not live with Ilyich. But permission for a wedding was not given without a residence permit, which, in turn, was impossible without marriage... Lenin sent complaints to Minusinsk and Krasnoyarsk about the arbitrariness of the authorities, and finally, by the summer of 1898, Krupskaya was allowed to become his wife. The wedding took place in the Peter and Paul Church, the bride wore a white blouse and a black skirt, and the groom wore an ordinary, very shabby brown suit. Lenin made his next suit only in Europe...
Vladimir invited Krzhizhanovsky, Starkov, and other exiled friends to the wedding. On July 10, 1898, a modest wedding took place, at which ordinary peasants from Shushenskoye were witnesses. At the wedding they had fun and sang so loudly that the owners of the hut came in to ask to calm down...
“We were newlyweds,” Nadezhda Konstantinovna recalled about life in Shushenskoye, “and this brightened up the exile. The fact that I don’t write about this in my memoirs does not mean at all that there was no poetry or young passion in our lives...”
Ilyich turned out to be a caring husband. In the very first days after the wedding, he hired a fifteen-year-old girl-assistant for Nadya: Krupskaya never learned how to operate a Russian stove and grip. A cooking skills The young wife even cut off the appetite of those close to her. When Elizaveta Vasilievna died in 1915, the couple had to eat in cheap canteens until their return to Russia. Nadezhda Konstantinovna admitted: after the death of her mother, “our family life became even more student-like.”
Nadezhda Konstantinovna immediately becomes “at home”, indispensable when selecting material and copying individual fragments. Ulyanov reads some chapters of his manuscripts to his wife, but there are always few critical comments from her.
For a young woman, family is always connected not only with her husband, but also with children. It was destined that this marriage would be childless. The couple never publicly, even with close people, shared their pain about this. True, Vladimir Ilyich, in one of his letters to his mother, when they had already left Shushenskoye, spoke quite transparently about his wife’s illness (she was not with him in Pskov at that time). “Nadya,” wrote Ulyanov, “must be lying down: the doctor found (as she wrote a week ago) that her illness (female) requires persistent treatment, that she should lie down for 2-6 weeks. I sent her more money (I received 100 rubles from Vodovozova), because treatment will require considerable expenses...” Later, already abroad, Krupskaya fell ill with Graves' disease and had to undergo surgery. In a letter to his mother, Ulyanov reported that Nadya “was very bad - extreme fever and delirium, so I was pretty scared...”.
Some of Lenin's entourage hinted that Vladimir Ilyich often gets abused by his wife. G. I. Petrovsky, one of his associates, recalled: “I had to observe how Nadezhda Konstantinovna, during a discussion on various issues, did not agree with the opinion of Vladimir Ilyich. It was very interesting. It was very difficult to object to Vladimir Ilyich, since everything was thought out and logical for him. But Nadezhda Konstantinovna noticed “errors” in his speech, excessive enthusiasm for something... When Nadezhda Konstantinovna made her comments, Vladimir Ilyich chuckled and scratched the back of his head. His whole appearance said that sometimes he gets it too.”
Nadezhda Krupskaya and Vladimir Ulyanov abroad
Once abroad, Krupskaya quickly adopted the gentle walking regime that Ulyanov adhered to. From Geneva, Vladimir Ilyich writes: “... I still lead a summer lifestyle, walking, swimming and lazing around”; from Finland: “It’s a wonderful holiday here, swimming, walking, solitude, idleness. Desertion and idleness are best for me...” From France: “We are going on vacation to Brittany, probably this Saturday...”
The Ulyanovs spent a decade and a half abroad. They did not have a permanent source of income. Before the start of the war, Nadezhda Krupskaya received an inheritance from her aunt, who died in Novocherkassk; in addition, Anna, Elizarov and Maria continued to occasionally send money to Vladimir...
At the end of December 1909, the couple, after much hesitation, moved to Paris, where Ulyanov was destined to meet. A lovely Frenchwoman, the charming wife of the rich man Armande, a lonely exile, a fiery revolutionary, a true Bolshevik, a faithful student of Lenin, a mother of many children. Judging by the correspondence between Vladimir and Inessa (a significant part of which has been preserved), we can conclude that the relationship between these people was illuminated by bright feelings.
As I told you A. Kollontai, “in general, Krupskaya was aware . She knew that Lenin was very attached to Inessa, and more than once expressed her intention to leave. Lenin held her back."
Nadezhda Konstantinovna believed that the most difficult years emigration. But she did not create scenes of jealousy and was able to establish outwardly even, even friendly relations with the beautiful Frenchwoman. She answered Krupskaya in the same way...
The couple kept between themselves warm relations. Nadezhda Konstantinovna is worried about her husband: “From the very beginning of the congress, Ilyich’s nerves were tense to the extreme. The Belgian worker with whom we settled in Brussels was very upset that Vladimir Ilyich did not eat the wonderful radishes and Dutch cheese that she served him in the morning, and even then he had no time for food. In London, he reached the point where he stopped sleeping completely and was terribly worried.”
Vladimir values his wife and comrade-in-arms: “Ilyich spoke flatteringly about my investigative abilities... I became his zealous reporter. Usually, when we lived in Russia, I could move around much more freely than Vladimir Ilyich, and speak with a much larger number of roles. Based on two or three questions he posed, I already knew what he wanted to know, and I looked with all my might,” Krupskaya wrote many years after her husband’s death.
Most likely, without his faithful girlfriend, Vladimir Ilyich would never have achieved all his stunning successes.
The long-awaited often comes unexpectedly. “One day, when Ilyich was already getting ready to go to the library after dinner, and I had finished putting away the dishes, Bronsky came with the words: “You don’t know anything?!” There is a revolution in Russia!” We went to the lake, where all the newspapers were hung on the shore under a canopy... There really was a revolution in Russia.”
Return of Nadezhda Krupskaya and Vladimir Ulyanov to Russia
They returned in February 1917 to Russia, which they lived in thoughts about every day and which they had not visited for many years. In a sealed carriage Vladimir Ulyanov, Nadezhda Krupskaya and traveled in the same compartment.
In Russia, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya meets with her husband in fits and starts, but keeps him informed of all matters. And he, seeing her abilities, burdens Krupskaya more and more with affairs.
In the autumn of 1917, events rapidly escalate. On the afternoon of October 24, Nadezhda Konstantinovna is found in the Vyborg District Duma and given a note. She opens it. Lenin writes to the Bolshevik Central Committee: “Delay in an uprising is like death.”
Krupskaya understands that the time has come. She runs to Smolny. From that moment on, she was inseparable from Lenin, but the euphoria of happiness and success passed quickly. Cruel everyday life ate away the joy.
In the summer of 1918, Krupskaya settled in the Kremlin in a modest small apartment specially equipped for her and Lenin. She didn't mind.
And then there was Civil War. The fight against counter-revolution. Diseases of Nadezhda Konstantinovna. Shot by a Socialist-Revolutionary at Lenin. Death of Inessa Armand...
Sudden illness Nadezhda Konstantinovna scared her husband. No matter what they said, the spouses were attached to each other. Elizaveta Drabkina recalls the story of her friend, Kremlin course cadet Vanya Troitsky, how one day, when he was on duty late at night at Lenin’s apartment in the Kremlin, Vladimir Ilyich asked him if he heard the steps of Nadezhda Konstantinovna down the stairs, who had been delayed at some meeting , knock on the door and call him. Vanya listened to the silence of the night. Everything was quiet. But suddenly the apartment door opened and Vladimir Ilyich quickly came out.
There’s no one,” Vanya said.
Vladimir Ilyich made a sign to him.
“He’s coming,” he whispered conspiratorially and ran down the stairs to meet Nadezhda Konstantinovna: she walked, stepping quietly with everything, but he still heard.”
Illness of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
Lenin began to experience deterioration in health and pronounced signs of illness in the early spring of 1922. All symptoms pointed to ordinary mental fatigue: severe headaches, weakened memory, insomnia, irritability, increased sensitivity to noise. However, doctors disagreed on the diagnosis. The German professor Klemperer considered the main cause of headaches to be poisoning of the body with lead bullets, which were not removed from the leader’s body after being wounded in 1918. In April 1922, he underwent surgery under local anesthesia and one of the bullets in the neck was finally removed. But Ilyich’s health did not improve. And so Lenin was struck down by the first attack of illness. Krupskaya, by duty and right of wife, is on duty at Vladimir Ilyich’s bedside. The best doctors bend over the patient and pronounce a verdict: complete rest. But bad feelings did not leave Lenin, and he made a terrible promise from Stalin: to give him potassium cyanide in the event that he suddenly suffered a stroke. Vladimir Ilyich feared paralysis, which doomed him to complete, humiliating helplessness, more than anything else.
The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) entrusts its Secretary General, Comrade, with responsibility for compliance with the regime established by doctors.
On December 21, 1922, Lenin asked, and Krupskaya wrote a letter under his dictation regarding the monopoly of foreign trade.
Having learned about this, Stalin did not spare rude words for Nadezhda Konstantinovna on the phone. And in conclusion he said: she violated the doctors’ ban, and he will transfer the case about her to the Central Control Commission of the Party.
Krupskaya's quarrel with Stalin occurred a few days after the onset of Lenin's illness, in December 1922. Lenin learned about the quarrel only on March 5, 1923 and dictated a letter to Stalin to his secretary: “You had the rudeness to call my wife to the telephone and scold her. Although she expressed her consent to forget what she said, nevertheless this fact became known through her to Zinoviev and Kamenev. I do not intend to forget so easily what was done against me, and there is no need to say that I consider what was done against my wife to have been done against me. Therefore, I ask you to weigh whether you agree to take back what was said and apologize or whether you prefer to break off relations between us.”
After the dictation, Lenin was very excited. Both the secretaries and Dr. Kozhevnikov noticed this.
The next morning, he asked the secretary to re-read the letter, hand it over personally to Stalin and receive an answer. Soon after she left, his condition deteriorated sharply. The temperature has risen. On left side paralysis spread. Ilyich had already lost his speech forever, although until the end of his days he understood everything that was happening to him.
These days, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, apparently, nevertheless made an attempt to stop her husband’s suffering. From Stalin’s secret note dated March 17, members of the Politburo know that she “arch-conspiratorially” asked to give Lenin poison, saying that she tried to do it herself, but she did not have enough strength. Stalin again promised to “show humanism” and again did not keep his word...
Vladimir Ilyich lived for almost another whole year. Breathed. Krupskaya did not leave his side.
January 21, 1924 at 6:50 pm Ulyanov Vladimir Ilyich, 54 years old, died.
People didn’t see a single tear in Krupskaya’s eyes during the funeral days. Nadezhda Konstantinovna spoke at the memorial service, addressing the people and the party: “Don’t build monuments to him, palaces named after him, magnificent celebrations in his memory - he attached such little importance to all this during his life, he was so burdened by it. Remember that much has not yet been arranged in our country...”
The life of Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya without Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
Krupskaya survived her husband by fifteen years. A long-standing illness tormented and exhausted her. She didn't give up. I worked every day, wrote reviews, gave instructions, taught how to live. I wrote a book of memories. The People's Commissariat for Education, where she worked, surrounded her with love and reverence, appreciating Krupskaya's natural spiritual kindness, which coexisted quite peacefully with her strong ideas.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna outlived her husband by fifteen years, full of squabbles and intrigues. When the leader of the world proletariat died, Stalin entered into a fierce struggle with his widow, not intending to share power with anyone. Nadezhda Konstantinovna begged to bury her husband, but instead his body was turned into a mummy...
“In the summer of 1930, before the 16th Party Congress, district party conferences were held in Moscow,” historian Roy Medvedev writes in his book “They Surrounded Stalin.” – At the Bauman conference, the widow of V.I. Lenin, N.K. Krupskaya, spoke and criticized the methods of Stalinist collectivization, saying that this collectivization has nothing to do with Lenin’s cooperative plan. Krupskaya accused the Party Central Committee of ignorance of the mood of the peasantry and refusal to consult with the people. "There's no need to blame local authorities“,” said Nadezhda Konstantinovna, “those mistakes that were made by the Central Committee itself.”
When Krupskaya was still making her speech, the leaders of the district committee let Kaganovich know about this, and he immediately went to the conference. Having risen to the podium after Krupskaya, Kaganovich subjected her speech to rude criticism. Rejecting her criticism on the merits, he also stated that she, as a member of the Central Committee, did not have the right to bring her critical remarks to the podium of the district party conference. “Let N.K. Krupskaya not think,” said Kaganovich, “that if she was Lenin’s wife, then she has a monopoly on Leninism.”
In 1938, the writer Marietta Shahinyan approached Krupskaya about reviewing and supporting her novel about Lenin, “Ticket to History.” Nadezhda Konstantinovna responded to her with a detailed letter, which caused Stalin’s terrible indignation. A scandal broke out and became the subject of discussion by the Party Central Committee.
“To condemn the behavior of Krupskaya, who, having received the manuscript of Shaginyan’s novel, not only did not prevent the birth of the novel, but, on the contrary, encouraged Shaginyan in every possible way, gave positive reviews about the manuscript and advised Shaginyan on various aspects of the life of the Ulyanovs and thereby bore full responsibility for this book. Consider Krupskaya’s behavior all the more unacceptable and tactless because Comrade Krupskaya did all this without the knowledge and consent of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, thereby turning the all-party matter of compiling works about Lenin into a private and family matter and acting as a monopolist and interpreter of public and personal life and work of Lenin and his family, which the Central Committee never gave anyone the right to do..."
The mystery of the death of Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya
Her death was mysterious. It came on the eve of the XVIII Party Congress, at which Nadezhda Konstantinovna was going to speak. On the afternoon of February 24, 1939, friends visited her in Arkhangelskoye to celebrate her hostess’s approaching seventieth birthday. The table was set, Stalin sent a cake. Everyone ate it together. Nadezhda Konstantinovna seemed very animated... In the evening she suddenly felt ill. They called a doctor, but for some reason he arrived after more than three hours. The diagnosis was made immediately: “acute appendicitis-peritonitis-thrombosis.” For some reason the necessary urgent operation was not performed. Three days later, Krupskaya died in terrible agony at the age of seventy.
Stalin personally carried the urn with Krupskaya’s ashes.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya (after her husband Ulyanov), (February 14 (26), 1869, St. Petersburg - February 27, 1939, Moscow) - Russian revolutionary, Soviet party, public and cultural figure. Honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (02/01/1931). Wife of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin).
Elizaveta Vasilievna Krupskaya, née Tistrova, was very worried that her only daughter was not at all pretty and did not look like her handsome father. The former governess, who successfully married Lieutenant Konstantin Ignatievich, was afraid that Nadenka would not be able to find someone who would covet her exceptional mental abilities and forgive her ordinary appearance.
However, marriage with Krupsky can only be considered a relative success. Having met during his service in Kielce (Poland), the young people fell in love at first sight. There was nothing surprising in this: orphans from impoverished noble families, raised at public expense, she was in the Pavlovsk Military Orphan Institute for Noble Maidens, he was in the Konstantinovsky Cadet Corps, they were similar in their views on life, in their attitude towards the world , in their aspirations and had common system values.
The girl Tistrova was distinguished by her cheerful disposition, playfulness and homeliness. Krupsky, with his intelligence and literary abilities, was considered the life of the party. In general, many members of this family were noted for their literary abilities. Here is an excerpt from a petition written by Krupsky to his superiors, in which he insists on his transfer from rebellious Poland. He, a member of the First International, was disgusted by the service obliging him to suppress the national liberation uprising: “From the age of nine, the service separated me from everyone close to my heart, and together with my dear native land, leaving in my soul sweet memories of the happy years of childhood, the picturesque places of my native nest !. About everything that is so dear to everyone! From such circumstances of life, some unbearable melancholy oppresses the soul - my whole body, and the desire to serve native land day by day it takes greater hold of my feelings, paralyzing my thoughts.” Not an official note, but a poem! Elizaveta Vasilievna published the book “Children's Day” in 1874. She devoted 12 quatrains with pictures to discussions about the benefits of work, without once mentioning God.
He managed to escape from Poland by entering the St. Petersburg Military Law Academy. Here, on February 26, 1869, the Krupskys’ daughter Nadezhda was born. After graduating from the academy, Krupsky received the position of head of the district in Grojec (Poland). The family lived in prosperity for three years. But all this time the landowners-latifundists were denouncing the administrator, known for his revolutionary-democratic views. And the matter ended sadly - resignation, trial, ban on living in the capital. An appeal was filed, the consideration of which lasted until 1880. All this time, Nadenka was considered the daughter of a defendant, and this greatly complicated her life: her father could not find a job, and her mother wrote in the sources of payment for her daughter’s education, shameful for that time, “from E.V. Krupskaya’s own funds.” And although Konstantin Ignatievich was acquitted, emotional stress led to a sharp deterioration in his health, weakened by tuberculosis. And the daughter, who was strongly attached to her father, fell ill with signs of a nervous breakdown. This is how her thyroid gland made itself known for the first time.
Having moved to St. Petersburg, the parents sent their daughter to the most advanced for those times educational institution for girls - the Obolenskaya gymnasium, where brilliant representatives of the Russian intellectual elite taught: physicist Kovalevsky, mathematicians Litvinova and Bilibin, collector of Russian folklore Smirnov. And here she was the best student.
The family lived a difficult life - due to the deplorable state of health, the father practically did not work. Friends who were participants in the revolutionary democratic movement helped. Nadya grew up listening to their conversations about the great future of Russia, free from the oppression of tsarism.
On February 26, 1883, Krupsky died. On the birthday of his daughter, who loved him so much.
To make ends meet, Elizaveta Vasilievna took off large apartment, and rented out rooms to telephone operators, seamstresses, students, and paramedics. They lived on the difference. 14-year-old Nadya gave mathematics lessons. In 1887, she graduated from the 8th pedagogical class and received a diploma as a “home tutor.”
A prosperous life did not suit the young girl; she dreamed of continuing her father’s work in the struggle for universal happiness and equality. I even wrote a letter to Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy. At this mirror of the future revolution, Nadenka asked about what she should do with herself next, how to benefit the fatherland. I received the answer not from Himself, but from Tatyana Lvovna (interestingly, in just ten years she herself will play the same role at the torch of the future revolution) - the volume of “The Count of Monte Cristo”. What did the writer’s daughter want to say by this, into what abysses should she send her young soul thirsty for social achievement? Nadezhda Konstantinovna approached the matter in detail: she checked the original text with the abridged and simplified Sytin edition for the people, corrected it, removed illogicalities and sent the result of her efforts back to Tolstoy. However, there was no answer.
In 1889 she entered the Bestuzhev courses. She joined the Marxist circle of Mikhail Brusnev.
In spring and summer, mother and daughter Krupsky rented a hut in the Pskov region. They lived on what the peasants gave for the fact that Nadenka worked with their children during field work.
Returning to St. Petersburg, she left her lucrative position as a gymnasium teacher and went to teach for free at a school for working youth behind the Nevskaya Zastava.
At the end of February 1894, at engineer Robert Eduardovich Klasson’s Maslenitsa pancakes, St. Petersburg workers met with the famous Marxist nicknamed “The Old Man,” the author of the sensational brochure “What are “Friends of the People”” in their circles, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. Teacher Nadya was also here. It was these girls who served as conductors of revolutionary ideas from the heated heads of commoners to the souls and hearts of workers who attended charity classes.
Ulyanov and Nadezhda began dating. He asked in detail about the life of the working people, their way of life and morals. One day, in order to answer some of the questions, Nadenka dressed up as a weaver and with a friend staged a spy raid into a workers’ dormitory. The oldest member of the “Union for the Liberation of Workers,” in which Ulyanov and Krupskaya were members, Mikhail Silvin, assessed the role of Nadezhda Konstantinovna this way: “She maintained and renewed connections, was the core of our organization.” Ilyich greatly appreciated the information she provided.
When he got sick, the girl looked after him. Her friends cooked, washed, cleaned for the young leader, while she sat by his bed, read aloud, and told the latest news.
Three years have passed. Mom was worried in vain. Having been rejected from the gate when courting Nadya’s friend, also a socialist and teacher, Apollinaria Yakubova, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, in a letter from prison, asked for the hand of his faithful comrade Nadya. “A wife, a wife! “- the revolutionary girl happily agreed.
Before the wedding, Nadya was arrested. There were almost no materials for it, but one of the student workers pawned the entire team. Krupskaya received three years of exile in Ufa.
Her mother petitioned for her release, writing in her petition: “My daughter is generally in poor health, very nervous, and has suffered from catarrh of the stomach and anemia since childhood.” The prison doctor also confirmed the deplorable state of the convict’s body, finding it “extremely unsatisfactory.” But this had no consequences.
Ilyich and Krupskaya sent a petition asking them to serve their exile together in Shushenskoye. To get money for long journey, Elizaveta Vasilievna sold the plot next to her husband’s grave at the Novodevichy cemetery.
The groom found the appearance of the arriving bride “unsatisfactory,” which he wrote to his sister about. Nadenka’s mother was also worried about her unhealthy “paleness.” The girl reassured: “Well, mom, I match the northern nature, there are no bright colors in me.”
At the insistence of the mother-in-law, the wedding took place not according to revolutionary, but according to church canons on July 10, 1898.
Krupskaya recalled life in Shushenskoye as one of the happiest periods in her life. The mother, who took on all the household chores (and diligently performed them until death), hired a 15-year-old au pair. The funds received by the two exiles and the pension of the widow of the collegiate assessor were quite enough for a comfortable existence: books and Volodya’s favorite mineral water were ordered from the capitals (which, by the way, he also received in prison). Nadenka worked in the morning - she corresponded with her comrades who remained in freedom, read newspapers, and prepared excerpts for her husband’s articles. She edited his translation of “The Theory and Practice of English Tradeunianism” by Sidney and Beatrice Webb (translation commissioned, from the publisher, paid). During the day we walked a lot, Ilyich taught his wife to do gymnastics, went boating, cycling, and swam. We went hunting, picked mushrooms and berries. From evening until late at night, my husband sat at his desk.
All of them life together he treated her with the same warmth, tenderness and care as his suddenly deceased beloved sister Olga. There is a lot of evidence of this, especially in Lenin’s correspondence with his relatives. The parents of Ilyich and Krupskaya, who adhered to Narodnaya Volya views, were supporters of the same educational system. It’s not surprising that their children found them so quickly mutual language and throughout their entire life together they understood each other in half a glance, half a word, no. Nadezhda was very friendly with Ilyich’s mother, and until her last days she was the best friend of his sister Maria.
Neither of them were people without passions. There is evidence that in her youth, Krupskaya accepted the advances of a member of her revolutionary circle, the worker Babushkin, and in exile she became interested in the handsome revolutionary Viktor Konstantinovich Kurnatovsky. But when Lenin was reported about this, and even sister Anna wrote an indignant letter about this, he brushed it off: “This is not the time, Annushka, to engage in all sorts of gossip. We are now faced with grandiose tasks of a revolutionary nature, and you come to me with some kind of womanish talk.”
Ilyich himself once became seriously interested in the beautiful Inessa Armand, the daughter of a French opera singer and the wife of a very rich man. Beauty, she was the exact opposite Nadezhda Konstantinovna. It happened in Lanjumeau, at a school for revolutionary workers. It was a beautiful, passionate romance. Krupskaya offered Lenin a divorce. But he refused, rejected Armand and returned to his revolutionary girlfriend. Do not forget that the beauty had five children from two marriages, and Krupskaya had a mother with a pension as the widow of a collegiate assessor.
There are rumors that the fruit of love between Armand and Lenin, the boy Andrei, was secretly raised and lived his life in the Baltic states. The beauty's relatives even deny the fact of the affair, but letters have been preserved indicating the opposite. After the breakup, from Paris, Inessa wrote to Lenin: “We broke up, we broke up, dear, you and I! And it hurts so much. I know, I feel, you will never come here! Looking at well-known places, I was clearly aware, as never before, of what a big place you still occupied here in Paris in my life, that almost all activities here in Paris were connected with a thousand threads with the thought of you. I wasn’t in love with you at all then, but even then I loved you very much. Even now I would do without kisses, just to see you, sometimes talking to you would be a joy - and it could not hurt anyone. Why was I deprived of this? You're asking if I'm angry that you handled the breakup. No, I think you didn’t do it for yourself...”
Only one thing is known for sure: supporting Vladimir Ilyich, who was losing consciousness in grief, at the coffin of Inessa, who died in Beslan from cholera (Lenin, knowing her problems with tuberculosis, recommended going to the Caucasus. So she went), Nadezhda Konstantinovna vowed to take care of her young children. And she kept her oath: for some time the younger girls grew up in Gorki. Later they were sent abroad. Until her last day, Krupskaya was in intimate correspondence with them. She especially loved the youngest, Inessa, and called her son “granddaughter.”
In Shushenskoye, Krupskaya, at the insistence of Ilyich, wrote her first brochure: “Woman Worker.” Here are the lines from it: “A working woman or a peasant woman has almost no opportunity to raise her children, leaving them to fend for themselves all day long.” People's wolf Vera Zasulich highly praised this work, telling Ilyich that it was written “with both paws.” The book was published without the author's signature. And in 1906 it was declared anti-state and publicly destroyed.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna believed: the problem is not to free women from the need to work on an equal basis with men, but to create a system in which maternal, family education is replaced by public education. To this she devoted a significant part of her pedagogical works, which by the end of her life amounted to 11 weighty volumes, and her efforts: after the revolution, as Deputy People's Commissar of Education Lunacharsky, it was she who laid the foundations of the Soviet system of children's educational institutions: nurseries, gardens, camps, boarding schools , schools, work colleges. She also took a direct part in the creation of youth—pioneer and Komsomol—organizations. For the latter, by the way, I wrote the charter.
After exile, Lenin emigrated to Austria. Nadezhda Konstantinovna and her mother went to Ufa to serve out their sentence. Here she again ended up in the hospital, where the doctor diagnosed “a disease of the endocrine system.”
The first Social Democratic newspaper Iskra began publication. It was published abroad, but money for this was collected in Russia. Notes made in Ilyich’s hand have been preserved: “427 marks 88 pfenings received from Russia (from Ufa).” This money was collected through the efforts of his wife, treasurer of the local Social Democratic organization Krupskaya.
Living in Ufa, Nadezhda Konstantinovna prepared for life in exile. Attended French language courses (3 times a week for an hour, 6 rubles per month). For comparison, her own lessons to students were paid much more: for 6 hours she charged 62 rubles.
The couple united in 1901 in London. The first period of emigration lasted until 1905, the second - from 1907 to 1917.
They lived in Geneva, Lausanne, Vienna, Munich, Longjumeau, and Paris. We spent some time in remote Russian territories– in Finland and Poland. All this time, Krupskaya played the role of an entire secretariat: she corresponded with compatriots, prepared and held congresses and conferences, edited printed publications, acted as a translator and her husband’s personal assistant. She gave lectures to French hatmakers about the role of women in the revolution. Years later, speaking at an evening dedicated to Ilyich’s 50th birthday, the famous revolutionary Olminsky assessed Krupskaya’s performance as follows: “. She did all the menial work, so to speak, she left the cleanest work to him, and all the secret communications, encryption, transport, relations with Russia, she did everything herself. And therefore, when we say that Lenin is a great organizer, I add that Lenin, with the help of Nadezhda Konstantinovna, is a great organizer.”
The couple usually spent their summers in European mountain resorts: the Alps, the Tatras. This was required by Krupskaya’s poor health: she was tormented by attacks of arrhythmia. In 1912, the situation worsened, and the question of an operation arose. The funds made it possible to do this with the best European specialist - Dr. Kocher Berne. For a while the disease subsided.
In 1915, Krupskaya’s mother died, and the family faced an acute crisis. financial issue. Long years It was her pension that served as the main source of livelihood. I had to look for lessons and translations. But in her letters, Krupskaya refutes rumors both about fattening at government expense and about a hungry existence: “We didn’t know the need when you don’t know what to buy bread with.”
The Bolsheviks learned about the revolution that would bring them to power from the morning Parisian newspapers. The return to Russia was triumphant, but the holiday did not last long. And although a few months later the party took the leadership of the country into its own hands, all subsequent years were complicated not only by wars, famine and devastation, but also by intra-factional struggle.
The main problem for Krupskaya during these years was Ilyich’s health. Beginning in 1918, doctors periodically forbade him to work altogether - the general overwork of his weak body became increasingly worse and affected his intellectual abilities. And then ridiculous notes from him flew to the authorities. 1919: “Inform the Scientific and Food Institute that in 3 months they must provide accurate and complete data on the practical success of producing sugar from sawdust.” 1921, to Lunacharsky: “I advise you to put all theaters in a coffin.” Taking care of her husband, and herself tormented by attacks of chronic illnesses, Nadezhda Konstantinovna foresaw the end and last minute life of a beloved comrade held his hand in hers.
After Lenin's death she gave herself entirely government work. The productivity of this elderly, unhealthy woman is amazing: in 1934 she wrote 90 articles, held 90 speeches and 178 meetings, viewed 225 letters and responded to them. One month was lost due to hospitalization, one - due to restorative rest. The year 1939 came - the year of her 70th birthday. At the next party congress, she was preparing to speak out condemning the punitive policies of Stalinism.
She celebrated her birthday in Arkhangelskoye. Stalin sent a cake - it was known that after Ilyich’s death, Nadezhda Konstantinovna stopped playing sports, did not take too much care of her appearance and often spoiled herself with cakes. There is a version that the cake was poisoned. But it is refuted by the fact that the old Bolsheviks in Arkhangelsk ate it together with the birthday girl.
At night she became ill - her appendicitis worsened. They called the doctors, but the NKVD arrived. Only a few hours later, Krupskaya was examined by specialists and urgently hospitalized. Appendicitis was complicated by peritonitis, inflammation of the peritoneum. General health and age did not allow surgical intervention. On the night of February 26-27, a fateful date for her fate, Nadezhda Konstantinovna died.
The urn with ashes was carried personally by Comrade Stalin to the burial place - the Kremlin wall.
Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna
Assistant to the revolutionary, political figure, founder of the Bolshevik Party Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya (b. 1869–1939) – wife, friend and ally of V. I. Lenin, outstanding figure Communist Party, organizer of Soviet education, leading Marxist educator. She made a huge contribution to the construction of the Soviet school and to the development of Soviet pedagogical theory. The practical activities and pedagogical works of N.K. Krupskaya embodied the Leninist program of educating a new person - an active builder of socialism and communism.
Nadezhda Krupskaya born on February 26 (new style) 1869 in St. Petersburg into a poor noble family. Father Konstantin Ignatievich, after graduating from the Cadet Corps, received the position of head of the district in the Polish Groets, and mother Elizaveta Vasilievna worked as a governess. His father died when Nadya Krupskaya was 14 years old, since her father was considered “unreliable” due to his connection with the populists, the family received a small pension for him.
Krupskaya studied in St. Petersburg at the private gymnasium of Princess Obolenskaya, and was friends with A. Tyrkova-Williams, the future wife of P. B. Struve. She graduated from high school with a gold medal, was fond of L.N. Tolstoy, and was a “sweatshirt.” After graduating from the eighth pedagogical class, Krupskaya received a diploma as a home tutor and successfully teaches, preparing students of Princess Obolenskaya’s gymnasium for exams. Then she studied at the Bestuzhev courses. In the fall of 1890, Nadya abandoned the prestigious women's Bestuzhev courses. She studies the books of Marx and Engels and teaches classes in social democratic circles. I memorized German specifically for studying Marxism.
In January 1894, the young revolutionary Vladimir Ulyanov arrived in St. Petersburg.
Behind the back of the modest, twenty-four-year-old provincial, however, there were many experiences: the sudden death of his father, the execution of his older brother Alexander, the death of his beloved sister Olga from a serious illness. He went through surveillance, arrest, and easy exile to his mother’s estate.
In February 1894, at a meeting of St. Petersburg Marxists, among others, Vladimir met activists - Apollinaria Yakubova and Nadezhda Krupskaya, and begins to care for both, but on Sundays he usually pays visits to the Krupsky family. According to the version widespread under the Soviet regime, Vladimir Ilyich married the ugly Nadezhda Konstantinovna in order to completely devote his life to the fight for the rights of the proletarians. And he was not mistaken: it was difficult to find a woman more devoted to the cause of the revolution than Krupskaya. By the time she met Lenin, Nadezhda already had affairs with like-minded people in the struggle, but the leader of the world proletariat was not very worried about this. Lenin began to often visit the St. Petersburg house of the Krupskys, where everything exuded comfort. He liked that Nadya silently listened to his speeches with admiration, and her mother Elizaveta Vasilievna cooked deliciously.
Vladimir Ilyich immediately impressed Nadezhda Krupskaya with his leadership abilities. The girl tried to interest the future leader - firstly, with Marxist conversations, which Ulyanov adored, and secondly, with her mother’s cooking. Elizaveta Vasilievna, seeing him at home, was happy. She considered her daughter unattractive and did not predict happiness for her in her personal life. One can imagine how happy she was for her Nadenka when she saw a pleasant young man from a good family in her house! On the other hand, having become Ulyanov’s bride, Nadya did not cause much delight among his family: they found that she had very "herring look" This statement meant, first of all, that Krupskaya’s eyes were bulging, like a fish’s - one of the signs of Graves’ disease discovered later, because of which, it is assumed, Nadezhda Konstantinovna could not have children. Vladimir Ulyanov himself "herring" Nadyusha treated with humor, assigning the bride the appropriate party nicknames: Fish And Lamprey. In 1895 V.I. Lenin and other leaders "Union of Struggle" were arrested and imprisoned, and a year later Nadezhda Konstantinovna was also arrested. Already in prison, he invited Nadenka to become his wife.
“Well, a wife is a wife,”- she answered. Having been exiled to Ufa for three years for her revolutionary activities, Nadya decided that serving her exile with Ulyanov would be more fun. Therefore, she asked to be sent to Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, where the groom was already located, and, having obtained permission from the police officials, she and her mother followed her chosen one.
The first thing that the future mother-in-law said to Lenin when they met: “Oh, you got blown away!”
Indeed, Ilyich ate well in Shushenskoye and led a healthy lifestyle: he hunted regularly, ate his favorite sour cream and other peasant delicacies. The future leader lived in the hut of the peasant Zyryanov, but after the arrival of his bride he began to look for another place to live - with a room for his mother-in-law.
Vladimir Ilyich and Nadezhda Konstantinovna did not want to enter into a church marriage - they were for "free" love, Elizaveta Vasilievna insisted on the wedding, and “in full Orthodox form.”
Ulyanov, who was already twenty-eight, and Krupskaya, one year older than him, obeyed. A long bureaucratic red tape began with a marriage license: without this, Nadya and her mother could not live with Ilyich. But permission for a wedding was not given without a residence permit, which, in turn, was impossible without marriage. Lenin sent complaints to Minusinsk and Krasnoyarsk about the arbitrariness of the authorities, and finally, by the summer of 1898, Krupskaya was allowed to become his wife. The last word in this matter it was up to the Yenisei governor-general, who decided that if Krupskaya wanted to live with Lenin in exile, then she must have a legal basis for this, and only marriage could be considered such.
The wedding took place in the local Peter and Paul Church, the bride wore a white blouse and a black skirt, and the groom wore an ordinary, very shabby brown suit. Lenin made his next suit only in Europe. Interesting story came out with wedding rings. In one of his last pre-wedding letters, Vladimir Ilyich asked the bride to purchase and bring a box of jewelry tools to Shushinskoye. The fact is that along with Lenin, the Baltic worker Enberg languished in exile with his wife and numerous young offspring. The problem of feeding his family forced Ernberg to master the profession of a jeweler in order to somehow make ends meet. Having received the much-needed instrument from the bride and groom, he immediately thanked the newlyweds by melting two copper coins and making wedding rings from them. The witnesses were local peasants Zavertkin and Ermolaev - on the groom's side, and Zhuravlev - on the bride's side, and the guests were political exiles. The modest wedding “banquet” with tea was so fun, and the singing was so loud that the owners of the hut, surprised to find no alcohol on the table, nevertheless asked to be quieter. “We were newlyweds - Nadezhda Konstantinovna recalled about life in Shushenskoye, – and this brightened up the link. “The fact that I don’t write about this in my memoirs does not mean at all that there was no poetry or young passion in our lives.”
Vladimir Ilyich turned out to be a caring husband. In the very first days after the wedding, he hired a fifteen-year-old girl-assistant for Nadya: Krupskaya never learned how to operate a Russian stove and grip. And the culinary skills of the young wife even took away the appetite of close people. When mother-in-law Elizaveta Vasilievna died in 1915, the couple had to eat in cheap canteens until their return to Russia. Nadezhda Konstantinovna admitted: after the death of her mother “Our family life has become even more student-like.”
During his exile, Krupskaya was Lenin's only assistant in his enormous theoretical activities. However, some from Lenin’s entourage hinted that Vladimir Ilyich often gets it from his wife. This is what Lenin had as an assistant! G.I. Petrovsky, one of his associates, recalled: “I had to observe how Nadezhda Konstantinovna, during a discussion on various issues, did not agree with the opinion of Vladimir Ilyich. It was very interesting. It was very difficult to object to Vladimir Ilyich, since everything was thought out and logical for him. But Nadezhda Konstantinovna noticed “errors” in his speech, too, excessive enthusiasm for something. When Nadezhda Konstantinovna made her comments, Vladimir Ilyich chuckled and scratched the back of his head. His whole appearance said that sometimes he gets it too.”
In 1899, N.K. Krupskaya wrote her first book - "Woman worker." In it, she exceptionally clearly revealed the living conditions of working women in Russia and, from a Marxist position, highlighted the issues of raising proletarian children.
This was the first book about the situation of working women in Russia, based on Marxist positions.
Returning from V.I. Lenin in 1905 to Russia, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, on behalf of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party, carried out enormous party work, which she then continued abroad, where she emigrated again with V.I. Lenin in 1907.
At the end of 1909, the couple, after much hesitation, moved to Paris, where Ulyanov was destined to meet Inessa Armand . There was a joke about the beautiful Armand among the revolutionaries: she should have been included in a textbook on diamatography as an example of unity of form and content. A lovely Frenchwoman, the charming wife of the rich man Armande, a lonely exile, a fiery revolutionary, a true Bolshevik, a faithful student of Lenin, a mother of many children. Judging by the correspondence between Vladimir and Inessa (a significant part of which has been preserved), we can conclude that the relationship between these people was illuminated not only by bright feelings, but by something O greater. As I told you A. Kollontai, “In general, Krupskaya was aware. She knew that Lenin was very attached to Inessa, and more than once expressed her intention to leave. But Lenin kept her.” Nadezhda Konstantinovna believed that the most difficult years of emigration had to be spent in Paris. But she did not create scenes of jealousy and was able to establish outwardly even, even friendly relations with the beautiful Frenchwoman. She answered Krupskaya in the same way. The couple maintained a warm relationship with each other. Nadezhda Konstantinovna is worried about her husband: “From the very beginning of the congress, Ilyich’s nerves were tense to the extreme. The Belgian worker with whom we settled in Brussels was very upset that Vladimir Ilyich did not eat the wonderful radishes and Dutch cheese that she served him in the morning, and even then he had no time for food. In London, he reached the point where he stopped sleeping completely and was terribly worried.”
They returned in February 1917 to Russia, which they lived in thoughts about every day and which they had not visited for many years. In a sealed carriage, Vladimir Ulyanov, Nadezhda Krupskaya and Inessa Armand were traveling in the same compartment. In Russia, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya meets with her husband in fits and starts, but keeps him informed of all matters. And he, seeing her abilities, burdens Krupskaya more and more with affairs.
In the autumn of 1917, events rapidly escalate.
On the afternoon of October 24, Nadezhda Konstantinovna is found in the Vyborg District Duma and given a note. She opens it. Lenin writes to the Bolshevik Central Committee: “Delay in an uprising is like death.” Krupskaya understands that the time has come. She runs to Smolny. From that moment on, she was inseparable from Lenin, but the euphoria of happiness and success passed quickly. Cruel everyday life ate away the joy. In the summer of 1918, Krupskaya settled in the Kremlin in a modest small apartment specially equipped for her and Lenin. And then there was the Civil War. The fight against counter-revolution. Diseases of Nadezhda Konstantinovna. Shot by Socialist-Revolutionary Fani Kaplan at Lenin. Death from typhus of Inessa Armand, which was a harbinger of a serious brain disease in Lenin. The disease progressed so quickly that Krupskaya not only forgot all the old grievances against her husband, but also carried out his will: in 1922, the children of Inessa Armand were brought to Gorki from France. However, they were not allowed to see the leader.
Lenin began to experience deteriorating health and pronounced signs of illness in the spring of 1922. At first, the symptoms pointed to ordinary mental fatigue: severe headaches, memory loss, insomnia, irritability, increased sensitivity to noise. However, doctors disagreed on the diagnosis. The German professor Klemperer considered the main cause of headaches to be poisoning of the body with lead bullets, which were not removed from the leader’s body after being wounded in 1918. In April 1922, he underwent surgery under local anesthesia and one of the bullets in the neck was finally removed. But Ilyich’s health did not improve. And so Lenin was struck down by the first attack of illness. Krupskaya, by duty and right of wife, is on duty at Vladimir Ilyich’s bedside. The best doctors bend over the patient and pronounce a verdict: complete rest. But bad feelings did not leave Lenin, and he made a terrible promise from Stalin: to give him potassium cyanide in the event that he suddenly suffered a stroke. Vladimir Ilyich feared paralysis, which doomed him to complete, humiliating helplessness, more than anything else. The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) entrusts its Secretary General, Comrade Stalin, with responsibility for observing the regime established by doctors. In December 1922, Lenin asked, and Krupskaya wrote under his dictation, a letter to Trotsky regarding the monopoly of foreign trade. Having learned about this, Stalin did not regret the phone call swear words for Nadezhda Konstantinovna. And in conclusion he said: she violated the doctors’ ban, and he will transfer the case about her to the Central Control Commission of the Party. Krupskaya's quarrel with Stalin occurred a few days after the onset of Lenin's illness, in December 1922. Lenin found out about this only on March 5, 1923, and dictated to his secretary a letter to Stalin, similar to an ultimatum: “You were rude to call my wife to the phone and curse her. Although she expressed her consent to forget what she said, nevertheless this fact became known through her to Zinoviev and Kamenev. I do not intend to forget so easily what was done against me, and there is no need to say that I consider what was done against my wife to have been done against me. Therefore, I ask you to weigh whether you agree to take back what was said and apologize or whether you prefer to break off relations between us.”
After the dictation, Lenin was very excited. Both the secretaries and Dr. Kozhevnikov noticed this. The next morning, he asked the secretary to re-read the letter, hand it over personally to Stalin and receive an answer. Soon after she left, his condition deteriorated sharply. The temperature has risen. Paralysis spread to the left side. Ilyich had already lost his speech forever, although until the end of his days he understood almost everything that was happening to him. These days, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, apparently, nevertheless made an attempt to stop her husband’s suffering. From Stalin’s secret note dated March 17, members of the Politburo know that she “arch-conspiratorially” asked to give Lenin poison, saying that she tried to do it herself, but she did not have enough strength. Stalin promised again "show humanism" and again did not keep his word. Vladimir Ilyich lived for almost another whole year. Breathed. Krupskaya did not leave his side. On January 21, 1924 at 6:50 pm Ulyanov Vladimir Ilyich, 54 years old, died. People didn’t see a single tear in Krupskaya’s eyes during the funeral days. Nadezhda Konstantinovna spoke at the memorial service, addressing the people and the party: “Don’t build monuments to him, palaces named after him, magnificent celebrations in his memory - during his lifetime he attached such little importance to all this, he was so burdened by it. Remember that much has not yet been settled in our country.”
The last noble gesture of Krupskaya, who recognized the great love of Lenin and Armand, was her proposal in February 1924 to bury the remains of her husband along with the ashes of Inessa Armand. Stalin rejected the offer. Instead, his body was turned into a mummy and placed in the likeness of an Egyptian pyramid on main square countries.
Krupskaya survived her husband by fifteen years. A long-standing illness tormented and exhausted her. But she didn't give up. I worked every day, wrote reviews, gave instructions, taught how to live. I wrote a book of memories. The People's Commissariat for Education, where she worked, surrounded her with love and reverence, appreciating Krupskaya's natural spiritual kindness, which coexisted quite peacefully with harsh ideas. Nadezhda Konstantinovna outlived her husband by fifteen years, full of squabbles and intrigues. When the leader of the world proletariat died, Stalin entered into a fierce struggle with his widow, not intending to share power with anyone.
“Let her not think that if she was Lenin’s wife, then she has a monopoly on Leninism”- said the faithful Stalinist L. Kaganovich in the summer of 1930 at the regional party conference.
In 1938, the writer Marietta Shahinyan approached Krupskaya about reviewing and supporting her novel about Lenin "Ticket to History" Nadezhda Konstantinovna responded to her with a detailed letter, which caused Stalin’s terrible indignation. A scandal broke out and became the subject of discussion by the Party Central Committee.
As a result, it was decided to “condemn the behavior of Krupskaya, who, having received the manuscript of Shaginyan’s novel, not only did not prevent the birth of the novel, but, on the contrary, encouraged Shaginyan in every possible way, gave positive feedback about the manuscript and advised Shaginyan on various aspects of the life of the Ulyanovs and thereby was fully responsible for this book. Consider Krupskaya’s behavior all the more unacceptable and tactless because Comrade Krupskaya did all this without the knowledge and consent of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, thereby turning the all-party matter of compiling works about Lenin into a private and family matter and acting as a monopolist and interpreter of public and personal life and work of Lenin and his family, which the Central Committee never gave anyone the right to do.”
Her death was mysterious. It came on the eve of the XVIII Party Congress, at which Nadezhda Konstantinovna was going to speak. On the afternoon of February 24, 1939, friends visited her in Arkhangelskoye to celebrate her hostess’s approaching seventieth birthday. The table was set, Stalin sent a cake. Everyone ate it together. Nadezhda Konstantinovna seemed very animated. In the evening she suddenly felt ill. They called a doctor, but for some reason he arrived after more than three hours. The diagnosis was made immediately: "acute appendicitis-peritonitis-thrombosis". For some reason the necessary urgent operation was not performed. Three days later, Krupskaya died in terrible agony at the age of seventy. However, Stalin personally carried the urn with Krupskaya’s ashes to the Kremlin wall, where she was buried.
Biography:
Krupskaya (Ulyanova) Nadezhda Konstantinovna, participant in the revolutionary movement, Soviet statesman and party leader, one of the founders of the Soviet public education system, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences (1936), honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1931). Member of the Communist Party since 1898. Born into the family of a democratically minded officer. As a student at the Higher Women's Courses in St. Petersburg, from 1890 she was a member of Marxist student circles. In 1891-96 she taught at an evening and Sunday school behind the Nevskaya Zastava, conducted revolutionary propaganda among the workers. In 1894 she met with V.I. Lenin. In 1895 she participated in the organization and work of the St. Petersburg “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.” In August 1896 she was arrested. In 1898 she was sentenced to exile for 3 years in the Ufa province, which, at her request, was replaced by the village. Shushenskoye, Yenisei province, where Lenin served his exile; here K. became his wife. In 1900 she ended her term of exile in Ufa; She taught classes in a workers’ circle and trained future Iskra correspondents. After liberation, she came (1901) to Lenin in Munich; worked as secretary of the editorial office of the newspaper Iskra, from December 1904 - the newspaper Vpered, from May 1905 secretary of the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. In November 1905, she returned to Russia with Lenin; first in St. Petersburg, and from the end of 1906 in Kuokkala (Finland) she worked as secretary of the party Central Committee. At the end of 1907, Lenin and K. emigrated again; in Geneva, K. was secretary of the newspaper Proletary, then the newspaper Social Democrat. In 1911 he became a teacher at the party school in Longjumeau. From 1912 in Krakow, she helped Lenin maintain connections with Pravda and the Bolshevik faction of the 4th State Duma. At the end of 1913 – beginning of 1914, she participated in organizing the publication of the legal Bolshevik magazine “Rabotnitsa”. Delegate to the 2nd-4th congresses of the RSDLP, participant in party conferences [including the 6th (Prague)] and responsible party meetings (including the Meeting of 22 Bolsheviks) held before 1917. On April 3 (16), 1917, she returned with Lenin in Russia. Delegate to the 7th April Conference and 6th Congress of the RSDLP (b). Participated in the creation of socialist youth unions. She took an active part in the October Revolution of 1917; through K. Lenin transmitted leadership letters to the Central Committee and the St. Petersburg Party Committee, to the Military Revolutionary Committee; being a member of the Vyborg district committee of the RSDLP (b), she worked in it during the days of the October armed uprising. According to M.N. Pokrovsky, K., before the October Revolution of 1917, being Lenin’s closest collaborator, “... did the same thing that real good “deputies” do now,” she relieved Lenin of all current work, saving his time for such big things as "What should I do?" (Memoirs of N.K. Krupskaya, 1966, p. 16).
After the establishment of Soviet power, K. was a member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR; together with A.V. Lunacharsky and M.N. Pokrovsky, she prepared the first decrees on public education, one of the organizers of political and educational work. In 1918 she was elected a full member of the Socialist Academy of Social Sciences. In 1919, on the ship "Red Star" she took part in a propaganda campaign through the Volga region regions that had just been liberated from the White Guards. Since November 1920, Chairman of the Glavpolitprosvet under the People's Commissariat for Education. Since 1921, chairman of the scientific and methodological section of the State Academic Council (GUS) of the People's Commissariat for Education. She taught at the Academy of Communist Education. She was the organizer of a number of voluntary societies: “Down with Illiteracy”, “Friend of Children”, chairman of the Society of Marxist Teachers. Since 1929, Deputy People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR. She made a major contribution to the development of the most important problems of Marxist pedagogy - determining the goals and objectives of communist education; connection between the school and the practice of socialist construction; labor and polytechnic education; determination of the content of education; issues of age-related pedagogy; basics organizational forms children's communist movement, fostering collectivism, etc. Great importance K. emphasized the fight against child homelessness and neglect, the work of orphanages, and preschool education. She edited the magazine "People's Education", "People's Teacher", "On the Ways to new school", "About our children", "Help to self-education", "Red Librarian", "School for adults", "Communist education", "Izba-reading room", etc. Delegate of the 7th-17th party congresses. Since 1924 member of the Central Control Commission, Member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) since 1927. Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of all convocations, deputy and member of the Presidium Supreme Council USSR 1st convocation. Participant in all congresses of the Komsomol (except for the 3rd). Active figure in the international communist movement, delegate to the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 7th congresses of the Comintern. K. is a prominent publicist and speaker. She spoke at numerous party, Komsomol, trade union congresses and conferences, meetings of workers, peasants, and teachers. Author of many works about Lenin and the party, on issues of public education and communist education. K.'s memories of Lenin are a most valuable historical source covering the life and work of Lenin and many important events in the history of the Communist Party. She was awarded the Order of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. She was buried on Red Square near the Kremlin wall.
Main works:
Memories of Lenin (1957)
About Lenin. Collection of articles (1965)
Lenin and the Party (1963)
Pedagogical writings (1957–1963)
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