The task to create the first Soviet heavy machine gun, intended primarily to combat aircraft at altitudes of up to 1500 meters, was issued to the already very experienced and well-known gunsmith Degtyarev in 1929. Less than a year later, Degtyarev presented his 12.7 mm machine gun for testing, and in 1932, small-scale production of the machine gun began under the designation DK (Degtyarev, Large-caliber). In general, the recreation center repeated the design light machine gun DP-27, and was fed from detachable magazines with 30 rounds of ammunition. The disadvantages of such a power supply scheme (bulky and heavy weight stores, low practical rate of fire) forced to stop production of the recreation center in 1935 and begin to improve it. By 1938, another designer, Shpagin, developed a belt power module for the recreation center, and in 1939, the improved machine gun was adopted by the Red Army under the designation “12.7 mm heavy machine gun Degtyarev - Shpagin arr. 1938 – DShK.” Mass release DShK was started in 1940–41, and during the years of the Great Patriotic War About 8 thousand DShK machine guns were produced. They were used as anti-aircraft weapons, as infantry support weapons, and installed on armored vehicles and small ships (including torpedo boats). Based on the experience of the war, in 1946 the machine gun was modernized (the design of the belt feed unit and barrel mount were changed), and the machine gun was adopted under the designation DShKM.
The DShKM was or is in service with over 40 armies around the world, produced in China (“type 54”), Pakistan, Iran and some other countries. The DShKM machine gun was used as an anti-aircraft gun Soviet tanks post-war period(T-55, T-62) and on armored vehicles (BTR-155).
Technically, DShK is automatic weapons, built on the gas exhaust principle. The barrel is locked by two combat larvae, hinged on the bolt, through recesses in the side walls of the receiver. The fire mode is automatic only, the barrel is permanent, finned for better cooling, and equipped with a muzzle brake. The feed is carried out from a non-scattered metal tape, the tape is fed from the left side of the machine gun. In DShK, the tape feeder was made in the form of a drum with six open chambers. As the drum rotated, it fed the tape and at the same time removed the cartridges from it (the tape had open links). After the chamber of the drum with the cartridge arrived in the lower position, the cartridge was fed into the chamber by the bolt. The drive of the tape feeder was carried out in position with right side a lever that swung in a vertical plane when its lower part was acted upon by the loading handle, rigidly connected to the bolt frame. In the DShKM machine gun, the drum mechanism has been replaced with a more compact slider mechanism, also driven by a similar lever connected to the loading handle. The cartridge was removed from the belt downwards and then fed directly into the chamber.
Spring buffers for the bolt and bolt frame are mounted in the buttplate of the receiver. The fire was fired from the rear sear (from an open bolt); two handles on the butt plate and a push-type trigger were used to control the fire. The sight was framed; the machine also had mounts for an anti-aircraft sight.
The machine gun was used from a universal machine gun of the Kolesnikov system. The machine was equipped with removable wheels and a steel shield, and when using a machine gun as an anti-aircraft wheel, they were removed and the rear support was spread apart to form a tripod. In addition, the machine gun in the anti-aircraft role was equipped with special shoulder rests. In addition to the machine gun, the machine gun was used in turret installations, on remote-controlled anti-aircraft installations, on ship pedestal installations.
Currently, in the Russian Armed Forces, the DShK and DShKM have been almost completely replaced by the Utes machine gun, as it is more advanced and modern.
|
|||||
|
|
For needs Soviet army in the 30s of the last century, the Degtyarev-Shpagin DShK heavy machine gun was designed and put into production. The weapon had impressive combat qualities and was capable of fighting both light armored vehicles and aircraft.
Over its long existence, it was used in the Second World War (WWII), civil war in China, the Korean Peninsula, Afghanistan and Syria. Russian army long ago replaced it with more modern machine guns, but DShK is still used by the armies of the world.
History of creation
In 1929, the Red Army (Workers' and Peasants' Red Army) used a good, but already quite strong, 7.62 mm cartridge to support infantry and fight enemy aircraft.
Machine guns large caliber did not exist in the USSR, so they decided to create this kind small arms. The task was entrusted to the gunsmiths of the Kovrov plant. It was recommended to use the developments applied in the DP (Degtyarev Infantry), but chambered for larger caliber.
A year later, Degtyarev presented to the commission a 12.7 mm machine gun of his own design. For almost another year, modifications were carried out and various tests were carried out. In 1932, having successfully passed all the tests, the People's Commissariat accepted it into service. The machine gun went into production under the name DK. (Degtyarev Large-caliber.)
Reason to stop serial production in 1935, the practical rate of fire, bulkiness and heavy weight of disk magazines became low.
Several gunsmiths began modernizing the design. One of them was Shpagin. He developed for DK new system feeding cartridges, a tape drive mechanism that fit into the place of the disk magazine receiver.
This reduced the size of the entire device. A new version The DK received the name DShK (Degtyarev-Shpagin Large-caliber) and in 1938 it was adopted by the USSR Army.
At the end of WWII, a successful attempt was made to modify the DShK. New model received the name DShKM. The main differences from the DShK heavy machine gun were in the method of supplying ammunition - a simplified slider tape receiver and a different type of tape itself.
Design
The 12.7 mm DShK machine gun is a fully automatic weapon. Shooting in other modes is not provided.
To control the shooting, there are 2 holding handles located on the breech of the machine gun, and triggers for firing are located on the back wall.
Sights could be replaced depending on the use of the machine gun. This could be an angle sight for firing at flying objects. To hit ground targets, they used a frame sight with a notch of up to 3.5 km.
The DK-DShK automation is almost completely similar to the earlier DP-27. The principle of removing powder gases from the barrel, with the impact of their energy on the piston bolt mechanism. The barrel is locked with lugs. Shooting is carried out from an open bolt, which increases the rate of fire of the machine gun.
To reduce recoil, the designers installed a chamber-type muzzle brake at the end of the barrel.
The barrel is monoblock, non-removable on the DK-DShK; in the later DShKM the barrel is removable. Mounted on a screw connection, this was necessary for quickly changing a heated barrel in combat conditions. One person at a time could change the barrel.
For better performance of the weapon and cooling of the metal of the barrel during intense shooting, transverse fins were made on its surface, which, according to the designers, contributed to its cooling during the firing process.
The DK machine gun was fed with ammunition from a 30-round disc magazine. But due to its bulkiness and inconvenience of use, it was decided to transfer the machine gun to belt ammunition.
The design of the tape drive unit was proposed by the famous designer Shpagin - it was a drum with 6 chambers, the first of which housed a cartridge in a tape link. The tape had a “crab” type link, which was optimal solution precisely for this method of feeding the cartridge.
When the drum was rotated, the cartridge came out of the belt link, but remained in the drum chamber; the next time the drum moved, the cartridge ended up near the chamber, where the bolt sent it. For manual reloading of the machine gun, a lever located on the right side of the receiver was used; through rods it was connected to the drum and bolt.
The DShKM's method of feeding ammunition has changed; it has become a slider type.
The design of the belt has also changed; the link has become closed and more convenient to transport. In this case, the cartridge was first removed from the tape, and the tape was pulled further with a reverse movement. And the cartridge, falling down, was sent into the chamber.
The slider design of the shutter, without dependence on the drum of the tape transport mechanism, made it possible to throw the tape receiver from one side to the other. This made it possible to install the power system on either side of the weapon. Which led to the appearance of paired and quadruple modifications.
Shooting could be carried out with several types of projectiles. Basically, 12.7x108 mm cartridges with bullets were used for shooting:
- MDZ, incendiary, instant action;
- B-32, armor-piercing;
- BZT-44, universal, incendiary-tracer with steel core;
- T-46, sighting and tracer.
Performance characteristics (TTX)
- Machine gun weight, kg: with Kolesnikov’s machine gun – 157/without – 33.5;
- Product length, cm: 162.5;
- Barrel length, cm: 107;
- Used projectile: 12.7*108 mm;
- Combat rate of fire, rounds per minute: 600 or 1200 (in anti-aircraft condition.);
- Bullet flight speed, initial: 640 – 840 meters per second;
- Maximum sighting range: 3.5 kilometers.
Combat use
In the technical specifications, the leadership of the Red Army ordered the designers to create a machine gun capable of performing wide range tasks. First serious conflict The Great Patriotic War began in which the DShK was used.
The DShK was actively used in all units and branches of the military, both as an air defense system and as an independent or additional weapon for military equipment.
This weapon was supplied to the infantry on a universal machine developed by Kolesnikov.
In the transport position, the machine was equipped with wheels, which made it easy to transport; at the same time, for anti-aircraft shooting, the machine took the form of a tripod, and an additional angle sight for anti-aircraft shooting was additionally installed on the receiver.
Another important factor was the presence of an armored shield that protected against bullets and small fragments.
Rifle units used the DShK as a means of reinforcement; it is worth noting that the bulk of the DK machine guns transferred to the troops were subsequently converted into DShKs by replacing the magazine receiver with a Shpagin tape drum. Therefore, recreation center in the b/d was practically not used.
The main task of the DShK, however, was to combat air targets; this machine gun was actively used as an air defense weapon from its very birth, both on land, including by installation on armored vehicles, and in the navy, as an air defense weapon for large ships, and as a universal weapon for boats and small vessels.
After the war, the DShKM was mainly used as an air defense weapon and as a additional means reinforcements in the form of installation on armored vehicles.
DShK has been in existence for 81 years. And although it was removed from service back in the 70s of the last century. They don’t forget about DShK in the rest of the world. For example, in China they are still assembled under the Type - 54 label. DShKs are also produced in the Middle East. Even under a license received from the USSR, the production line for the creation of this machine gun has been established in Iran and Pakistan.
During the war in Afghanistan, “welding”, as the machine gun was nicknamed by those who worked with it, because of the reflections of the shots reminiscent of the shine of electric welding - the DShKM showed itself as an excellent weapon against helicopters and low-flying aircraft. In addition, it also worked well against lightly armored vehicles, armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles.
News videos from the Syrian Republic show that its army is actively using DShKM.
This machine gun deservedly took its place in popular culture. IN Soviet time There have been a lot of heroic films. There is a mention in fiction books and autobiographies about the DShK machine gun. With development information technologies can be found in a huge number V computer games.
The DShK machine gun can be called a project of several gunsmiths. At first it was designed and modified by Degtyarev, later Shpagin joined this difficult process. All this led to the creation of an excellent heavy machine gun, which took part in almost all world conflicts.
Video
DShKA landing assault boat DShK Degtyarev and Shpagin heavy machine gun designers V. A. Degtyarev and G. S. Shpagin Dictionary: Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations of the army and special services. Comp. A. A. Shchelokov. M.: LLC Publishing House AST, CJSC... ... Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations
DShK- Soviet heavy machine gun Degtyarev Shpagin 12.7 mm caliber. Installed on ships for air defense … Encyclopedia of weapons
DShK- Degtyarev and Shpagina heavy machine gun... Dictionary of Russian abbreviations
DShK and DShKM 12.7- DShK 38 DShKM 8/46 on a wheeled machine with a shield and box for tape DShKM 38/46 on an anti-aircraft machine. The cover of the belt application is open DShKM 38/46 view of the receiver and the belt feed unit Diagram of the device of the machine gun belt feed unit DShK Caliber: 12.7x109… Encyclopedia of Small Arms
12.7 mm shipborne machine gun mounts based on DShK- In 1930, designer V. A. Degtyarev created prototype 12.7 mm machine gun DK (Degtyarev large-caliber). The DK machine gun was designed for the new 12.7 mm cartridge. The automatic machine gun operated using the energy of powder gases removed from... ... Military encyclopedia
12.7 mm heavy machine gun DShK-38- Degtyarev Shpagin 1938 The task to create the first Soviet heavy machine gun, intended primarily to combat aircraft at altitudes of up to 1500 meters, was issued by that time to an already very experienced and well-known... ... Military encyclopedia
DShKM Large-caliber machine gun DShK model 1938 Country: USSR Type: Heavy machine gun Designer: Georgy Semenovich Shpagin, Vasily Alekseevich Degtyarev Release date ... Wikipedia
pіdshkіperskiy- a, e. Approx. to the skipper...
podshkirny- a, e. 1) Which one takes place or hides under the skin. The axillary musculature of the transverse muscles of the terrestrial spinal cords is closely tied to the skin and protects the arms. 2) Who is afraid under the skin... Ukrainian Tlumach Dictionary
podshkirno- Adj. to the bottom... Ukrainian Tlumach Dictionary
Books
- DShK heavy machine gun with crew (3609), . A set of parts for assembling one DShK machine gun and 4 soldier figures. It is assembled using special glue. Not recommended for children under 3 years of age. Ideal for a gift. Made in…
- Su-17 fighter-bomber. Killer of “spirits”, Victor Markovsky. The first Soviet aircraft with variable wing geometry, this fighter-bomber remained in service for a quarter of a century. Being the result of a deep modernization of the legendary Su-7 B (in addition to... eBook
On February 26, 1939, by decree of the Defense Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, a 12.7-mm heavy machine gun of the 1938 model DShK ("Degtyarev-Shpagina large-caliber") of the V. A. Degtyarev system with a drum receiver of the G. S. system was adopted for service. Shpagina. The machine gun was adopted on a universal machine of the I.N. system. Kolesnikov with detachable wheel travel and folding tripod. During the Great Patriotic War, the DShK machine gun was used to combat air targets, lightly armored enemy vehicles, and enemy personnel at long and medium ranges, as weapons for tanks and self-propelled guns. At the end of the Great Patriotic War, designers K.I. Sokolov and A.K. Norov carried out a significant modernization of the heavy machine gun. First of all, the power mechanism was changed - the drum receiver was replaced with a slider one. In addition, the manufacturability of the weapon has been improved, the mounting of the machine gun barrel has been changed, and a number of measures have been taken to increase survivability. The reliability of the system has increased. The first 250 modernized machine guns were produced in February 1945 at the plant in Saratov. In 1946, the machine gun was put into service under the designation “12.7-mm machine gun mod. 1938/46, DShKM." The DShKM immediately became a tank anti-aircraft machine gun: it was installed on tanks of the IS series, T-54/55, T-62, on the BTR-50PA, modernized ISU-122 and ISU-152, and special vehicles on a tank chassis.
Because the differences are 12.7 mm heavy machine gun arr. 1938, DShK and modernized machine gun arr. 1938/46 DShKM consist mainly in the design of the feed mechanism, let's look at these machine guns together.
The machine gun is automatic and operates by removing powder gases through a transverse hole in the barrel wall, with a long stroke of the gas piston. The closed-type gas chamber is reinforced under the barrel and is equipped with a pipe regulator with three holes. The entire length of the barrel has transverse ribbing for better cooling; a single-chamber active-type muzzle brake is attached to the muzzle of the barrel. The barrel bore is locked by moving the bolt lugs to the sides. The DShK barrel was equipped with an active type muzzle brake, which was later replaced by a flat brake, also of the active type (this muzzle brake was also used on the DShK, and became the main one for tank modifications).
The leading element of the automation is the bolt frame. A gas piston rod is screwed into the bolt frame at the front, and a firing pin is mounted on a stand at the rear. When the bolt approaches the breech of the barrel, the bolt stops, and the bolt frame continues to move forward, the firing pin rigidly connected to it with its thickened part moves forward relative to the bolt and spreads the bolt lugs, which fit into the corresponding recesses of the receiver. The lugs are brought together and the bolt is unlocked by bevels of the figured socket of the bolt frame as it moves backwards. Removal of the spent cartridge case is ensured by the bolt ejector; the cartridge case is removed from the weapon downwards, through the window of the bolt frame, using a spring-loaded rod reflector mounted at the top of the bolt. The return spring is placed on the gas piston rod and covered with a tubular casing. The buttplate contains two spring shock absorbers that soften the impact of the bolt carrier and bolt at the rearmost point. In addition, shock absorbers give the frame and bolt an initial return velocity, thereby increasing the rate of fire. The reloading handle, located at the bottom right, is rigidly connected to the bolt frame and is small in size. The reloading mechanism of the machine gun mount interacts with the reloading handle, but the machine gunner can directly use the handle, for example, by inserting a cartridge into it with the bottom of the cartridge case.
The shot is fired with the shutter open. The trigger mechanism allows only automatic fire. It is activated by a trigger lever hinged on the buttplate of the machine gun. The trigger mechanism is assembled in a separate housing and is equipped with a non-automatic safety lever that blocks the trigger lever (front position of the flag) and prevents spontaneous lowering of the sear.
The impact mechanism is powered by a return spring. After locking the barrel bore, the bolt frame continues to move forward, in the extreme forward position it hits the clutch, and the firing pin hits the firing pin mounted in the bolt. The sequence of operations of spreading the lugs and striking the firing pin eliminates the possibility of firing when the barrel bore is not fully locked. To prevent the bolt frame from rebounding after an impact in the extreme forward position, a “delay” is mounted in it, including two springs, a bend and a roller.
DShKM machine gun incomplete disassembly: 1 - barrel with gas chamber, front sight and muzzle brake; 2 - bolt frame with gas piston; 3 - shutter; 4 - combat stops; 5 - drummer; 6 - wedge; 7 - butt plate with buffer; 8 - body trigger mechanism; 9 - cover and base of the receiver and feed drive lever; 10 - receiver.
The cartridges are fed by a belt feed, with a left-hand feed of a metal link belt. The tape consists of open links and is placed in a metal box mounted on the installation bracket. The visor of the box serves as the tape feed tray. The DShK drum receiver was driven by the bolt handle, moving backward, it bumped into the fork of the swinging feed lever and turned it. The dog at the other end of the lever rotated the drum 60°, which pulled the tape. Removing the cartridge from the belt link - in the lateral direction. In the DShKM machine gun, the slider-type receiver is mounted on top of the receiver. The slider with the feed fingers is driven by a bell crank rotating in a horizontal plane. The crank arm, in turn, is driven by a rocker arm with a fork at the end. The latter, as in the DShK, is driven by the bolt handle.
By flipping the slider crank, you can change the direction of the belt feed from left to right.
The 12.7 mm cartridge has several options: with an armor-piercing bullet, armor-piercing incendiary, sighting-incendiary, sighting, tracer, armor-piercing incendiary tracer (used against air targets). The sleeve does not have a protruding rim, which made it possible to use direct feeding of the cartridge from the tape.
For shooting at ground targets, a folding frame sight is used, mounted on a base on top of the receiver. The sight has worm mechanisms for installing the rear sight and introducing lateral corrections, the frame is equipped with 35 divisions (up to 3500 m in 100) and is tilted to the left to compensate for bullet derivation. The pin front sight with a safety device is placed on a high base in the muzzle of the barrel. When firing at ground targets, the dispersion diameter at a distance of 100 m was 200 mm. The DShKM machine gun is equipped with a collimator anti-aircraft sight, which facilitates aiming at a high-speed target and allows you to see the aiming mark and the target with equal clarity. The DShKM, installed on tanks as an anti-aircraft weapon, was equipped collimator sight K-10T. Optical system The sight formed at the output an image of the target and an aiming reticle projected onto it with rings for shooting with lead and protractor divisions.
The DShK machine gun entered the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army back in February 1939, but despite the seven decades that have passed since then, it is still present among the staff heavy weapons in many armies. In this article we will briefly outline the history and design features of this outstanding example of domestic design thought.
DShK machine gun. Photo. History of creation
A product of the First World War. Initially, they were tasked with fighting the then weakly armored tanks, aircraft and infantry in light shelters. It was precisely these opportunities that the Red Army command craved to receive from the new domestic machine gun, issuing technical specifications for it to the designers. The DShK machine gun was born for ten whole years; one might say, the most advanced and powerful domestic cartridge for its time, 12.7 x 108, was invented, which, by the way, is still actively used in modern shooting systems. However, for a long time Degtyarev was unable to create something acceptable for the army. The main disadvantage of the DK (Degtyarev large-caliber) model of 1930 was the drum magazine for thirty rounds and the low rate of fire, which did not allow the machine gun to be effectively used as an anti-aircraft gun. Only by inviting another outstanding designer, G.S. Shpagin, to participate in the development, it was possible to solve the problem. A drum-type chamber was installed on the Degtyarev machine gun for belt ammunition designed by Shpagin, as a result of which the machine gun acquired a very decent rate of fire of 600 rounds per minute, belt feeding and the now well-known name “DShK Machine Gun”. Since 1939, he entered combat units and since then has participated and is participating in all armed conflicts in the world. It is currently in service with forty armies. Produced by China, Iran, Pakistan and some other countries.
The automatic machine gun operates on the common principle of removing expanding powder gases. The gas exhaust chamber is located under the barrel. Locking occurs with the help of two combat larvae, which cling to recesses machined in the opposite walls of the receiver. The DShK machine gun can only fire automatically; the barrel has a non-removable barrel and is air-cooled. The cartridge belt is fed from the left side to the drum, which has six open chambers. The latter, rotating, feeds the tape and at the same time removes cartridges from it. In 1946, changes were made to the design that affected the steel grades used, production technology and cartridge feeding device. The “drum” was abandoned and a simpler slider mechanism was used, which made it possible to use new cartridge belts, on both sides, and was lighter and more technologically advanced. The improved machine gun was called DShKM.
Conclusion
There are only two truly famous 12 mm machine guns in the world. This is a DShK and M2 machine gun, and domestic machine gun due to a more powerful cartridge and heavy bullet, it is superior to its American counterpart. Until now, DShK fire is considered highly effective and terrifies the enemy.
Loading...
