The index of the complex is 9K720, according to the classification of the US Defense Ministry and NATO - SS-26 Stone, eng. Stone
A family of operational-tactical missile systems (OTRK): Iskander, Iskander-E, Iskander-K, Iskander-M. The complex was created at the Kolomna Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering (KBM). The Iskander was first shown publicly in August 1999 at the MAKS aerospace show.
History
The development of the Iskander OTRK was started in accordance with the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. KBM designer S. P. Invincible, who proved to the Military-Industrial Commission of the Presidium of the USSR Council of Ministers the need to create a missile system instead of the Oka missile system that does not fall under the provisions of the INF treaty with the United States.
On October 11, 2011, the first stage of testing the updated Iskander-M missile system with new combat equipment was completed. The 9M723 missile of the Iskander-M complex is equipped with a new correlation guidance system.
Ammunition
The Iskander complex includes two types of missiles: ballistic missiles 9M723 and cruise missiles bearing the 9M728 index.
The missile of the 9M723 complex has one stage with a solid propellant engine.
The trajectory of movement is quasi-ballistic (not ballistic, maneuvering), the rocket is controlled throughout the flight using aerodynamic and gas-dynamic rudders. Made with the use of technologies to reduce radar signature (so-called "Stealth technology"): small dispersion surface, special coatings, small size of the protruding parts. Most of the flight takes place at an altitude of about 50 km. The rocket is carrying out intensive maneuvering with overloads of the order of 20-30 units in the initial and final phases of the flight. The guidance system is mixed: inertial in the initial and middle flight segments and optical (using the GOS developed by TsNIIAG) in the final flight segment, which achieves a high hitting accuracy of 5-7 m. It is possible to use GPS / GLONASS in addition to the inertial guidance system. There are several modifications of the missile, differing in warhead and telemetry.
On September 20, 2014, during the Vostok-2014 command and staff exercise, the Iskander-M missile system was fired for the first time with a 9M728 cruise missile. The launches were made by the 107th separate missile brigade (Birobidzhan). The developer and manufacturer is OKB "Novator". Chief Designer - P.I. Kamnev. The missile was tested since May 30, 2007. Firing range: maximum - up to 500 km.
Since 2013, it is planned to supply missiles equipped with an electronic warfare system to the Russian Armed Forces, providing cover for the missile in the final flight phase. This system includes the means of setting passive and active jamming of surveillance and firing radars of the enemy's anti-aircraft and anti-missile defense, using noise and the release of false targets.
Variants
Option for the Russian Armed Forces, 2 missiles on a launcher, the firing range in various sources varies from the declared for Iskander-E - 280 km - to 500 km (it is not indicated with what type of warhead (warhead mass) the corresponding range is achieved). Flight altitude is 6-50 km, most of it usually passes at maximum altitude. Controlled throughout the flight. The flight trajectory is not ballistic, difficult to predict. The missile is made using the technology of low radar signature and also has a radio-absorbing coating and is a relatively small target in its natural physical size. Target prediction when attempting an early interception is further complicated by intensive maneuvering during takeoff and during descent to the target. When descending to the target, the rocket maneuvers with an overload of 20-30 units, descending at a speed of 700-800 m / s (these indicators exceed or are on the verge of the capabilities of the best medium-range missile defense / air defense systems), at an angle of about 90 degrees (in some cases only the angle of attack is sufficient for the complete defenselessness of the attacked missile defense system, and even more so for air defense, especially short-range), thus Iskander-M has a number of advantages over analogues, and high capabilities not only of hitting a target, but even means of protection in the form of modern missile defense systems.
The rocket carries a complex complex of passive and active jamming; when approaching the target, false targets and jammers are additionally shot back. Sample M is additionally equipped with an electronic warfare system to disrupt the operation of the enemy's radar. All this also provides the missile with a high combat effectiveness in comparison with simpler similar missiles.
Maneuvering at high altitude is provided by speed and aerodynamic rudders. Such maneuvering is not intense, but it imposes ultra-high demands on the response time for the interceptor (in a hundredth of a second, the missiles approach each other by tens of meters, the response time of one of the fastest-reacting missile defense systems is more than 5 seconds, as well as open source air defense systems). If the interceptor is kinetic, this also requires successful trajectory prediction with high accuracy. To successfully intercept a ballistic target with a high probability, previously created before the non-ballistic Iskander complexes, it was quite early to detect a target of an appropriate size and speed, and, having predicted the trajectory, ensure the interception. However, Iskander is changing his trajectory. The Oka complex, the predecessor of Iskander, could change the target while maintaining a stable trajectory before and after the maneuver, thereby avoiding the interceptor, or at least reduced the effective defense zone, requiring time to re-calculate the meeting point.
Export version, firing range 280 km, warhead mass 480 kg. It is a simplified version of Iskander-M. Rocket maneuvering at high altitude is provided by aerodynamic rudders and a flight speed of 2100 meters per second throughout the entire high-altitude flight. Satisfies the terms of the Missile Technology Control Regime.
The variant with the use of cruise missiles, the firing range of 500 km, the mass of the warhead is 480 kg. The height of the rocket flight is about 7 meters when reaching the target, and not higher than 6 km, the rocket is automatically corrected throughout the flight and automatically bends around the terrain. R-500 cruise missiles with a range of 2000 km are also being assembled for the Iskander-K OTRK.
Combat use
There is no reliable information about the combat use of the Iskander complexes, but there were reports, refuted by the Russian military, that the complex was used during the 2008 Georgian-South Ossetian armed conflict.
According to the head of the Analytical Department of the Georgian Interior Ministry, Shota Utiashvili, Russia used Iskander missile systems at facilities in Poti, Gori and the Baku-Supsa pipeline.
In blogs, Utiashvili's statement was widely discussed and was perceived ambiguously, since some of the photographs of several flight stages presented as evidence refer not to Iskander, but to 9M79 missiles of Tochka-U complexes; code 9M723, corresponding to the designation of the Iskander missiles.
Mikhail Barabanov, an expert with the Moscow Defense Brief, points out that the Iskander complex was used at the base of a separate tank battalion in Gori. As a result of the direct hit of the warhead in the weapons depot of the Georgian battalion, it was blown up. At the same time, the author notes that this information is based on unverified sources. A Dutch commission investigating the death of RTL Nieuws TV operator Stan Storimans in Gori on August 12, 2008, determined that the journalist had died from being hit by a single 5-mm steel ball. According to the BBC, the Dutch commission expressed an expert opinion that the carrier of the cluster munition was Iskander, but the message did not indicate on what grounds such a conclusion was made. The Russian Foreign Ministry said that the data provided by the Dutch side was insufficient to determine the type of carrier. Earlier, Human Rights Watch put forward a different version, according to which RBK-250 cluster bombs became the cause of the death of the Dutch journalist.
Colonel-General Anatoly Nogovitsyn, Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces, denied all reports about the use of Iskander in Georgia, saying that the Iskander complex was not used during the hostilities in South Ossetia.
A little about politics
The Iskander operational-tactical missile system is a weapon that can affect the military-political situation in some regions of the world if the states located in them do not have an extended territory. Therefore, the location of the Iskander complexes, as well as their export supplies, are the subject of political consultations between the countries.
On November 5, 2008, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, addressing the Federal Assembly, said that the response to the American missile defense system in Poland would be the deployment of Iskander missile systems in the Kaliningrad region. But after the US refused to deploy missile defense systems in Eastern Europe, Medvedev said that in response, Russia would not deploy the missile defense system in the Kaliningrad region. Due to the escalation of tensions between Russia and the United States, at the end of 2011 the issue of placing the Iskander OTRK in the Kaliningrad region remained open. On November 23, 2011, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev again announced that the Russian Federation is ready to deploy the Iskander complex if NATO countries continue to deploy missile defense systems in Europe.
On January 25, 2012 it became known that the first division of the Iskander tactical missile systems in the Kaliningrad region will be deployed and put on alert by Russia in the second half of 2012. However, on the same day, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation denied this information, stating that no decision on approving the staff of the military unit of the Baltic Fleet armed with Iskander missile systems had been made at the General Staff. On December 15, 2013, German media, citing sources in the security structures, reported that Russia had deployed Iskander missile systems in the Kaliningrad region. This is evidenced by satellite images showing at least ten Iskander-M complexes deployed in Kaliningrad, as well as along the border with the Baltic countries. The deployment could have occurred during 2013.
The complexes were transferred to the Kaliningrad region during military exercises and a surprise check of the combat readiness of the Western Military District and the Northern Fleet in December 2014 and March 2015.
In 2005, it became known about plans to supply Iskander complexes to Syria. This caused strong negative reactions from Israel and the United States. During a visit to Israel, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced a ban on such supplies to prevent upsetting the balance of power in the region. In August 2008, during a visit to Moscow, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad expressed his readiness to deploy complexes in Syria.
On February 15, 2010, the President of the unrecognized Transnistria, Igor Smirnov, spoke in favor of deploying Iskander missiles in the republic in response to plans to deploy US missile defense systems in Romania and Bulgaria.
In service
Russia (as of February 2016): 6 brigades (72 SPU)
26th Missile Brigade of the Western Military District (Luga) - the re-equipment of the brigade began in 2010 with the delivery of 6 complexes (PU), in 2011 the formation of the first brigade (12 PU) was completed;
-107th Missile Brigade of the Air Defense Forces (Birobidzhan) - fully re-equipped on June 28, 2013 (12 launchers);
-1st missile brigade of the Southern Military District (Krasnodar) - the transfer of equipment took place on November 14, 2013 (12 launchers);
-112th Separate Guards Missile Brigade of the Western Military District (Shuya) - the transfer of equipment took place on July 8, 2014 (12 launchers);
92nd separate missile brigade (Orenburg) Central Military District - the transfer of equipment took place on November 19, 2014 (12 launchers);
-103rd Separate Missile Brigade (Ulan-Ude) Air Defense - the transfer of equipment took place on July 17, 2015 (12 launchers);
By 2018, it is planned to re-equip all missile brigades at the Iskander OTRK
Main characteristics
The purpose of the complex
Designed to engage small-sized and area targets in the depths of the operational formation of enemy troops with conventional warheads. It is assumed that it can be a delivery vehicle for tactical nuclear weapons.
Most likely targets:
Means of fire destruction (missile systems, multiple launch rocket systems, long-range artillery)
-means of anti-missile and air defense
-planes and helicopters at airfields
- command posts and communication centers
- the most important objects of civil infrastructure
Complex composition
The complex includes six types of vehicles (51 units per missile brigade):
-Self-propelled launcher (SPU) (9P78-1)
12 pcs. - designed for storage, transportation, preparation and launch of two missiles on target. Iskander can be made on the basis of a special wheeled chassis produced by the Minsk Wheeled Tractor Plant (MZKT-7930). Gross weight 42 t, payload 19 t, travel speed on highway / dirt road 70/40 km / h, fuel range 1000 km. Calculation of 3 people.
-Transportation and loading machine (TZM) (9T250 (9T250E))
12 pcs. - designed to transport an additional two missiles. Made on the MZKT-7930 chassis, equipped with a loading crane. Full combat weight 40 tons. Calculation of 2 people.
-Command staff vehicle (KShM) (9S552)
11 pcs. - designed to control the entire Iskander complex. Assembled on a wheeled chassis KAMAZ 43101. Radio station R-168-100KAE "Aqueduct". Calculation of 4 people. KShM characteristics:
-maximum radio communication range in the parking lot / on the march: 350/50 km
-time for calculating the mission for missiles: up to 10 s
- command transmission time: up to 15 s
-number of communication channels: up to 16
- time of deployment (folding): up to 30 minutes
-continuous working time: 48 hours
-Machine regulations and maintenance (MRTO)
Designed to check the on-board equipment of missiles and instruments, for routine repairs. Made on a KamAZ wheeled chassis. The mass is 13.5 tons, the deployment time does not exceed 20 minutes, the time of the automated routine check of the rocket onboard equipment is 18 minutes, the calculation is 2 people.
- Information preparation point (PPI) (9S920, KAMAZ 43101)
Designed to determine the coordinates of the target and prepare flight missions for missiles with their subsequent transfer to the SPU. PPI is interfaced with reconnaissance means and can receive tasks and assigned targets from all necessary sources, including from a satellite, aircraft or UAV. Calculation of 2 people.
-Machine life support (MZHO)
14 pcs. - is intended for accommodation, rest and eating of combat crews. It is made on a KAMAZ 43118 wheeled chassis. The vehicle includes: a rest compartment and a household supply compartment. The rest compartment has 6 wagon-type berths with folding upper loungers, 2 lockers, built-in lockers, an opening window. The household supply compartment has 2 lockers with seats, a folding lifting table, a water supply system with a 300 liter tank, a water heating tank, a pump for pumping water, a drain system, a sink, a dryer for clothes and shoes.
-A set of arsenal equipment and training aids
Combat characteristics
Probable circular deviation: 10-30 m (depending on the used guidance system); 5-7 m (Iskander-M using a missile with a correlation seeker)
-The launch weight of the rocket: 3 800 kg
-Warhead weight: 480 kg
-Length: 7.2 m
-Diameter: 920 mm
-The speed of the rocket after the initial section of the trajectory: 2 100 m / s Maximum overload during the flight - 20-30G (the rocket maneuvers in flight both in height and in the direction of flight). The maximum trajectory height is 50 km.
Minimum target destruction range: 50 km
-Maximum target hitting range:
-500 km Iskander-K (2000 km with R-500 cruise missile)
-280 km Iskander-E (export)
-Going: INS, GLONASS, Optical seeker
-Time to launch the first rocket: 4-16 minutes
-Interval between launches: 1 minute (for a 9P78 launcher with two missiles)
-Temperature range of operation: from? 50 degrees C to 50 degrees C
-Service life: 10 years, including 3 years in the field
Types of head parts
In normal gear:
-cassette with 54 fragmentation warheads of non-contact detonation (triggered at a height of about 10 m above the ground)
-cassette with cumulative fragmentation submunitions
-cassette with self-aiming combat elements
-cassette volumetric detonating action
- high-explosive fragmentation (OFBCH)
- high explosive incendiary
-penetrating (PBCh)
-special (nuclear)
OTRK "Iskander-M" / Photo: Press Service of the RF Ministry of Defense
The Iskander-M operational-tactical missile system (OTRK) received a new aeroballistic missile.
"Now the Iskander-M OTRK can be equipped with five types of aeroballistic missiles and one cruise missile."
This was reported to TASS by Valery Kashin, General Designer of the Research and Production Corporation "Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering" (part of the High-Precision Complexes holding of the State Corporation "Rostec").
"All these years, the development and improvement of the weapons of the Iskander-M missile system has been going on. In particular, a new aeroballistic missile has been created, which successfully passed interdepartmental tests in December," he said.
Valery Kashin / Photo: Rostec
The interlocutor of the agency explained that now the Iskander-M OTRK can be equipped with five types of aeroballistic missiles and one cruise missile.
About the complex
The 9K720 Iskander-M operational-tactical missile system was developed by KBM in the 1990s and entered service in 2006. Produced to replace obsolete 9K79 Tochka (9K79-1 Tochka-U) complexes. The range of the missiles is 500 kilometers, for the export version it is 280 kilometers.
9M723 aeroballistic missiles (have different types of combat equipment, as well as different correlation homing heads) are controlled throughout the flight, which makes their trajectory unpredictable and makes it difficult to intercept by tactical missile defense systems. Also, the complex can use high-precision cruise missiles 9M728 (R-500), reported Lenta.ru.
Technical reference
Guided operational-tactical missile 9M723
Single-stage solid-propellant rocket 9M723, guided at all stages of flight with a quasi-ballistic trajectory. The warhead of a cluster-type rocket has 54 fragmentation elements with non-contact detonation or also of a cluster type with elements of volumetric detonating action. The missiles are produced by OJSC Votkinskiy Zavod, the launcher is produced at PA Barrikady.
Single-stage solid-propellant rocket 9M723 / Photo: fecusin.ucoz.ru
Schematic diagram of a guided operational-tactical missile 9M723 / Photo: fun-space.ru
The design of the rocket is single-stage with an inseparable warhead. Much attention is paid to reducing the RCS - there are no protruding parts, holes and noticeable joints, the cable harness is minimized as much as possible on the first versions of missiles and is made in the form of a thin loop on the surface of the rocket body on more modern series, aerodynamic rudders are replaced with arrow-shaped ones instead of lattice ones. A special heat-shielding coating of the body is used, which, probably, can act as a coating that reduces the ESR.
Start of the 9M723 guided operational-tactical missile / Photo: pics2.pokazuha.ru
Rocket 9M723 - rear view / Photo: fun-space.ru
The Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics (TSNIIAG), a leading developer of guidance and control systems for domestic tactical and operational-tactical missiles, has coped with the task of creating similar equipment for the Iskander-E.
As the main method for solving this problem, the combination of an inertial system with optical guidance along the terrain surrounding the target was chosen. Moreover, the optical correlation GOS 9E436, created in the early 90s at the Moscow TsNIIAG and shown at Eurosatory-2004, can be used both as part of Iskander-E and on ballistic and cruise missiles of various classes and types (including intercontinental). GOS 9E436 has already passed flight tests and showed the accuracy of the missile when it hits the target up to two meters. By now, the serial production of this head has been prepared.
Optical seeker 9E436 missile 9M723 Iskander OTRK / Photo: militaryrussia.ru
- GOS weight - 20 kg
- Flight task input time - no more than 5 minutes
- KVO - up to 20 m
This management principle has its advantages and disadvantages. Let's start with the latter. Since the system does not recognize the target itself, but the terrain around it, it cannot provide guidance to a moving object. To form a flight mission, you must have a reconnaissance photograph. The work of the seeker can be impeded by fog or an aerosol cloud exposed by the enemy, hiding the terrain. If the head is mounted on a ballistic missile, low clouds may interfere with its operation (for cruise missiles capable of flying at low altitudes, this problem does not exist).
However, these disadvantages are more than offset by the advantages. The optical seeker is universal and makes only one requirement for the inertial control system of the missile: to bring the latter to the point at which the optics begins to see the target. Against such a head, the existing active electronic warfare means are powerless, which very effectively counteract radar homing systems. The high sensitivity of the seeker allows you to work even on a moonless night, which favorably distinguishes the new system from early prototypes. In addition, optical systems do not need signals from space radio navigation systems, such as the American NAVSTAR, which in crisis cases can be turned off or disabled by radio interference. At the same time, the integration of inertial control with satellite navigation equipment and an optical seeker makes it possible to create a missile that strikes a given target in almost any conceivable conditions.
Active radar seeker 9B918, which is developed and manufactured by NPP "Radar MMS", also participates in the work of missile control.
Engine - solid propellant, engine compartment 9X820 (rocket 9M723), the charge is made of mixed solid fuel with a high specific impulse. The Iskander / Iskander-E and Iskander-M missiles use different types of fuel. The solid propellant rocket engine of the complex does not imply special heating during storage or operation at low temperatures (there are no missile heating systems on the SPU and TPM).
The remnants of the engine compartment of the 9M723 rocket discovered on the territory of Georgia during the Georgian-Ossetian conflict, August 2008 / Photo: militaryphotos.net
- high-explosive fragmentation (all modifications), can be used with an optical or radar correlation seeker;
- high-explosive incendiary use with an optical or radar correlation seeker is unlikely
- penetrating (all modifications), can be used with optical or radar correlational seeker
- nuclear, power 5-50 kt (Iskander-M), theoretically can be used with an optical or radar correlational seeker. The use of nuclear warheads is probably not currently envisaged because in open photos and videos on SPU and TPM there are no heating systems for nuclear charges (but based on the modularity of the complex, such systems can be installed at any time).
Rocket 9M723 - front view / Photo: fun-space.ru
Option 1 (possibly 9N722K1 - Design Bureau of the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant.
- Weight - 480 kg
- The number of combat elements - 54 pcs.
- Warhead opening height - 900-1400 m
- Operational height of combat elements - 6-10 m
Types of combat elements:
- fragmentation non-contact
- cumulative fragmentation
- self-aiming
- volumetric detonating
Option 2 (possibly 9N722K1 or other) - GosNIIMash (Dzerzhinsk)
- Weight - 480 kg
- The number of combat elements - 45 pcs.
- Type of combat elements - 9N730 with a central bursting charge (CRZ) 9N731
- Proximity fuse type - 9E156 "Umbrella" developed by the Research Institute of Electronic Devices (Novosibirsk)
Proximity fuse 9E156 "Umbrella" combat element cluster warhead / Photo: news.ngs.ru
- Rocket 9M723K1 / 9M723K5 - missiles with cluster warheads.
- Rocket 9M723K-E - export version of the rocket with a cluster warhead
- Rocket 9M723-1 - an improved version of the rocket, developed as of 2007-2009.
- Rocket 9M723-1F / 9M723-1FE - rocket with radar seeker 9B918
- Rocket 9M723-1F2 / 9M723-1F2Tl - serially produced, with the letters "T" - telemetric version of the rocket
- Rocket 9M723-1K5 / 9M723-1K5Tl - serially produced, with the letters "T" - telemetric version of the rocket.
- The 9M723 missile with a new type of combat equipment - a missile with a new type of combat equipment was launched at the Kapustin Yar range on October 11, 2011. The launch was successful.
- Rocket 9M723 with an optical correlation seeker - 11/14/2911, a rocket with a seeker of this type was successfully tested at the Kapustin Yar test site.
High-precision missile system of the ground forces "Iskander" designed for covert preparation and delivery of effective missile strikes against particularly important small-sized and area targets.
It was created as a result of the joint work of a group of research institutes, design bureaus and factories under the leadership of the design bureau of mechanical engineering (KBM), known as the company that created the Tochka and Oka missile systems.
In the context of the 1987 INF Treaty and the renunciation of the use of nuclear weapons in theater of operations, a number of fundamentally new requirements are imposed on modern tactical complexes:
- the use of only non-nuclear weapons;
- ensuring precision shooting accuracy;
- control over the entire flight path;
- a wide range of effective combat equipment;
- the presence in the complex of a combat control automation system and an information support system, including the preparation of reference information for correction and final guidance systems;
- the ability to integrate with global satellite navigation systems (GSSN - "Glonass", "NAVSTAR");
- the possibility of hitting heavily protected targets;
- increased fire performance;
- the ability to effectively overcome the effect of air defense and missile defense systems;
- the possibility of hitting moving targets.
To meet the above requirements, the missile system was created " Iskander", Which has incorporated the best scientific, technical and design achievements in the field of operational-tactical missile systems and, in terms of the totality of implemented technical solutions, high combat effectiveness, is a weapon of a completely new generation, superior in its tactical and technical characteristics to the existing SCAD-B missile systems, Tochka-U, Lance, ATASMS, Pluton, etc.
Iskander is designed to destroy:
- enemy fire weapons (batteries, air defense missile systems, RK);
- airplanes and helicopters at airfield parkings;
- air defense and missile defense facilities;
- command posts and communication centers;
- the most important objects of civil infrastructure.
Thanks to the implementation of terminal control and guidance methods, control along the entire flight path, a wide range of powerful warheads and the integration of an onboard control system with various correction and homing systems, as well as a high probability of completing a combat mission in conditions of active enemy opposition, typical targets are hit by launching only 1– 2 Iskander missiles, which is equivalent in efficiency to the use of a nuclear weapon.
For the first time in the world, a missile system with a firing range not exceeding 300 km is capable of solving all combat missions using non-nuclear warheads and has two missiles on a launcher, which significantly increases the fire performance of missile formations.
The main features of the Iskander RK:
- highly accurate and effective destruction of various types of targets;
- the possibility of covert training, combat alert and effective delivery of missile strikes;
- automatic calculation and input of the flight mission of missiles by means of the launcher;
- high probability of completing a combat mission in conditions of active opposition from the enemy;
- high probability of failure-free operation of the rocket in preparation for launch, as well as in flight;
- high tactical maneuverability due to the high cross-country ability of combat vehicles mounted on all-wheel drive chassis,
- strategic mobility due to the transportability of vehicles by all modes of transport, including transport aviation;
- automation of combat control of missile units,
- operational processing and delivery of intelligence information to the appropriate levels of management;
- long service life and ease of use.
In terms of its tactical and technical characteristics, the Iskander fully complies with the provisions of the Regime for controlling the non-proliferation of missile technologies. It is a "deterrent" weapon in local conflicts, and for countries with limited living space - a strategic weapon.
According to NATO classification, the complex received the designation SS-26.
The complex includes:
- rocket;
- self-propelled launcher;
- transport and loading machine;
- command and staff vehicle;
- mobile point of information preparation;
- mobile units of technical and household support, as well as sets of arsenal and training equipment.
Iskander can be equipped with a cluster (with 54 warheads), penetrating, high-explosive fragmentation, and, in the future, other warheads.
The rocket itself is single-stage, has a solid-propellant engine with one nozzle, and is controlled along the entire flight path using aerodynamic and gas-dynamic rudders. The designers have incorporated in the Iskander the potential for overcoming missile defense, which is comparable today only with the Topol-M. Estimated data show that the promising American Patriot air defense system PAC-3 Iskander will be too tough.
Iskander's flight path is not ballistic, but controlled. The missile is constantly changing the plane of the trajectory, which dictates the need for developers of air defense systems to invent new methods of interception. She maneuvers especially actively in the area of her acceleration and approach to the target - with an overload of 20 to 30 g. In order to intercept the Iskander, the interceptor missile must move along a trajectory with an overload two to three times higher, which is practically impossible. In addition, the rocket is made according to the technology " stealth»And has a minimal surface of reflection.
The missile is launched directly to the target using an inertial control system, and then captured by an autonomous optical homing head. A similar homing principle is implemented in the most modern American cruise missiles " Tomahawk" and CALCM, capable of identifying the terrain in the target area according to previously entered photographic data. The effectiveness of such guidance systems was confirmed during the US military operations in Iraq and Yugoslavia.
The Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics, a leading Russian developer of guidance and control systems for tactical and operational-tactical missiles, created similar equipment for the Iskander. Moreover, the homing head created at TsNIIAG can also be used on ballistic and cruise missiles of various classes and types. The head has already passed flight tests and showed accuracy no worse than that achieved by the Americans on their Tomahawks.
The principle of operation of the Iskander homing system is that the optical equipment forms an image of the terrain in the target area, which is compared by the on-board computer with the standard entered during the preparation of the missile for launch. All existing active means of electronic warfare are powerless against the optical head. It is so sensitive that it allows successful missile launches even on moonless nights, when there is no additional natural target illumination, hitting a moving target with an error of plus or minus two meters. No other tactical system in the world can solve such a task, except for Iskander.
In addition, optical systems do not need signals from space radio navigation systems, such as the American NAVSTAR, which in crisis cases can be turned off by its owners or disabled by radio interference. At the same time, the integration of inertial control with satellite navigation equipment and an optical seeker makes it possible to create a missile that strikes a given target in almost any conceivable conditions.
The practice of wars in recent decades shows that no matter how effective a means of destruction is, it cannot make a significant contribution to victory if it is not integrated with intelligence and command systems. Iskander was created with this pattern in mind. Information about the target is transmitted from a satellite, reconnaissance aircraft or unmanned aerial vehicle to the information preparation point (PIP). It calculates the flight mission for the rocket, which is then broadcast over radio channels to the command and staff vehicles (KShM) of the battalion and battery commanders, and from there to the launchers. Commands to launch missiles can be formed both in the command and control squadron, and come from the command posts of the senior artillery commanders. The PPI and KShM equipment is built on the local networks of Russian computers, and the functional purpose of the control complex depends only on the software and can be easily upgraded to control various fire weapons.
The most important feature of the launcher was the placement of more than one on it (as in " Point" and " Oke"), But two missiles. One minute after the start of the first of them, the second can start. The fire crew does not leave the cockpit. The launcher itself was developed by the Volgograd Central Design Bureau "Titan" and, in addition to missiles, carries a full set of equipment for preparation and launch.
The large firing range, which allows the complex to be used from the depths of the location of its troops, and the short time spent at the starting position make the complex practically invulnerable to conventional weapons.
Research carried out by specialists from leading Russian military research centers has shown that Iskander is 5–8 times better than the best foreign counterparts in terms of the cost-effectiveness criterion.
The structure of the complex, its command and control systems, automated combat control and information support make it possible to respond promptly to new requirements without significantly modifying its combat assets and, as a result, guarantee it a long life cycle.
About a year ago, the leadership of the Russian Ministry of Defense spoke about the first cases of the combat use of the 9K720 Iskander tactical missile systems as part of an operation in Syria. A few days ago, there were new reports about similar work of missile systems. It was noted that in the course of real combat launches, the missile systems showed high performance and coped with the assigned tasks. Thus, Iskander OTRK were able to confirm their capabilities in a real low-intensity conflict.
However, the new type of operational-tactical missile systems were created not only for local armed conflicts, but also for full-scale wars. In addition, as the events of recent years show, the Iskanders turn out to be an effective military-political instrument capable of influencing the situation with their mere presence. In this regard, clear questions arise: what exactly makes the Iskander-family OTRK so effective in various fields, and why are such complexes an essential element of the Russian armed forces?
Self-propelled launcher OTKR "Iskander" during the exercises "Center-2015"
Missile carriers
It is obvious that the fighting qualities of any OTRK are primarily determined by the tactical and technical characteristics of its individual components. Indeed, the characteristics of various machines from its composition make a significant contribution to the capabilities of the Iskander complex. All the main assets of this complex are made on self-propelled chassis and have high mobility, which allows them to reach the indicated positions in a timely manner and prepare missile launches.
The OTRK 9K720 includes six vehicles for different purposes, not counting training equipment, etc. arsenal equipment. In a standard missile brigade, a total of more than 50 vehicles of various types are operated. The basis of the complex is the 9P78-1 self-propelled launcher. Its operation is provided by the 9T250 transport and loading vehicle, the 9S552 command and staff vehicle, as well as an information preparation point, a life support vehicle and a control and maintenance vehicle.
The main vehicles of the complex are built on the four-axle chassis MZKT-7930 "Astrologer"; other means are mounted on KamAZ vehicles. Using such chassis, the Iskander OTRK is capable of moving along the highway at speeds of at least 70 km / h. It also provides movement on a dirt road at a speed of 40 km / h or over rough terrain with overcoming various obstacles. Water obstacles are crossed by fords or bridges. The cruising range of the launcher is 1000 km.
Iskander complex facilities. In the foreground is the 9S552 command and staff vehicle.
The 9P78-1 combat vehicle and other elements of the complex are capable of reaching a predetermined position in a minimum time for deployment and launch. According to reports, the missile can be launched 4-5 minutes after arriving at the position. A significant part of the operations to prepare for the launch of the rocket is carried out automatically, but human participation is not completely excluded. An important feature of the 9K720 OTRK is the presence of two missiles at once on one launcher. Two more products are on the transport-loading vehicle and can be loaded onto the launcher. According to the standards, an overload of one rocket takes 16 minutes.
Ballistic missile
The first for the Iskander OTRK was created a surface-to-surface ballistic missile of the 9M723 type. It is a single-stage solid-propellant rocket with an integral warhead, which has a guidance system based on inertial and satellite navigation. It is also known about the development of several alternative homing heads, determining the target using radar or optical systems. The 9M723 rocket outwardly and in its design resembles the ammunition of other domestic OTRK, but has a number of serious technical and operational differences.
First of all, it must be borne in mind that the 9M723 product is the so-called. quasi-ballistic missile. During flight, it is capable of not only moving along a given ballistic trajectory, but also maneuvering. On-board control systems allow you to perform some maneuvers in all parts of the trajectory, from the moment of launch to the fall on the target. Intensive maneuvering on the way to the target is one of the main ways to protect a missile from enemy air or missile defense.
Iskander on the way to the firing position
Maneuvers with significant overloads in the active phase make the trajectory of the missile unpredictable, which makes it difficult to intercept it with modern air defense and missile defense systems. In the ballistic section of the trajectory, interception is hampered by two factors. First of all, at this stage, the rocket rises to an altitude of about 50 km and goes beyond the zone of responsibility of air defense systems. In addition, the unpredictability of the trajectory associated with maneuvering, in turn, precludes the effective operation of modern missile defense systems.
Some sources mention that the 9M723 missile carries means of overcoming missile defense, similar to the equipment of intercontinental ballistic missiles. The product is capable of dropping false targets that interfere with enemy radars. It also mentions the presence of its own onboard electronic warfare equipment.
On the downward trajectory, the quasi-ballistic missile is capable of falling on the target almost vertically at a speed of more than 2 km / s, while simultaneously performing maneuvers with overloads of over 20 units. High speed, maneuvering and correct combat course sharply reduce the likelihood of successful missile detection, tracking and interception by modern air defense and missile defense systems designed to combat “conventional” ballistic targets.
The process of reloading missiles from a transport-loading vehicle to a self-propelled launcher
9M723 products can be equipped with different warheads designed to destroy various enemy targets. Point targets, including protected or buried ones, should be attacked using high-explosive and concrete-piercing monoblock warheads. To attack area targets, there are several options for a cluster warhead, differing from each other in the types of combat elements. The cartridge can hold high-explosive, cumulative, volumetric detonating and self-targeting anti-tank submunitions. There is also a special warhead in the form of a 50 kt monoblock.
The 9M723 quasi-ballistic missile is capable of delivering a warhead to a range of up to 280 km. Its improved version 9M723-1, included in the Iskander-M OTRK, according to various sources, has a range of 400 or 480 km. Thus, the 9M720 ballistic missile systems meet the requirements of the still in force Treaty on the Elimination of Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles. The circular probable deviation of missiles, according to various sources, does not exceed 10-20 m.
Cruise missile
In the course of further development of the basic Iskander OTRK, the Iskander-K system was created. Its main difference lies in the rocket used. A ground-based cruise missile was developed specifically for this modification of the complex. As before, the self-propelled launcher carries two missiles and is capable of using them almost immediately after arriving at the indicated position.
Complex operator at work
The basis of the Iskander-K complex is the 9K728 cruise missile, also known as the R-500. As follows from the available data, this product was created without taking into account developments on other Iskander ammunition, and is based on the experience of completely different projects. According to various versions, the 9K728 missile could be built on the basis of the S-10 Granat missile, products of the Caliber family, or even on the basis of the Kh-101 air-launched missile. Which of these versions is more true is not known for certain. Apparently, there is some commonality with modern cruise missiles of the "Caliber" complex, but the real degree of unification is not disclosed.
The R-500 product is a subsonic cruise missile with a turbojet propulsion engine. The rocket is equipped with an inertial guidance system with the possibility of correction based on satellite navigation signals. The autopilot is capable of guiding the missile to the target along the optimal trajectory, which provides maximum stealth and reduces the likelihood of successful enemy air defenses. However, there is not too much data on this score.
According to the available information, the 9K728 missile is capable of low-altitude flight with a rounding of the terrain. It is also possible to use a ballistic trajectory, which during the operation of the starting engine provides access to a great height. Further, the flight and exit to the target is carried out according to the optimal profile. In particular, it is possible to approach the target at a low altitude, sharply reducing the permissible reaction time of air defense and missile defense.
Iskander-K in combat position
It is not known whether the R-500 missile has any means of breaking through the enemy's defenses besides the correct flight profile. At the same time, it can be noted that the characteristic architecture of this product does not allow carrying a large stock of false targets. It is also not entirely clear whether there may be a jamming station on board the missile.
The cruise missile for the Iskander has a range of up to 500 km - this parameter is limited by the requirements of the INF Treaty. However, foreign experts and politicians are not inclined to trust the official Russian data. They express doubts on the basis of which the real accusations are based. According to various estimates, the actual flight range of the 9K728 / R-500 product is much higher than the declared one. The most daring assumptions bring this parameter to 2000-2500 km. The consequence of this is accusations of violation of the INF Treaty, since this agreement prohibits the development and production of ground-based missiles with a range of more than 500 and less than 5,500 km.
However, the 9K728 missile of the Iskander-K operational-tactical complex is not the most popular reason for criticism. In this context, US politicians are much more interested in the Russian 9K729 missile, which, allegedly, also does not comply with the terms of the INF Treaty.
9M723 quasi-ballistic missile launch
Benefits and threats
Within the framework of the project with the Iskander code, Russian designers have created a unique operational-tactical missile system, or rather, a whole family of such systems. The entire line of complexes is based on the same ground vehicles, including a self-propelled launcher and a set of auxiliary vehicles. The unified combat vehicle is capable of using ballistic and cruise missiles of several types, differing in their purpose and capabilities.
Last year, the leadership of the Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau, which developed the OTRK 9K720, revealed interesting information about the Iskander-M project. It turned out that by now as many as seven missiles of various types and purposes have been developed for this system. Perhaps it was about already known products and their modifications, but even in this case, the published data looks extremely interesting. They directly indicate the potential and combat qualities of the OTRK, as well as its ability to influence the military-political situation.
The Russian army is armed with a universal missile system capable of attacking and destroying various enemy targets at operational depth using missiles and warheads of a number of types. In fact, we are talking about a universal system with the highest possible and permissible characteristics. For example, the firing range of cruise and ballistic missiles is limited primarily by international agreements.
Launch of the R-500 / 9K728 cruise missile
Simultaneously with the maximum possible firing range, the Iskander complex is distinguished by the extreme difficulty of intercepting missiles in flight. In the development of ballistic and cruise missiles, both well-known and new ideas were used, which positively affected their capabilities to break through enemy air and missile defense. The means and methods of breakthrough were created taking into account the peculiarities of modern anti-missile and air defense systems, and therefore Iskander is one step ahead.
A mobile system with a firing range of up to 500 km and the ability to break through modern defenses naturally turns out to be a convenient military and political tool. With its help, in conditions of a real conflict, you can hit various objects of the enemy, leaving him almost no chance to reflect the blow. In peacetime or in a threatened period, the Iskander family's OTRK can be a convenient means of projection of force or even a threat designed to transparently hint at the views and opinions of the state.
In recent years, Iskander complexes have been deployed in a number of formations of ground forces based in different regions. The total number of complexes in the troops has long exceeded a hundred and, most likely, will increase. A highly effective military and political tool has been mastered by the troops and is capable of solving the tasks assigned to it.
Launching product 9K728 from a disguised position
Problems of the future
A possible break of the INF Treaty is currently being actively discussed. The American side cites violations by Russia as a reason for this. In search of accusations, foreign experts recall old estimates about the flight range of the 9K728 cruise missile, which is supposedly capable of flying further than the permissible 500 km.
If the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty breaks down, Russia will have to take appropriate measures. One of the consequences of the termination of this agreement may be the appearance of new types of American missiles in various European countries. In this case, the Iskander OTRK stationed in the western regions of Russia can become the answer to them. Their task will be to strike at the launch positions of a potential enemy - both retaliatory and, possibly, preemptive.
Abroad, they fear that the 9K728 cruise missile may be based on one of the existing sea or air-based products, and for this reason have a range above the limitations. This raises an interesting logical problem. If the accusations against the 9K728 missile are not groundless, and it really violates the Treaty, then as a result of the rupture of the latter, Russia "appears" with a new one capable of delivering strikes at long ranges. And all of this will happen before NATO can respond. However, for this it is necessary that the Iskander-K complex does not really comply with the current restrictions.
One way or another, already now operational-tactical missile systems of the 9K720 Iskander family represent a serious military and political argument that gives our country certain advantages in the international arena. Obviously, the further development of this line of complexes will allow you to maintain the desired capabilities, and with a certain course of events - to increase them. At the same time, the complex is unlikely to lose its potential even if the situation changes and the existing international agreements are abandoned. The Iskander will continue to be dangerous for a potential adversary, and therefore extremely useful for our country.
Based on materials from sites:
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/
https://defendingrussia.ru/
https://globalsecurity.org/
http://fas.org/
http://ria.ru/
http://tass.ru/
http://mil.ru/
http://militaryrussia.ru/blog/topic-816.html
http://military.tomsk.ru/blog/topic-304.html
SS-26 "Iskander" is a missile operational-tactical complex designed to eliminate targets of the area and small-sized type, which may be located deep in the operational location of enemy troops. The Iskander tactical missile system was destined to be created in an environment in which the 1987 Short-Range and Medium-Range Missiles Treaty was in force. In addition, there was a refusal to use nuclear weapons in the war of the opposing sides.
It was for this that the Iskanders were created, and taking into account the new requirements for them:
- The use of a warhead only with standard equipment;
- Refusal to deliver nuclear strikes;
- Guiding missiles along all their flight paths;
- High accuracy of firing;
- The likelihood of changing combat units, taking into account the types of targets to be eliminated;
- High level of automation of all processes.
The number of "Iskander"
Iskander, a tactical missile system, has been in service since 2010. At that time, six complexes were supplied to the military under the state defense order. The state armaments program provides for the purchase of 120 Iskander missiles by 2020. Since 2015, the Russian army has formed brigades in which the Iskander-M missile system is in service.
Some information from the history of the Iskander
"Iskander" was developed simultaneously with the help of several design bureaus and institutes. Nevertheless, the Kolomna Mashinostroenia Design Bureau was destined to become the parent enterprise. It is known for many legendary weapons, for example, "Tochka-U", SAM "Igloi" and "Arena", as well as many Soviet and Russian mortars.
The development of the Iskander began as early as SP Invincible, the legendary general designer. He took as a basis the very successful RK "Oku" for that period. It is known that it was the "Oka" that was the first in history that was able to pass through the missile defense system with a coefficient of almost one, which ensured a high probability of hitting the target. However, they were destroyed under the 1987 agreement between the USSR and the United States. Valery Kashin, the current general designer and head of the Mashinostroyenia Design Bureau, was entrusted with new developments.
KBM set the task: the new complex must destroy any targets, motionless or mobile. And this is with the main requirement - the highest degree of missile defense penetration with target destruction, but without nuclear charges.
The passage of the missile defense was based on:
- Maximum reduction of missile dispersion surface. Their contours have become extremely streamlined and smooth;
- The outer surfaces were treated with a special radio wave-absorbing coating;
- Ability to quickly and actively maneuver, as a result of which the trajectory of the Iskander is unpredictable and missile interception is impossible.
No other operational-tactical and tactical missiles built on the planet have similar properties. In the process of development, the designers performed absolutely unique work. This led to a revision of many of the concepts included in the preliminary sketches of the project.
After the February 1993 Decree of the Russian President related to the development work on the Iskander M complex, a tactical and technical assignment was prepared. It indicated new approaches to the construction of complexes, as well as the optimization of all solutions.
For this reason, Iskander M had to become a completely new complex, and not a modernized old one. The complex has become the focus of numerous advanced domestic and world scientific achievements. Climatic, flight and bench tests had to drag on for many years. Basically, everything was carried out in Kapustin Yar, but some were also in other regions of the state.
The middle of autumn 2011 was marked by the completion of the first stage of tests carried out with the Iskander-M missile system, which ended with the receipt of new combat equipment. The 9M723 missiles had excellent characteristics, as well as a new, correlation guidance system.
Possible targets
Iskanders can strike at:
- Missile systems, multiple launch rocket systems, long-range artillery;
- Anti-missile defense and air defense systems;
- Airplanes and helicopters at airfields;
- Command posts and communication centers;
- Especially important objects in the civil infrastructure.
Characteristic features of "Iskander"
The characteristic features of the Iskander are:
- Presence of high-precision effective destruction of a wide variety of targets;
- Stealth in carrying out combat duty, in preparation for launch and in delivering strikes;
- Automation of calculations and inputs of flight missions to missiles on launchers;
- High potential in the performance of combat missions in an environment of active countermeasures by the enemy;
- High level of operational reliability of missiles, trouble-free launch and flight;
- High level of tactical maneuverability;
- High level of strategic mobility;
- High level of automation of processes in the combat control of missile subunits;
- Fast processing and timeliness of bringing intelligence data to the necessary levels in management;
- Long service life and convenient operation.
Combat characteristics
The combat characteristics of the Iskander are called:
- Circular deviation probability: 1-30 m;
- Missile launch weight - 3 800 kg;
- Length - 7.2 m;
- Diameter - 920 mm;
- Warhead weight - 480 kg;
- The speed of the missiles after the initial section of the trajectory is 2100 m / s;
- The minimum target destruction range is 50 km;
- Maximum target destruction range:
- 500 km - Iskander-K;
- 280 km - Iskander-E.
- Time to launch the first rocket 4-16 minutes;
- Interval between starts: 1 min;
- Service life: ten years, including three years in the field.
Elements that make up the "Iskander"
The main elements that make up the Iskander are:
- Rockets;
- Self-propelled launchers;
- Transport and loading machines;
- Routine maintenance machines;
- Command and staff vehicles;
- Data preparation items;
- Arsenal equipment kits;
- Educational and training means.
Self-propelled launchers - designed for storage, transportation, preparatory work and launches on targets of two missiles (in the export version of one missile). Self-propelled launchers can be made on the basis of special wheeled chassis, which are produced at the Minsk Wheel Tractor Plant. The tractors have a total weight of 42 tons, a payload of 19 tons, a travel speed of 70 km / h on highways, 40 km / h of dirt roads, and a fuel reserve of up to 1000 km. The combat crew includes three servicemen.
Transport-loading vehicles are designed to transport an additional pair of missiles. The transport and loading vehicles are based on the MZKT-7930 chassis and are equipped with loading cranes. They have a total combat weight of 40 tons and a crew of two servicemen.
Command vehicles - designed to control all processes in the Iskander complexes. They are based on the KamAZ-43101 wheeled chassis. The combat crew includes four servicemen.
Characteristic features possessed by KShM:
- The maximum range of radio communication on site is 350 km, on the march 50 km;
- Estimated mission time for missiles up to 10 s;
- Time of command transmission up to 15 s;
- The number of radio communication channels - 16;
- The time of unfolding (folding) up to half an hour;
- The time of continuous work is up to two days.
Routine and maintenance machines are designed to control instruments, missiles, on-board equipment and to carry out routine repairs. They are located on the KamAZ wheelbase. They have a mass of up to 14 tons, deployment time no more than 20 minutes, the time of automated cycles of routine checks of onboard missile equipment - 18 minutes, a combat crew of two servicemen.
Data preparation points are designed to determine the coordinates of targets and prepare data for missiles in order to transmit them to the SPU. Data preparation points are integrated with intelligence assets and can receive missions from any source, including satellites, aircraft or drones. There are two servicemen in the combat crew.
Life support vehicles are designed for rest and food intake by combat crews. They are located on the wheelbase of KamAZ-43118. The machines have: compartments for rest and compartments for household supplies.
The Iskander missiles are solid-propellant, single-stage, with non-detachable warheads in flight, guided and maneuverable missiles along the entire length of difficult-to-predict flight paths. The missiles maneuver especially smartly at the start and end phases of the flight, where they approach targets with high G-forces.
This is due to the need for interceptor missile flights to intercept Iskander missiles with overloads two to three times greater, which today is considered almost impossible.
Most of the flight paths of the Iskander missiles were performed using stealth technology with small reflective surfaces. The "invisible" effects are provided by the combined design features of missiles and their surface treatments using special coatings.
The launch of missiles on targets is used using an inertial control system. They are subsequently captured by autonomous correlation-extreme optical homing heads. The missile homing system operates on the principle of forming images by optical devices in the target area, which are compared by the onboard computer with the data entered into it.
Optical homing heads are distinguished by an increased level of sensitivity and resistance to existing electronic warfare means. Thanks to this, it is possible to launch rockets on a moonless night without additional natural illumination and to eliminate moving targets within a radius of two meters. Today, such tasks, except for Iskander, cannot be solved by any other similar missile systems on the planet.
It is interesting that the optical homing systems used in rockets do not need to correct the signals generated by space radio navigation systems. The complex of using inertial control systems with satellite navigation and optical seeker systems has made it possible to create missiles that can hit target targets in almost any possible situation. Homing heads installed on Iskander missiles can also be installed on other missiles. These can be different ballistic and cruise missiles.
Varieties of warheads "Iskander"
The main types of Iskander warheads are:
- Cassette, with fragmentation warheads of non-contact explosions. They can be triggered at a height of approximately ten meters above the ground;
- Cassette, with cumulative fragmentation submunitions;
- Cassette with self-aiming combat elements;
- Cassette, with a volume-detonating effect;
- High-explosive fragmentation;
- High explosive incendiary;
- Penetrating.
Fifty-four combat elements are located in cluster warheads.
All Iskanders are integrated with a wide variety of reconnaissance and control systems. They are capable of receiving information about designated targets from satellites, reconnaissance aircraft or unmanned aerial vehicles at data preparation points. They are used to calculate flight missions for missiles and carry out preparatory work on reference information for missiles.
Through radio channels, this information is broadcast and received by the command and staff vehicles by the commanders of battalions and batteries, and then by launchers. The missile launch command is carried out from command and staff vehicles. In addition, senior artillery commanders can also command using command posts.
Placed missiles (two) on each self-propelled launcher and transport-loading vehicle significantly increase the firepower in missile divisions. In addition, there are one-minute intervals between missile launches for a wide variety of targets, while ensuring high fire efficiency. Given the high efficiency, as well as the totality of its combat potential, the Iskander operational-tactical missile system is destined to become the equivalent of nuclear warheads and a reliable non-nuclear “shield of the Motherland”.
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