For example, the difference between Chinese or Arab dialects may be greater than between these two languages. But some features are allocated - primarily a peculiar phonetic color of Portuguese, some grammatical features. In most cases, Portuguese begin to be interested after mastering the foundations of Spanish. A comparative analysis of the grammar of these two languages \u200b\u200bis the theme of several specialized textbooks. Comparative analysis is complicated by the geographical and dialect picture of both languages.
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The similarity between the Spanish and Portuguese is explained by their overall etymology, practically parallel development from the folk (vulgar) Latin, spreading in the Iberian Peninsula during antiquity and constant neighborhood on both continents of the mass distribution of these languages. Of course, in the time of antiquity, the difference in the substrate, led to the allocation of the Portuguese language, was discovered. Thus, the North-West of the Iberian Peninsula - Galicia (the famous Motherland of Portuguese), which was at a significant distance from Italy, was colonic much later than the east and southern coast. Here, besides, the Celtic substrate was strong, as well as in Gaul. He explains the marked "Nomanskoye" sound of Portuguese, strongly rapping it with French and Catalan (in which the reduction of sounds and intensive nasalization), rather than with more "traditional" Spanish, Italian and Romanian languages. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe formation of Spanish dominated the influence of the Basque language, which does not have the above trends.
Middle Ages
The place of formation of the Spanish (Castile) language was the Valley of the Ebro River to the Pyrenean Mountains to the North, and the Portuguese-Galician language - the extreme northwest of the peninsula. Most of the peninsula, however, was the area of \u200b\u200bspreading a Mojarabian language - archaic, rather conservative, impregnated with Arabica nominations. During the reconquists, the Kingdom of Portugal not only has become an independent political and administrative education, but also expanded its ownership to the south.
It is curious that the Motherland of Portuguese - Galicia, was under the rule of the Spanish crown. On the territory controlled Portugal, Portuguese has quickly displaced Arabic, Mosarabian, and then Latin in official written documents and by the end of the XIII century became the only written and oral language of the state. Castilsky in the kingdom of Spain was also similar to Mosarabsky, Arabic and other Romanesque dialects only by the end of the 15th century, surrounding the Aral Portuguese and Catalan languages. It is also necessary to notice that the fate of the Portuguese language could be completely different, especially considering the fact of incorporating Portugal and all its colonies to the Spanish monarchy in the city. However, the difference in the cultures of two peoples led to the collapse of the Union in the city.
Vocabulary
Over 90% of modern vocabulary in Spanish and in Portuguese has a romance origin. Nevertheless, some reservations should be made. Spanish, longer (at least until the 15th century) in contact with Arabic, largely absorbed many Arabis, which in Portuguese (and the reconquist in Portugal was completed by the middle of the XIII century) were either replaced by Romanesque roots, lynism, or outdated ( alfombra. - tapete., albañil. - pedreiro.).
In addition, in the medieval period, with all the community of vocabulary, there was a tendency to some differentiation of the sample of roots for some of the most common words in these languages \u200b\u200b( ventana. - janela , gracias. - [Email Protected] , ayer - OnTEM., olvidar - esquecer., [Email Protected] - [Email Protected] , temprano - Cedo., perfecto - Otimo., [Email Protected] - cão., creer. - achar., pero. - mas., calle - RUA, quadar - ficar, neceSitar - Precisar). In most cases, discrepancies are explained by the dialectful nature that manifested themselves in People's Latin in the late Tartal period.
Word Spanish Portuguese Etymology carpet alfombra. tapete. arabsk. Template: Unicode., Latinsk. tapēte. knee rodilla. joelho. latin. rŏtella, genucŭlu street calle. rUA latin. callis., [via.] ruga. window ventana. janela latin. vĕntu., jānuella. erase borrar. apagar. westgothsk. borra., Latinsk. adpācāre forget olvidar esquecer. latin. oblītare., excadĕscere The sample of the roots of words, however, is not opposed to clearly, as both roots are often presented in both languages, but they are differentiated stylistically or semantically: Obrigado-Graças, Can, Hallar, Mas-Porém, Procurar. Thus, noticeable differences are observed rather not in the sample of the roots, but in the frequency of one or another root in this semantic / stylistic environment. So affirmative particle sI, frequency in Spanish, is present in Portuguese in the form sIM.However, it is consumed less often because in Portuguese (as in the classical Latin) for the affirmative answer, the recurrence of the verb is used in a given question (considered as archaism in the general context). The answer is simple sIM. Stylistically marked (ignorant, reluctance to continue the conversation).
Verbs empezar (Synonym comenzar) I. cambar There are only in Spanish. Portuguese has only começar. and mudar. (cambio. Used as a noun). Mudar. (change) I. cambar (move) In Spanish, semantically differentiated. On the other hand, in Portuguese, semantic differentiation between cre. and acreditar. Acreditar Available in Spanish, but not used in colloquial speech in value believes.
Subsequently, some lexical differentiation occurred in the field of borrowing, as in its desire to distance themselves from Spanish, Portuguese literary figures appealed to French and English languages. In modern Spanish, like, for example, French, moreover, a natural tendency to the limited use of the Britishness, their assimilation and replacement of romance roots is more pronounced. American variants of both languages \u200b\u200bare even more exposed to Anglicisms and Americanism, however, here are less in Spanish than in the Portuguese of Brazil.
Grammar
The grammar of both languages \u200b\u200bis similar in general terms: the loss of the Latin Padden system of nouns and adjectives with the rescue preservation of the wealth of verb forms (both flexive and developed analytical). The main differences between the languages \u200b\u200bin this area are affected by some times: Portuguese retained the archaic classical form of the plumperfect; In Spanish, this form switched to the discharge of the subjunctive ignition, its use in the plug-in value is strongly limited. In Portuguese, the future of the subjunctive inclination is widely used, extremely rare in Spanish. Also in Portuguese, structures with autonomous infinitive are common. Here, however, it is appropriate to note the differences between European and Brazilian options. The latter is more pronounced by the Spanish influence, due to the surroundings of the Hispanic countries, Spanish immigration (in Southern Brazil), alternate Spanish-Portuguese property (acry, Uruguay, etc.), Spanish-Portuguese Ulya -1640, as well as existence Mixed Spanish-Portuguese Language Portunol.
In Spanish, on the contrary, analytical forms of times denoting duration are more common. Compare: Sp. estoy Escribeldo. Braz. estou Escrevendo. and Europe. port. estou a escrever..
Visituted and differing forms of articles in both languages. And if the differences between female (a, as - la, las) forms can be explained by phonetic evolution, then the male form of Portuguese articles about Perhaps (as in Romanian) dates back to the index pronoun hoc.
Phonetics
Of course, the most significant differences in the phonetic appearance of two languages \u200b\u200bare most significant, and the differences are also complicated by a pronounced geographical differentiation within languages, especially their European and American options (and for Portuguese - even African and Asian options). Unlike vowels, consonants in Portuguese are more stable. Their allophones have either optional (s\u003e Š, z\u003e ž), or regional character (dži). Spanish language, on the contrary, with vowel stability, demonstrates the wealth of an allophonic series of consonants, which has a positional variability regulated in the literary language.
Openness and closures of vowels
Classical Latin distinguished long and brief vowels. In Spanish, these differences did not find their continuation, simplifying to the simplest five-metepic composition (A, E, O, U, I).
In Portuguese, Latin differences in longitude and shortness have passed in openness and closedness (especially for e. and o.), although with significant rearrangements that do not always correspond to these ethology. Moreover, in Portuguese pour nasal vowels and nasal difongs, formed at the joints of simple vowels with sonorous m. and n.. Such phenomena of Neromanian origin did not find reflections in Spanish: canción.-canção., cAN-cão., mano.-mão..
Unlike Spanish, Latin's impasshed in Portuguese about and e.who have passed in Spanish in uE., iE (Lat. form \u003e Port. fora \u003e Span. fuera.; Lat. quero. \u003e Port. quero. \u003e Span. quiero.). Despite this, Portuguese unstressed vowels are subject to severe reduction ( o. > u., but > ə , e. > i.). It is extremely uncharacteristic for other Romanesque languages \u200b\u200bat the present stage. Portuguese ə It may be observed and under stress, for example, before nasal consonants: Cama bed.
Consonants
In both languages, the intervocal t. in d. (amatum. > amado.) and the loss of the intervocal D, G. ( magis. > más., mAIS.). Unlike Spanish, in Portuguese preserved f. in the initial position ( filho., but not hijo.as in Spanish).
Spanish and Portuguese have special energy. Impulsive, temperament, at the same time melodic and rhythmic. Those who are not familiar with these languages \u200b\u200band perceives them only as a beautiful combination of sounds, often it seems that they are the same. But this opinion is wrong. Each of them has its own grammatical, phonetic and lexical features that need to be considered in the learning process. In this article, we will get acquainted with Spanish and Portuguese, we define their similarities and differences.
From history to modernity
Spanish and Portuguese language belongs to the Roman-German group. According to the prevalence rating, Español ranks fifth, and Portuguese is seventh. This arrangement is due to historical origin of languages: initially Portuguese based on the basis of Spanish, in his traditions of oral speech to the X century they were the same. And only then began to distance themselves, highlighting individual features, speech and phonetic nuances.
Today, in the study of Spanish and Portuguese, experts recommend starting from Spanish and then complement the knowledge base with a smooth transition to Portuguese.
Stages of formation
Spanish and Portuguese are based on Latin, but in another - "folk" - form. After the XII century, the languages \u200b\u200bbegan to actively mutate, absorb the dialectical features of the geography of distribution, borrowing. So, in Español a lot of words and background of Arabic origin. With PORTUGUESE, these phenomena took place less pronounced - the reconquist ended earlier, and the language did not have time to absorb Arabisms.
If we talk about modern Spanish and Portuguese, it is possible to distinguish the abundance of agencies, which confidently entered into speech, replacing the outdated Latinians of Arabisms.
What is the difference between Spanish from Portuguese?
We highlight 4 the main characteristics that share languages \u200b\u200bon phonetic, grammatical and lexical features.
Miscellaneous geographical origin
A place in which one or another naming is an direct impact on its development. Referring to one group, Español and Portuguese have significant differences. This is primarily due to territorial and historical signs. The homeland of Spanish is the northern part of the Pyrenees, the coast of the Ebro River. Portuguese originated and actively spread to the North-West, the Iberian Peninsula.
- In Spanish phonetics, more similar features with Italian and Romanian. Portuguese is isolated, absorbed the effect of Celts (during the period of colonization).
Lexical changes
They are due to the desire of Portuguese to separate from Spanish, approach English and integrate its phonetic features. The first wave of infusion of anglence began during the period of literary development - in the XV-XVI centuries. Modern Español, on the contrary, lifestically imparts in his speech system of British and Americanism, preferring conservative phonetic features.
Grammar does not have strong differences
In both languages, the wealth of verb forms has been preserved (among which they are used today as historical and arising in the process of speech development), the Latin case of the case has changed to Romanesque.
"The main differences are expressed in the times of verbs. In Portuguese, the initial form of the Plussumperfect has been preserved, and in contemporary Spanish it is used as a subjunctive inclination."
Also in Español, the future time of the aforementioned subjunctive inclination is practically not used, whereas in Portuguese it is the opposite in demand. The same tendency and an autonomous infinitive that did not find significance in Español and gained popularity in Portuguese. Different forms of verbs are used. For example: Spanish Empezar in Portuguese is replaced by Começar.
In phonetic stricture
The most significant differences. As mentioned at the beginning of the article, these sound mutations are due to historical facts and geography of origin. In modern linguistics on the development of Spanish and Portuguese, other facts are influenced: for Español - differentiation with European and American features, Portuguese - Asian and African. To more extent, phonetic mutations relate to vowel sounds. The consonants are less susceptible to phonetic changes.
Difficulties of studying the Spanish and Portuguese
Denote 7 points, which during the study of Español and Portuguese should pay special attention.
Phonetic aspect
Spanish vowels do not differ according to the degree of openness, whereas in Portuguese on transcription closed ô and open ó are pronounced in different ways.
- One of the brightest features of PORTUGUESE, which reduces it in phonetics with French, is the nasalization of consonants (pronunciation through the nose), which is not in Español. Of the features that are in Spanish and not in Portuguese - this is the presence of difthongs: poder (able in both languages) -puedo (I can.) - POSSO (I can port.).
Orphography rules
Here again, let's say about the historic merger of Portuguese with French language features. One of the signs is a long sign, which in this case is used in three types, with different functions: indicates the emphasis and closes the vowel, opens the sound and denotes the compound of the articles of the pretext "A" and the female kind "A".
- The presence of a tilde above the letter denotes the nasal sound. In Spanish, there is only one diacritical sign that performs the role of the emphasis indicator.
Use artity
If Al and Del are organically merged in Portuguese artikley, then they are used in Spanish separately. Another important difference is to use in speech of attractive pronouns with articles and without.
- In Español, they are used without helpers, in Portuguese most often with an additional article: O Meu Amigo (port.) \u003d Mi Amigo (P.).
Nouns in the plural
In this plan, it is more difficult to portuguese: words with endings on ão, çÃo change in different ways, in accordance with a number of rules; The end on L in the plural acquires shape on IS. In Spanish, everything is much simpler: if the word ends onto the vowel - the end of S, at the end it is a consonant - the ES becomes completion.
Consumption of verbs with pronouns
In a pair with an infinitive and positive imperative in Spanish, the pronoun follows the verb - this is the only case of exception, in the rest - the pronoun always stands before the verb. In Portuguese, the pronoun is also coming after infinitive, but both change their shape.
- In the design with the imperative, the mandatory component - Diga-Me hyphen (in translation - tell me), in sentences with the statement of verb stands before pronoun, in forms with denial - on the contrary.
There are also options for integrating pronoun into the structure of the verb, when it becomes part of it: Chamar-Te-Ei (in translation - I'll call you).
Personal infinitiv
It is used only in Portuguese, its analogue is used in Spanish, consisting of personal pronouns and classical infinitive. Let us give an example from Portuguese: a Chuva Fez Meus AMIGOS Voltarem a Casa (translated - the rain made my friends break home).
Using the time of the future subchuita
In Spanish, such forms are not applied, steel archaisms are replaced by the construction of the present time. In the Portuguese subhead in circulation, it is used both in colloquial speech and academic style, business correspondence, scientific texts.
During the study of the language, pay attention to these moments and remember the differences.
How to quickly learn Spanish and Portuguese
Knowledge of any language is work, time and patience. Want to intensively delve into all the subtleties of Español and Portuguese - use our useful advice:
Decide with the way of learning
Efficiency Choose individually, under your abilities and financial capabilities. The fastest and efficient option is to work with a tutor that will carefully work out each topic, adjust errors and shortcomings, practicing speaking speech.
We are confident in your abilities - stay remotely through online services. This option is the most affordable, but more complicated in the assimilation of the new material.
Try to practice live speech every day
The easiest way to do this in the circle of like-minded people - in language courses. If you have chosen other learning options, find ways to communicate at home, in a circle of friends, at work.
The more you will talk to Español and Portuguese, the faster the intonation, emphasis, pronunciation features, learn how to make up your thoughts in words.
Make work on errors
To do this, make a notebook and write down all the problem points that arise in the course of study. Difficulties in use of times, verbs, transcription of words with stress and other points that require your attention. Browse the notebook and pronounce the correct pronunciation options.
Record your speech on the voice recorder
Do not hesitate to vote, it is important for you to hear whether everything is true in intonation and stress, as the phonemes sound, which nuances require refinement. Enough to take a book and press the start button. Read the page and play the record. So you will immediately feel weak points and understand what is needed to do.
Test your knowledge
Do not be afraid to make mistakes - their presence on the contrary talks about your diligence and aims. In order to really assess the level of their knowledge, constant control is required. It is not at all difficult. I studied theme - check yourself.
The possession of the Spanish and Portuguese will open up many opportunities. Traveling in Spain and Brazil will become saturated, impressive, atmospheric. You can independently think over the routes and do not depend on the guide. Learn the languages \u200b\u200bis not difficult, the main thing is to put the target and start.
In the modern world, Spanish and Portuguese are in the first top ten prevalence. In the amount they say more than 600 million people. And almost all that do not speak them note their similar sound.
This similarity is noticeable to the disciples from the first day of study. However, those who study the languages \u200b\u200bhave long or their carriers, know that they have significant differences.
Stages of formation
Two languages \u200b\u200bare based on People's Latin, the legacy of the Roman Empire. They both originated on the Pyrenean Peninsula, but began to develop in different directions after a series of historical events. However, these languages \u200b\u200blonger than the rest had common vocabulary and grammar and began to distance themselves only in the X century.
- The Spanish for the most part influenced the conquest of the Arabs peninsula in the VIII century. After that, the process started with historians reconqualized. For several centuries, the Spaniards and Portuguese tried to get rid of the influence of Muslims, and only in 1492 a point was put in this matter. Isabelle Castilskaya and her spouse managed to free the peninsula from the last influence of Arabs.
- Portuguese suffered from Arabic influence a little less, so few Arabisms in it. It was more influenced by French and Catalan languages.
What is the main difference
Of course, their resemblance to rumors are celebrated almost all students. However, there are significant differences that distinguish one of the other.
- Miscellaneous geographical origin
The main difference is that these languages \u200b\u200bdeveloped in different parts of the Pyrenean Peninsula. Although both were formed on the basis of vulgar Latin, which was distributed after the fall of the Roman Empire.
The homeland of Spanish is the Valley of the Ebro River, located north of the Pyrenean Mountains. But Portuguese originated in Galicia in the northwestern part of the peninsula.
Spanish also influenced Mozararabi, after the conquest of the Peninsula Arabs. Until now, there are Arabisms that have been preserved after many centuries. Spain got rid of Muslim's oppression only by the end of the XV century.
The Portuguese territory was not as susceptible to the influence of Arabs and became free from him in the XIII century. But the development of the language was influenced by Celty, they brought his sound to Catalan, as well as French. It can exactly, we can say that thanks to the proximity to French, it became phonetically richer than Spanish.
- Vocabulary
Spanish more closed for innovations - Americanism and Anglicizms are hardly driven in it. It has more Arabis, rather than in Portuguese. The Spaniards reluctantly go to inclusion in the language of new words and even use those that in Portuguese can only be found in the books.
Portuguese, in his desire to distinguish between Spanish, actively included new words. It was not so influenced by Mosarabian, but the influence of Latin remained. However, despite the differences, 90% of the lexical composition of these languages \u200b\u200bpractically coincide.
- Grammar
The main grammatical differences in the two of these languages \u200b\u200b- in verb times. Portugal language has retained the archaic form of the Plumcampecte, and in Spanish this form has become a subjunctive inclination. You can also note the differences in articles forms.
It is important to remember that the differences can be found in two PORTUGAL versions, which are divided into Brazilian and European. In Brazilian version, the effect of Spanish is more clearly observed. Again, this happened as a result of historical events - South Brazil was repeatedly subjected to her Spanish, then Portuguese influence.
- Phonetics
Perhaps the greatest differences can be found in phonetic strokes. Spanish language is characterized by a variety of allophonic rows of consonants with vowel stability. For Portuguese, on the contrary, the stability of consonants is characteristic. Another bright difference is the pronunciation of vowels through the nose. This is justified by the fact that the last more influenced French.
Common features
The main similarity of languages \u200b\u200bis their origin. They relate to the Romance Group and have 90% of the general lexic composition. They developed almost in parallel, so vocabulary and grammar are very similar. For example, both are similar to the variety of verb forms and the lack of a Latin caution system of nouns and adjectives.
Barcelona, \u200b\u200bSpain Difficulties of studying the Spanish and Portuguese
There is an opinion that, knowing one of these languages, the second to learn is much easier. It is so, but still, for the differences, it is worth paying special attention, it is they can cause difficulties at the first time of learning.
- Phonetic aspect
The close interaction of Portuguese with Celtic and Gallic, and Spanish with Arabic, brought differences in phonetics of languages. In Spanish completely disappeared the Latin separation for brief and long vowels. In Portuguese, this aspect moved into differences between open and closed vowels. It also remained shock O and E (they turned into UE and IE, respectively), borrowed from Latin.
- Orphography rules
The main difference in these languages \u200b\u200bin spelling is the presence of admisting signs in Portuguese. It has three types of fresh signs, and each carrying its function (for example, an open or closed sound). Tilde above the letter denotes the nasal sound. In Spanish, only one is used - it points to the emphasis.
- Use artity
Another significant difference is some forms of articles. Also spending pronouns in Portuguese are encountered with an additional article. But Spanish - without him.
- Multiple nouns
In this matter, Spanish is much easier - if the word is in the end of the word, then S, if the consonant is ES. In Portuguese for a plural, there is a whole set of rules that helps to correctly define the end.
Study of Spanish and Portuguese
It is better not to learn the two of these languages \u200b\u200bat the same time, as confusion may occur. Experienced students advise first to reach the level B1 at least in one before to start learning the second. It is worth remembering that with the simultaneous study of Spanish and Portuguese words can be mixed in the head.
On the household level, the Spaniards and Portuguese can understand each other - like, for example, Ukrainians and Russians. However, in more in-depth matters it should be noted that Portuguese and Spanish are distinguished by the presence of archaisms and Arabisms. In Spanish, such words are more, and in Portuguese they can only be found in books and dictionaries.
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Some languages \u200b\u200bare very difficult to distinguish with rumor, especially if you didn't try to teach them. And there is reasonably the desire to know - and what is the difference between them, what is the difference? Here, for example, Spanish and Portuguese, how do they dislike?
Definition
Portuguese - The language belonging to the Indo-European family, the Romance group. The basis for development was Galician-Portuguese.
Spanish - The language belonging to the Indo-European family, the Romance group. Originated in the medieval kingdom of Castile.
Comparison
Despite the greater similarity, both of these languages \u200b\u200bare distinguished by their specific features. At a minimum, in the historical plan, because they had a different distribution range - the Portuguese-Galician language dominated the extreme north-west of the Iberian Peninsula, while Spanish - in the Valley of the Ebro River to the Pyrenean Mountains to the north. Later colonization of the north-west of the peninsula and that more important - Celtic influence - led to a peculiar sound of the Portuguese language, bringing it closer with Catalan and French, rather than Romanian, Spanish and Italian.
As for the languages \u200b\u200bthemselves, the greatest differences affect the phonetics. Grammatics are fundamentally similar to rare exceptions regarding the use of times and articles. For example, in Spanish, analytical forms of times characterizing the duration are more common.
Some specifics have a vocabulary, despite the fact that a significant part of modern vocabulary and in Spanish, and in Portuguese has a general origin. The longer contact of Spanish with Arabic led to the appearance of Arabisians, whereas in Portuguese, they were either replaced by Latinami, or and are outdated at all.
Conclusions Site
- It belonging to one group, these languages \u200b\u200bhave a different area of \u200b\u200bhistorical distribution: for Spanish it is the Valley of the Ebro River to the Pyrenees Mountains to the North, for the Portuguese - the Last North-West of the Iberian Peninsula.
- Due to later colonization and Celtic influence, Portuguese has acquired a characteristic sound that distinguishes him from the Spanish, Romanian and Italian similar in this regard.
- The main differences between these languages \u200b\u200brelate to the phonetics.
- In grammar, the differences predominantly relate to the use of forms of times and articles.
- In the vocabulary, there is a greater availability of Arabisians in Spanish, which in Portuguese are replaced by Latinism, or switched to the discharge of anachronism.
It is not striking, do not shout about it on the streets. Each resident of Portugal attitude towards the Spaniards is most likely transmitted with Mother's Milk. It is difficult to call it hostile, but also for love is not very similar. As such a border between Spain and Portugal (there is no eurozone), so the Spaniards and Portuguese are often visiting each other. Differences can only be seen in car numbers and when communicating.
If you compare Spanish with Portuguese, then Portuguese is perceived by ear. It is softer, calmer in contrast to hot spanish spanish. The same "softness" confirms national music. Spanish Flamenco on the background of Portuguese "FADO" sounds defiantly, even aggressively.
It is possible that such a difference in people, cultures, their "quiet mutual dislike" has passed since Spain has occupied Portugal for about 100 years and now considers the last separated part of the Single Spain.
Portuguese live in real, and such a relationship can be envied. This is noticed not only by me - often the inhabitants of Portugal do not know about an important event that the whole world discusses. Everyone suits them in their own country, and about the "crisis we never heard." This more refers to the residents of the southern regions, which never went further in Lisbon or the same neighboring Spain, because it's just necessary ...
The differences were affected even in the national cuisine. And again in favor of Portugal. Go to Spain in the first restaurant with the national cuisine and get out of it satisfied will not be so simple, while in Portugal is heavier to find the "import" institution, and the kitchen is an order of magnitude superior to Spanish in the assortment of dishes and quality.
Lisbon departing from Lisbon, prices in restaurants will noticeably decrease and it is quite decent to dine will already be 10-12 euros instead of the metropolitan 20-30. The check includes wine and dessert with coffee. Both in Portugal as a national heritage. Having granted a thick espresso in Portuguese cafes, you will not remember this taste for a long time. No wonder the inhabitants of Portugal occupy the first place in Europe on the consumption of invigorating fragrant drink.
Good-natured Portuguese are always welcome to tourists, including from Spain, but "for the eyes" admit that with the same joy they say goodbye.
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