Currently, the problem of developing a tolerant consciousness has become especially acute, and textbooks in the humanities in primary school contain a minimum of information on this problem and a minimum of material for work, which, in my opinion, indicates the absence of a system in solving this issue. Therefore, in the classroom, the teacher should use every opportunity to instill in children a sense of respect for other people's way of life.
So, when studying history in the 4th grade on the topic “Adoption of Christianity in Rus',” it is necessary to acquaint students with the content and essence of three (of the four main) religions of the world: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, which allows us to more fully substantiate the reason for the adoption of Christianity in 988 by Prince Vladimir “ Red Sun."
Getting to know these religions can begin by identifying the architectural features of the temples.
Primary school students are fertile ground for international education, which is very important nowadays, so it is important not to miss the time when you can convey to children the idea that people different religions complement each other, enrich their inner and outer world.
Lesson objective: give children knowledge about the similarities of the religions of the world, about the common source of their origin.
The purpose of the lesson: patriotic education, instilling a sense of tolerance in children.
Equipment:
- images of Orthodox churches, Muslim mosques, Jewish synagogues;
- set of postcards “Cathedral of Christ the Savior”;
- textbook E.V. Saplina, A.I. Saplina “Introduction to History”, 4th grade M.: “Bustard”, 2002;
- notebook creative tasks E.V. Saplina, A.I. Saplin “Introduction to History” 4th grade, M.: “Drofa”, 2005; atlas “History of the Fatherland” grades 3-5, M.: “Drofa”, 2000;
- Holy books - Bible, Koran.
During the classes
1. Setting the lesson goal
Today we will take you on a short trip. We will visit different temples. Which temples have you already been to? We will begin our journey from an Orthodox church.
2. Reporting new material
Architectural features of Orthodox churches.
The teacher shows an image of the Orthodox Cathedral of Christ the Savior.
What is a Russian temple?
What geometric figure does it resemble? (Square.)
From the point of view of ancient peoples, a square is a symbol of what? (Symbol of earth.)
What completes the temple? (Domes.)
What geometric figure does the dome resemble? (Circle.)
From the point of view of ancient people, the circle is a symbol of what? (Sky.)
What conclusion can we draw? (The dome is also a symbol of the sky.)
How many domes do you see on the Cathedral of Christ the Savior? (5)
The number of domes can be different: one chapter - in honor of Jesus Christ, three chapters - in honor of the Holy Trinity, five chapters - in honor of Jesus Christ and the four evangelists, seven - the number of church sacraments: baptism, confirmation, repentance, communion, sacrament of the priesthood, sacrament of marriage, unction.
The teacher shows images of temples with varying amounts domes
It is very rare to find churches with 9 domes in honor of the meeting of the soul of a deceased person with angels of 9 ranks. Such a rare nine-domed one is the Dmitrov Assumption Cathedral, built at the expense of the Dmitrov prince Yuri Ivanovich, son of Ivan III in 1509-1533, and the Moscow St. Basil's Cathedral (Cathedral of the Intercession on the Moat), built under Ivan IV in honor of the capture of Kazan on October 14, 1552 . Children look at images of temples and their domes.
There are 13-domed temples in honor of Jesus Christ and the 12 apostles.
We will find an image of such a temple on page 3 of the atlas “History of the Fatherland”.
What is the name of this temple? St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv.
What are the domes topped with? (Cross.)
The sign of the cross is still in pre-Christian times in many religions was a symbol of the divine and a symbol eternal life, and with the adoption of Christianity, the Cross of the Lord includes these meanings and is for Christians a sign of the atoning sacrifice of Jesus Christ.
Working with a notebook. In your workbook on page 11, find the Orthodox church.
How did you determine that this was an Orthodox church? It resembles a square and has a dome topped with a cross.
What does an Orthodox church look like inside?
Postcards with interior decoration Cathedral of Christ the Savior.
The main part of the Orthodox church is altar.
The altar is the most important part of an Orthodox church. The word "altar" is Latin. The altar existed in pre-Christian times. In early Christianity, the altar was the table on which the sacrament was prepared. Only clergy or men can enter the altar during the rite of baptism. The altar is separated from the rest of the temple by a wall with icons - an iconostasis, which allows the clergy not to be distracted during the ceremony.
There are 5 rows of icons on the iconostasis. In the center are Royal Doors. From the entrance through the entire church to the royal gates there are royal way, which is marked on the floor with a different color or carpet.
Demonstration of a model of the iconostasis with the Royal Doors.
Working with the textbook.
Page 25. Top drawing. What is shown? Royal Gates.
Prove, confirm your words with lines from the text.
Bottom picture. What is shown? Orthodox church and bell tower.
Why is a bell tower built next to an Orthodox church? Christians are called to worship by the ringing of bells.
What does an Islamic mosque look like?
Working with a notebook. In the workbook on page 11, find the Muslim mosque.
The teacher shows a picture of a mosque.
How did you determine that this is a mosque? Mosques have a crescent moon.
The construction of Islamic religious buildings is based on a rectangular courtyard (similar to the square shape of an Orthodox church - a symbol of the earth)
What completes a mosque? Dome. (Similarity with an Orthodox church: the dome is a symbol of heaven.) What is the dome crowned with? Crescent. (For Christians - with a cross)
The word "Islam" means "surrender to God." In Arabic it sounds “Muslim”, this is where it comes from Russian word"Muslim".
What architectural similarities do we see in an Orthodox church and a Muslim mosque?
Quadrangular shape, dome with a religious symbol of a cross or crescent.
IN difference from Christian churches, in mosques there are no images of living beings (animals and humans). This has a deep religious meaning: not to be distracted from prayer directed to Allah.
The mosque is decorated with geometric and floral patterns and inscriptions in Arabic script.
A minaret is being built next to the mosque. Muslims call for prayer by singing from the top of the minaret. (For Christians - ringing bells)
Religious similarities in Christianity and Islam.
Do Christians have a God? Yes. Muslims? Yes. What is the name of the Muslim god? Allah.
Do Christians have a holy book? Yes, the Bible (Greek – collection of books). The holy book of Muslims is the Koran (Arabic - read by heart, recite).
Display and viewing of sacred books - the Bible and the Koran.
Arabian and biblical holy books have common roots. (Adam, Eve, Abraham - Ibrahim, Moses - Moussa.)
Do Christians have angels? Yes. Muslims? Yes. (Archangel Gabriel, in Islam - Jebrail).
Differences in Christianity and Islam, Judaism.
Christianity recognizes the trinity of deity: God is the Father, God is the Son, God is the Holy Spirit. Islam recognizes monotheism and considers Jesus to be the penultimate prophet. Jews consider Jesus Christ to be the last prophet.
Judaism.
Working with a notebook. In your workbook on page 11, find the Jewish synagogue. What architectural features can we identify in a Jewish synagogue?
The basis of the temple is a quadrangle, like an Orthodox church and mosque. The synagogue is also topped with a dome.
The teacher shows a picture of a synagogue.
There are no images of living creatures in the synagogue, only floral patterns and inscriptions (just like in mosques)
Judaism is the oldest of these three religions. The holy book of the Jews is the Bible.
Judaism was the first to proclaim monotheism. Judaism is the source from which Christianity (the most widespread religion) emerged. Based on the ideas of Judaism and Christianity, Islam emerged (the second largest in the number of adherents world religion). That is why these religions have so much in common, which means you can always find a common language when resolving any controversial issues.
3. Generalization
Images of temples are hung on the board (stand) for comparative analysis.
Which architectural similarities we see in an Orthodox church, a Muslim mosque, a Jewish synagogue?
At the base of the temple there is a quadrangle. The dome is a symbol of the sky. Cross, crescent, star are religious symbols.
There is no image of living beings in the mosque and synagogue, so as not to be distracted from prayer, but in a Christian church there is an iconostasis that fences off the altar from the rest of the church, so that nothing distracts the clergy during the ceremony.
Arabian and biblical stories have common roots. (Adam, Eve, Abraham - Ibrahim, Moses - Moussa.)
The main holy book: the Koran for Muslims, the Bible for Christians and Jews.
4. Summing up
What new did you learn today?
What conclusions can we draw?
People of different religions complement each other, enriching their inner and outer world.
Judaism, Christianity and Islam are religions close to each other, because have a lot in common.
5. Homework
Textbook, pp. 24-28, workbook, page 11.
References
1. E.V. Saplina, A.I. Saplina “Introduction to History”, 4th grade M.: “Bustard”, 2002;
2. O.A. Andreev. Spiritual revival of the individual through the analysis of world religions. Rostov-on-Don: “Phoenix”, 2003.
3. T.D. Sholokhova, G.N. Podshibyakin. Shrines of the Dmitrov land. Photo album. Moscow: Zhizn Publishing Group LLC, 2005.
Not only people can change religion. Over the course of history, mosques became temples, synagogues became mosques, and Christian monasteries became inhabited by Buddhists.
Magoki Mosque
The mosque was built from the 10th to the 14th centuries. The building is located in the Uzbek city of Bukhara, on the site of an old bazaar, where spices and idols were traded in ancient times. Archaeological excavations also speak of an ancient pagan sanctuary at this site. Local literature says that on the site of this mosque there was a Buddhist monastery, then a Zoroastrian Moon Temple, which was rebuilt into a mosque. Bukhara is the oldest city Central Asia, and indeed in ancient times there were Buddhist communities and fire-worshipping temples here. For some time, Bukharan Jews, before the construction of the synagogue, prayed in this mosque separately from the Muslims who visited it.
Synagogue del Transito
The oldest synagogue of Toledo is a city in the very center of Spain. Built in 1357. After the expulsion of the Jews from Spain, it became the monastery of San Benito, in which the knights of the Order of Calatrava prayed and lived. Today it is a museum.
Al-Sunna Mosque
The once numerous abode of Yemenite Jews, the synagogue in Jibla, was rebuilt into a mosque in the 16th century. Together with the mosque in honor of Queen Arva, it forms the dominant feature of the city.
Hagia Sophia
The main Christian cathedral of the Middle Ages, a symbol of the Byzantine Empire. Here in 1054 Patriarch Cerularius was excommunicated and a division of churches took place. So the cathedral became the main Orthodox church. For some time (1204-1261) it was under the rule of the Crusaders. After the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, Hagia Sophia became a mosque.
Seville Cathedral
Largest gothic cathedral in Europe, was built over a hundred years on the site of a mosque in the city of Seville. The cathedral is business card city, especially its main tower, the Giralda, rebuilt from a minaret typical of Arab countries North Africa. What remains of the Muslim building is a portal decorated with bronze plates, a courtyard and a fountain (first built by the Visigoths).
Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque
Located in Cyprus in the city of Famagusta. The temple in the mature Gothic style was built at the turn of the 13th-14th centuries by the kings who were descendants of the Crusaders. After 1571, the temple was turned into a mosque, which began to be called the “Magus Hagia Sophia.”
Intercession Cathedral in Vitebsk
IN early XIX century was built as a Catholic church. However, already in the middle of the century it was closed and rebuilt as Orthodox Church: domes were built and paintings were added.
Church of the Archangel Michael in Smolensk
The temple was built at the end of the 12th century in a style very significant for Polotsk-Smolensk architecture. This style arose under the influence of European Gothic and gave the building a “soaring” character. After the conquest of the city by the Poles in 1611, it served as a church for about a hundred years. Later it again passed into the hands of the Orthodox.
They're even amazing experienced tourists. It's hard to believe that this is the work of man. “Houses of the Gods” are huge and magnificent, designed to make you think about the frailty of existence and find peace of mind.
Sagrada Familia Cathedral has become a symbol of Barcelona (Spain), although construction has not yet been completed. It has been going on since 1882 and is financed only by donations from private individuals.
The architect of the temple, Antonio Gaudi, was a famous specialist in non-standard solutions, whose projects were ahead of their time and were truly fantastic. This is how the Holy Family Cathedral became. All covered in fancy curlicues, it looks like a huge rock in the middle of the square. But once you get closer, you can look at the structure for hours. Fragments from the Bible are carved into the walls. This was the genius’s idea - to create a unique architectural book.
When listing the most beautiful temples in the world, one cannot fail to mention St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. She is the heart Catholic world, such a miracle simply could not become an ordinary architectural monument. Over the course of 100 years, 18 popes supervised the construction of the cathedral. The design was carried out by 12 greatest architects, including Michelangelo and Raphael.
The size of a football field, it does not depress with its grandeur, but amazes. From the outside, the cross-shaped building looks like a castle with domes, but inside it is a real museum. Everything here is a work of art: altars, naves, statues, mosaics, columns. Tourists should go up to the famous statue of Peter on the papal throne and rub his feet. The saint's feet are already worn out by those who like to make wishes.
The most beautiful Orthodox churches
The Orthodox Church can also boast of architecture.
St. Basil's Cathedral in Russia there are 9 churches built on the same foundation. Many people know scary story about how Ivan the Terrible ordered the eyes of the masters to be gouged out so that they could never repeat such beauty again. The onion domes of the temple are especially stunning, with unique decoration and different patterns.
How many times the fate of the cathedral hung in the balance! Either the French wanted to blow it up in 1812, or party leaders tried to clear a place for parades, but it survived, although it remained a museum. Only occasionally are services held here.
Famous St. Andrew's Church in Ukraine – a representative of the Baroque. It was built on the terrace of a two-story building that stands on an artificial hill. Empress Elizabeth herself laid the foundation for the court church. According to legend, St. Andrew the First-Called erected a cross at this place and declared that God’s Grace resides here.
The church does not have a traditional bell tower that calls the townspeople to the service. For a long time There were no services held in it, because the heirs to the throne rarely visited here, and the church was royal. There is a legend that the sound of the bells can awaken an underground spring, which will finally flood the shrine.
The most beautiful Buddhist temples
Wat Rong Khun Temple in Thailand - an amazing snow-white fairy tale, which was created in 1997 by a famous artist. Halermhai Kositpipat spent 20 years collecting money from the sale of his works to build an all-white temple with glass mosaics. The structure surrounds a pond with white fish.
At sunset, this magnificence reflects the red rays of the sun, and during the day the beauty is simply dazzling. The temple is like a lace, all in curls, with interesting sculptures. Tourists note that the structure does not look like traditional Thai ones. If you are not interested in Buddhism, then you should definitely come here to take amazing photos.
Shwedagon Temple Complex in Burma differs from the traditional Buddhist architecture in color and splendor. In addition to the fact that the pagoda is one of the unique temples in the world, it is also one of the holiest for believers. Relics from various Buddhas are walled up under Shwedagon: a bowl, part of a tunic, a staff and 8 hairs. The famous pagoda does not have an entrance; it is a raised hill, lined with stone and brick, and covered with gold on top.
Silver bells hang on the spire to catch the wind. The entire top of the temple is strewn with emeralds, rubies, sapphires and diamonds. It has shrines that correspond to the days of the week. They believe that wishes come true if you leave gifts in the one that corresponds to your birthday.
The most beautiful Muslim temples
The mausoleum-mosque (India) ranks not only among the most beautiful temples in the world, but also among the most famous. Translated from Persian, the name of the tomb means “crown of all palaces.” Previously, the snow-white building was crowned with silver doors, the walls were decorated with pearls and gems. Such wealth has not survived to our time. But inlaid gems, fine painting and mosaics remained.
The Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jahan for his third wife Mumtaz. This is an amazing Indian story: the emperor met love in the market and, blinded by her beauty, stopped noticing the poverty around him. Mumtaz, despite her advanced age (19 years), bore him 13 children, and died giving birth to the 14th. The tomb still conveys all the beauty of Shah Jahan's beloved.
Famous Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, built in Abu Dhabi, demonstrates the power and wealth of the UAE. Here you can see the world's largest carpet, a chandelier in Swarovski crystals, listed in the Guinness Book of Records for its size. The spiers of the minarets support the sky, their height is 115 meters. The largest mosque can accommodate 40 thousand believers.
Not only people can change religion. Over the course of history, mosques became temples, synagogues became mosques, and Christian monasteries became inhabited by Buddhists.
Magoki Mosque
The mosque was built from the 10th to the 14th centuries. The building is located in the Uzbek city of Bukhara, on the site of an old bazaar, where spices and idols were traded in ancient times. Archaeological excavations also speak of an ancient pagan sanctuary at this site. Local literature says that on the site of this mosque there was a Buddhist monastery, then a Zoroastrian Moon Temple, which was rebuilt into a mosque. Bukhara is the oldest city in Central Asia, and Buddhist communities and temples of fire worshipers actually existed here in ancient times. For some time, Bukharan Jews, before the construction of the synagogue, prayed in this mosque separately from the Muslims who visited it.
Synagogue del Transito
The oldest synagogue of Toledo is a city in the very center of Spain. Built in 1357. After the expulsion of the Jews from Spain, it became the monastery of San Benito, in which the knights of the Order of Calatrava prayed and lived. Today it is a museum.
Al-Sunna Mosque
The once numerous abode of Yemenite Jews, the synagogue in Jibla, was rebuilt into a mosque in the 16th century. Together with the mosque in honor of Queen Arva, it forms the dominant feature of the city.
Hagia Sophia
The main Christian cathedral of the Middle Ages, a symbol of the Byzantine Empire. Here in 1054 Patriarch Cerularius was excommunicated and a division of churches took place. So the cathedral became the main Orthodox church. For some time (1204-1261) it was under the rule of the Crusaders. After the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, Hagia Sophia became a mosque.
Seville Cathedral
The largest Gothic cathedral in Europe, it was built over a hundred years on the site of a mosque in the city of Seville. The cathedral is the hallmark of the city, especially its main tower, the Giralda, rebuilt from a minaret typical of the Arab countries of North Africa. What remains of the Muslim building is a portal decorated with bronze plates, a courtyard and a fountain (first built by the Visigoths).
Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque
Located in Cyprus in the city of Famagusta. The temple in the mature Gothic style was built at the turn of the 13th-14th centuries by the kings who were descendants of the Crusaders. After 1571, the temple was turned into a mosque, which began to be called the “Magus Hagia Sophia.”
Intercession Cathedral in Vitebsk
At the beginning of the 19th century it was built as a Catholic church. However, already in the middle of the century it was closed and rebuilt as an Orthodox church: domes were added and paintings were added.
Church of the Archangel Michael in Smolensk
The temple was built at the end of the 12th century in a style very significant for Polotsk-Smolensk architecture. This style arose under the influence of European Gothic and gave the building a “soaring” character. After the conquest of the city by the Poles in 1611, it served as a church for about a hundred years. Later it again passed into the hands of the Orthodox.
Believers of many religions live in our country. And often, even out of curiosity, we go into churches of representatives of a faith that is not ours.
We compare architecture, traditions, customs. What is it desirable to know when entering a place of worship for Catholics, Orthodox, Muslims, Jews, and Buddhists? What should you remember so as not to inadvertently offend religious feelings?
Orthodox Church in the shape of... a ship
The religious buildings of Orthodox Christians are churches, cathedrals and chapels. For a long time everything Christian churches they are built in such a way that from a bird's eye view they look like a huge cross, a circle (a symbol of eternity) or a ship (Noah's Ark). According to tradition, an Orthodox church is always erected with the altar facing the east.
The temple, as a rule, has one or more domes of a round, cross-shaped or octagonal shape. They are crowned with bell towers. Inside Orthodox churches there is an iconostasis - a partition with icons attached to it. It separates the altar, where only men can enter, from the vestibule and porch. Each church also has a choir and choirs for singers, readers and sextons, and in the middle there is a lectern with icons.
When entering the temple, a man must remove his headdress and stand on the right side of the temple, and a woman must cover her head and take a place on the left side.
Famous temple.Hagia Sophia was built in the 11th century in the center of Kyiv by order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise. At the turn of the 17th-18th centuries it was rebuilt in the Ukrainian Baroque style. To this day, many ancient frescoes and mosaics have been preserved in it, including the famous mosaic of Our Lady of Oranta.
Catholic church - without iconostasis
Catholics pray in churches and cathedrals. Most often, these places of worship are built in the Gothic or Neo-Gothic style. The internal structure of buildings is in many ways similar to Orthodox churches, but Catholics do not have an iconostasis. The temple is clearly marked central part- the altar, or, as it is also called, the presbytery. This is the very place where services are held and where the Holy Gifts are kept. It is marked by an unquenchable lamp. Next to the central altar there are often side chapels in honor of saints. In addition, the premises of the Catholic church have a separate place for the choir and sacristy.
When entering the temple, men must remove their hats, but women do not have to cover their heads. Fingers right hand parishioners dip into the crypt - a vessel with holy water, which stands in front of the temple, and then cross themselves.
Famous temple. Cathedral The Holy Apostles Peter and Paul in Lutsk is the oldest in Ukraine. Built in 1616-1639 according to the design of the famous architect Giacomo Briano as a church at the Jesuit monastery.
The synagogue “looks” at Jerusalem
Jews spend religious ceremonies in a synagogue, the façade of which must necessarily face Jerusalem. In Europe this means facing east. From the outside, the synagogue is an ordinary building. Inside it, at the entrance, there is a laver where the clergy wash their hands and feet before starting the service, and an altar for animal sacrifices. Behind them is a tent-shaped Sanctuary, which only clergy can enter. In the depths of the Sanctuary, behind the curtain, is the Holy of Holies with the Ark of the Covenant, on which are carved the Ten Holy Commandments of the Jews.
Crossing the threshold of the synagogue, Jews must touch the mezuzah mounted on the door frame - a case in which a parchment with a passage from the Torah is inserted. Women and men enter the synagogue with their heads covered and pray in separate rooms.
Famous temple. In the village of Zhovkva, Lviv region, there is a unique synagogue-fortress, built in the 17th century by order of the Polish king John Casimir in the Baroque style.
The mosque faces Mecca
The house of prayer for Muslims is a mosque. It is a round or square building, which faces Mecca, with minaret towers (numbering from one to nine). There are no religious images in the mosque, but verses from the Koran may be inscribed on the walls. On the right is the pulpit-minbar from which the preacher-imam reads his sermons.
Believers pray in mosques five times a day. Before prayer, Muslims perform ablutions, and before entering the temple, they must remove their shoes. Also, everyone needs to cover their heads, and women also need to wear as closed clothing as possible. Men and women pray in different rooms.
Famous temple. In 2011, the Ar-Rahma ("Mercy") mosque with a huge 27-meter minaret was erected in Kyiv on Tatarka.
Buddhist temple collected cult treasures
To be a Buddhist means to take refuge in the "Three Treasures" - the Buddha, his teachings and community. The Buddhist temple is designed in such a way that all the treasures are collected in one place. The temples are distinguished by the abundance of spiers, stucco decorations on the facade, as well as the special design of the cornices, which are gently and gracefully curved upward.
The temple consists of three halls. The “golden hall” houses statues and images of Buddha, as well as an altar. The second hall - the pagoda - has three or five tiers, in the center there is a pillar made of a trunk big tree. At its top, a piece of the remains of Buddha is kept. And the third room, for readings, is intended for sacred scrolls and books.
Before entering the golden (altar) hall, women and men must remove their hats and walk to the altar in the direction of the sun (from left to right). During a religious service (khural), you can sit on benches or on the carpet in the lotus position, but you cannot cross your legs or stretch your legs towards the altar.
Famous temple. The largest Buddhist temple in Europe, "White Lotus", was founded by followers of the kung fu school in 1988 in Cherkassy.
Let us remind you that we previously told you that .
Dictionary
Sacristy- a place where liturgical objects, including vestments, are kept.
Lectern- a table on which books, icons and other church supplies are placed.
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