AT 2 involves the ability to find words in given sentences different parts speech, in particular adjectives.
Sample wording of assignments
Find in sentences 15-18 quality adjectives.
From sentences 12-16, write down relative adjectives.
From sentences 2-7, write down possessive pronouns.
Extract from sentences 1-4 brief adjectives.
Write out adjectives from sentences 20-23 comparatively.
Write out adjectives from sentences 8-11 superlative comparisons.
Find adjectives in sentences 12-16 in short form.
What is required to complete tasks B2
- Distinguish adjectives from other parts of speech: participles, pronouns, numerals.
- Distinguish between qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives.
- Distinguish between degrees of comparison of adjectives.
- Distinguish between complete and short forms and do not confuse the latter with short participles.
Material for reference
Examples of adjectives: red, bad, cheerful, exquisite, dark red, table, forest, fox, bird, bear, river, cold, Russian, birch, morning, evening
Large lists of adjectives can be found in SOS-e - Consolidated Educational Dictionary. Cm.:
Examples of pronouns: which , which , whose , any , some , no , every , every , other , any , most
Complete lists of pronouns can be found in SOS-e - Consolidated Educational Dictionary. Cm.:
Examples of numerals: one thousand nine hundred and forty-five, thirty-first, second, sixteenth, twenty-first, six hundredth, one hundred twenty-fifth
Large lists of numerals can be found in SOS-e - Consolidated Training Dictionary. Cm.:
Examples of qualitative adjectives: scary, simple, young, dark, big, small, straight, round, heavy, light, hot, warm, bluish, greenish, beautiful-beautiful, heavy
Examples of relative adjectives: comic, special, enthusiastic, joyful, national, test, golden, spy, technical, tomorrow, adventure, fantastic , real , genre , fashionable , royal , boyar , historical , luxurious
Examples of possessive adjectives: mother, Olgin, lisitsyn, fathers, bear, bird, Tatyanin
For details on how adjectives are divided into categories, see:. Those aspiring for a high test score must definitely figure out which adjectives with the meaning of belonging are possessive.
Examples of comparative adjectives: more fun, easier, worse, better, thinner, fatter, smarter, higher, lower, older, less old
Examples of superlative adjectives: the most cheerful, the tallest, the smartest, the most beautiful, the best, the worst, most interesting, most correct, best of all, the best
Examples of adjectives in short form: cheerful, sad, small, great, smart, bad, good, interesting, touching, kind, reasonable, attractive, sick, healthy, round, dark
Training No. 1
Find all the adjectives in the text: just point the words with the mouse
Theatrical director Dmitry Krymov conducted a master class at the Moscow Art Theater School-Studio on the technology of preparing a performance. Reason - annual festival acting schools around the world "Open lesson: Stanislavsky continues." Krymovskie performances are one endless parade stage tricks, so master class boring was not .
(Based on materials from the magazine "Big City" No. 18 (307) 10/17/12)
Training No. 2
Find all the adjectives in the text:.
As we already wrote in the first volume of this guide, St. Petersburg is mystical city . And first of all, because there is not one city, but several at once. Petersburg, created by Peter's genius and imagination great writers and poets, "midnight countries of beauty and wonder", Petersburg by Pushkin. Brilliant the capital where they lived proud autocrats, brave generals, brave travelers, brilliant scientists and talented engineers. City magnificent palaces, spacious avenues, embankments encased in granite, majestic monuments, richest museums Imperial capital!
(According to Vl. Malyshev)
Training No. 3
On the Lieutenant Schmidt embankment near Blagoveshchensky bridge installed modest granite obelisk The inscription on it says that from this place in September 1922 on the so-called "philosophical steamship" went to eternal exile expelled by Lenin are the best Russian scientists, writers, philosophers, historians. . . .different Russians people, some of whom were waiting in a foreign land special fate .
(According to Vl. Malyshev)
Training No. 4
Find all the relative adjectives in the text.
The long period until Cambodia became a colony of France was for a country that had lost everything economic And military power, an era of major intrigues, coups, conspiracies and hopeless attempts to preserve the remnants of territory in the fight against more strong neighbors— Siam and Vietnam. In the 12th century, the ruler of Vietnam agreed to provide military assistance in the fight against Siam under the strict condition that Cambodia will allow Vietnamese population to settle in the rich territory of the Mekong Delta. As a result Cambodian The village of Prey Nokor became the property of Vietnam. Today it is Vietnamese Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon).
(According to A. Cherkasov)
Training No. 5
Find all the quality adjectives in the text.
Vladimir Zvorykin was born in 1889 in the epic Russian city of Murom. Still preserved old stone house, built by his father, a merchant of the first guild. IN big strong The Zvorykin family had seven children. Father wanted smart Jr the son went into trading and inherited the family company and bank. But stubborn Volodya decided differently: to continue his studies and become an engineer. He went to St. Petersburg, entered the University, but, at the insistence of his father, later transferred to the Technological Institute.
(According to V. Malyshev)
Training No. 6
Find all the quality adjectives in the text.
The eye is very Beautiful organ We have the most clean surgery, most big requirements for it. Seams thinner female hair, the tools look like a manicure set. In general, aesthetics is my Achilles heel.
(Based on materials from the magazine "Big City" No. 18 (307) 10/17/12, Interview with Elizaveta Kasparova)
Training No. 7
Find all the adjectives in the text in short form
Gradually, Leontiev was overcome by melancholy. His books were silent, his dream of becoming a great writer did not come true, his family life turned into drama, and his beloved mother died in Russia. He became seriously ill. And then something happened that he himself later began to call a miracle. Waking up one night, he suddenly unexpectedly discovered that is ill. He felt that he was dying. An elegant diplomat and admirer of Turgenev cried out: “Mother of God! It's early! Lift me from this deathbed!" And exhausted, he fell asleep. A
An adjective is an independent part of speech that denotes a characteristic of the object being discussed in a sentence. Adjective answers questions Whose? or Which? For example: red (rose), huge (territory), iron (shovel), mother's (car).
An adjective is associated with a noun and agrees with it, that is, it changes according to cases, gender and numbers. Examples: Interesting story ( masculine), interesting book(feminine gender). Interesting stories ( plural), interesting story(singular).
Qualitative and relative adjectives
Adjectives are divided into two types: qualitative and relative adjectives. Qualitative adjectives always indicate the qualitative characteristics of an object, as well as the attribute that the object may have to a greater or lesser extent. Examples of qualitative adjectives: tasty, strong, beautiful, small, tall. From such adjectives we can create a degree of comparison: more delicious, very beautiful, very small.
Relative adjectives indicate the relationship of one thing to another. Relative adjectives very often indicate the material from which an object is made. For example: iron bed, porcelain dishes.
Relative adjectives indicate the state of an object at a certain point in time. For example: winter day, evening sun, morning work-out. In this case, adjectives are formed on the basis of a noun: morning - morning, winter - winter.
The category of relative adjectives also includes possessive adjectives. Such adjectives indicate that one object belongs to another person (or object). For example: sister's brooch, dad's car, bear's den.
Full and short adjectives
Qualitative adjectives are divided into the following subtypes: full and short adjectives. Examples of full adjectives: handsome, kind, young. From such adjectives we can create short adjectives by shortening the word, which does not change its essence. Examples: handsome, kind, young.
Full adjectives in a sentence, as a rule, they act as a definition. For example: Beautiful house stood at the edge of the forest. Brief qualitative Adjectives in a sentence are usually the predicate. For example: The breeze is fragrant and fresh.
Relative adjectives are never short.
It should be remembered that short adjectives that belong to the masculine gender, the stem of which ends in a hissing letter, are written in the same way as masculine nouns - without adding soft sign at the end. For example: skinny, good, fresh, hot.
What makes a person’s speech (whether written or oral) most understandable? Without what would she be poor and expressionless? Of course, without adjectives. For example, if you read the word “forest” in the text without definitions, you will never understand which one is meant. After all, it can be coniferous, deciduous or mixed, winter, spring, summer or autumn. The Russian language is great. The qualitative adjective is a direct confirmation of this. In order to vividly and accurately present any picture, we need this wonderful part of speech.
Meaning and main features
An adjective is a name indicating the attribute of an object, that is, its properties that contain characteristics of quality, quantity, belonging. For example, they give a definition by color, taste, smell; indicate an assessment of a phenomenon, its nature, etc. Usually questions are asked to it: what (th, -th)? what is (-a, -o)? whose(s)? This is a significant (independent) part of speech.
The grammatical ones include:
- variability by gender (for example, red - masculine, yellow - feminine, green - neuter);
- declension by cases (let's check: nominative - sandy, genitive - iron, dative - morning; instrumental - evening; prepositional - about night);
- the possibility of a short form and degree of comparison (qualitative adjectives);
- changeability by numbers (for example, blue is singular, blue is plural).
Syntactic role
- The most common position for an adjective in a sentence is the modifier. It most often depends on a noun and is completely consistent with it. Consider the sentence: Deep footprints were visible in the snow. The tracks (what?) are deep. An adjective is a subject-dependent adjective expressed by a noun. Graphically indicated
- Ability allows an adjective to be the main member of a sentence - the subject. ( For example: The patient was admitted to the hospital in serious condition.)
- Quite often, what adjectives are found as part of the predicate in the form of a nominal part? Quality in short form. ( Compare: He was weak from illness. - The boy was weak. In the first case, the main member is a verb, in the second - an adjective in a compound nominal predicate.)
Adjectives: qualitative, relative, possessive
This part of speech has three categories, differing in both form and meaning. Let's look at all their features for comparison in the table.
| Quality | Relative | Possessives |
This feature of an object has varying degrees manifestations in him. One may be redder or whiter, while the other may be smaller or larger. Only they can form phrases with such adverbs as “not enough” and “extremely”, “very” and “extraordinarily”, “too”. Capable of having a short form: strong, invincible, glorious. Degrees of comparison can only be formed qualitative adjectives. Examples: sweeter, kindest, tallest. From them they can be obtained Difficult words by repeating: darling-darling, blue-blue. | The attribute they denote does not contain a greater or lesser degree, like qualitative adjectives. Examples: one nail cannot be more iron than another, and there is no such thing as the greatest clay pot in the world. They indicate the material from which the object is made or composed: a wooden floor, a sandy beach, gold jewelry. Show location or proximity to something: sea region. Evidence of time: February snowstorms, evening promenade, the year before last. Determine the quantity: three year old child, a one and a half meter pointer. Reveal the purpose of the item: sewing machine, regular bus, loading platform. They do not have a short form and degrees of comparison. | They indicate that this item belongs to someone or something. If the tail is a fox, then it is a fox, the hat could be grandma's or dad's. The main distinguishing feature is the question “whose”? |
Quality varies
It is worthwhile to dwell in somewhat more detail on the most flexible definitions in use and word formation, which are known as quality adjectives. Examples of their meanings are incredibly varied. They may indicate:
- on the shape of the object: multifaceted, round, angular;
- its size: tall, wide, huge;
- color: orange, dark green, purple;
- smell: stinking, fragrant, odorous;
- temperature: cold, lukewarm, hot;
- sound level and characteristics: quiet, loud, booming;
- overall rating: necessary, useful, unimportant.
Additional exclusivity
There are more features, which you need to know so as not to confuse qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives with each other. So, the first of them have the following features:
- the formation of new words using the prefix “not”: a sad person, an expensive product; or diminutive suffixes: gray - gray - grayish;
- the ability to select synonyms: cheerful - joyful; bright - brilliant; antonyms: cold - hot, evil - kind;
- Adverbs with -o, -e originate from qualitative adjectives: white - white, gentle - tenderly.
More about degrees of comparison
They also only have qualitative adjectives. Examples of the formation of a simple comparative degree: more visible, darker, longer. Composite comparative is a phrase: “less” or “more” is added to the adjective: less hard, softer.
The superlative degree is called that because it indicates the predominance of a characteristic in one object over other similar ones. It can be simple: it is formed using the suffixes -eysh-, -aysh-. For example: the most faithful, the lowest. And compound: the adjective is used in combination with the word “most”: the most wonderful, the deepest.
Can adjectives change their category?
And again it is worth remembering the broad capabilities of the Russian language. Everything is possible in it. Therefore, it is not surprising that qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives in a certain context change their meaning according to category.
For example, in the phrase “glass beads” everyone understands that we're talking about about beads made of glass. But “glass arguments” are already a metaphor, these are completely fragile, fragile arguments. We can conclude: the relative adjective (first example) has turned into a qualitative adjective (second example).
If you compare the expressions “fox hole” and “fox character”, you can see how the belonging of animal housing turns into the quality of human nature, which means that the possessive adjective has become qualitative.
Let’s take two more phrases as an example: “hare’s trail” and “hare’s hat.” The prints of the animal are not at all the same as the headdress made from it. As you can see, a possessive adjective can turn into a relative adjective.
Famous linguist Yu.S. Stepanov believed that the difference quality And relative meanings of adjectives is one of the most difficult. This division is carried out not even in all languages. There are already students in Russian high school learn to distinguish between these categories of adjectives.
As you probably remember, adjectives answer questions Which? which? which? which?
Which? –small yard, school teacher, bear claw.
Which? –wonderful weather, wooden bench, fox face.
Which? –excellent mood, pearl necklace, horse hoof.
Which? – polite students, regional competitions, bunny ears.
Each row contains examples qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives. How to distinguish them? As has already become clear, simply asking a question about an adjective will not give a result; the category cannot be determined in this way.
Grammar and semantics(meaning of the word). Let's consider each category of adjectives by meaning .
Qualitative adjectives
It’s already clear from the name what these adjectives mean. quality of the item. What kind of quality could this be? Color(lilac, burgundy, bay, black), form(rectangular, square), physical characteristics Living creatures (fat, healthy, active), temporal and spatial features (slow, deep), general qualities, inherent in an animate object ( angry, funny, happy) and etc.
Also, most (but not all!) qualitative adjectives have whole line grammatical features, by which they are quite easy to distinguish from other adjectives. These features may not necessarily be a whole set for each quality adjective, but if you find that at least some attribute is suitable for this adjective - you have a quality adjective. So:
1) Qualitative adjectives denote a feature that can appear to a greater or lesser extent. Hence the ability to form degrees of comparison.
Thin - thinner - thinnest. Interesting – less interesting – the most interesting.
2) Form short forms. Long is long, short is small.
3) Combine with adverbs of measure and degree. Very beautiful, extremely entertaining, completely incomprehensible.
4) From qualitative adjectives you can form adverbs on -o(s) And nouns with abstract suffixes -ost (-is), -izn-, -ev-, -in-, -from- :magnificent - magnificent, clear - clarity, blue - blue, blue - blue, thick - thickness, beautiful - beauty.
5) You can also form words with diminutive or augmentative suffixes: angry - angry, dirty - dirty, green - green, healthy - hefty.
6) Can have antonyms: big - small, white - black, sharp - dull, stale - fresh.
As you can see, there are many signs, but it is absolutely not necessary to use all of them. Remember that some quality adjectives have no degrees of comparison, some abstract nouns do not form, some cannot be combined with adverbs of measure and degree, but they fit according to other criteria.
For example, adjective bay. This adjective does not fit any grammatical criteria, but it means color = quality of item, - that means it quality.
Or adjective beautiful. You can't tell very beautiful, but you can form an adverb Wonderful. Conclusion: adjective quality.
Relative adjectives
Designate a sign through an attitude towards an object. What kind of relationship could this be - signs? Material, from which the item is made ( iron nail - iron nail, stone basement - stone basement, velvet dress– velvet dress); place, time, space (today's scandal is a scandal that happened today; intercity bus – a bus between cities; Moscow region – Moscow region); appointment(parent meeting – meeting for parents, children's store– children's store) and etc.
Signs of this 
and not temporary, but permanent, That's why all the features inherent quality names adjectives, relatives do not have. This means that they do not form degrees of comparison(not to say that this house is wooden, and that one is more wooden), cannot be combined with adverbs of measure and degree(can't say very gold bracelet) etc.
But phrases with relative adjectives can be transform, replacing the adjective. For example, villager - village resident, milk porridge - porridge with milk, plastic cube - plastic cube.
We hope that it has become clearer to you how to distinguish between qualitative and relative adjectives. We’ll talk about possessive adjectives and some pitfalls in the next article.
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Derivative signs.
Syntactic features.
They agree with nouns in gender, number, case (of an interesting film - R.p., singular, m.p.); and acting as the main member of the phrase, they control the noun (pale (head word) from excitement). In sentences they act as a definition or predicate; short forms perform only the function of a predicate (silent night).
To form adjectives the most productive ways are:
Suffixal – morning arr. from morning o+ - enn.
Reinforced concrete – reinforced concrete
Forest-steppe, steamship
Prefixal-suffixal – Moscow region – Moscow +-n
Addition method – bitter-salted – bitter + salty
Method of addition with simultaneous suffixation - car repair - car + repair (interface O and suffix - n)
Morphological-syntactic – adjectivation – closed (adj.) character, first (adj.) grade
2. According to meaning and grammatical features, adjectives are traditionally divided into 3 categories:
Quality
Relative
Possessives
The core of the adjective class is formed by qualitative adjectives.
Quality indicate a directly perceived feature of an object: blue, long. They can name the mental and physical qualities of a person: kind, strong; animal colors: bay; colors: pink; item size: large, narrow.
Signs:
Qualitative adjectives are characterized by the ability/ability to have:
1. Full inflected form and parallel indeclinable form: huge - huge.
2. Change according to degrees of comparison: beautiful - more beautiful - most beautiful.
3. Form correlative adverbs starting with –O or –E: quiet – quietly.
4. Form abstract nouns: blue-blue, kind-kindness.
5. The ability to enter into antonymic relationships: quiet - loud, beautiful - ugly.
6. Form forms of subjective assessment (handsome, cute).
7. Combine with adverbs of measure and degree (very narrow).
8. Some qualitative adjectives are non-derivative words (brown, bay, narrow th - -narrow root, when forming words of the same root, the productive stem is truncation).
They have these characteristics, but if an adjective has at least one of the listed characteristics, then it is QUALITATIVE.
They denote the attribute of an object indirectly - through its relationship to another object, action or circumstance ( wooden house, adolescence, city beach).
Signs:
1. The presence of a full inflected form and the absence of a short form (brick, oat).
2. Relative adjectives are derived words, formed from nouns, verbs, numerals, adverbs using the suffixes –an-, -yan-, -ov-, -ev- (kozh en y, birch ov y), -sk- (Belgorod sk th), -enn- (pumpkin enne y).
3. All relative adjectives denote constant, unchangeable characteristics.
4. Can be replaced by a synonymous case form of the noun ( family budget– family budget).
Possessive adjectives (which? Whose?).
They indicate that an object belongs to a person or an animal (in the broad sense).
A) actually possessive adjectives, denoting belonging to one person. These include adjectives with zero endings in nominative case, units, m.r. and suffixes - ov- (-ev-), -yn- (-in-), -nin-: prince's court, nanny's tales, fathers' jacket;
B) possessive-relative adjectives, which are formed from the names of people and animals using the suffix –iii-: fisherman - fisherman th, deer - deer th (zero ending), fisherman (j-suffix, a-ending): in fisherman (ach, j-suffix, and - suffix, because it is an adverb), hare tracks, bear paw.
The scope of use of possessive adjectives, such as fathers, mothers, is limited to colloquial speech, but in phraseological turns, in geographical names they are used without stylistic restrictions (Achilles' heel, Bering Strait).
The boundary between the lexical and grammatical categories of adjectives is fluid.
1. High quality relative adjectives are relative adjectives that can take on a qualitative meaning (springs of steel - relative, nerves of steel - qualitative).
2. Relatively quality adjectives are qualitative adjectives that develop additional relative meanings (a deaf person is qualitative, a deaf consonant is relative, a quick step is qualitative, a fast train is
relative).
3. High quality possessive adjectives are possessive adjectives in qualitative use (fox hole - possessive, fox cunning - qualitative, wolfish appetite).
4. Regarding – possessive adjectives are possessive adjectives in relative use (fox collar - relative, fox hole - possessive, Wolf Pack- relative).
In some cases, adjectives formed from the names of animals first turn into relative adjectives, and then into qualitative adjectives (veal head - possessive, veal chop - relative, veal tenderness - qualitative).
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