Natural emergency - a situation in a certain territory or water area that has arisen as a result of a source of a natural emergency that may or has entailed human casualties, damage to human health and (or) the natural environment, significant material losses and disruption of the living conditions of people.
Natural emergencies are distinguished by the scale and nature of the source of occurrence, they are characterized by significant damage and death of people, as well as the destruction of material assets.
Earthquakes, floods, forest and peat fires, mudflows and landslides, storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, snow drifts and icing are all natural emergencies, and they will always be companions of human life.
In natural disasters, accidents and catastrophes, a person's life is in great danger and requires the concentration of all his spiritual and physical forces, a meaningful and cold-blooded application of knowledge and skills to act in a particular emergency.
Landslide.
A landslide is a separation and sliding downward displacement of the mass of earth and rocks under its own weight. Landslides occur most often along the banks of rivers, reservoirs and on mountain slopes.
Landslides can occur on all slopes, however, on clayey soils, they occur much more often, for this, excessive moisture of the rocks is sufficient, therefore, for the most part they descend in the spring-summer period.
The natural reason for the formation of landslides is an increase in the steepness of slopes, undermining their foundations by river waters, excessive moisture of various rocks, seismic shocks and a number of other factors.
Mudflow (mudflow)
Mudflow (mudflow) is a rapid flow of great destructive force, consisting of a mixture of water, sand and stones that suddenly appears in the basins of mountain rivers as a result of intense rains or rapid melting of snow. glaciers, breakthrough of reservoirs, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, as well as the collapse of a large amount of loose soil into river beds. Mudflows pose a threat to settlements, railways and highways and other structures on their way. Possessing a large mass and a high speed of movement, mudflows destroy buildings, roads, hydraulic engineering and other structures, disable communication and power lines, destroy gardens, flood arable land, and lead to the death of people and animals. All this lasts 1-3 hours. The time from the occurrence of a mudflow in the mountains to the moment it emerges in the foothills is often estimated at 20-30 minutes.
Landfall (mountain landfall)
Landfall (rockfall) - separation and catastrophic fall of large masses of rocks, their overturning, crushing and rolling on steep and steep slopes.
Landfalls of natural origin are observed in the mountains, on the seashores and cliffs of river valleys. They occur as a result of the weakening of the connectivity of rocks under the influence of the processes of weathering, washing away, dissolution and the action of gravity. The formation of landslides is facilitated by the geological structure of the area, the presence of cracks and zones of rock crushing on the slopes.
Most often (up to 80%) modern landslides are formed by improper work, during construction and mining.
People living in hazardous areas should be aware of the hot spots, the possible directions of flow and the possible severity of these hazardous phenomena. If there is a threat of a landslide, mudflow or landslide and if there is time, an early evacuation of the population, farm animals and property from the threatened zones to safe places is organized. 
Avalanche (snow avalanche)
Avalanche (snow avalanche) is a fast, sudden movement of snow and / or ice down steep mountain slopes under the influence of gravity and posing a threat to human life and health, damaging economic facilities and the environment. Snow avalanches are a type of landslide. When avalanches form, the snow slides off the slope first. Then the snow mass quickly picks up speed, capturing more and more snow masses, stones and other objects along the way, developing into a powerful stream that rushes down at high speed, sweeping away everything in its path. The movement of the avalanche continues to flatter sections of the slope or to the bottom of the valley, where the avalanche then stops.
Earthquake
An earthquake is tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface that occur as a result of sudden displacements and ruptures in the earth's crust or the upper part of the Earth's mantle and are transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic vibrations. According to statistics, earthquakes rank first in terms of economic damage and one of the first places in terms of the number of human victims.
In case of earthquakes, the nature of the damage to people depends on the type and density of the built-up area of the settlement, as well as on the time of the earthquake (day or night).
At night, the number of victims is much higher, because most people are at home and rest. During the day, the number of the affected population fluctuates depending on whether the earthquake occurred on a work day or on a weekend.
In brick and stone buildings, the following character of human damage prevails: trauma to the head, spine and extremities, compression of the chest, compression syndrome of soft tissues, as well as trauma to the chest and abdomen with damage to internal organs.
Volcano
A volcano is a geological formation that arises above channels or cracks in the earth's crust, along which hot lava, ash, hot gases, water vapor, and rock fragments erupt onto the surface of the Earth and into the atmosphere.
Most often, volcanoes form at the junction of the tectonic plates of the Earth. Volcanoes are extinct, asleep, active. In total, there are almost 1000 "dormant" and 522 active volcanoes on land.
About 7% of the world's population lives in dangerous proximity to active volcanoes. As a result of volcanic eruptions in the 20th century, more than 40 thousand people died.
The main damaging factors during a volcanic eruption are hot lava, gases, smoke, steam, hot water, ash, rock debris, a blast wave and mud-stone flows.
Lava is a hot liquid or very viscous mass that pours out onto the Earth's surface during volcanic eruptions. Lava temperatures can reach 1200 ° C and more. Together with lava, gases and volcanic ash are emitted to a height of 15-20 km. and at a distance of up to 40 km. and more. A characteristic feature of volcanoes is their repeated multiple eruptions.
Hurricane
A hurricane is a wind of destructive power and long duration. A hurricane occurs suddenly in areas with a sharp drop in atmospheric pressure. The hurricane speed reaches 30 m / s and more. In terms of its harmful effects, a hurricane can be compared to an earthquake. This is due to the fact that hurricanes carry colossal energy, its amount released by an average hurricane within one hour can be compared with the energy of a nuclear explosion.
The hurricane wind destroys durable and demolishes light buildings, devastates sown fields, breaks wires and knocks down power transmission and communication poles, damages transport highways and bridges, breaks and uproots trees, damages and sinks ships, causes accidents on utilities and energy networks.
A storm is a type of hurricane. The wind speed during a storm is not much less than the speed of a hurricane (up to 25-30 m / s). Losses and destruction from storms are significantly less than from hurricanes. Sometimes a violent storm is called a storm.
A tornado is a strong small-scale atmospheric vortex with a diameter of up to 1000 m, in which air rotates at a speed of up to 100 m / s, which has a great destructive force (in the USA it is called a tornado). In the inner cavity of the tornado, the pressure is always low, so any objects in its path are sucked in there. The average speed of the tornado is 50-60 km / h, when it approaches, a deafening rumble is heard.
Storm
Thunderstorm is an atmospheric phenomenon associated with the development of powerful cumulonimbus clouds, which is accompanied by multiple electrical discharges between clouds and the earth's surface, thunder, heavy rain, and often hail. According to statistics, there are 40 thousand thunderstorms in the world every day, 117 lightning flashes every second.
Thunderstorms often go against the wind. Immediately before the onset of a thunderstorm, calm usually sets in or the wind changes direction, sharp squalls fly in, after which it begins to rain. However, the most dangerous are "dry", that is, not accompanied by precipitation, thunderstorms.
blizzard
A snowstorm is one of the types of hurricane, characterized by significant wind speeds, which facilitates the movement of huge masses of snow through the air, has a relatively narrow band of action (up to several tens of kilometers). During a storm, visibility deteriorates sharply, transport links, both intracity and intercity, may be interrupted. The duration of the storm varies from several hours to several days.
Blizzard, blizzard, blizzard are accompanied by sharp temperature changes and snowfall with strong gusts of wind. Temperature drop, snowfall with rain at low temperatures and strong winds create conditions for icing. Power lines, communication lines, roofs of buildings, various kinds of supports and structures, roads and bridges are covered with ice or sleet, which often causes their destruction. Ice formations on the roads make it difficult, and sometimes even completely impede the operation of road transport. Pedestrian movement will be difficult.
The main damaging factor of such natural disasters is the impact of low temperatures on the human body, causing frostbite and sometimes freezing.
Floods
Floods are significant flooding of an area resulting from a rise in the water level in a river, in a reservoir or in a lake. Floods are caused by heavy rainfall, intense snowmelt, breakthrough or destruction of dams and dams. The floods are accompanied by human casualties and significant material damage.
In terms of frequency and area of distribution, floods rank first among natural disasters, in terms of the number of human victims and material damage, floods rank second after earthquakes.
Flood- the phase of the river's water regime, which can be repeated many times in different seasons of the year, characterized by an intense, usually short-term increase in flow rates and water levels, and caused by rains or snowmelt during thaws. Successive floods can cause floods. A significant flood can cause flooding.
Catastrophic flood- significant flooding resulting from intensive melting of snow, glaciers, as well as heavy rains, resulting in severe flooding, as a result of which there was mass death of the population, farm animals and plants, damage or destruction of material values, as well as damage to the environment. The term "catastrophic flood" is also applied to a flood that causes the same consequences.
Tsunami- giant sea waves resulting from upward or downward shift of extended sections of the seabed during strong underwater and coastal earthquakes.
The most important characteristic of a forest fire is the speed of its propagation, which is determined by the speed of advancement of its edge, i.e. burning bands along the contour of the fire.
Forest fires, depending on the spread of fire, are subdivided into grass-roots, high-altitude and underground (peat) fires.
Ground fire is a fire that spreads over the ground and along the lower tiers of forest vegetation. The temperature of the fire in the fire zone is 400-900 ° C. Ground fires are the most frequent and account for up to 98% of the total number of fires.
Horse fire is the most dangerous. It starts with strong winds and covers the crowns of trees. The temperature in the fire zone rises to 1100 ° C.
An underground (peat) fire is a fire in which a peat layer of boggy and boggy soils burns. Peat fires are very difficult to extinguish.
Thunderstorms, accidents of land and air transport, accidents of harvesting equipment, terrorist acts and negligent handling of open fires can cause fires in the steppe and grain fields. The most fire hazardous situation develops in late spring and early summer, when the weather is dry and hot.
Tatar - American Regional Institute
Department of FPS
Course essay
Belarusian Railways on the topic:
"Dangerous natural phenomena: earthquakes, landslides, floods, etc."
Completed:
Student gr. 122
Balyasnikova K.A.
Checked:
Mukhametzyanova L.K.
Kazan - 2005
Introduction …………………………………………… .. ……… .... ……………… .... 3
1. Characteristics of natural disasters ………………………………… ...… .... 4
2. Analysis of natural disasters on Earth in the second half of the XX century and the beginning of the XXI century ……. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
3. Use of personal and collective protective equipment in emergency situations .. …………………………………………. ……… ... 20
4. Alerting people about the disaster ………………………………. …… ...… ..22
5.People's actions:
a) with a warning signal: "Attention everyone!"
(sirens, intermittent beeps)… .. ……………………………………………… 23
b) in case of an earthquake threat .. …………………………………. ……… ... …… ..23
c) in case of a sudden earthquake…. ………………… ..…. ……………… ........ 24
6.Rescue and emergency recovery
work during the elimination of the consequences of earthquakes …………. …………… ..26
7.Conclusion ………………………………………… .. ………………… ... …… .... 27
List of used literature …………………. …………… .. …….… ..… 28
Introduction
The spontaneous actions of the forces of nature, which are not yet fully subject to man, inflict enormous damage on the economy of the state and the population.
Natural disasters are natural phenomena that cause extreme situations, disrupt the normal life of people and the work of objects.
Natural disasters usually include earthquakes, floods, mudflows, landslides, snow drifts, volcanic eruptions, landslides, droughts, hurricanes, storms. In some cases, such disasters can also include fires, especially massive forest and peat bogs.
In addition, industrial accidents are dangerous disasters. Accidents at the enterprises of the oil, gas and chemical industries pose a particular danger.
Natural disasters, fires, accidents ... You can find them in different ways. Confused, even doomed, as people have met various disasters for centuries, or calmly, with unbending faith in their own strengths, with the hope of taming them. But only those who, knowing how to act in a given situation, will take the only correct decision can confidently accept the challenge of disasters: they will save themselves, help others, prevent, as far as they can, the destructive effect of natural forces.
The problem of natural and man-made disasters has recently been the subject of discussion by the Russian Security Council. In November 2003, a joint meeting of the Security Council and the Presidium of the State Council of the Russian Federation took place, initiated by the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences Yu.S. Osipov and the Minister of Emergency Situations S.K. Shoigu. It is important to note that the Security Council has classified natural phenomena, along with other threats, among the country's most important strategic risks.
Characteristics of natural disasters
Natural disasters are understood as natural phenomena (earthquakes, floods, landslides, avalanches, mudflows, hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons, fires, volcanic eruptions, etc.), which are of an emergency nature and leading to disruption of the normal activities of the population, death of people, destruction and destruction material values.
Natural disasters can occur both independently of each other and in interconnection: one of them can lead to another. Some of them often arise as a result of not always reasonable human activities (for example, forest and peat fires, industrial explosions in mountainous areas, during the construction of dams, laying (development) of quarries, which often leads to landslides, avalanches, glacier collapses, etc.). NS.).
Regardless of the source of occurrence, natural disasters are characterized by significant scales and varying duration, from a few seconds and minutes (earthquakes, avalanches) to several hours (mudflows), days (landslides) and months (floods).
Earthquakes- these are strong vibrations of the earth's crust caused by tectonic or volcanic reasons and leading to the destruction of buildings, structures, fires and human casualties.
The main characteristics of earthquakes are: source depth, magnitude and energy intensity at the earth's surface.
The depth of the focus of an earthquake usually ranges from 10 to 30 km, in some cases it can be much deeper.
Magnitude characterizes the total energy of an earthquake and is the logarithm of the maximum amplitude of soil displacement in microns, measured from a seismogram at a distance of 100 km from the epicenter. The Richter magnitude (M) ranges from 0 to 9 (the strongest earthquake). An increase in it by one means a tenfold increase in the amplitude of vibrations in the soil (or soil displacement) and an increase in the earthquake energy by 30 times. So, the amplitude of the soil displacement of an earthquake with M = 7 is 100 times greater than with M = 5, while the total energy of the earthquake increases 900 times.
The energy intensity at the surface of the earth is measured in points. It depends on the depth of the focus, magnitude, distance from the epicenter, the geological structure of the soil, and other factors. To measure the energy intensity of earthquakes in our country, a 12-point Richter scale is adopted.
Some data on earthquakes are given in Table 1.
Table 1
Earthquakes cause great material damage and claim thousands of lives. For example, as a result of a catastrophic earthquake with an intensity of 8 on the Richter scale on June 21, 1990 in northern Iran, in the province of Gilan, over 50 thousand people died and about 1 million people were injured and homeless. (The scale of the earthquake in Armenia is shown on the flyleaf.)
One and a half thousand villages were destroyed. 12 cities were significantly affected, 3 of which were completely destroyed.
Earthquakes also cause other natural disasters, such as landslides, avalanches, mudflows, tsunamis, floods (due to dam breaks), fires (in case of damage to oil storage facilities and rupture of gas pipelines), damage to communications, power lines, water supply and sewerage, accidents at chemical enterprises with the expiration (spill) of SDYAV, as well as at nuclear power plants with a leak (release) of radioactive substances into the atmosphere, etc.
Currently, there are no sufficiently reliable methods for predicting earthquakes and their consequences. However, scientists often manage to make predictions based on changes in the characteristic properties of the earth, as well as the unusual behavior of living organisms before an earthquake (they are called precursors). The precursors of earthquakes are: a rapid increase in the frequency of weak shocks (foreshocks); deformation of the earth's crust, determined by observation from satellites from space or shooting on the earth's surface using laser light sources; change in the ratio of the velocities of propagation of longitudinal and transverse waves on the eve of an earthquake; change in the electrical resistance of rocks, the level of groundwater in wells; radon content in water, etc.
The unusual behavior of animals on the eve of an earthquake is expressed in the fact that, for example, cats leave villages and carry kittens to meadows, and birds in cages begin to fly 10-15 minutes before the start of the earthquake; before the push, unusual cries of birds are heard; pets in barns fall into panic, etc. The most likely reason for this behavior of animals is considered to be anomalies of the electromagnetic field before an earthquake.
To protect against earthquakes, seismically hazardous zones in various regions of the country are identified in advance, that is, the so-called seismic zoning is carried out. Seismic zoning maps usually highlight areas that are threatened by earthquakes with an intensity higher than VII-VIII on the Richter scale. In seismically hazardous areas, various protection measures are envisaged, starting with strict compliance with the requirements of norms and rules during the construction and reconstruction of buildings, structures and other facilities to the suspension of hazardous industries (chemical plants, nuclear power plants, etc.).
Floods- this is significant flooding of the area as a result of a rise in the water level in a river, lake, reservoir, caused by various reasons (spring snow melting, heavy rainfall and rainfall, ice congestion on rivers, breakthrough of dams, dammed lakes and enclosing dams, wind surge, etc. . NS.). Floods cause enormous damage to property and cause loss of life.
Direct material damage from floods consists in damage and destruction of residential and industrial buildings, roads and railways, power lines and communications, reclamation systems, death of livestock and crops, damage and destruction of raw materials, fuel, food, feed, fertilizers, etc. . NS.
As a result of the torrential rains that took place in Transbaikalia at the beginning of July 1990, floods, unprecedented in these places, occurred. More than 400 bridges were demolished. According to the regional emergency flood commission, the national economy of the Chita region suffered 400 million rubles of damage. Thousands of people were left homeless. Not without human casualties.
Floods can be accompanied by fires due to breaks and short circuits of electrical cables and wires, as well as ruptures of water and sewer pipes, electrical, television and telegraph cables located in the ground due to the subsequent uneven soil settlement.
The main direction of flood control is to reduce the maximum flow of water in the river by redistributing the flow over time (planting forest shelter belts, plowing the land across the slopes, preserving coastal water-protective vegetation belts, terracing slopes, etc.).
A certain effect is also given by the construction of ponds, zapane and other containers in logs, gullies and ravines to intercept melt and rainwater. For medium and large rivers, the only radical remedy is the regulation of flood runoff with the help of reservoirs.
In addition, a well-known dam method is widely used for flood protection. To eliminate the risk of blockages, straightening, clearing and deepening of individual sections of the river bed is carried out, as well as the destruction of ice by explosions 10-15 days before its opening. The greatest effect is achieved when charges are laid under the ice to a depth of 2.5 times its thickness. The same result is obtained by sprinkling the ice cover with ground slag with the addition of salt (usually 15-25 days before the opening of the river).
Ice congestions with a thickness of its accumulations of no more than 3-4 m are also eliminated with the help of river icebreakers.
Landslides- these are sliding displacements of rock masses down the slope, arising from imbalance caused by various reasons (undermining of rocks by water, weakening of their strength due to weathering or waterlogging by precipitation and groundwater, systematic shocks, unreasonable economic activities of a person, etc.).
Landslides can occur on all slopes with a steepness of 20 ° or more and at any time of the year. They differ not only in the rate of displacement of rocks (slow, medium and fast), but also in their scale. The rate of slow displacements of rocks is several tens of centimeters per year, average - several meters per hour or per day, and fast - tens of kilometers per hour or more.
Rapid displacements include landslide flows, when solid material mixes with water, as well as snow and snow avalanches. It should be emphasized that only rapid landslides can cause fatal disasters.
The volume of rocks displaced by landslides ranges from several hundred to many millions and even billions of cubic meters.
Landslides can destroy human settlements, destroy agricultural land, create a hazard during the operation of quarries and mining, damage communications, tunnels, pipelines, telephone and electrical networks, water facilities, mainly dams. In addition, they can block a valley, form a dammed lake, and contribute to flooding. Thus, the economic damage they cause can be significant.
For example, in 1911 in the Pamirs on the territory of our country, a strong earthquake (M == 7.4) caused a giant landslide. About 2.5 billion m 3 of loose material slid. The village of Usoy with its 54 inhabitants was overwhelmed. A landslide blocked the river valley. Murghab and formed a dammed lake, which flooded the village of Saraz. The height of this natural dam reached 300 m, the maximum depth of the lake was 284 m, and the length was 53 km.
The most effective protection against landslides is their prevention. Among the complex of preventive measures, it should be noted the collection and disposal of surface waters, the artificial transformation of the relief (in the area of possible separation of the earth, the load on the slopes is reduced), the fixation of the slope with the help of piles and the construction of retaining walls.
Snow avalanches also refer to landslides and occur in the same way as other landslide displacements. The adhesion forces of the snow cross a certain boundary, and gravity causes the snow masses to shift along the slope. An avalanche is a mixture of snow and air crystals. Large avalanches occur on slopes of 25-60 °. Smooth grassy slopes are the most avalanche-prone. Shrubs, large rocks and other obstacles keep avalanches from occurring. In the forest, avalanches are very rare.
Snow avalanches cause huge material damage and are accompanied by the death of people. So, on July 13, 1990, at Lenin Peak, in the Pamirs, as a result of an earthquake and a large avalanche descending from the slope of a large snow avalanche, the mountaineers' camp, located at an altitude of 5300 m, was demolished. 40 people died. There has never been such a tragedy in the history of Russian mountaineering.
Avalanche protection can be passive or active. With passive protection, the use of avalanche slopes is avoided or protective shields are placed on them. With active protection, they fire at avalanche-prone slopes, causing small, harmless avalanches to descend and thus preventing the accumulation of critical masses of snow.
Sat down - These are floods with a very high concentration of mineral particles, stones and rock debris (from 10-15 to 75% of the flow volume), occurring in the basins of small mountain rivers and dry logs and are usually caused by heavy rainfall, less often by intense melting of snow, and also the breakthrough of moraine and dammed lakes, landslide, landslide, earthquake.
The danger of mudflows is not only in their destructive power, but also in the suddenness of their appearance.
According to the composition of the transferred solid material, mudflows can be muddy (a mixture of water with fine earth with a small concentration of stones, bulk density y = 1.5-2 t / m 3), mud-stone (a mixture of water, pebbles, gravel, small stones, y == 2.1-2.5 t / m 3) and water-stone (a mixture of water with mainly large stones, y = 1.1-1.5 t / m 3).
Many mountainous regions are characterized by the predominance of one type of mudflow or another in terms of the composition of the solid mass transported by it. So, in the Carpathians, water-stone mudflows of a relatively small capacity are most often found, in the North Caucasus, mostly mud-stone, in Central Asia, mud flows.
The speed of the mudflow flow is usually 2.5-4.0 m / s, but with the breakthrough of congestions, it can reach 8-10 m / s and more.
The consequences of mudflows can be catastrophic. So, on July 8, 1921, at 21 o'clock, a mass of earth, silt, stones, snow, sand fell on the city of Alma-Ata from the side of the mountains, driven by a mighty stream of water. This drip demolished the dacha buildings located at the foot of the mountains, along with people, animals and orchards. A terrible stream burst into the city, turned its streets into raging rivers with steep banks from ruined houses.
The horror of the disaster was compounded by the darkness of the night. There were screams for help that were almost impossible to say. Houses fell from their foundations and, together with people, were carried away in a stormy stream.
By the morning of the next day, the elements calmed down. Material damage and loss of life were significant.
The mudflow was caused by heavy rainfall in the upper part of the river basin. Malaya Almaatinka. The total volume of mud-stone mass was about 2 million m 3. The stream cut the city 200 meters, with a stripe.
Methods for dealing with mudflows are very diverse. This is the construction of various dams to delay solid runoff and pass a mixture of water and small fractions of rocks, a cascade of dams to destroy the mudflow and release it from solid material, retaining walls to strengthen slopes, upland drainage and drainage ditches for diverting runoff to nearby watercourses, etc.
There are currently no mudflow forecasting methods. At the same time, for some mudflow areas, certain criteria have been established to assess the likelihood of mudflows. So, for areas with a high probability of mudflows of storm origin, the critical amount of precipitation for 1-3 days is determined, mudflows of glacial origin (i.e., those formed during the outbursts of glacial lakes and intraglacial reservoirs) - the critical average air temperature for 10-15 days, or a combination of these two criteria.
Hurricanes - these are winds with a force of 12 on the Beaufort scale, that is, winds with a speed exceeding 32.6 m / s (117.3 km / h).
Hurricanes are also called tropical cyclones that occur in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Central America; in the Far East and in the Indian Ocean regions, hurricanes (cyclones) are called typhoons. During tropical cyclones, wind speeds often exceed 50 m / s. Cyclones and typhoons are usually accompanied by intense torrential rains.
A hurricane on land destroys buildings, communication and power lines, damages transport communications and bridges, breaks and uproots trees; when spreading over the sea, it causes huge waves with a height of 10-12 m and more, damages or even leads to the death of the vessel.
So, for example, in December 1944, 300 miles east of about. Luzon (Philippines) ships of the US 3rd Fleet were in the area near the center of the typhoon. As a result, 3 destroyers sank, 28 other ships were damaged, 146 aircraft on aircraft carriers and 19 seaplanes on battleships and cruisers were defeated, damaged and washed overboard, over 800 people died.
Hurricanes and storm winds (their speed on the Beaufort scale is from 20.8 to 32.6 m / s) in winter can lift huge masses of snow into the air and cause snow storms, which leads to drifts, stoppages of road and rail transport, disruption of water systems. -, gas, power supply and communications.
For example, hurricane winds of unprecedented strength and giant waves that hit the coastal regions of East Pakistan on November 13, 1970, affected a total of about 10 million people, including about 0.5 million people died and went missing.
Modern methods of weather forecasting make it possible to warn the population of a city or an entire coastal region about an impending hurricane (storm) in a few hours or even a day, and the civil defense service can provide the necessary information about the possible situation and the required actions in the current conditions.
The most reliable protection of the population from hurricanes is the use of protective structures (metro, shelters, underground passages, basements of buildings, etc.). At the same time, in coastal areas, it is necessary to take into account the possible flooding of low-lying areas and choose protective shelters in elevated areas of the terrain.
Fires - it is an uncontrolled combustion process that entails the death of people and the destruction of material values.
Causes of fires are careless handling of fire, violation of fire safety rules, such a natural phenomenon as lightning, spontaneous combustion of dry vegetation and peat. It is known that 90% of fires are caused by humans and only 7-8% are caused by lightning.
The main types of fires as natural disasters, covering, as a rule, vast territories of several hundred, thousands and even millions of hectares, are landscape fires - forest (ground, upper, underground) and steppe (field) fires.
For example, forest fires in Western Siberia in 1913 destroyed about 15 million hectares over the summer. In the summer of 1921, during a prolonged drought and hurricane winds, fires destroyed more than 200 thousand hectares of the most valuable Mari pine. In the summer of 1972, in the Moscow region, peat and forest fires that developed during a prolonged drought engulfed large areas of forests, destroying some peat deposits in the process.
According to the intensity of combustion, forest fires are divided into weak, medium and strong, and according to the nature of combustion, ground and top fires are subdivided into fugitive and stable ones.
Forest ground fires are characterized by the burning of forest litter, above-ground cover and undergrowth without capturing tree crowns. The speed of movement of the ground fire front is from 0.3-1 m / min (with a weak fire) to 16 m / min (1 km / h) (with a strong fire), the height of the flame is 1-2 m, the maximum temperature at the edge of the fire reaches 900 ° C.
Forest top fires develop, as a rule, from grassroots and are characterized by burning of tree crowns. With a quick head fire, the flame spreads mainly from crown to crown with a high speed, reaching 8-25 km / h, sometimes leaving whole areas of the forest untouched by the fire. In a sustained crown fire, the fire engulfed not only the crowns, but also the trunks of trees. The flame spreads at a speed of 5-8 km / h, covering the entire forest from the ground cover to the tops of the trees.
Underground fires occur as a continuation of ground or upper forest fires and spread over the peat layer in the ground to a depth of 50 cm or more. Combustion proceeds slowly, almost without air access, at a speed of 0.1-0.5 m / min with the release of a large amount of smoke and the formation of burnt-out voids (burnouts). Therefore, it is necessary to approach the center of an underground fire with great care, constantly probing the ground with a pole or probe. Burning can last for a long time even in winter under a layer of snow.
Steppe (field) fires occur in open areas in the presence of dry grass or ripe grain. They are seasonal in nature and often occur in the summer as the grasses (breads) mature, less often in the spring and are practically absent in the winter. Their propagation speed can reach 20-30 km / h.
The main methods of combating forest ground fires are: overwhelming the edge of the fire, backfilling it with earth, filling it with water (chemicals), creating barrage and mineralized strips, and launching oncoming fire (annealing).
Annealing is more often used in case of large fires and a lack of forces and means for fire extinguishing. It begins with a support strip (river, stream, road, glade), on the edge of which, facing the fire, a shaft is created from combustible materials (twigs of dead wood, dry grass). When the air draft begins to be felt towards the fire, the shaft is set on fire, first, opposite the center of the fire front at a section of 20-30 m, and then, after the fire has moved 2-3 m, and adjacent sections. The width of the burned strip should be at least 10-20 m, and in case of a strong ground fire, 100 m.
Extinguishing a forest top fire is more difficult to carry out. It is extinguished by creating barrier strips, using annealing and using water. At the same time, the width of the barrier strip should be at least the height of the trees, and the one burnt out in front of the front of the crown fire - at least 150-200 m, in front of the flanks - at least 50 m. Steppe (field) fires are extinguished in the same ways as forest fires.
Extinguishing underground fires is carried out mainly in two ways. In the first method, around a peat fire, at a distance of 8-10 m from its edge, they dig a trench (ditch) to a depth of the mineralized soil layer or to the groundwater level and fill it with water.
The second method consists in arranging a strip around the fire, saturated with chemical solutions. To do this, with the help of motor pumps equipped with special trunks-peaks (needles) up to 2 m long, an aqueous solution of chemically active wetting substances (sul-fanol, washing powder, etc.) is pumped into the peat layer from above, which accelerate the process hundreds of times moisture penetration into peat. The injection is carried out at a distance of 5-8 m from the expected edge of the underground fire and 25-30 cm from each other.
In order to increase productivity, this method can apparently be improved by laying a special fire hose with outlets for connecting feed hoses-needles, previously installed in the ground, on a section of 100-200 m. One fire engine with a set of needles (300-500 pcs.) And hoses can move along the edge of an underground fire and pump the solution.
Attempts to flood the underground fire with water were unsuccessful.
When extinguishing fires, the personnel of the formations are exposed to smoke, as well as carbon monoxide (monoxide). Therefore, at a high concentration of carbon monoxide (more than 0.02 mg / l, which is determined using a gas detector), work should be carried out in insulating gas masks or filtering with hopcalite cartridges.
Analysis of natural disasters on Earth in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century
The natural hazards common in our country include more than 30 different phenomena, among which the greatest threat are earthquakes, floods, hurricane winds and storms, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, sinkholes and subsidence of the earth's surface, landslides, mudflows, avalanches and glaciers, abnormal temperatures, forest fires.
Analysis of data on natural disasters that occurred on Earth in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century allows us to speak about certain trends in the development of natural hazards both in our country and in the world as a whole. These trends are expressed in:
- an increase in the number of natural disasters,
- an increase in social and material losses,
- the dependence of the security of people and the technosphere on the socio-economic level of development of countries.
Over the past fifty years, the number of natural disasters on Earth has increased almost threefold (Fig. 1). The most widespread natural hazards in the world are tropical storms and floods (32% each), earthquakes (12%), and other natural processes (14%) (Fig. 2). Among the continents of the world, Asia (38%) and North and South America (26%) are the most susceptible to the action of dangerous natural processes, followed by Africa (14%), Europe (14%) and Oceania (8%). Rice. 2. As well as for the world as a whole, Russia is characterized by an increase in natural disasters, which has intensified especially in recent years. According to the Ministry of Emergencies, the average number of natural emergencies in the country is now about 280 events per year, while 10 years ago the number of natural emergencies did not exceed 220 events per year. As an example, we can cite several of the largest natural disasters that we have experienced over the past 10 years.
Neftegorsk earthquake: Mash flood in Yakutia: June 2002 Flooding in the south of Russia: September 2002 Descent of the Kolka glacier: The rise in the level of the Caspian Sea by 245 cm: Forest fires are an extremely destructive phenomenon on the territory of Russia. According to the Center for Problems of Ecology and Forests Productivity, headed by Academician A.S. Isaev, from 12 to 37 thousand forest fires occur annually in Russia, which annually destroy 400 thousand to 4 million hectares of forests (Fig. 9). Damage from forest fires reaches $ 470 million a year, as was the case in 1998. Use of personal and collective protective equipment in emergency situations Effective protection of a person in emergency situations is achieved by the timely and competent use of protective equipment. Protective equipment is divided into individual (PPE), first aid (PMP) and collective (KSZ). Personal protective equipment for the intended purpose are subdivided into respiratory, skin and medical protective equipment. According to the principle of operation of PPE, there are filtering and insulating ones. The following filtering respiratory protection is used in the EMERCOM of Russia system. Filtering masks for the adult population GP-5, GP-5M, GP-7, GP-7V; children's gas masks PDF-Sh (school), PDF-D (preschool), children's protective camera KZD (for babies). Filtering gas masks are designed to protect the respiratory system, eyes, face skin from exposure to OM, RV, BS, SDYAV and other harmful impurities in the air. Skin protection products, depending on the purpose, are divided into general and special. Combined-arms skin protection equipment (light protective suit L-1, combined arms protective kit OZK) are designed to protect the vapors of OV and SDYAV. Special types of protective clothing (T k, R s, E s, I z, K k, B m, etc.) are designed to protect personnel, respectively, from high temperatures, radioactive contamination, electrostatic fields, poisonous liquids, acid solutions, pathogenic microorganisms. TO medical personal protective equipment include an individual first-aid kit (AI-2), an individual anti-chemical package IPP-8, 10 and an individual dressing package (PP). AI-2 - designed to provide self-help for injuries, burns (pain relief), prevention or weakening of the lesion of RV, BS, OS, SDYAV and contains: A syringe tube with an analgesic agent (promedol) is used to prevent shock in case of fractures, wounds, burns) nest No. 1); A red pencil case with tarn - an antidote for nerve agents. It is used when there is a danger of defeat and in case of defeat (nest No. 2); Pencil case without coloring with antibacterial agent No. 2 (sulfodimethoxine). It is used two days after irradiation and for gastrointestinal disorders (nest No. 3); Radioprotective agent No. 1 in a pink pencil case (cystamine) is used when there is a threat of radiation (nest No. 4); Two pencil cases without coloring with antibacterial agent No. 1 (chlortetracycline). It is used when there is a threat of bacterial contamination and to prevent infections with wounds and burns (nest No. 5); White pencil case with radioprotective agent # 2 (potassium iodide) (nest # 6). It is used before or after the fallout of radioactive fallout within 10 days - 1 tablet per day); An antiemetic (etaperazine) is used when a primary reaction to radiation appears and for nausea after a head injury; Antidotes for irritating SDYAV (fitsilin) and a tranquilizer - triftazine against psychochemical agents are placed in the reserve nest of the first-aid kit. IPP-8 - designed for disinfection of droplet-liquid substances on the skin and clothing. The bottle contains a polydegassing liquid (chlorinating - oxidizing). IPP-10 contains a polydegassing liquid based on amino alcohols. Collective remedies(protective structures) are designed to protect the population from all damaging factors of emergency situations (high temperatures, harmful gases during fires, explosive, radioactive, highly toxic and toxic substances, shock waves, penetrating radiation and light radiation of a nuclear explosion). Protective structures, depending on the protective properties, are subdivided into shelters and anti-radiation shelters. Protective structures are characterized by: Overpressure protective properties in the front of the air shock wave; Coefficient of protection for ionizing radiation (external exposure); Alerting people about the disaster It is very difficult to warn residents about the disaster, since it is not yet possible to accurately predict its place and time. However, knowledge of indirect signs of its approximation can help to survive the given situation with the least losses. Such signs include: seemingly unreasonable disturbance of birds and domestic animals (this is especially noticeable at night), as well as a mass exodus from reptile habitats. In winter, lizards and snakes crawl out into the snow in anticipation of danger. Notification of the population is carried out by transmitting messages over radio broadcasting and television networks. .
To attract attention in case of emergency, before the transmission of information, sirens and other signaling means are turned on. Sirens and intermittent beeps of enterprises, vehicles mean a civil defense signal "Attention to all"... In this case, it is necessary to immediately turn on the loudspeaker, radio or television receiver and listen to the message of the civil defense headquarters. With the threat of a natural disaster, such a message may begin with the words: "Attention! This is the city's civil defense headquarters ... Citizens! Due to the possible
…».
Human actions: a) with a warning signal: "Attention everyone!" (sirens, intermittent beeps)
Having heard the signal "Attention to all!", People need to do the following: 1. Immediately turn on the radio or television to listen to the emergency messages of the civil defense headquarters. 2. Inform neighbors and relatives about the incident, bring the children home, and act in accordance with the information you received. 3. If evacuation is necessary, follow these recommendations: · Collect essential things, documents, money, valuables in a small suitcase (or backpack); · Pour water into a container with a tight-fitting lid, prepare canned and dry food; Prepare the apartment for conservation (close windows, balconies; shut off the gas, water, electricity supply, extinguish the fire in the stoves; prepare a second copy of the keys to be returned to the REP; take the necessary clothing and personal protective equipment); · Help the elderly and sick in the neighborhood. b) with the threat of an earthquake
In this case, proceed as follows: 1. Turn off gas, water, electricity, extinguish the fire in the stoves, close windows, balconies. 2. Notify neighbors about the danger, take with you the necessary things, documents, money, water, food and, having closed the apartment with a key, go out into the street; hold children by the hand or in your arms. Pay attention to the behavior of animals: before the earthquake, dogs howl, cats carry their offspring outside, and even mice run from houses. 3. Select a location away from buildings and power lines and stay there while listening to information on a portable radio. If you are in a car, stop without blocking the roads, avoiding bridges, tunnels and multi-storey buildings. Do not return home until the announcement of the absence of an earthquake threat. Write down the telephone number of the seismic station. React immediately to external signs of an earthquake: shaking soil or building, rattling glass, swaying chandeliers, fine cracks in plaster. You must remember that the greatest danger comes from falling objects, parts of the ceiling, walls, balconies, etc. c) in case of a sudden earthquake
Well, in this case, when the danger is too close and the earthquake threatens your life, you must: 1. At the first push, try to immediately leave the building within 15-20 seconds by the stairs or through the windows of the first floor (it is dangerous to use the elevator). Going downstairs, knock on the doors of neighboring apartments on the go, loudly notifying neighbors about the need to leave the building. If you stayed in the apartment, stand in the doorway or in the corner of the room (near the main wall), away from windows, lamps, cabinets, hanging shelves and mirrors. Beware of pieces of plaster, glass, bricks, etc. falling on you, hide under a table or bed, turn away that window and cover your head with your hands, avoid going out onto the balcony. 2. As soon as the tremors subside, immediately leave the building using the stairs, with your back against the wall. Try to turn off the gas, water, electricity, take a first-aid kit with you, necessary things, close the door with a key. Do not allow panic with your actions. 3. If there are children and the elderly in neighboring apartments, break open the doors and help them get out into the street, provide first aid to the wounded, call an ambulance on the pay phone, or send a messenger to the nearest hospital for a doctor. 4. If an earthquake catches you driving, stop immediately (preferably in an open place) and get out of the car before the aftershocks are over. In public transport, stay in your seats by asking the driver to open the doors; after the aftershocks, calmly leave the salon without a hustle and bustle. 5. Together with your neighbors, take an active part in the removal of debris and the removal of victims from the rubble of buildings, using personal vehicles, crowbars, shovels, car jacks and other improvised means to retrieve them. 6. If it is impossible to remove people from the wreckage by ourselves, immediately report it to the headquarters for liquidation of the consequences of the earthquake (the nearest fire department, police station, military unit, etc.) for assistance. Disassemble the rubble until you are sure that there are no people underneath. To find victims, use all possible methods, locate people by voice and knocking. After rescuing people and providing first aid, immediately send them by passing vehicles to the hospital. 7. Observe yourself calmness and order, demand it from others. Together with your neighbors, stop the spread of panic rumors, all cases of robbery, looting, other violations of the law, listen to messages on the local radio. If your house is destroyed, follow the collection point for medical aid in the middle of the streets and bypassing buildings, poles and power lines. Rescue and urgent emergency recovery operations in the aftermath of earthquakes In case of earthquakes, rescue, consolidated teams (teams), mechanization teams (teams), emergency technical teams are involved in rescue and urgent emergency recovery operations. As well as other formations that are equipped with: bulldozers, excavators, cranes, power tools and mechanization equipment (kerosene cutters, gas cutters, hoists, jacks). When carrying out rescue and emergency recovery operations in the earthquake focus, first of all, people who are given first aid are removed from the rubble, from dilapidated and burning buildings; arrange passages in the rubble; localize and eliminate accidents on engineering networks that threaten human life or impede rescue operations; collapse or strengthen structures of buildings or structures in emergency condition; equip collection points for victims and medical centers; organize water supply. The sequence and timing of the work is established by the head of the Civil Defense of the facility that was in the earthquake zone. Conclusion Consideration of human safety problems in any conditions of life and spheres of activity leads to the conclusion that the achievement of absolute safety is unthinkable, and the maximum level is possible with the optimal organization of safe life. By the organization of the Belarusian Railways, we mean a system that provides an acceptable, constantly increasing level of safety. This level is assessed by a system of indicators of morbidity, injuries, emergencies, natural disasters, accidents and other undesirable events. As such indicators, absolute or relative numerical values characterizing certain hazards are taken. To assess the death of people from various hazards, the value of risk should be determined as the most objective indicator. To obtain objective indicators, it is necessary to develop a scientifically grounded system for recording, processing, analyzing and publicly publishing information on hazards and their consequences. When obtaining objective data, it is possible to judge the dynamics of hazards and analyze trends. Determining the exact number of people who die from hazards is a difficult task, since government statistics are extremely distorted. So, a prerequisite for a security system is the availability of reliable and open statistics on the state of security. All cases must be taken into account! In ancient times, natural disasters were considered a punishment sent to people by angry gods. However, now we know how and where global catastrophes occur, we know all the parameters of these natural disasters, we know how to protect ourselves from them and reduce the catastrophic consequences, at least partially. Therefore, it is so important for every person to know how to behave in the event of a variety of natural disasters. Literature: 1. G. Tsvilyuk "School of Security", EKSM-1995. 2. V. G. Atamanyuk, N. I. Akimov "Civil Defense", Moscow, "High School" -1986. 3. "Sorovsk educational journal" No. 12-1998 4. ON Rusak "Life Safety" textbook for students of all specialties, St. Petersburg, 2001.
more than 2000 people fatalities, economic damage over $ 200 million (Fig. 4)
7 dead, more than 50 thousand people. victims, economic damage - $ 200 million (Fig. 5)
114 dead, 335 thousand people. affected. Economic damage - over $ 484 million (Fig. 6)
136 people died (fig. 7)
More than 400,000 hectares of coastal areas were removed from land use, about 100,000 people were affected, economic damage - more than $ 6 billion (Fig. 8)
Natural emergencies: types and classification
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Under an emergency (ES) it is customary to understand the situation in a certain territory, which has developed as a result of an accident, natural or other disaster, which may or did entail human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses and disruption of the living conditions of the population. Emergencies do not occur immediately, as a rule, they develop gradually from incidents of a man-made, social or natural nature.
Natural disasters are usually unexpected. In a short time, they destroy territories, dwellings, communications, and lead to hunger and disease. In recent years, natural emergencies have tended to grow. In all cases of earthquakes, floods, landslides, their destructive power increases.
Natural emergencies are subdivided
- Geophysical (endogenous) hazardous phenomena: eruptions of volcanoes and geysers, earthquakes, outcrops of underground gases to the surface of the earth;
- Geological (exogenous) hazards: landslides, talus, landslides, avalanches, mudflows, slope washout, subsidence of loess rocks, soil erosion, abrasion, subsidence (failure) of the earth's surface as a result of kurum karst, dust storms;
- Meteorological hazards: hurricanes (12 - 15 points), storms, storms (9 - 11 points), tornadoes (tornadoes), squalls, vertical eddies, large hail, heavy rain (downpour), heavy snowfall, heavy ice, severe frost, severe blizzard, severe heat, heavy fog, drought, dry wind, frost;
- Hydrological hazards: high water levels (floods), high water, rain floods, congestion and jamming, wind surges, low water levels, early freeze-up and the appearance of ice on navigable water bodies and rivers;
- Marine hydrological hazards: tropical cyclones (typhoons), tsunamis, strong waves (5 points or more), strong sea level fluctuations, strong draft in ports, early ice cover and fast ice, pressure and intense ice drift, impassable (difficult) ice, icing of ships and port facilities , separation of coastal ice;
- Hydrogeological hazards: low groundwater levels, high groundwater levels;
- Natural fires: forest fires, peat fires, fires of steppe and grain fields, underground fires of fossil fuels;
- Human infectious diseases: isolated cases of exotic and especially dangerous infectious diseases, group cases of dangerous infectious diseases, an epidemic outbreak of dangerous infectious diseases, epidemic, pandemic, infectious diseases of people of undetected etiology;
- Infectious diseases of animals: isolated cases of exotic and especially dangerous infectious diseases, epizootics, panzootics, enzootics infectious diseases of farm animals of undetected etiology;
- Plant infectious diseases: progressive epiphytotia, panphytotia, diseases of agricultural plants of undetected etiology, massive spread of plant pests.
Regularities of natural phenomena
- Each type of emergency is facilitated by a certain spatial confinement;
- The more intense a dangerous natural phenomenon, the less often it happens;
- Each natural origin has predecessors - specific features;
- The emergence of a natural emergency, for all its unexpectedness, can be predicted;
- It is often possible to provide for both passive and active protection measures against natural hazards.
The role of anthropogenic influence on the manifestation of natural emergencies is great. Human activity upsets the balance in the natural environment. Now, when the scale of the use of natural resources has sharply increased, the features of the global ecological crisis have become very noticeable. An important preventive factor that allows you to reduce the number of natural emergencies is the observance of natural balance.
All natural disasters are interconnected, these are earthquakes and tsunamis, tropical cyclones and floods, volcanic eruptions and fires, poisoning of pastures, death of livestock. When taking measures to protect against natural disasters, it is necessary to minimize secondary consequences, and with the help of appropriate preparation, if possible, eliminate them completely. The study of the causes and mechanisms of natural emergencies is a prerequisite for successful protection against them, the possibility of their prediction. An accurate and timely forecast is an important condition for effective protection against dangerous phenomena. Protection against natural phenomena can be active (construction of engineering structures, reconstruction of natural objects, etc.) and passive (use of shelters),
Dangerous geological natural phenomena
- earthquakes,
- landslides,
- sat down,
- avalanches,
- landslides,
- precipitation of the earth's surface as a result of karst phenomena.
Earthquakes- These are underground shocks and vibrations of the earth's surface, resulting from tectonic processes, transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic vibrations. Earthquakes can cause volcanic activity, the fall of small celestial bodies, collapses, dam breaks and other causes.
The causes of the earthquakes have not been fully disclosed. Stresses arising under the action of deep tectonic forces deform the layers of the earth. They shrink into folds, and when the g-forces reach critical levels, they break and mix. A break in the earth's crust is formed, which is accompanied by a series of shocks and the number of shocks, and the intervals between them are very different. Shocks include foreshocks, main shocks, and aftershocks. The main impulse has the greatest strength. People perceive it as very long, although it usually lasts a few seconds.
As a result of research, psychiatrists and psychologists have obtained data that often aftershocks have a much more severe mental impact on people than the main shock. There is a feeling of inevitability of trouble, the person is inactive, while he should defend himself.
The focus of the earthquake- is called a certain volume in the thickness of the Earth, within which energy is released.
The center of the hearth is a conditional point - hypocenter or focus.
The epicenter of the earthquake Is the projection of the hypocenter onto the surface of the Earth. The largest destruction occurs around the epicenter, in the pleistoseist region.
The energy of earthquakes is estimated by magnitude (lat. Magnitude). is a conventional value that characterizes the total amount of energy released in the earthquake source. The strength of the earthquake is assessed according to the international seismic scale MSK - 64 (Mercalli scale). It has 12 conventional grades - points.
Forecasting earthquakes is carried out by registering and analyzing their "predecessors" - foreshocks (preliminary weak shocks), deformation of the earth's surface, changes in the parameters of geophysical fields, changes in the behavior of animals. Until now, unfortunately, there are no methods for reliable prediction of earthquakes. The time frame for the onset of an earthquake can be 1-2 years, and the accuracy of predicting the location of an earthquake ranges from tens to hundreds of kilometers. All this reduces the effectiveness of earthquake protection measures.
In earthquake-prone areas, the design and construction of buildings and structures is carried out taking into account the possibility of earthquakes. Earthquakes of 7 points and higher are considered dangerous for structures, therefore, construction in areas with 9-point seismicity is uneconomical.
Rocky soils are considered the most reliable in seismic terms. The stability of structures during earthquakes depends on the quality of building materials and works. There are requirements for limiting the size of buildings, as well as requirements for taking into account the relevant rules and regulations (SP and N), which boil down to strengthening the structure of structures under construction in seismic zones.
Groups of anti-seismic measures
- Preventive, preventive measures are the study of the nature of earthquakes, the identification of their predecessors, the development of methods for predicting earthquakes;
- Measures that are carried out immediately before the onset of an earthquake, during and after it. The effectiveness of actions in earthquake conditions depends on the level of organization of rescue operations, the training of the population and the effectiveness of the warning system.
A very dangerous direct consequence of an earthquake is panic, during which people, out of fear, cannot meaningfully take measures for salvation and mutual assistance. Panic is especially dangerous in places of the greatest concentration of people - at enterprises, in educational institutions and in public places.
Deaths and injuries occur when the debris of destroyed buildings falls, as well as as a result of finding people in the rubble and not receiving timely assistance. Earthquakes can cause fires, explosions, emissions of hazardous substances, traffic accidents and other dangerous phenomena.
Volcanic activity- This is the result of active processes that constantly occur in the bowels of the Earth. is called a set of phenomena that are associated with the movement of magma in the earth's crust and on its surface. Magma (Greek thick ointment) is a molten mass of a silicate composition that forms in the depths of the Earth. When magma reaches the earth's surface, it erupts in the form of lava.
There are no gases in the lava that escape during the eruption. This is what distinguishes it from magma.
Types of winds
Eddy storms are caused by cyclonic activity and spread over large areas.
Among the vortex storms are distinguished:
- dusty,
- snowy.
- squally.
Dust (sand) storms arise in deserts, in plowed steppes and are accompanied by the transfer of huge masses of soil and sand.
Snow storms move large masses of snow through the air. They operate on a strip from several kilometers to several tens of kilometers. Snow storms of great force occur in the steppe part of Siberia and on the plains of the European part of the Russian Federation. In Russia, snowstorms in winter are called blizzard, blizzard, blizzard.
Squalls- short-term wind gains up to a speed of 20-30 m / s. They are characterized by a sudden start and an equally sudden end, a short duration of action and a tremendous destructive force.
Heavy storms operate in the European part of Russia both on land and at sea.
Streaming storms- local phenomena that are not widespread. They are divided into stock and jet. During katabatic storms, air masses move along the slope from top to bottom.
Jet storms characterized by horizontal air movement or its movement up the slope. Most often they occur between the mountain chains that connect the valleys.
A tornado (tornado) is an atmospheric vortex that occurs in a thundercloud. Then it spreads in the form of a dark "sleeve" towards land or sea. The upper part of the tornado has a funnel-shaped expansion that merges with the clouds. When the tornado descends to the surface of the Earth, its lower part sometimes expands, resembling an overturned funnel. The height of the tornado is from 800 to 1500 m. Rotating counterclockwise at a speed of up to 100 m / s and rising in a spiral, the air in a tornado draws in dust or water. A decrease in pressure inside the tornado leads to condensation of water vapor. Water and dust make the tornado visible. Its diameter over the sea is measured in tens of meters, and over land - in hundreds of meters.
According to their structure, tornadoes are subdivided into dense (sharply limited) and vague (unclearly limited); in time and spatial action - on small tornadoes of gentle action (up to 1 km), small (up to 10 km) and hurricane vortices (more than 10 km).
Hurricanes, storms, tornadoes are extremely powerful elemental forces, in their destructive effect they are comparable only to an earthquake. It is very difficult to predict the place and time of the appearance of a tornado, which makes them especially dangerous and does not allow predicting their consequences.
Hydrological disasters
High water- yearly recurring seasonal water level rise.
Flood- short-term and non-periodic increase in the water level in the river or reservoir.
Floods, following one after another, can cause floods, and recent floods.
Flooding is one of the most common natural hazards. They arise from a sharp increase in the amount of water in rivers as a result of melting snow or glaciers, due to heavy rains. Floods are often accompanied by blockage of the river bed during ice drift (jam) or blockage of the channel by an ice plug under a stationary ice cover (jam).
On sea coasts, floods can be caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis. Floods caused by the action of winds driving water from the sea and raising the water level due to its delay in the river mouth is called surge.
Experts believe that people are in danger from floods if the water layer reaches 1m, and its flow rate is more than 1m / s. If the rise of the water reaches 3m - this leads to the destruction of houses.
Flooding can occur even when there is no wind. It can be caused by long waves arising in the sea under the influence of a cyclone. In St. Petersburg, the islands in the Neva delta have been flooded since 1703. more than 260 times.
Floods on rivers differ in the height of the water rise, the flooded area and the amount of damage: low (small), high (medium), outstanding (large), catastrophic. Low floods can be repeated in 10-15 years, high ones in 20-25 years, outstanding ones in 50-100 years, catastrophic ones in 100-200 years.
They can last from several to 100 days.
The flooding in the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia, which happened 5,600 years ago, had very serious consequences. In the Bible, the flood was called the Flood.
Tsunamis are sea gravity waves of long length, resulting from the displacement of large sections of the bottom during underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or other tectonic processes. In the area of their occurrence, waves reach heights of 1-5m, near the coast - up to 10m, and in bays and river valleys - more than 50m. Tsunamis spread inland for a distance of up to 3 km. The coast of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans is the main area of the tsunami manifestation. They are very destructive and pose a threat to humans.
Breakwaters, embankments, harbors and breakwaters only partially protect against tsunamis. In the open sea, tsunamis are not dangerous for ships.
Protection of the population from tsunamis - warnings of special services about the approach of waves, based on the advance registration of earthquakes by coastal seismographs.
Forest, steppe, peat, underground fires are called landscape, or natural, fires. The most widespread are forest fires, causing huge losses and resulting in human casualties.
Forest fires are uncontrolled burning of vegetation that spontaneously spreads through the forest area. In dry weather, the forest dries up so much that any careless handling of fire can cause a fire. In most cases, a person is the culprit in the fire. Forest fires are classified according to the nature of the fire, the speed of propagation and the size of the area covered by the fire.
Depending on the nature of the fire and the composition of the forest, fires are divided into lower, upper and soil fires. At the beginning of their development, all fires are of the nature of grassroots, and when certain conditions arise, they turn into upper or soil ones. Crown fires are subdivided according to the parameters of the edge advancement (the burning strip bordering the outer contour of the fire) into weak, medium and strong. Ground fires and top fires are divided into persistent and fugitive fires according to the speed of fire propagation.
Methods of fighting forest fires. The main conditions for the effective fight against forest fires are the assessment and forecast of fire hazard in the forest. State bodies of forestry control the state of protection in the territory of the forest fund.
To organize fire extinguishing, it is necessary to determine the type of fire, its characteristics, the direction of its spread, natural barriers (especially dangerous places for intensifying the fire), the forces and means necessary to fight it.
When extinguishing a forest fire, the following main stages are distinguished: stopping, extinguishing the fire and guarding the fire (preventing the possibility of ignition from unexplained foci of combustion).
There are two main methods of fire fighting by the nature of the impact on the combustion process: direct and indirect fire extinguishing.
The first method is used for extinguishing medium and low intensity with a propagation speed of up to 2 m / min. and a flame height of up to 1.5 m. An indirect method of extinguishing a fire in a forest is based on the creation of barrage belts on the path of its propagation.
Epidemic is a wide spread of an infectious disease among people, significantly exceeding the level of morbidity usually registered in a given territory.
- an unusually high incidence rate, both in terms of level and scale of distribution, covering a number of countries, entire continents and even the entire globe.
All infectious diseases are classified into four groups:
- intestinal infections;
- respiratory tract infections (aerosol);
- blood (transmissible);
- infections of the outer covers (contact).
Types of biological emergencies
Epizootics. Infectious diseases of animals are a group of diseases that have such common features as the presence of a specific pathogen, the cyclical nature of development, the ability to be transmitted from an infected animal to a healthy one and to take on an epizootic spread.
All infectious animal diseases are divided into five groups:
- The first group - alimentary infections are transmitted through soil, feed, water. The organs of the digestive system are mainly affected. The pathogens are transmitted through infected feed, soil, and manure. Such infections include anthrax, foot and mouth disease, glanders, brucellosis.
- The second group - respiratory infections - damage to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and lungs. These include: parainfluenza, exootic pneumonia, smallpox of sheep and goats, plague of carnivores.
- The third group - vector-borne infections, the mechanism of their transmission is carried out with the help of blood-sucking arthropods. These include: encephalomyelitis, tularemia, equine infectious anemia.
- Fourth group - infections, the causative agents of which are transmitted through the outer integument without the participation of vectors. These include tetanus, rabies, cowpox.
- The fifth group - infections with unexplained pathways, i.e. unqualified group.
Epiphytotics. To assess the scale of plant diseases, the following concepts are used epiphytotia and panphytotia.
Epiphytotia – the spread of infectious diseases over large areas over a period of time.
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