Reserves and national parks of Krasnoyarsk. Course work: Reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Taimyr State Natural Biosphere Reserve

SPNA name

Year of creation

Area, thousand hectares

Administrative position of protected areas (districts)

Achinsky, Bogotolsky Nazarovsky

Birch oak grove

Nazarovsky, Uzhursky, Sharypovsky

Berezovsky

Sharypovsky

B-Kassky

Yenisei

B-Kemchugsky

Kozulsky, Emelyanovsky

B-Murtinsky

Bolshemurtinsky

Kandatsky

Tyukhtetsky, B-Uluisky, Birilyussky

Kebezh

Ermakovsky, Karatuzsky

Kazachinsky, Pirovsky

Krasnoturansky Bor

Krasnoturansky

Makovsky

Yenisei, Birilyussky

Malo-Kemchugsky

Emelyanovsky, B-Murtinsky

Prichulymsky

Achinsky, Bogotolsky

Sisimsky

Kuraginsky

Solgonsky Ridge

Uzhursky, Nazarovsky, Balakhtinsky

Taibinsky

Irbeysky

Talsko-Garevsky

Sukhobuzimsky

Turukhansk

Turukhansk

Ubaysko-Salbinsky

Novoselovsky, Krasnoturansky

Khabyk

Idrinsky

Bolshaya Pashkina

Specially protected natural areas - areas of land, water and air space above them, on which natural objects of importance are located: scientific, cultural, aesthetic, health-improving.

These include nature reserves, national and natural parks, state reserves, natural monuments and other objects. As a rule, these objects are familiar to Krasnoyarsk residents many years before their approval as a protected area. For example, the Stolby reserve, Karaulnaya cave, Oreshnaya cave, Ergaki natural park, Tagarskoye lake, Plakhino lake, Monastyrskoye lake, Uchum lake.

Natural areas, depending on their importance, are of federal, regional and local importance. State nature reserves and national parks are protected areas of federal significance. The status depends on the value of the object, including the historical one. In the region, these are primarily reserves: Sayano - Shushensky, Central - Siberian, Bolshoi Arctic, Taimyr, "Stolby".

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There are almost a hundred specially protected natural areas in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Eleven are federal and 87 are regional. Protected areas of federal significance include seven nature reserves, a national park with an area of ​​39.2 thousand hectares, and three nature reserves. These are all well-known sites that are popular with tourists and nature lovers. Each of them is unique in its own way and therefore is really especially valuable.

Protected areas of regional significance in the region are located on an area of ​​5187.1 thousand hectares. Natural park "Ergaki" with an area of ​​217.0 thousand hectares. A unique object, which, obviously, has no equal in the whole world. Those who have visited Ergaki at least once will definitely come here again. Even if you have been here dozens of times, you still will not explore Ergaki and will not see all of its beauties. Some of them - the Sleeping Sayan rocks, the Dragon's Tooth, the Hanging Stone - are covered with legends and traditions. They are publicly available. Others can only be conquered by highly trained people. You can get to know Ergaki every year and this will make your life only more interesting.

The main goal of creating the park and its infrastructure network is the protection and restoration of natural complexes and unique objects. People come here for beauty and the opportunity to unite with nature. Feel her heart and therefore become closer to her. After all, it is important that not only a person sees her, but she also sees him.

There are thirty state nature reserves in the region on a total area of ​​1,866.5 thousand hectares. Including eight complex sanctuaries, whose task is to preserve or restore nature. They are designed to show both Siberians and the whole world the beauty of the Sayan foothills, northern taiga, tundra - what nature has been forming for hundreds of thousands, if not millions of years, should be carefully preserved. Beauty should be known and seen not only by us, but also by tens of future generations. Each generation is obliged to contribute to the preservation of natural objects.

There are 22 biological complexes in the region designed for the preservation and restoration of rare animals and plants. Fifty-five natural monuments with a total area of ​​38.6 thousand hectares. This is also a national treasure, the value of which cannot be determined in money. It is priceless.

This also includes the suburban green zone of Krasnoyarsk, created to improve the city's air basin. To protect suburban forest plantations and soils from unfavorable natural and climatic conditions, the negative influence of people. People today are destroying nature very seriously.

Introduction

1. Specially protected natural areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2. Reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2.1 State natural reserve "Stolby"

2.2 Sayano-Shushensky State Natural Biosphere Reserve

2.3 Taimyr State Natural Biosphere Reserve

2.4 Central Siberian State Natural Biosphere Reserve

2.5 Putoransky reserve

2.6 Great Arctic State Nature Reserve

2.7 Tunguska reserve

2.8 National Park "Shushensky Bor"

2.9 Natural Park "Ergaki"

Bibliography

Introduction

Since 1600, about 150 species of animals have become extinct on our planet, more than half over the past 50 years. In the XX century it became obvious that it was necessary to take special measures to save the flora and fauna. It is no longer necessary to prove to anyone how destructively modern man is capable of influencing living nature. There are fewer and fewer untouched corners of nature. Every year, the Red Book is replenished with endangered species of flora and fauna.

The reserve is a form of protected areas specific to the USSR / Russia, practically unparalleled in the world, only in Russia the reserve is not only a protected area, but also a scientific institution. The formation and activities of state natural reserves are regulated by Section 2 of the Federal Law on Protected Areas, according to which (Article 1.2) "specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, mineral resources, plant and animal world), which have environmental, scientific, ecological and educational significance as samples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places of conservation of the genetic fund of flora and fauna.

State nature reserves are nature conservation, research and environmental education institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems. Land, waters, mineral resources, flora and fauna located in the territories of state natural reserves are provided for use (possession) of state natural reserves on the basis of rights stipulated by federal laws. "

In this paper, we will consider the main protected areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the features of their position.

1. Specially protected natural areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

For the protection of wild animals, protected areas are created - reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks. Here animals are protected by the law.

Reserves (reserves) are one of the most effective forms of preserving landscapes intact are - these are areas of land or water areas where all human activities are prohibited. All natural objects are subject to protection in the reserve, from rocks, reservoirs, soil and ending with representatives of the animal and plant world.

Reserves serve as a kind of standards of wildlife, and also allow you to present in its original form its unique phenomena or rare species of animals and plants.

Reserves play a huge role in saving nature, including rare animals. They also act as scientific centers for the study of nature. They develop methods for the preservation, restoration and rational use of valuable game animals (sable, beaver, deer, elk).

State nature reserves are territories that are of particular importance for the preservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintenance of the ecological balance. According to their status, they are divided into reserves of federal and regional significance, according to their profile;

complex (landscape), intended for the preservation and restoration of natural complexes (natural landscapes);

biological (zoological, botanical), intended for the preservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, as well as valuable species in economic, scientific and cultural relations;

paleontological, intended for the preservation of fossil objects;

hydrological (swamp, lake, river, sea), intended for the preservation and restoration of valuable water bodies and ecological systems, and geological.

To save the fauna, in addition to reserves and sanctuaries, a national (or natural) park is created, which, unlike a reserve, opens up a part of its territory for visiting tourists and vacationers, but the park has completely protected areas.

Krasnoyarsk Territory is a huge territory located in the East Siberian region of Russia. The geographical position of our region can be called unique in many ways. On its territory is the geographical center of Russia - Lake Vivi, located in Evenkia. The location of the center of Russia is approved by the Federal Service for Geodesy and Cartography of Russia. The northernmost point of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - Cape Chelyuskin - is the extreme polar tip of Eurasia and the northernmost point of Russia and the continental parts of the planet.

Six reserves have been organized on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, three of them are biosphere reserves, i.e. work under a special United Nations program; these are the Sayano-Shushensky and Central Siberian and Taimyr reserves; state reserves are also: Stolby and Putoransky. The most modern reserve is the Big Arctic.

In total, seven reserves have been created in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Table 1), as well as the Shushensky Bor national park and the Ergaki natural park.

In total, three state nature reserves of federal significance and 27 state nature reserves of regional significance have been created in the region. It is planned to create 39 more state nature reserves.

On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 51 objects have the status of a natural monument of regional significance.

Table 1 - State natural reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2. Reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2.1 State natural reserve "Stolby"

Target. Preservation of unique geological formations and natural complexes around them. The most valuable and famous natural complexes around picturesque rock formations - syenite outliers - "pillars" that gave the name to the reserve, as well as karsts and caves.

At present, its area is 47,154 hectares.

The reserve is located on the right bank of the Yenisei, on the northwestern spurs of the Eastern Sayan bordering the Central Siberian plateau. The natural boundaries of the protected area are the right tributaries of the Yenisei River: in the north-east - the Bazaikha River, in the south and south-west - the Mana and Bolshaya Slizneva rivers. From the north-east, the territory borders on the suburb of Krasnoyarsk

On the territory of the reserve, a tourist and excursion area has been allocated to meet the recreational needs of Krasnoyarsk residents and guests of the city, for which a special regime has been established by the regulation on the reserve.

The vegetation of the reserve is diverse. On the northern outskirts of the reserve, steppe vegetation is replaced by forest. At the northern borders of the reserve, on a very small area, several specimens of Siberian linden have been preserved - the pride of "Stolbov". Fir and cedar also grow in the reserve. The cedar is a precious tree of the Siberian taiga, but, unfortunately, it is poorly renewed. Heavy pine nuts are not carried by the wind, but fall from ripe cones right there, under the tree, but, falling on a thick moss cover, they, as a rule, cannot germinate without help. Such an assistant of the cedar turns out to be a bird - the Siberian nutcracker. During the ripening period of the nuts, she, knocking down a cone, flies with it on a block or stump, hulls the seeds and, with a goiter filled with nuts, flies to hide them. Nutcracker prefers to hide its reserves in places with shallow snow cover, which is quickly freed from it in spring. Thus, the nutcracker helps the settlement of the cedar in the territory of the reserve.

The Stolby reserve is located at the junction of three botanical and geographical regions: the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe, the mountain taiga of the Eastern Sayan Mountains and the subtaiga of the Central Siberian Plateau. The flora of the reserve numbers 1037 species of higher vascular plants, of which 260 species are bryophytes, more than 150 species are classified as specially protected.

On the territory of the reserve, 22 species of fish, 130 species of birds and 45 species of mammals are noted. The precious predator of the taiga is the sable. By the time the reserve was organized, it was completely exterminated in these places, but in the 60s it again became an ordinary inhabitant of the reserved taiga. The reserve is very rich in wild ungulates. Maral and musk deer find exceptionally favorable conditions here. The bird kingdom in the reserve is represented by such birds as hazel grouse, capercaillie, three-toed woodpecker, nutcracker, deaf cuckoo, warbler-warbler, blackbirds, bluetail, Far Eastern and blue nightingales, starling, small and white-backed woodpecker, white-capped bunting, lentil, finch. Among the fish in the reserve are whitefish, grayling, chebak, dace, spike, perch, pike, burbot, crucian carp and others.

In addition to flora and fauna, the reserve is famous for its rocks. Pillars are the pride of Krasnoyarsk. Almost all the rocks of the reserve have names - outlines reminiscent of birds, animals and people, which is reflected in the names: Sparrows, Berkut, Musk deer, Grandfather, Monk. The height of the rocks, forming 80 groups, sometimes reaches 104 m. Some individual stones and fragments (parts) of rocks are also named. Rocks can be singles or form groups. A rock massif always has several named individual vertices.

The rock called "Feathers" represents 4 majestic 40-meter sheer stone slabs, adjoined to each other. Each slab, pointed at the top, resembles the feathers of a gigantic bird. On the western side, the rock is a fairly flat sheer wall. A horizontal gap was formed at a height of 15-20 meters. When tourists climb into it and their heads stick out like teeth, the gap becomes like the mouth of a predatory animal, hence the name Lion's mouth.

Fifteen meters from the Feathers there is a low cliff. It resembles a large lion's head. On the western side, there are two colossal stone pedestals, covered by a huge monolithic stone. When you look at them, you get the impression that the stone, under the influence of its own weight, is about to part the rocks and collapse to the ground. This rock was named the Lion's Gate. It is easy to climb to the top of the Lion Gate. Slots, ledges and flat slabs are freely overcome.

Five hundred meters from the Feathers, across the ravine, rises a massive cliff "Ded" - an amazing work of nature. If you look down on the pillar, you can see the head of a courageous and stern, pensive old man with an open forehead, on which a cap is pulled down. A straight nose and a beard lowered to the chest enhance the impression. On the opposite side, the rock looks like a laughing grandfather.

2.2 Sayano-Shushensky State Natural Biosphere Reserve

The Sayano-Shushensky Reserve was founded in 1976 in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the central part of the Western Sayan instead of the former Sayan Reserve. The history of the creation of the reserve is associated with the need to preserve the sable as the most valuable fur animal.

In the 1970s, the rapid development of industry (the Sayan TPK, which unites the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station and a number of factories) and the growth of the population, and therefore the number of settlements, became an environmental shock for the region. Therefore, in one of the few corners of Siberia, where human influence has not yet affected, it was decided to create a nature reserve. And nine years later, in 1985, by decision of UNESCO, the reserve was included in the international network of biosphere reserves. The area of ​​the reserve is 3904 km2.

Target. Conservation and study of typical and unique natural complexes, landscape and biological diversity of the central part of the Western Sayan, located in the contact zone of the boreal forests of Siberia with the dry steppe and semi-desert plateaus of Central Asia.

This area is the only one in Russia where you can save the snow leopard, Siberian ibex, golden eagle, osprey, as well as plant populations included in the Red Book.

Also, the reserve is studying the impact of the Sayano-Shushensky reservoir on natural ecosystems.

Since the reserve is located at the point where the Siberian taiga and the Central Asian steppe meet, and the relief is mountainous (the highest point is 2735 m), the vegetation is very diverse: from the Venus slipper, listed in the Red Book, to huge deciduous and cedar forests. The flora of the reserve has more than 1000 species of higher plants only. The vegetation of the forest, forest-steppe, steppe, subalpine belts is represented here. Among the herbaceous plants, there are many relics: Krylov's bedstraw, Altai anemone, Siberian bluegrass, Siberian princess, Siberian kandyk, Sayan beautiful flowers. Of particular value are burena siberian, leafless brow and rhodiola rosea. Among the trees, Siberian cedar is of particular value in the reserved taiga. Siberian larch and, to a lesser extent, Siberian fir, spruce, pine, birch, and aspen also grow in the reserve.

The fauna of the Sayano-Shushensky Reserve has more than 50 species of mammals, 300 species of birds, 18 species of fish, 5 species of reptiles and 2 species of amphibians. Of these, about 100 species are rare, endangered and included in the Red Book.

The fauna of the reserve is diverse. So, next to the wise reindeer and partridges, you can also find the extraordinary Altai snowcock, dexterous Siberian mountain goat, agile hamster, snow leopard, as well as sable, brown bear, musk deer, which are characteristic of the Siberian taiga.

The main representative of the bird kingdom of the reserve is the thrush. There are two subspecies within the region - black-throated and red-throated. Both the blue-tailed and the ruby-necked nightingale are not uncommon for the reserve.

The reserve's protection service also controls the Sediye Sayany biosphere polygon with a total area of ​​218.8 thousand hectares, created by a decree of the Ermakovsky district administration in 2000.

2.3 Taimyr State Natural Biosphere Reserve

The state reserve "Taimyrsky" was created in 1979, and in 1995 it was given the status of a biosphere. It is an environmental, research and environmental education institution. This is one of the largest reserves in Russia, located in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the Taimyr Peninsula - the most northerly mainland in the world. Therefore, the organizers of the reserve tried to cover the greatest variety of zonal natural landscapes - arctic, typical and southern tundra, as well as forest tundra.

The territory of the reserve represents the reference areas of the earth's surface, on which almost all natural zones of Taimyr are represented: arctic ("Arctic branch"), typical ("Main territory"), southern ("Ary-Mas" site) tundra and forest-tundra ("Lukunsky "), as well as the unique mountain tundra of the ridge. Byrranga (Table 1).

The Taimyrsky Reserve is the most visited reserve in Russia. Every year thousands of scientists from all over the world, ecologists, tourists and fishermen visit Eastern Taimyr. Most of all they are attracted by the excavation of the fossil mammoth and the population of the musk ox. Also, the center of the reserve, the village of Khatanga, is used as a springboard to reach the North Pole.

Table 1 - Reference sites of the Taimyrsky reserve

There are 430 higher plant species, 222 mosses and 265 lichens on the territory of the reserve. One of the most common lichens of the tundra zone is kladonia (reindeer moss or reindeer moss). Deer moss occupies vast polar territories, but it is often found in dry forests located much south of the tundra strip. Among the plants growing on the territory of the reserve, there are those that are listed in the Red Book, Arctosibirsk wormwood, leguminous braya, hard sedge, crumbs Pole and Taimyr, inclined artichoke, Gorodkovaya and Byrrangskaya beetles, Woolly and byrrangskaya mytnik, rosea rhodiola.

Countless lakes and small bodies of water cover the tundra located on the permafrost with stagnant moisture. The permafrost thickness is up to 500 meters. In Ary-Mas, the southernmost part of one of the three sections of the reserve, one can observe the northernmost larch trees. Trees here for several centuries barely reach the height of human growth.

We will begin our acquaintance with the fauna of the Taimyr Reserve with one of the smallest, but very important inhabitants of the reserve - the lemming (Siberian and ungulate). The hoofed lemming got its name due to the fact that in winter, on the front legs, two middle claws grow and resemble a hoof. The next representative of the reserve's fauna is the reindeer. The population of reindeer in Taimyr is the largest in the world.

The reserve of district subordination "Bikada" is in the status of a protected zone under the management of the reserve. The area of ​​the reserve is 937760 hectares, it is a separate cluster not in contact with the territory of the reserve. On its territory, employees of the Research Institute of Agriculture of the Far North are conducting an international program for re-acclimatization of the North American musk ox. Musk oxen have survived since prehistoric times: they lived at the same time as mammoths, but unlike the latter, they continue to flourish to this day. The musk ox was brought to Taimyr in 1974 from the Arctic regions of Canada and the United States. At present, he has "mastered" a very significant territory.

White hares in the reserve coexist with such common polar predators as arctic fox and wolf. Polar wolves are especially numerous in the Taimyr nature reserve. This is due to the fact that the region has the largest Taimyr population of reindeer, which are the main prey of these predatory animals. Among the representatives of the mustelids, the ermine and the wolverine live in the reserve. Among marine mammals, beluga whales, ringed seals and walrus live here. In the Taimyr Reserve, there are 116 bird species belonging to 9 orders. Near-water birds and waterfowl nest here in greater numbers than anywhere else in the tundra areas of the land. Common eiders, black-throated and white-billed loons, tundra swans, bean goose nest. Rare bird species include the small swan, red-breasted goose, white-tailed eagle, golden eagle, gyrfalcon, peregrine falcon.

2.4 Central Siberian State Natural Biosphere Reserve

The reserve was established in 1985. The reserve is located in the Turukhansk district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory on an area of ​​424.9 thousand hectares and in the Baykitsky district of the Evenk municipal district on an area of ​​595.0 thousand hectares. The total area of ​​the protected areas is 1019.9 thousand hectares. The reserve is located on the territory that includes the middle course of the river. Yenisei between rr. Podkamennaya Tunguska and Bakhta, the Yenisei parts of the West Siberian Plain and the Tunguska-Bakhtinsky trap plateau of the Central Siberian Plateau.

The main goal of organizing the reserve is to preserve and study various terrestrial and water natural complexes of middle taiga Siberia in its central part, landscapes of the floodplain and valley of the Yenisei, the river itself and its tributaries. The Yenisei site within the reserve is of great value as a spawning area for many valuable commercial fish species, as well as a wintering area for sturgeon and sterlet. This is the only nature reserve in Russia where both banks of one of the great rivers of Eurasia are protected at a great distance (60 km). Its floodplain is swampy and has many oxbow lakes. The river network consists of tributaries of the Yenisei and Podkamennaya Tunguska.

The reserve is characterized by mid-taiga vegetation. Of the plants listed in the Red Book, the following are characteristic: large-flowered slipper, real and bulbous calypso.

Among the representatives of the avifauna, the black stork, peregrine falcon, osprey, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle and gyrfalcon are listed in the Red Book. The Yenisei site within the reserve is of great value as a spawning area for many valuable commercial fish species, as well as a wintering area for sturgeon and sterlet.

The state ecological and ethnographic reserve of federal significance "Eloguisky" is under the jurisdiction of the GPBZ "Tsentralnosibirskiy". Ethno-ecological research is carried out at the biosphere range of the reserve, where special attention is paid to the small people of the North - the Kets. Turukhan chum salmon - the last representatives of the ancients Paleo-Asian tribes who settled on the banks of the tributaries Yenisei... They once lived on south, v Minusinsk Basin, as well as on the territory of modern Khakassia. The Ket names of rivers and mountains have been preserved there to this day. Then the chum salmon were gradually pushed back to the north, settled in the southern part Turukhansk region, in the 17th century advanced to Lower Tunguska, later - until the Kureika River... The origin of the Kets is not fully understood. Linguists pay attention to the similarity of the Ket language with separate isolated language groups: for example, a number of languages Caucasian highlanders, Spanish Basques and North American Indians... Some see in Kets the descendants of the ancient Tibetan population from which descended North American Indians - Athabascans... Chum salmon are of great interest for science due to their isolated linguistic position and features of anthropological data. A large collection of objects of the Ket culture is in the Yeniseisk local history museum.

2.5 Putoransky reserve

The reserve was founded in 1988 to protect the unique mountain-lake-taiga landscapes and rare species of flora and fauna. The Putorana Reserve is located in the north of Central Siberia, on the territory of the Dudinsky and Khatangsky districts of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug and the Ilimsky District of the Evenk Autonomous Okrug: its main part, the Putorana Plateau, lies south of the Taimyr Peninsula and occupies most of the rectangle between the Yenisei, Kheta, Kotuy and Lower Tunguska (650 km from north to south and from west to east). This is the most extreme nature reserve in Russia. The total area of ​​the reserve is 1887, 3 thousand hectares.

The purpose of the Putoransky GPZ is to preserve the most unique mountain biocenoses in the north of Central Siberia, a peculiar flora and rare animal species, restore the historical range of the Putorana subspecies bighorn sheep, and protect the world's largest Taimyr population of wild reindeer.

As a result of the movement of glaciers, the Putorana plateau is cut by long flat-bottomed canyons, the height of the walls of which reaches several hundred meters, and narrow lakes, the deepest in Russia after Lake Baikal (Khantayskoye Lake - up to 520 m in depth); mountain rivers are rapids, the height of some waterfalls reaches 100 m. The territory of the reserve has the highest density of waterfalls per unit area on the planet.

Of the historical and cultural objects of greatest interest are the remains of the attributes of shamanism on the ancient temples of the Tungus (Evenks) and Dolgan chapels more than a century ago. On the territory of the Putoransky Nature Reserve there are unique outcrops of columnar basalts (natural mineralogical museums in the open air).

The landscape is dominated by mountain tundra and woodlands. Numerous rivers and lakes. In total, there are 381 plant species on the territory of the reserve, 35 - mammals, 140 - birds.

The plateau is the only habitat of one of the largest little-studied mammals on the planet - the bighorn sheep (bighorn sheep). The protection of the Lesser White-fronted Goose is of international importance. It is Russia that bears a significant share of the responsibility for the preservation of this species of geese.

In 2003, the Putorana plateau was classified as a UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site. There are very few tourists here because of the high cost and increased complexity of the routes. Directly to the border of the reserve is an excursion boat route along the lake. Lama.

In the buffer (protection) zone, together with the State Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture of the Far North, with the active material support of the Polar Branch of the Norilsk MMC, Norilskgazprom and a number of other organizations, the reserve has built a background monitoring station - Keta (Lake Keta) and Mikchanda (Lake Lama) for a comprehensive study of the unique biocenoses of the plateau. Since 2007, work has been carried out under a grant from the Global Environment Facility (GEF): "Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity on the territory of the Taimyr Peninsula, Russia: maintaining the interconnection of landscapes."

2.6 Great Arctic State Nature Reserve

The Big Arctic Reserve, the largest in Russia and Eurasia and the third largest in the world (4169222 hectares, including 1 million - the water area of ​​the Arctic seas), was created in 1993. It is located on the Taimyr Peninsula and on the islands of the Arctic Ocean. Its shores are washed by the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. This is the largest nature reserve in Russia.

The purpose of the reserve is to preserve and study in their natural state the unique Arctic ecosystems, rare and endangered plant and animal species of the northern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula and adjacent islands. On the islands of Severnaya Zemlya, there are "maternity homes" for Taimyr polar bears; in the coastal tundra, they are fleeing from the midges of a herd of wild reindeer. To preserve the nesting grounds of birds that migrate along the North Atlantic route: black goose, sandpiper, etc. - and have the opportunity to study unique Arctic ecosystems in their natural state.

A significant part of the reserve is practically not visited by humans, but recently routes have been developed (rafting, fishing, ethnographic tours) that will allow tourists to get acquainted with the Arctic nature.

The Bolshoi Arctic Reserve consists of seven cluster sites (Table 2) and two reserves: the state nature reserve of federal significance "Severozemelsky", located within the boundaries of the reserve, and the state nature reserve of regional significance "Brekhovsky Islands".

The main type of vegetation in the tundra is lichens. They endure the harsh conditions of the Arctic, painting the tundra in a variety of colors from bright yellow to black. Since the conditions of this northern region are not easy, annual flowering is impossible for a number of higher plants. In this regard, there are no bulbous plants and there are practically no annuals. Of the shrubs, the most striking representative is the polar willow. Herbaceous plants are represented by sedges, cotton grass, grasses, a dryad, or partridge grass, various types of saxifrage, various polar poppies, and forget-me-nots play a significant role in the vegetation of the reserve.

Table 2 - Cluster sites of the Bolshoi Arctic gas processing plant

The bird fauna of the Great Arctic Reserve numbers 124 species, 16 of which are listed in the Red Book. The characteristic inhabitants of the tundra are the snowy owl and the tundra partridge. In the reserve there are rare species of gulls: pink, fork-tailed and white.

Rose gull is a rare, poorly studied species included in the Red Book. Only one breeding colony of 45-50 pairs of these birds is known in the Eastern Taimyr. Ivory gull is a rare arctic species listed in the Red Book. Breeds on the islands of the Kara Sea. It does not nest on the mainland, but regularly flies to the Arctic coast of Taimyr. Herring gull, glaucous gull and Arctic tern are also the most widespread gulls. But one of the main objects of protection is waterfowl. Four species of geese nest here, a small swan (a rare species included in the Red Data Book) and four species of ducks. Among the birds, there are also predators: the peregrine falcon, the upholstered buzzard, the gyrfalcon and the merlin.

If you go for a walk in the reserve at night, you can hear the cries of red-throated, black-throated or white-billed loons. Also in the reserve you can find long-tailed, middle and short-tailed skuas, white and short-eared owls, sparrows (the most numerous order of birds in the reserve - 41 species), horned lark, red-throated pipit, and white wagtail. And, finally, one of the representatives of the bird kingdom of the reserve is the snow bunting, which is rightly considered a symbol of the Arctic spring. Sometimes this herald of spring arrives even in March, although mostly in the beginning, or even in the middle of May.

Among the mammals of the reserve, one can note such animals as lemmings (Siberian and ungulates), arctic fox, furry buzzard, skua, wild reindeer (a unique island population of these animals lives on Sibiryakov Island), polar bear (listed in the Red Book) and seal.

In the water area there are habitats of polar bears, walrus, bearded seals, ringed seals, and beluga whales. On the coast of the ocean and in river deltas, places of mass nesting and molting of white-fronted goose, black and red-breasted geese, ducks and waders have been taken under protection.

The territory of the reserve also includes historical and cultural monuments associated with the names of polar research - A.F. Middendorf, F. Nansen, V.A. Rusanova, E.V. Toll, A.V. Kolchak, etc.

2.7 Tunguska reserve

The Tunguska Nature Reserve is located at the site of the fall of the Tunguska meteorite. The reserve is located in the Evenki municipal district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The total area of ​​the reserve is 296,562 hectares.

The purpose of creating the reserve is to study the unique natural complexes of Evenkia and the consequences of the impact of the global cosmic-ecological catastrophe.

The reserve is a nature conservation, research and environmental education institution. It was created to study the effects of a meteorite fall. The highest peak of the reserve is located on the spurs of the Lakursky ridge - 533 m above sea level. The second highest peak - Mount Farrington - is located not far from the site of the Tunguska phenomenon.

The territory of the reserve is a typical, practically not exposed to local anthropogenic impacts area of ​​the northern East Siberian taiga with its characteristic landscapes and biosenoses, at the same time the territory of the reserve is unique, as it keeps the prints of the mysterious "Tunguska catastrophe" on June 30, 1908. On this day, in the interfluve of the Podkamennaya Tunguska and its right tributary Chuni (South Evenkia), 70 km north-west of the village of Vanavara, a super-powerful (10-40 megatons) explosion of a space object of unknown nature known as the Tunguska meteorite took place.

Larch and pine forests are widespread here. As a result of the fall of the supposed meteorite, the taiga on an area of ​​more than 2 km was tumbled down and burned, but over the last century it has completely recovered. Evenk taiga to this day keeps the secret of one of the wonders of our century, called the Tunguska meteorite. Elk, bear, sable, wood grouse are common in the animal kingdom, badger and lynx are found. About 30 species of fish live in Podkamennaya Tunguska, most of which are valuable species.

A 2 km wide buffer zone with an area of ​​20241 hectares has been formed along the boundaries of the reserve. The protective zone is entrusted with such tasks as improving the living conditions of protected animals of the reserve, carrying out measures for the protection, restoration of valuable wild and rare plant species growing in protected areas, creating demonstration sites, showcases, stands and other forms of promoting the activities of reserves with the aim of environmental education.

The echo of the Tunguska catastrophe sounded across the globe. In a vast area bounded from the east Yenisei, from the south line Tashkent - Stavropol - Sevastopol - northern Italy - Bordeaux, with west- the west coast Atlantic Ocean, the night is gone. For 3 days, from June 3 to July 2, 1908, there were bright nights, reminiscent of the white nights in the northern regions of Europe. One could read a newspaper text, read the readings of a clock or a compass, with the main lighting coming from extremely bright clouds located at an altitude of about 80 km. A huge field of these clouds hovered over the expanses of Western Siberia and Europe, in addition, other anomalous optical phenomena were observed in this area - bright "motley" dawns, halos and crowns around the sun, and in some places - a decrease in the transparency of the atmosphere, which reached California in August and is explained , apparently, by dusting the atmosphere with the products of the Tunguska explosion. There is reason to believe that the fall of the Tunguska meteorite affected even the Southern Hemisphere: in any case, it was on this day that the aurora, unusual in shape and power, was observed in Antarctica, described by the participants of Shackleton's English Antarctic expedition.

The nature of the Tunguska phenomenon remains unclear to this day, which is of exceptional interest to the only region on the globe that makes it possible to directly study the environmental consequences of space catastrophes. Investigations into the consequences of the explosion of a cosmic body of an unexplained nature were begun in the mid-twenties of the twentieth century by the expeditions of L.A. Kulik, who first described the consequences of the explosion, and continued by the scientists of Tomsk (Complex Amateur Expedition) under the leadership of Academician N.V. Vasiliev and Doctor of Biological Sciences G.F. Plekhanov, expeditions of the RAS Committee on meteorites, many prominent domestic and foreign scientists. Monitoring of post-disaster changes is still being carried out. The following historical and cultural sites are located on the territory of the reserve:

an expeditionary base for the study of the "Tunguska meteorite", better known as "Zaimka Kulik" or "Izby Kulik";

an expeditionary base for the study of the Tunguska meteorite is a historical and cultural monument of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

According to the existing Regulations on Russian reserves, tourism is prohibited in them. In the Tunguska Nature Reserve, due to the uniqueness of the event, as an exception, limited tourist activities are allowed for the purpose of environmental education of the population, acquaintance with the beautiful natural objects of the reserve, the place where the Tunguska meteorite fell. There are three environmental education routes. Two of them are waterways, along the most picturesque rivers Kimchu and Khushma, the third is walking along the "Kulik trail" - the famous route of the discoverer of the Tunguska meteorite catastrophe site. A lot of explanatory work is carried out in routes with tourists.

2.8 National Park "Shushensky Bor"

The Shushensky Bor National Park was founded in 1995. The national park is located in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the lands of the Shushensky region, at the junction of two large geomorphological systems - the Minusinsk foothill basin and the Western Sayan mountain system, almost in the very center of the Asian continent. The territory of the national park consists of two separate plots with an area of ​​4.4 thousand hectares and 34.8 thousand hectares, all lands are in the possession of the national park.

The organization of a national park in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory was caused by the need to find a compromise between the protection of the unique nature of the region, human economic activity and recreational nature management. "Shushensky Bor" was founded in order to preserve unique, essentially unchanged natural ecosystems, representing a wide range of latitudinal zoning - from alpine meadows to forest-steppe and steppe - and having scientific, educational and recreational value.

The northern part of the park is represented by a flat forest-meadow-steppe landscape. Pine prevails in the forests here. The southern part of the territory includes mountain-taiga landscapes, where vertical zonation is pronounced. In the foothill part there is a belt of coniferous and mixed forests, represented by aspen, pine, and sometimes cedar. Above, there is a belt of black taiga with a predominance of fir. Even higher is the dark coniferous taiga belt. The tops of the ridges are occupied by subalpine meadows.

Ecosystems of the black taiga are of particular interest from the point of view of protection, as they are relict communities. The list of rare and endangered plant species on the territory of Shushensky district includes 27 species, including spring adonis, Siberian brunner, Altai anemone, Pallas primrose, Maryin root peony, male shitnikov.

The richness of the park's fauna is associated with the variety of natural conditions of the territory and the complex history of the formation of the fauna.

2.9 Natural Park "Ergaki"

Ergaki is the name of a natural park located in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The park was named after the ridge of the same name, which by the 1990s had become very popular among tourists, artists, and the local population. In addition to the Ergaki ridge, the park covers in its territory partially or completely the Kulumys, Oisky, Aradansky, Metugul-Taiga, Kedransky mountain ranges. The basins of the largest rivers in the park are Us, Kebezh, Oya, Taigish, Kazyrsuk.

Ergaki is a mountain knot, a ridge in the Western Sayan. It is located at the headwaters of the Bolshoi Kebezh, Bolshoy Klyuch, Taigish, Upper Buiba, Middle Buiba and Lower Buiba rivers.

Bibliography

1. Baranov, A.A. Specially protected animals of the Yenisei Siberia. Birds and mammals: textbook. - method. manual. / A.A. Baranov. - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house of the KSPU named after V.P. Astafieva, 2004 .-- 264 p.

2. Baranov, A.A. Specially Protected Natural Territories of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: textbook. - method. Manual / A.A. Baranov, S.V. Kozheko. - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house of the KSPU named after V.P. Astafieva, 2004 .-- 240 p.

3. Vladyshevsky, D.V. Ecology and we: textbook. manual. / D.V. Vladyshevsky. - Krasnoyarsk: State Publishing House. University, 1994 .-- 214 p.

4. Red Data Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. - Krasnoyarsk: State Publishing House. University, 2004 .-- 246 p.

5. Nature and ecology of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: the program of the school course. - Krasnoyarsk, 2000.

6. Savchenko, A.P. Appendix to the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. / A.P. Savchenko, V.N. Lopatin, A.N. Zyryanov, M.N. Smirnov and others - Krasnoyarsk: Ed. center of KrasSU, 2004 .-- 147 p.

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