Physical deterioration (sometimes called material or technical) means the gradual partial or complete loss of a building or its element over time of its original qualities as a result of the influence of natural and climatic factors and human life, i.e. deterioration in performance and cost reduction. Physical wear and tear depends on the service life of fixed assets; material quality; raw materials from which the product is made (structure); intensity of use and technological processes; quality and timeliness of inspections and repairs; workers' qualifications; climatic conditions, etc. The intensity of physical wear and tear of the structure depends on the type of production: loads and conditions of detention; the impact on them of the forces of nature (temperature, humidity, etc.).
Obsolescence is a decrease in the replacement cost due to a decrease in reproduction costs or the difference in the cost of a building during the construction period and at the current moment (the first form, or the first kind of obsolescence). Obsolescence depends on scientific and technological progress. Technological aging causes the need to improve the improvement and modernization of the engineering equipment of buildings (the second form, or the second kind of obsolescence). Obsolescence can be talked about when more modern materials appear, elements of the improvement of a building (or apartment) or technical equipment that increase the cultural and everyday level of residents and reduce labor costs during the operation of the building. The emergence of effective building materials, structures or better architectural and engineering solutions does not lead to "obsolescence of the house" and the inexpediency of its further use.
The physical deterioration of a structure, element, system of engineering equipment (hereinafter referred to as the system) and the building as a whole should be understood as the loss of their initial technical and operational qualities (strength, stability, reliability, etc.) as a result of the impact of climatic factors and human life.
Physical wear and tear at the time of its assessment is expressed by the ratio of the cost of objectively necessary repair measures that eliminate damage to a structure, element, system or building as a whole, and their replacement cost.
The physical deterioration of individual structures, elements, systems or their sections should be assessed by comparing the signs of physical deterioration, identified as a result of visual and instrumental examination, with their values.
Notes: 1. If a structure, element, system or their section has all signs of wear corresponding to a certain interval of its values, then physical wear should be taken equal to the upper limit of the interval.
2. If only one of several signs of wear is detected in a structure, element, system or their section, then physical wear should be taken equal to the lower boundary of the interval.
3. If in the table the interval of values of physical wear corresponds only to one symptom, the physical wear of a structure, element, system or their sections should be taken by interpolation, depending on the size or nature of the existing damage.
4. The approximate scope of work to eliminate physical wear and tear, given in table 1-71, does not include related and finishing work to be performed during the repair of a given structure, element, system or their section.
Physical wear and tear of a structure, element or system with varying degrees of wear of individual sections should be determined by the formula
Ф = sum Ф -----,
where F is the physical wear and tear of a structure, element or system,%;
к Ф i - physical wear of a section of a structure, element or system, determined according to Table 1-71,%;
P - dimensions (area or length) of the damaged area, m2 or m;
i Р к - dimensions of the entire structure, m2 or m;
n is the number of damaged areas.
Examples of assessing physical wear and tear are given in reference annex 1.
The physical deterioration of the building should be determined by the formula
Ф = sum Ф х l,
where F is the physical deterioration of the building,%;
З Ф к - "" of a separate structure, element or system,%;
l - coefficient corresponding to the share of replacement cost
i of a separate structure, element or system in the total replacement cost of the building;
n is the number of individual structures, elements or systems in the building.
The shares of the replacement cost of individual structures, elements and systems in the total replacement cost of a building,%, should be taken according to the enlarged indicators of the replacement cost of residential buildings, approved in the prescribed manner, and for structures, elements and systems that do not have approved indicators - according to their estimated cost.
The average shares of the replacement cost of the enlarged structural elements of the building are given in the recommended Appendix 2.
Numerical values of physical wear and tear should be rounded: for individual sections of structures, elements and systems - up to 10%; for structures, elements and systems - up to 5%; for the building as a whole - up to 1%.
For layered structures - walls and coatings, systems of double assessment of physical wear should be used: according to the technical condition (Tables 14, 40) and the service life of the structure. A higher value should be taken for the final assessment of physical wear and tear.
The physical wear of a laminated structure in terms of service life should be determined by the formula
Ф = sum Ф x К,
Determination of the physical deterioration of the building as a whole
When examining a large-panel 5-storey residential building, the physical deterioration of all structural elements was assessed and data was obtained on the assessment of the physical deterioration of gas equipment, which was carried out by a specialized organization.
The specific weights of structural elements and engineering equipment are taken in accordance with Coll. N 28 "Aggregated indicators of the replacement cost of residential, public buildings and buildings and structures for public utilities for the revaluation of fixed assets", M., 1970.
The results of assessing the physical deterioration of elements and systems, as well as determining their share in terms of replacement cost.
Physical deterioration. The criterion for assessing the technical condition of the building as a whole and its structural elements and engineering equipment is physical wear and tear. In the course of many years of operation, structural elements and engineering equipment under the influence of physical, mechanical and chemical factors constantly wear out, their mechanical and operational qualities decrease, and various malfunctions appear.
All this leads to the loss of their original value. Physical deterioration is a partial or complete loss of their original technical and operational qualities by building elements.
Many factors affect the time it takes for a building to reach the maximum permissible physical wear and tear, at which the further operation of the building is practically impossible. The maximum physical deterioration of the building is 70%. Such buildings are subject to demolition due to dilapidation.
The main factors affecting the time the building reaches the maximum permissible physical wear and tear are:
The quality of the building materials used;
Frequency and quality of the repair work carried out;
The quality of technical exploitation;
The quality of constructive solutions for major repairs;
The period of non-use of the building;
Population density.
When a building is not in use (an evacuated building), physical wear and tear increases several tens of times faster than during normal operation of a populated house. A significant impact on the growth of physical wear and tear of the resettled building is exerted by the changed thermal and humidity regime inside the building, which leads to an accelerated destruction of structural elements and engineering equipment.
The physical deterioration of a residential building determines the type, volumes and costs of capital repairs. Assessment of the condition of the building, depending on the general physical deterioration, is presented in Table. 1.
To solve specific problems of modernizing old residential buildings, it is not enough to know the general physical deterioration of the building, which is determined by adding the data of the physical deterioration of individual structural elements according to the share of the replacement cost of each of them in the total cost of the building. To do this, you need to know the technical condition (wear) of the main structural elements that cannot be replaced (foundations, walls, stairs, reinforced concrete floors) and their residual service life.
So, the foundations of the building work in better conditions compared to the walls, and for them the interval of physical wear and tear is taken as 20%, and signs of physical wear are indicated for average values.
The wear of more valuable structural elements is indicated with an interval of 10%, and signs are given for extreme values.
Attention
Forecasting physical wear for a certain period of operation is of great practical importance. For permanent buildings, it is unrealistic to predict the entire service life, since it is impossible to predict the influence of all factors. The forecast of the development of physical wear for 10 and (with some assumptions) for 20 years seems to be quite reliable.
where If1 - physical wear and tear for a given year, IF.per. - physical depreciation for the year of revaluation of fixed assets, If1, If2 - increase in physical depreciation, respectively, for the 1st and 2nd decades, ^ 12 - the period after the last revaluation of fixed assets, years.
Table 2 shows the data of physical wear and tear of stone buildings of I and II capital groups.
Increase in physical wear and tear of stone buildings for the next two decades after revaluation of fixed assets,%
table 2
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Obsolescence. The depreciation of the housing stock also occurs due to obsolescence. Two forms of obsolescence of the means of labor and a reduction in the cost of production are established with the development of scientific and technological progress. The second form of obsolescence is that with the development of science and technology, new designs of machines and equipment are created that provide higher labor productivity.
Moral deterioration of the old housing stock is the devaluation of a residential building as a result of a decrease in the costs of socially necessary labor for the construction of a residential building in modern conditions, which is similar in volumetric planning solutions and internal improvement to previously erected houses as a result of an increase in labor productivity and a discrepancy between the volumetric planning and engineering design solutions that do not provide a modern level of living comfort compared to new construction.
This implies the following disadvantages:
Lack of hot water supply, garbage chute, telephone communication and elevators (when marking the entrance to the apartment on the upper floor above the level of the sidewalk or blind area of 14 m or more);
Wooden floors and partitions;
Lack of bathrooms;
The layout of the apartments is regular, but inconvenient for family settlement;
The average area of apartments in a house is more than 45 m2;
The layout is irregular, chaotic, multi-room apartments, in some places there is a discrepancy between the bathrooms on the floors.
The first form of obsolescence leads to a decrease in the initial cost of the housing stock, which is reflected in the replacement cost of the building and, consequently, in the reduction of depreciation charges for major repairs, i.e., in a decrease in the cost of housing services.
The replacement cost of a residential building is the initial cost of a building minus the value that reflects a decrease in the costs of socially necessary labor for the construction of a residential building in modern conditions, similar in volumetric planning solutions and level of comfort to previously erected buildings due to an increase in labor productivity.
In contrast to the first form of obsolescence, the second form causes additional capital investments necessary to eliminate technical and functional aging, which, in turn, contributes to an increase in depreciation charges for major repairs and complete restoration of modernized buildings.
Table 3
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Physical deterioration - the loss (by a structure, an element, a system of engineering equipment and the building as a whole) of the initial technical and operational qualities (strength, stability, reliability, etc.) as a result of the influence of natural and climatic factors and human life. Defects and damage to individual elements and the building as a whole are signs of physical wear and tear.
Physical deterioration depends on: the level of maintenance of the building, sanitary and hygienic factors (insolation and aeration), the quality of work during the construction of the building, number of storeys, the layout of the building, population density. The assessment of physical wear is necessary to compare the actual operation with the standard service life. Physical deterioration of the building is assessed in accordance with the requirements of VSN 53-86r "Rules for assessing the physical deterioration of residential buildings."
Determination of physical wear and tear of structural elements of a building according to the actual state
Buildings in the process of operation are exposed to aggressive environments of natural and man-made nature. As a result of these influences, there is a change in the initial properties of materials of structures and engineering equipment of buildings. To determine the possibility of further use of the structural elements of the building, it is necessary to know their physical wear and tear. Due to the increased accumulation of operational fatigue of structural elements, the building reaches a critical value of physical wear. At this stage, the question arises of the expediency of reconstruction or demolition of the structure.
Physical wear of the damaged section of the structural element Фк,%, is determined by the formula:
Fk =? Фi Рi / Рk, (5.1)
where Physical wear of a section of a structural element, taken according to the corresponding table,%;
Рi - the size of the damaged area, m2;
Рк - full size of a structural element, m2;
n is the number of damaged areas.
Physical wear of a structural element Ф,%, is determined as the arithmetic average of physical wear of all damaged areas.
Physical wear and tear of a residential building ФЗ,%, is defined as the arithmetic mean of physical wear and tear of all structural elements of the building.
The calculation of the physical wear and tear of the main structural elements of a residential building is summarized in tables.
Wear according to VSN 53-86R
Table 5.1.1
Foundations tape rubble concrete (VSN 53-86R, table 4)
Table 5.1.2
Brick walls (VSN 53-86R, table 10)
We accept an average physical wear and tear of 20%
Table 5.1.3
Brick partitions (VSN 53-86R table 21)
We accept physical wear and tear 30%
Table 5.1.4
Overlapping from prefabricated reinforced concrete flooring (VSN53-86R table 30)
We accept physical wear and tear 0-10%
Table 5.1.5
Reinforced concrete stairs (VSN53-86R table 35)
Table 5.1.6
Balconies and canopies (VSN 53-86R table 37)
We accept physical wear and tear 10%
Table 5.1.7
Wooden roofs (VSN 53-86R)
We accept physical wear and tear 20%
Physical deterioration is a natural process of deterioration of equipment characteristics during its operation under the influence of many factors, such as friction, corrosion, aging of materials, vibration, temperature and humidity fluctuations, quality of service, etc. The growth of physical wear leads to an increase in the likelihood of emergency equipment failures and to a decrease in the quality characteristics of products manufactured using this equipment, which leads to a decrease in the residual life of the entire product or some of its assemblies and parts.
There are the following types of physical wear and tear:
- mechanical wear, the result of which is a decrease in accuracy (deviation from parallelism and cylindricality);
- abrasive wear - the appearance of scratches and scuffs on the mating surfaces;
- crushing causing a deviation from flatness;
- fatigue wear leading to cracks, fracture of parts;
- jamming, which manifests itself in adhesion of mating surfaces;
- corrosive wear, manifested in the oxidation of the wearing surface.
For the reason that caused wear and tear, physical wear is of the first kind and the second kind.
Physical wear and tear of the first kind is called the wear that has accumulated as a result of normal use.
Physical wear and tear of the second kind is called wear caused by natural disasters, accidents, violations of operating standards, etc.
According to the flow time, continuous and emergency wear are distinguished.
Continuous wear is called a gradual decrease in the technical and economic indicators of an object with its correct, but long-term operation. One of the types of continuous wear is mechanical wear of assemblies and parts, which mainly affects the moving parts of machines and mechanisms.
Emergency wear due to external reasons is associated with personnel errors, sudden surges in supply voltages, and a discrepancy between the required and available consumables.
Hidden wear is called wear that does not directly affect the technical parameters of the equipment, but increases the likelihood of emergency wear.
According to the degree and nature of distribution, global and local types of wear are distinguished.
Global wear and tear depreciation is called that extends to the entire object as a whole.
Local wear is called wear, which affects various units and parts of an object to varying degrees.
According to the technical feasibility and economic feasibility of restoring the lost consumer properties, physical wear can be removable and irreparable.
Eliminate wear- wear, the elimination of which is physically possible and economically justified, i.e. depreciation, allowing the repair and restoration of the object from a technical point of view and justified from an economic point of view.
Irreparable wear and tear, i.e. wear, which cannot be eliminated due to the design features of the object or is inexpedient to eliminate for economic reasons, since the costs of elimination (equipment repair or replacement of parts or assemblies) exceed the increase in the cost of the corresponding object.
According to the form of manifestation, physical wear is technical and constructive.
Technical wear is called a decrease in the actual values of the technical and economic parameters of the object in comparison with the normative, passport data.
Wear is called constructive, which means the deterioration of the protective properties of external coatings.
Another manifestation of wear is the increase in manufacturing costs in terms of materials, energy, and maintenance and repair costs, which are significantly higher than the average cost for similar new equipment. Sometimes, with an increase in physical depreciation, an increase in costs does not occur and costs remain below average. This situation may indicate the presence of delayed repairs and an increase in hidden wear.
The amount of physical wear and tear of an object during operation depends on many factors:
- the degree of loading of the object, the duration of work, the intensity of use;
- the quality of the object - design perfection, quality of materials, etc .;
- features of the technological process, the degree of protection of the object from the external environment;
- operating conditions - the presence of dust and abrasive contamination, high humidity, etc.;
- quality of care;
- qualifications of service personnel.
As a result of physical wear and tear, the productivity of machinery and equipment decreases. This is primarily due to the increase in downtime caused by repair and maintenance, which reduces the useful fund of working hours. In addition, the wear of the machine from a certain point in time begins to affect a number of technical parameters, which also reduces the output. For example, metal-cutting equipment has a decrease in processing accuracy, as a result, more frequent checks and adjustments are required, and the yield of defective products increases. According to statistics, productivity drops to 25% over 10 years of operation.
The amount of physical wear depends on the service life and resource. The service life is measured by the calendar duration of the operation of machines and equipment until the onset of the limiting state, and the resource is measured by the operating time. For different types of equipment, standard service life has been established. However, the actual service life of machines varies greatly, as noted above, due to the influence of many factors: the intensity and mode of operation, the presence of peak loads, the quality and frequency of maintenance and repairs, the state of the environment, etc.
Equipment with wear up to 5% can be conditionally referred to as new, because in this state, it still has no visible defects and practically has not changed its technical parameters. Over time, the technical parameters begin to deteriorate noticeably, visible defects accumulate, the equipment begins to quickly become cheaper. Gradually, the rate of change in the cost of equipment decreases, it is suitable for further operation, but requires repair or replacement of short-lived elements already at this stage of operation. This situation persists for a long time, but, starting at some point, some parts and assemblies begin to fail, the technical parameters of the equipment deteriorate sharply, it begins to fall in price sharply.
During the transition to the stage of extreme wear, the product is not capable of performing a number of functions and may completely fail at any time. In the normative and technical documentation for each type of machinery and equipment, the criterion of the limiting state is indicated. A characteristic feature of this stage is the economic inexpediency of repairing the product in the event of its failure. This stage is absent in a number of products, for example, a nuclear reactor is dismantled without being brought to the limit state.
The working condition of any, even a very old machine, can be restored, therefore such machines can be operated much longer than their economic life, replacing the failing parts and assemblies with new ones.
At some point in time, the machine breaks down and can no longer perform its functions, its cost drops sharply to a certain level - utilization cost.
The process of development of physical deterioration proceeds unevenly and, accordingly, the cost of the object decreases unevenly.
Technological methods for determining physical wear and tear are based on inspection of the objects of assessment, testing in various operating modes, measuring parameters and characteristics, assessing the actual wear of the most important components, identifying and assessing external and internal defects and loss of commodity value. With the direct determination of wear, various tests of its technical parameters are carried out, while both all significant parameters of the operation of the product, and only the main ones, can be measured. For example, when testing machine tools, parameters such as the minimum and maximum spindle speed, maximum power, power consumption, vibration force of various nodes at various degrees of loading, electrical resistance of power cables are measured, and all parameters of a test product made on this machine are measured.
Moscow, "Russian Assessment", Editor V.P. Antonov
Like any asset, they are subject to moral and physical deterioration. And today in the proposed article we will consider one of its types. We will not touch on the whole topic of moral and physical wear and tear in a separate article due to its vastness. Let's talk only about one of its types - namely, physical wear.
Wear concept
Physical deterioration means the loss of a building, like any material object, of its original technical and operational qualities. This happens as a result of the impact of factors of natural and climatic origin and human activity. Being subjected to many years of operation, any structural element, like engineering equipment, is exposed to the complex effects of chemical and physical-mechanical factors. The result is a gradual loss of proper performance.
Under such a loss, it is customary to understand a decrease in the elements of the building's structure of indicators related to strength, stiffness, and resistance. The natural result of the loss of these properties is the aging of the building with its subsequent destruction.
In addition to a huge number of aggressive factors, wear and tear of any residential building depends on the range of local conditions available, as well as on how well the requirements for maintenance and operation are met. Among other things, the speed of this process is influenced by the quality of repairs and maintenance of the entire building as a whole and element by element.
About stages of wear
The physical deterioration of residential buildings is theoretically divided into two stages - removable and irreparable. The first is characterized by a deterioration in the performance indicators of a technical and economic nature. At this stage, their decrease is caused by the increasing number of failures in the functioning of elements of engineering systems and structures. The result is a shorter lifespan with increased maintenance and repair costs.
The main characteristic feature of irreparable wear and tear is the impossibility of further operation of the building in accordance with the conditions for ensuring safety requirements.
You should know that there are methods for assessing physical wear and tear, according to which a non-linear calculation of the parameters of its irreparable variety is possible. The degree of nonlinearity most often depends on the quality of operation. Speaking about the last factor, they separate the force of the impact of various loads, leading to a volumetric stress state, and the aggressive influence of the external environment.
What is an aggressive environment
Under the concept of aggressive is an environment, as a result of which it is possible to change the properties and structure of materials. The result is a permanent reduction in strength and structural failure. It is called corrosion. Those substances and phenomena that cause corrosion and destruction or contribute to their occurrence are called acting factors (stimulants). On the contrary, those of them, under the influence of which the process of corrosion and destruction can be slowed down, belong to passivators or
For example, the presence of warm humid air is a strong aggressive factor towards steel. At the same time, for concrete, it serves as a positive circumstance that increases the strength of the latter.
What is an aggressive environment
The nature of the destruction of building materials can be very diverse - chemical, physical, electrochemical, physicochemical. There is a special SNiP 2.03.11-85, which provides a classification of aggressive media with the degree of their impact. They can be gas, liquid and solid.
The former include compounds of sulfur, carbon, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, etc. Their aggressiveness is characterized by indicators of the type, concentration, temperature, humidity and solubility in the aquatic environment.
A corrosive liquid medium exists in the form of a solution of alkalis, acids and salts. And besides - petroleum, oils and solvents. The main indicators here are the concentration of the agent, temperature, head force and speed of movement. In a liquid aggressive environment, the corrosion process is especially intense.
Solid aggressive media include dust, various soils, etc. Indicators of their aggressiveness are dispersion, solubility in water, hygroscopicity and humidity. The role of active moisture in solid media is especially dangerous to underestimate.
Climatic and geological conditions in which the construction process is underway in our country sometimes make it difficult to find optimal solutions that can take into account all types of effects on the physical deterioration of objects, their durability, efficiency and other indicators. That is why it is important that the personnel of operating services take into account possible specific impacts on the structures entrusted to them.
How does the air environment affect physical wear
The negative influence of polluted air, especially when combined with high humidity, leads to accelerated wear, cracking, corrosion and, ultimately, the destruction of any building structure. Placed in a dry and clean atmosphere, concrete, stone and metal are able to retain their consumer properties for hundreds of years, which may indicate a weak aggressiveness or a complete absence of such an air environment.
The most intense air pollutants are fuel combustion products. That is why in the conditions of industrial centers and large cities there is 2-4 times more metal than in rural areas, where much less coal and oil products are subject to combustion.
Influence on wear of negative temperatures
Part of the structure (most often it is a plinth) is located in an area subject to variable humidification and periodic freezing. A negative temperature, in the absence of special measures, leads to freezing of moisture in soils and structural elements and has a destructive effect on the structure. Freezing and bulging of foundations can occur over a sufficiently long period of operation in the case of cutting off the soil near the foundation, moistening the latter and other factors. This could result in serious damage to the building.
When designing construction objects, measures for the repair and maintenance of structures are planned in advance. The upcoming deterioration, taking into account the mandatory implementation of the latter, refers to the normal physical deterioration of the building. Focusing on it, they calculate the standard period during which the building must function safely. For residential buildings, such terms are determined by the capital group.
What is meant by its size?
Determination of physical deterioration implies a quantitative assessment of the technical condition of those elements that make up a building. It shows the share of the damage incurred, the degree of loss of the original physical characteristics that meet the requirements of operation. Currently, there is a methodology for assessing physical wear and tear, according to which the latter is determined by adding the amount of wear of individual structural elements, determined according to the shares of their replacement cost in its total indicator for the entire building.
Determine the physical wear and tear, resorting to inspection. In some cases, the technique provides for a procedure for opening a number of structures. The percentage of physical depreciation, according to the tables related to this method, varies within 5%.
The table for assessing the physical deterioration of the building
Each degree of the technical condition of structural elements has certain signs of wear located at a certain interval. For example, the working conditions of foundations are different from those for walls. Accordingly, the data interval in the table is different for them. All indications of such wear are given on an average basis. More valuable structural elements are listed in the table indicating wear with a smaller interval.
The dynamics of wear, that is, its change in time relative to the actual operating time, is of serious importance in the process of using the housing stock. Different materials and structural elements of it can wear out differently under the influence of destructive and other factors. The objective difference in the degree of influence of the external environment on a particular structural element should also be taken into account. For example, the loads on the outer wall and the inner flight of stairs are incomparable.
Unfortunately, within the framework of this article, we are not able to fully give for our readers the composition of the mentioned table - it takes more than one sheet and consists of a huge number of positions related to the most diverse structural elements of the building. As an illustrative example, we can only offer one of its many parts, in this case concerning wall panels.
The relationship between the time factor and the amount of physical wear and tear is quite obvious. Timing factors are two main characteristics - the service life (actual age) of the building and the ultimate service life (durability). The latter, in turn, depends on the period of time during which the supporting structures are able to resist the process of loss of strength. Most often, the limiting service life corresponds to the standard, calculated according to
Note to the housing office
Provided that current repairs are carried out in a timely manner, buildings that have exhausted the standard service life, as a rule, are subject to physical wear, corresponding to the level of 75-80%. Obviously, overhaul and current repairs significantly affect its dynamics, that is, it slows down this process.
When it comes to the efficiency of the organization operating this publication, the assessment of the physical deterioration of the building obtained during the survey is taken into account, which cannot exceed that contained in the regulatory document. As normal operation, it is assumed that the whole range of work is carried out with timely repair and maintenance of the facility in proper condition.
Building depreciation graph
If you trace the physical deterioration over a certain period of time, taking the necessary measurements, you can get a graph of its change, from which the technical condition of the object will be seen throughout the entire operational period. Reducing the amount of wear in certain periods is facilitated by the replacement of individual structural elements (where possible) and timely overhaul.
Analyzing such a graph according to the rules for assessing physical wear and tear, it is possible to consider individual areas with the minimum and maximum indicators of this parameter. Moreover, we are talking separately about each of the operating modes below:
1. Zone of normal operation, in which capital objects are repaired, and elements are replaced on time.
2. The zone of maximum deviations, which is characterized by timely repair of the main structural elements (roofing, hot and cold water supply, heating, sewerage).
3. An area of unsatisfactory operation, when repairs are carried out on time only on two main structural elements.
4. Zone of unacceptable use, when no repair or replacement of elements is carried out.
Example: a five-story building
If timely repair work was carried out only on the main structural elements (roof, in the water supply, heating and sewerage system), the standard service life is reduced by 10%.
If such work was done only on a couple of structural elements, we can talk about a decrease by 21%.
Under conditions of natural aging, when no repair and replacement of elements are made, the reduction in the standard service life of such a building increases by up to 40%.
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