Almost everyone is aware. But few people know what a reserve is and how exactly it differs from a reserve. Well, the time has come to broaden your horizons and deal with this issue in more detail.
Nature reserves
Once upon a time, the old Russian word "order" did not have the same meaning as it does now. It meant doing something inaccessible or forbidden. That is, "order" meant "forbid". A nature reserve is a territory that is of particular importance for the restoration or preservation of certain or their individual components, as well as for maintaining the ecological balance.
Within a given area, certain species of flora or fauna of forest, meadow, steppe or water areas are protected: rocks, valleys, caves, lakes, rivers, etc. In order to have a more accurate idea of what a reserve is, imagine that the state allocates any area of land or water space, within which certain types of human activities are strictly prohibited or limited. For the official declaration of the territory as a reserve, it is not necessary to withdraw it from the owners and users. Natural reserves are always under state protection and have federal or regional status.
How does the reserve differ from the reserve
We will continue to study further the question of what a reserve is and how it differs from a reserve. As mentioned above, the goal of any reserve is the preservation and development of certain species of animals, birds and plants, in contrast to reserves, the purpose of which is to protect all living creatures inhabiting a protected area, and plants on it. That is why all types of economic and industrial activities, as well as hunting and fishing, are prohibited in the reserves. But in the reserves, the restrictions are not so large-scale and strict. They concern only individual ones or are timeframed. For example, if any plant species is protected on the territory of the reserve, then hunting and fishing may be allowed.
Under unfavorable weather conditions (too frosty winters, drought, etc.), animal feeding is usually organized in the reserves. In the reserves, such events are not provided for by the rules, since human intervention is minimized. State reserves are hunting, botanical or hydrological, and reserves - natural, historical, landscape, archaeological. There are even reserve museums that include a park, part of a city or a manor house of historical value.
Types of zakazniks and security activities carried out on their territories
In order to better understand what a reserve is, you need to take a closer look at their different types. Hunting reserves are created in order to preserve animal populations. As you know, in our time, many species of fauna are endangered and are listed in the Red Book. On the territory of such a farm, bans are imposed on land reclamation, road construction and construction. All these restrictions are aimed at preventing the impact of protected living objects on the habitat. On catching and hunting, bans are also introduced - both temporary and permanent.
Feeders and special feeding grounds are arranged for birds and animals. In areas prone to flooding, for example, during floods, containment dams are built to prevent the flooding of meadow rodent minks, and to preserve bird clutches, anthills and bumblebee nests.
In landscape, botanical or hydrological reserves, protection functions and prohibitions are closely related to research work carried out on their territory.
The most famous nature reserves in Russia
There are more than 70 federal reserves in the Russian Federation. Among the oldest of them are "Priazovsky", "Voronezh", "Tyumen" and "Tseysky" nature reserves. They were all founded in 1958.
But the youngest can be considered "Leopard Reserve" (founded in 2011) and "Valley of Dzeren" (founded in 2008). The largest are (its area of 42,000 km 2 is comparable in size to the territory of the Netherlands), Burkalsky (19,570 km 2) and Purinsky (7,875 km 2).
| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Topic of the article: | Reserves |
| Rubric (thematic category) | Ecology |
Regional landscape parks
Regional landscape parks - nature conservation recreational institutions of local or regional significance, created with the aim of preserving typical or unique natural complexes and objects in their natural state, as well as ensuring conditions for organizing recreation for the population.
Functions of regional landscape parks:
Preservation of valuable natural, historical and cultural complexes and objects;
Creation of conditions for effective tourism, recreation and other types of recreational activities in natural conditions in compliance with the regime of protection of protected natural complexes and objects;
Promotion of environmental educational work.
According to Article 24 of the Law of Ukraine "On the Natural Reserve Fund of Ukraine", on the territory of landscape parks, taking into account the nature protection, health-improving, recreational, historical, cultural and other values of natural complexes and objects, their features can be zoned taking into account the requirements established for the territories of national natural parks ...
Zoning of the territory of each regional landscape park, recreational and other activities on its territory are carried out in accordance with the Regulations on the National Natural Park and the Project for the Organization of the Territory of a Regional Landscape Park.
Functional zones of the regional landscape park:
Reserved or customized includes territories intended for the preservation and restoration of the most valuable PC, the gene pool of flora and fauna. This may include territories of other categories of NRF: reserves, natural monuments, nature reserves.
Regulated recreation area, stationary recreation area and economic area have the same purpose as in national nature parks.
Today there are 44 regional landscape parks in Ukraine. There are only 2 in Crimea: Bokalskaya Spit and Kalinovsky.
Along with nature reserves and national parks, a network of state nature reserves is constantly developing.
Reserves- ϶ᴛᴏ natural areas (water areas), which are created for the purpose of preserving and restoring natural complexes or their individual components.
At the same time, within these territories, certain types of human economic activity are permanently or temporarily prohibited to ensure the protection of one or more valuable objects of wildlife or picturesque types of landscape.
Functions of the reserves:
Conservation and restoration of natural complexes, as well as the number of plants and animals;
Preservation of scenic types of landscape.
In the reserves, the number of wild animals is increasing in natural conditions, the resources of valuable plants are restored - medicinal, essential oil, ornamental, spawning grounds and resting places for migratory birds are protected.
Interestingly, in zakazniks, regulated (permanent or temporary) economic use of unprotected resources is allowed, provided that it does not cause damage to protected species or complexes. At the same time, in our country, the system of reserves is widely used in hunting and serves as a means of increasing the number of game animals.
Today, there are several types of reserves, the name of which indicates the main object of protection. Types of reserves: landscape, forest, botanical, general zoological, ornithological, entomological(insect protection) , ichthyological, hydrological, general geological and karst-ripe-geological(protection of caves, canyons ), paleontological(protection of places of finds of accumulations of ancient flora and fauna).
Taking into account the dependence of the delay in the order, there are perpetual, long-term and short-term reserves. Thus, a long-term reserve is created for a period of more than 5 years; short-term - less than 5 years. On the territory of the reserve, activities that contradict the goals and objectives stipulated by the regulation on the reserve are limited or prohibited. In case of extreme importance, protection zones can be created around the reserves.
In the CIS, there are currently about 3,000 reserves, covering an area of about 40 million hectares. On the territory of Crimea there are state reserves: landscape - "Black River", "Big Canyon of Crimea", "Ayu-Dag", "Kachinsky Canyon"; landscape and botanical - "New World", "Kubolach tract"; landscape and hydrological - "Khapkhalsky", "Karkinitsky gulf"; landscape-ornithological ʼʼAstaninskie floodplainsʼʼ and ʼʼThe natural boundary on Karabi-yaylaʼʼ (landscape-botanical).
Reserves - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Reserves" 2017, 2018.
Reserves are areas of land, water surface and airspace above them, where natural complexes and objects of special nature conservation, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health-improving value are located, which must be withdrawn completely or partially from economic use. A special security regime must be established for them. These include state reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments and protected areas of the forest.
Specially protected natural areas are a resource for ecological tourism (ecology is the science of human interaction with the environment (natural, technogenic, anthropogenic, social, psychological, cultural, national, etc.)).
The reserve is a nature conservation institution, the territories of which include natural complexes and objects of unique ecological value.
The purpose of using the reserve: 1) nature conservation 2) scientific 3) scientific and educational 4) recreational (very limited).
The territory of the reserve, based on the purpose of use, is subdivided into several zones, each of which has its own functional significance (see Fig. 1).
I - zone of the reserved regime, the interaction of the living and plant world occurs without human intervention.
II - a zone of environmental monitoring, which can accommodate meteorological stations, mini laboratories for the operational analysis of soil, water, air.
III - a zone of scientific education can (gardeners' laboratories, conduct ecological routes).
IV - economic and administrative area (houses for staff, storage rooms).
State reserves, created to ensure the preservation of all natural complexes concentrated in a certain area of particular scientific and cultural interest, play an especially important role in nature conservation work. In this area, all economic activities of forest felling (except for selective sanitary), grass mowing, cattle grazing, hunting, etc. should be stopped. The main importance of nature reserves is to serve as standards of nature, to be a place of knowledge of the course of natural processes not disturbed by man. The reserves have become a base for the preservation, reproduction and elimination of the threat of extinction of many rare species of plants and such animals as beaver, kulan, bison, sika deer, tiger, leopard, sable, common eider, flamingo, etc.
The foundations of nature reserve management in Russia were laid by prominent scientists, environmentalists, such as. P. Borodin, G.A. Kozhevnikov, A.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, D.K. Soloviev. The idea of creating the first Russian state reserves was warmly supported by G.F. Morozov and V.N.Sukachev.
At present, state reserves have the status of nature conservation research organizations in Russia and have been conducting long-term scientific research for more than 60 years under the unified program “Chronicle of Nature”. These studies are the basis for environmental monitoring and control over the state of the natural environment. In the 90s. XX century. in Russia there were more than 80 reserves, including 16 biosphere reserves, with a total area of more than 20 million hectares, which was 1.2% of the country's territory. The international Russian-Finnish nature reserve "Druzhba-2" was opened, work was carried out to create new international reserves in the border areas: Russian-Norwegian, Russian-Mongolian.
Among the Russian reserves, the main place is occupied by 16 UNESCO biosphere reserves. Six of these reserves have integrated background monitoring (forecast) stations. These stations provide data on the chemical pollution of reference conservation ecosystems. Nurseries have been created in many reserves, in which the most valuable gene pool is preserved, rare species of animals are studied and bred.
Reserves
Zakazniks are nature conservation areas where one of the components of nature is protected.
Zakazniks are of different types, as well as the permitted recreational activities on them (see Table 1).
Table 1
Permitted activities depending on the type of reserve
The creation of hunting and fishing reserves is widely practiced. This category of protected areas differs from nature reserves in that it is only partial or selective, and not all-encompassing, as in nature reserves. In the reserves, for a number of years or permanently, in certain seasons or all year round, certain species of animals, plants or part of the natural complex are protected. The economic use of the remaining natural resources is permitted in a form that does not damage the protected object or complex.
The sanctuaries are diverse in their purposes. They serve to restore or increase the number of hunting and game animals (game reserves), are created for a favorable environment for birds during nesting, molting, migrations and wintering (ornithological), protecting fish spawning grounds, feeding juveniles or places of their winter accumulations, especially preserving valuable forest groves, individual areas of the landscape of great aesthetic and cultural importance (landscape reserves).
The total number of reserves in the 90s XX century in Russia was 1519, of which 71 federal significance, local 1448. They occupied 3% of the country's territory.
Zakazniks, unlike other systems of nature conservation areas, are an extremely dynamic and mobile form of protection of natural objects.
preserve
m. Land - forest, steppe, etc. - or a water area within which all or certain species of animals, plants, etc. are under special protection.
Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
preserve
territory (water area), where, with limited use of natural resources, certain species of animals, plants, water, forest, land objects, etc. are protected. There are hunting, fishing and other reserves.
Sanctuary
a section of a territory or water area, within which not the entire natural complex is under special protection, as in the reserve, but only its individual elements: vegetation, all or some species of animals, etc.
In the USSR, the most widespread are hunting lands, established to preserve valuable species of animals and birds; hunting is prohibited in them for up to 10 years or more. There are fishing grounds (for the protection of spawning grounds, producers and juveniles of valuable fish), landscape (picturesque river valleys, lakes with the surrounding area, etc., which have aesthetic and cultural significance and are used for recreation and tourism), forest, steppe and marsh (established for scientific purposes, as well as for solving certain economic problems and protecting communities of rare plants), geological (unique caves, geological outcrops, locations of remains of fossil flora and fauna), hydrological (lakes with an unusual hydrological regime) and other natural zones ., as well as Z. for the protection of territories of historical and memorial value.
Natural reserves are formed by decrees of the Councils of Ministers of the Union republics, decisions of local Soviets; their regime is established by the governments of the union republics, environmental protection bodies, and executive committees of local Soviets. Special legal acts on landlords have been adopted by the union republics. On the territory of the land, economic activities that are incompatible with the main purpose of the land are usually prohibited. Depending on the object of protection, the following may be prohibited: hunting, fishing, felling, grazing, haymaking, setting up quarries, etc.
Lit .: Notable natural landscapes of the USSR and their protection. Sat. Art., ed. L.K.Shaposhnikova, M., 1967; Emelyanova V.G., Legislation on reserves, sanctuaries, natural monuments, M., 1971, p. 22-26.
L.K.Shaposhnikov.
Wikipedia
Reserve (tributary of the Taza)
Sanctuary- a river in Russia, flows through the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Territory. The mouth of the river is located 1333 km along the right bank of the Taz River. The river is 24 km long.
Reserve (disambiguation)
Sanctuary- Can mean:
- Zakaznik - a protected natural area
- The reserve is a river in Russia, flows in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, Krasnoyarsk Territory
Examples of the use of the word zakaznik in the literature.
In the first months of the occupation of Belovezhsk zakaznik the Germans started cutting wood.
True, in the south of the Polish state at that time lived in captivity, in the Pilyavino estate, four half-hand bison, once bought in Bialowieza zakaznik Prince Ples, the owner of the estate.
Then he dragged himself to different fur farm, and, finally, he became a huntsman in one hunting zakaznik- two hundred cameos from Peter towards Kingisepp.
It was at these moments that a new thought arose in me: to go to the former tsarist preserve, in the dark forests, wait there for a while, and when the enemy's movement on the roads calms down, move along the rear to the front, break through it in a weak spot and go out to our own.
I have been instructed to inspect the royal preserve and make recommendations to the new military administration.
Built in the thirties by the far-ahead, albeit prematurely deceased, Mr. preserve- a narrow strip of birches and gorse, whose real purpose was not so much to provide shelter to birds, but to maintain the proper value of Sandicott's property.
Judging by how they howl there, it is rather preserve cemetery ghosts.
With a sense of accomplishment and in anticipation that he will finally be able to rest and sleep, Agent 628 461 went to the bird preserve to put your report in a cache.
In the very first store they came across, agent 378 550 bought a bag of popcorn and a jar of honey, then took a condom from 885 794 and went to preserve test your idea.
First of all, I intended to get acquainted with the animals of this rare zakaznik, which I had the honor to visit before the war.
We assure you that immunity zakaznik we will defend with the utmost rigor and will not allow as much as possible.
Lockhart left the house, through the bushes and thickets of bird zakaznik I made my way along the backs to the garden that surrounded the Raysim house, climbed over the fence and climbed onto the cherry tree, from which you could clearly see everything that was happening in the bedroom.
After signing this telegram, allegedly sent by a doctor with an assumed name, Lockhart quietly climbed onto one of the telegraph poles that stood in the territory zakaznik and cut off the telephone line to the Grabbels' house.
Raisima, Mrs. Traster and Mrs. Grabble before him - were heard not only far beyond the bird's zakaznik but also underground, where Lockhart hastily disconnected the hose from the sewer pipe and pulled it back into the Wilson house.
With bloodshot eyes and a protruding tongue, the dog jumped out of the bird zakaznik, swept through the Musgrove sisters' garden, grabbed the calf of one of the firefighters to warm up and, getting a taste, entered into a mortal fight with a fire hose.
In our country, a peculiar system of protected natural areas has developed in many ways. According to the peculiarities of the protection regime, it is distinguished: reserves closed for access by unauthorized persons; national parks specially designed for tourist use, and nature reserves designed to protect nature in the context of ongoing economic exploitation. Zakazniks are areas where a permanent or temporary restriction of economic activity is introduced to preserve and reproduce certain species of animals and plants, or to preserve the entire natural complex as an ecosystem or a whole landscape.
In accordance with the federal law "On Specially Protected Areas" (2001), zakazniks are areas of land or water areas of particular importance for the preservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and for maintaining the ecological balance. In most cases, zakazniks were created and are being created as multipurpose objects, the protection functions of which extend not only to the hunting fauna, but also to rare and endangered species of mammals, birds, plants, as well as to natural monuments located within their borders. There are much fewer narrow-purpose sanctuaries designed to protect small species of fauna.
The word "reserve", as well as "reserve", dates back to the most ancient times. Apparently, it refers to the times when the Slavic tribes of Eastern Europe began to penetrate deeper from the steppe regions into the forest zone and move from distant pasture to a sedentary lifestyle and slash farming. It was during this period that the first collisions should have arisen between developing agriculture and forestry, including bee-keeping and hunting. One of the solutions to the emerging contradictions was the "commandment" - a ban and "order" - a temporary restriction on the use of natural resources. According to some researchers, there was no clear line between the concepts of "reserve" and "zakaznik" from the outset. But one way or another, by the beginning of the XX century. I had to look for a definition of the content of these concepts. D.K. Soloviev, a well-known theorist and organizer of nature reserve management in Siberia, suggested that areas taken under protection for a certain period be considered as nature reserves, as opposed to permanent reserves. The modern concept of zakazniks as territories with partial restriction of economic activity developed later.
Reserves appeared on the territory of Russia back in the days of Kievan Rus. Near the capital, lands called "menagerie" were allocated, in which a variety of big game was protected and bred, and only the prince and his entourage had the right to hunt. In the Middle Ages, similar "hunts" arose in different parts of Russia. The most famous of them was the Belovezhskaya Pushcha, organized by the Polish king Sigismund I, which later became the Tsar's hunt for the Russian monarchs. Peter I launched the accounting and the strictest protection of ship oak groves and pine mast forests for the needs of the Russian navy. The use of wood in them was carried out taking into account the need for their reproduction. Under Catherine II, decrees were issued on the protection for the needs of shipbuilding of certain areas in the forests assigned to plants and factories. In the Urals, on the lands of the Stroganov counts, an active activity was launched to preserve forests. The estate manager A.F. Teploukhov identified 89 forest areas with a total area of about 32 thousand hectares and established a protection regime for them.
The scientific societies that emerged in the 19th and early 20th centuries played an important role in the formation of modern ideas about the role of protected natural areas. In 1909-1912. under the Russian Geographical Society, a permanent environmental commission was organized. This commission issued an appeal to the general public with a proposal to send information about areas of nature in need of protection. At the same time, it was emphasized that the creation of protected areas is important not only scientifically, but also serves pedagogical tasks. In 1914, during the study of the Volga delta in order to prepare for the creation of the Astrakhan reserve, B.M. Zhitkov got acquainted with the state of protection of fish stocks. It turned out that the Fisheries Administration had declared the mouth of the channel to be nature reserves. A well-equipped guard was hired, and this made it possible to conduct regular and guaranteed fishing in places open for fishing. In other places, where the organization of wildlife sanctuaries was not supported by the allocation of staff and technical support for protection, such as in the lower Don, poaching continued, and fish stocks were steadily decreasing.
In Soviet times, systematic work began on the organization of reserves. Its founders were D.K. Soloviev and Yu.A. Kudryavtsev, who considered zakazniks (along with reserves) as important elements of the hunting management system. Initially, there was a tendency to view the system of sanctuaries mainly as a means of maintaining the reproductive potential of populations of valuable (mainly commercial) animals. By 1983. out of 1300 sanctuaries in Russia, 1150 (or 88%) were organized as hunting ones. There were only 6% of botanical reserves, 2% of landscape ones, and less than 1% of hydrological ones.
In the Russian system of sanctuaries, there are two categories of objects - sanctuaries of federal and local significance. In terms of quantity and area, local zakazniks prevail over federal ones. At present, there are 1,057 of them. Unlike local zakazniks, whose life span is limited (usually, ten years), federal zakazniks are created without specifying their duration. With the accumulation of information about the status of protected species, sometimes there is a need to adjust the boundaries of the reserve or change the status. A nature reserve or a national park may form on the site of a federal wildlife reserve.
Negative natural factors are minimized by a complex of biotechnical measures. For example, in regions with severe winters with little snow for many species of mammals with limited mobility, feeding grounds, forage fields, etc. are organized. In regions with an unstable hydrological regime of water bodies, where during floods and floods, burrows of near-water animals are inundated, dams and embankments are built, etc.
For land users on whose lands the reserve is located, a set of rules is created that prohibit or restrict actions that harm protected animals. In all reserves, hunting and trapping of animals and birds, ruining burrows, nests, and collecting eggs and down are prohibited. Actions aimed at changing the habitat are limited (logging, land reclamation, grazing, etc.). The main document of title for each reserve is an individual Regulation, which regulates in detail economic activities and establishes a special regime for protecting a specific territory. The staff of the sanctuaries is monitoring the species to be protected. Additionally, climatic parameters, the yield of the main feed for animals and birds are recorded. The results of such work are annually documented in the Chronicle of Nature, which is the most valuable basic material for detailed scientific research and practical work. Some reserves serve as a place for research work of scientific institutions, field practices of students, excursions for schoolchildren.
The sizes of the reserves differ by many orders of magnitude. Along with small territories, only a few hectares, on which, for example, a colony of rare birds or a section of the steppe with bumblebee nests can be protected, there are also giant reserves, the area of which is hundreds of thousands of hectares.
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