1905 as an advisory representative body.
During the October political strike, the Manifesto was published on October 17, 1905, according to which the State Duma received legislative rights.
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Elections to the first State Duma
December 11" href="/text/category/11_dekabrya/" rel="bookmark">December 11, 1905, the law on elections to the State Duma was issued. Having retained the curial system established during the elections to the Bulygin Duma, the law added to the previously existing landowners , city and peasant curiae workers' curia and somewhat expanded the composition of voters in the city curia.
According to the workers' curia, only men employed in enterprises with at least 50 workers were allowed to vote. This and other restrictions deprived about 2 million male workers of the right to vote. The elections were not universal (women, young people under 25, active duty military personnel, and a number of national minorities were excluded), not equal (one elector per 2 thousand population in the landowning curia, per 4 thousand in the urban curia, per 30 thousand in the peasant, for 90 thousand - in the working class), not direct (two-, and for workers and peasants three - and four-stage).
Elections to the first State Duma took place in February - March 1906. The Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets) achieved the greatest success.
Due to the non-simultaneous nature of the elections, the activities of the State Duma took place with an incomplete composition. During the work of the State Duma, its composition was replenished with representatives of national regions and outskirts, where elections were held later than in the central provinces. In addition, a number of deputies moved from one faction to another.
Composition of the first State Duma
In the First Duma, out of 499 elected deputies (of which the election of 11 deputies was annulled, one resigned, one died, 6 did not have time to arrive) according to age groups electors were distributed as follows: under 30 years of age - 7%; up to 40 years old - 40%; up to 50 years and older - 15%.
42% of deputies had higher education, 14% had secondary education, 25% had lower education, 19% had home education, two deputies were illiterate.
Boycott" href="/text/category/bojkot/" rel="bookmark">boycott of the State Duma. However, in the context of the ongoing recession revolutionary movement The boycott failed. The Social Democrats entered the State Duma through a “non-party route”: they were elected with the votes of mainly peasant and urban electors; this determined the predominance of Mensheviks among the Social Democratic deputies. The Social Democrats joined the Trudovik faction. However, in June, by decision of the 4th Congress of the RSDLP, the Social Democrats became an independent faction.
Activities of the first State Duma
Having recognized the legislative rights of the State Duma, the tsarist government sought to limit them in every possible way. By the manifesto of February 20, 1906, the highest legislative institution Russian Empire The State Council (existed for years) was transformed into a second legislative chamber with the right to veto decisions of the State Duma; clarified that the State Duma does not have the right to change the basic state laws.
A significant part of the state budget was withdrawn from the jurisdiction of the State Duma. According to the new edition of the basic state laws (April 23, 1906), the emperor retained full power to govern the country through a ministry responsible only to him, the leadership foreign policy, army and navy management; could issue laws during breaks between sessions, which were then only formally approved by the State Duma (Article 87 of the Basic Laws).
The government rejected the Cadets’ program, expressed in the form of a desire for a partial political amnesty, the creation of a “government responsible to the State Duma,” and expansion voting rights and other freedoms, increasing peasant land ownership, etc. In the State Duma commissions, work was underway on bills to abolish death penalty, on personal integrity, freedom of conscience, assembly, etc.
forced alienation" of landowners' land. On May 8, they submitted to the State Duma a bill signed by 42 deputies ("project of 42"), proposing additional allocation of land to peasants at the expense of state, monastery, church, appanage and cabinet lands, as well as partial alienation of landowners' lands. land for redemption "at a fair valuation".
The faction of the Labor Group came out on May 23 with its agrarian bill (“Project 104-x”), in which it demanded the alienation of landowners and other privately owned lands exceeding the “labor norm”, the creation of a “national land fund” and the introduction of egalitarian land use according to the “labor norm” . The practical solution of the issue was supposed to be transferred to local land committees elected by universal suffrage.
At a meeting on June 7-8, the government decided to dissolve the State Duma in the event of increased tension around the agrarian issue.
On June 8, 33 deputies introduced another draft of the Basic Land Law, which was based on the views of the Social Revolutionaries, demanding the immediate destruction private property to the land and its transition into the public domain (the so-called socialization of the land). The State Duma refused to discuss the “project of 33” as “leading to a black redistribution.”
In general, during the 72 days of its work, the First Duma approved only two bills: on the abolition of the death penalty (initiated by deputies in violation of the procedure) and on the allocation of 15 million rubles to help victims of crop failure, introduced by the government. Other projects did not reach article-by-article discussion.
On June 20, the government issued a statement in which it categorically supported the inviolability of privately owned lands. By a decree on July 8, the State Duma was dissolved; by a manifesto on July 9, such an action was justified by the fact that “those elected from the population, instead of working to build the legislative, deviated into an area that did not belong to them,” at the same time, the State Duma was assigned responsibility for the past peasant protests.
speeches.
On July 9-10, a group of deputies held a meeting in Vyborg and adopted an appeal “To the people from the people’s representatives.”
Chairman- (cadet).
Comrades of the Chairman: Pyotr D. Dolgorukov (cadet); (cadet).
Secretary- (cadet).
In December 1905, a decree was issued on elections to the State Duma. The entire population of the country was divided into four electoral groups: landowners, urban, peasants and workers. The elections were not universal and equal. Women, young people under 25, military personnel, workers of small enterprises, and some national minorities were not allowed to participate in them. One vote of the landowner was equal to three votes of the bourgeoisie, 15 votes of the peasants and 45 votes of the workers. Members of the Duma were elected for 5 years.
The Tsar did not want the State Duma, as a legislative body, to occupy an exclusive position. Therefore, he vested legislative functions in the State Council, which was under his control.
In April 1906, the Emperor accepted new edition Basic laws of the Russian Empire. Legislative power was distributed between the Tsar, the State Council and the State Duma. The full power of the king, who ruled the country through a government responsible only to him, was preserved. Remained under the exclusive control of the autocrat foreign policy, army and navy.
I State Duma.
April 27, 1906 The First State Duma began its work. Its chairman was Moscow University professor cadet S.A. Muromtsev. The election regulations were developed by the tsarist government so that peasants would prevail in the Duma. The Tsar counted on the conservatism of the peasants, which could become a reliable counterbalance to the liberalism of the Cadets. But this trick turned against the king himself. The agrarians were indeed indifferent to political freedoms and other abstract concepts, but they came to the Duma with the firm intention of redistributing the land. This task eventually became the main one in the work of the Duma. The Trudovik faction developed a radical bill, according to which private ownership of land was abolished, all land, its subsoil and waters were declared the common property of the entire population of the country. The Tsar could not allow the adoption of such a law that undermined the foundations of the autocracy.
II State Duma.
February 20, 1907 The Second State Duma opened. Cadet F.A. Golovin was again elected its chairman.
Once again, the agrarian question occupied a central place in the work of the Duma. The left parties demanded that all landowners' land be confiscated in full and without any payment and turned into public property. The Duma was doomed. But the authorities did not want to connect its dissolution with the agrarian question. Social Democratic deputies were accused of conspiracy. And in connection with this June 3, 1907 The Second State Duma was dissolved.
Opened on April 27, 1906 The State Duma - the first meeting of people's representatives in the history of Russia with legislative rights.
The first elections to the State Duma were held in an atmosphere of ongoing revolutionary upsurge and high civic activity of the population. For the first time in Russian history, legal political parties, open political campaigning began. These elections brought a convincing victory to the Cadets - the People's Freedom Party, the most organized and included in its composition the flower of the Russian intelligentsia. Extreme left parties (Bolsheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries) boycotted the elections. Some peasant deputies and radical intellectuals formed a “labor group” in the Duma. Moderate deputies formed the “peaceful renewal” faction, but their number was not much more than 5% of general composition Duma. The right found itself in the minority in the First Duma.
The State Duma opened on April 27, 1906. S.A. Muromtsev, a professor, prominent lawyer, and representative of the Kadet Party, was almost unanimously elected Chairman of the Duma.
The composition of the Duma was determined to be 524 members. The elections were neither universal nor equal. Voting rights were available to Russian male subjects who had reached the age of 25 and met a number of class and property requirements. Students, military personnel and persons on trial or convicted were not allowed to participate in the elections.
Elections were carried out in several stages, according to curiae formed according to the class and property principle: landowners, peasants and city curia. Electors from the curiae formed provincial assemblies, which elected deputies. Most big cities had a separate representative office. Elections on the outskirts of the empire were carried out in curiae, formed mainly on the religious and national principle with the provision of advantages to the Russian population. The so-called “wandering foreigners” were generally deprived of the right to vote. In addition, the representation of the outskirts was reduced. A separate workers' curia was also formed, which elected 14 Duma deputies. In 1906, there was one elector for every 2 thousand landowners (mostly landowners), 4 thousand city dwellers, 30 thousand peasants and 90 thousand workers.
The State Duma was elected for a five-year term, but even before the expiration of this term it could be dissolved at any time by decree of the emperor. At the same time, the emperor was obliged by law to simultaneously call new elections to the Duma and the date for its convening. Meetings of the Duma could also be interrupted at any time by imperial decree. The duration of the annual sessions of the State Duma and the timing of breaks during the year were determined by the decrees of the emperor.
The main competence of the State Duma was budgetary. The state list of income and expenses, together with financial estimates of ministries and main departments, was subject to consideration and approval by the Duma, with the exception of: loans for Ministry expenses imperial court and the institutions under his jurisdiction in amounts not exceeding the 1905 list, and changes in these loans stipulated by the “Institution on the Imperial Family”; loans for expenses not provided for in estimates for “emergency needs during the year” (in an amount not exceeding the 1905 list); payments for public debts and other government obligations; income and expenses included in the painting project based on current laws, regulations, states, schedules and imperial commands given in the order of supreme government.
The I and II Dumas were dissolved before their deadline, the sessions of the IV Duma were interrupted by decree on February 25, 1917. Full term Only the Third Duma worked.
I State Duma(April-July 1906) - lasted 72 days. The Duma is predominantly cadet. The first meeting opened on April 27, 1906. Distribution of seats in the Duma: Octobrists - 16, Cadets 179, Trudoviks 97, non-party 105, representatives of the national outskirts 63, Social Democrats 18. The workers, at the call of the RSDLP and the Socialist Revolutionaries, mostly boycotted the elections to the Duma. 57% of the agrarian commission were cadets. They introduced an agrarian bill into the Duma, which dealt with the forced alienation, for a fair remuneration, of that part of the landowners' lands that were cultivated on the basis of a semi-serf labor system or were leased to peasants in bondage. In addition, state, office and monastic lands were alienated. All land will be transferred to the state land fund, from which peasants will be allocated it as private property. As a result of the discussion, the commission recognized the principle of forced alienation of land. In May 1906, the head of government, Goremykin, issued a declaration in which he denied the Duma the right to resolve the agrarian question in a similar way, as well as the expansion of voting rights, a ministry responsible to the Duma, the abolition of the State Council, and political amnesty. The Duma expressed no confidence in the government, but the latter could not resign (since it was responsible to the tsar). A Duma crisis arose in the country. Some ministers spoke in favor of the Cadets joining the government. Miliukov raised the question of a purely Cadet government, a general political amnesty, the abolition of the death penalty, the abolition of the State Council, universal suffrage, and the forced alienation of landowners' lands. Goremykin signed a decree dissolving the Duma. In response, about 200 deputies signed an appeal to the people in Vyborg, where they called on them to passive resistance.
II State Duma(February-June 1907) - opened on February 20, 1907 and operated for 103 days. 65 Social Democrats, 104 Trudoviks, 37 Socialist Revolutionaries entered the Duma. There were 222 people in total. The peasant question remained central. Trudoviks proposed 3 bills, the essence of which was to develop free farm on free land. On June 1, 1907, Stolypin, using a fake, decided to get rid of the strong left wing and accused 55 Social Democrats of conspiring to establish a republic. The Duma created a commission to investigate the circumstances. The commission came to the conclusion that the accusation was a complete forgery. On June 3, 1907, the Tsar signed a manifesto dissolving the Duma and changing the electoral law. The coup d'état of June 3, 1907 meant the end of the revolution.
III State Duma(1907-1912) - 442 deputies.
Activities of the III Duma:
06/03/1907 - change in the electoral law.
The majority in the Duma was made up of the right-wing Octobrist and Octobrist-Cadet bloc. Party composition: Octobrists, Black Hundreds, Cadets, Progressives, Peaceful Renovationists, Social Democrats, Trudoviks, non-party members, Muslim group, deputies from Poland. Largest quantity The Octobrist party had deputies (125 people). Over 5 years of work, 2197 bills were approved
Main questions:
1) worker: 4 bills were considered by the commission min. Finnish Kokovtsev (on insurance, on conflict commissions, on reducing the working day, on the elimination of the law punishing participation in strikes). They were adopted in 1912 in a limited form.
2) national question : on zemstvos in the western provinces (the issue of creating electoral curiae based on nationality; the law was adopted regarding 6 out of 9 provinces); Finnish question (an attempt by political forces to achieve independence from Russia, a law was passed on equalizing the rights of Russian citizens with Finnish ones, a law on the payment of 20 million marks by Finland in exchange for military service, a law limiting the rights of the Finnish Sejm).
3) agrarian question: associated with the Stolypin reform.
Conclusion: The June Third system is the second step towards transforming the autocracy into a bourgeois monarchy.
Elections: multi-stage (occurred in 4 unequal curiae: landowner, urban, workers, peasants). Half of the population (women, students, military personnel) were deprived of the right to vote.
IV State Duma(1912-1917) - Chairman Rodzianko. The Duma was dissolved by the provisional government with the start of elections to the Constituent Assembly.
Source - Wikipedia
State Duma of the Russian Empire of the 2nd convocation
Parliament State Duma of the Russian Empire
Term February 20 - June 3, 1907
Previous convocation I
Next convocation III
Membership 518 deputies
Chairman of the State Duma F. A. Golovin
Dominant party Labor Peasant Faction (104 deputies)
The State Duma of the Russian Empire of the 2nd convocation is the representative legislative body of the Russian Empire, convened after the early dissolution of the 1st State Duma. It was elected according to almost the same rules as the previous Duma and also entered into sharp confrontation with the Council of Ministers, and also held only one session, from February 20 to June 3, 1907, when it was dissolved (June Third Coup). After this, the electoral legislation was changed. The Second Duma worked for 102 days.
Elections
The Second State Duma of the Russian Empire existed from February 20 to June 2, 1907.
Elections to the Second Duma were held according to the same rules as to the First Duma (multi-stage elections by curiae). At the same time, the election campaign itself took place against the backdrop of a fading, but ongoing revolution: “agrarian riots” in July 1906 covered 32 provinces of Russia, and in August 1906, peasant unrest covered 50% of the counties of European Russia.
Within 8 months the revolution was suppressed. According to the Law of October 5, 1906, peasants were given equal rights with the rest of the country's population. The Second Land Law of November 9, 1906 allowed any peasant to demand his share of the communal land at any time. According to the “Senate clarifications” of the electoral law (January - February 1907), some workers and small landowners were excluded from the Duma elections.
The government tried in any way to ensure an acceptable composition of the Duma: peasants who were not householders were excluded from elections, workers could not be elected in the city curia, even if they had the housing qualification required by law, etc. On the initiative of P. A. Stolypin in The Council of Ministers twice discussed the issue of changing the electoral legislation (July 8 and September 7, 1906), but government members came to the conclusion that such a step was inappropriate, since it was associated with a violation of the Basic Laws and could lead to an aggravation of the revolutionary struggle.
This time, representatives of the entire party spectrum, including the far left, took part in the elections. In general, four currents fought: the right, standing for strengthening the autocracy; the Octobrists who accepted Stolypin's program; cadets; a left bloc that united Social Democrats, Socialist Revolutionaries and other socialist groups. Many noisy pre-election meetings were held with “debates” between the Cadets, Socialists and Octobrists. But still election campaign was of a different nature than in previous elections to the Duma. No one defended the government then. Now the struggle took place within society between electoral blocs of parties.
Compound
A total of 518 deputies were elected. The deputies were distributed as follows:
By age: under 30 years old - 72 people, under 40 years old - 195 people, under 50 years old - 145 people, under 60 years old - 39 people, over 60 years old - 8 people.
by level of education: higher education 38% of deputies had, average - 21%, lower - 32%, home - 8%, illiterate 1%.
by occupation: 169 peasants, 32 workers, 20 priests, 25 zemstvo city and noble employees, 10 small private employees, 1 poet, 24 officials (including 8 from the judicial department), 3 officers, 10 professors and private assistant professors, 28 other teachers, 19 journalists, 33 lawyers (bar), 17 businessmen, 57 landowners-nobles, 6 industrialists and factory directors.
Only 32 members of the Duma (6%) were deputies of the first Duma. Such a small percentage was explained by the fact that after the dissolution of the First Duma, 180 deputies signed the Vyborg Appeal, for which they were deprived of voting rights and could not participate in new elections.
Participation in elections more political forces led to greater diversity of political forces compared to the previous Duma. They were distributed among party factions as follows: the labor peasant faction - 104 deputies, which consisted of Trudoviks themselves - members of the Labor Group (71 people), members of the All-Russian Peasant Union (14 people) and sympathizers (19), Cadets - 98, Social Democratic faction - 65, non-party members - 50, Polish colo - 46, Octobrist faction and moderate group - 44, Socialist Revolutionaries - 37, Muslim faction - 30, Cossack group - 17, People's Socialist faction - 16, right-wing monarchists - 10, to the party democratic reforms belonged to one deputy.
The right-wing cadet Fyodor Aleksandrovich Golovin, elected from the Moscow province, became the Chairman of the Duma. Comrades of the chairman - N.N. Poznansky (non-party leftist) and M.E. Berezin (trudovik). Secretary - M.V. Chelnokov (cadet).
Work of the Duma
The Duma continued to struggle for influence on government activities, which led to numerous conflicts and became one of the reasons short period her activities. In general, the Second Duma turned out to be even more radical than its predecessor. The deputies changed tactics, deciding to act within the framework of the law. Guided by the norms of Articles 5 and 6 of the Regulations on the approval of the State Duma of February 20, 1906, deputies formed departments and commissions for the preliminary preparation of cases to be considered in the Duma. The created commissions began to develop numerous bills. The main issue remained the agrarian issue, on which each faction presented its own project. In addition, the Second Duma actively considered the food issue, discussed The state budget for 1907, the issue of conscripting recruits, the abolition of military courts, etc. During the consideration of issues, the Cadets showed compliance, calling for “protecting the Duma” and not giving the government a reason to dissolve it.
The main subject of debate in the Duma in the spring of 1907 was the question of taking emergency measures against the revolutionaries. The Duma on May 17, 1907 voted against the “illegal actions” of the police. The government was not happy with such disobedience. The staff of the Ministry of Internal Affairs prepared a draft of a new electoral law in secret from the Duma. On June 1, 1907, P. Stolypin demanded the removal of 55 Social Democrats from participation in Duma meetings and the deprivation of 16 of them parliamentary immunity, accusing them of preparing for the “overthrow political system"and a conspiracy against the royal family.
Based on this, on June 3, 1907, Nicholas II announced the dissolution of the Second Duma and changes to the electoral law. Deputies of the Second Duma went home. As P. Stolypin expected, no revolutionary outbreak followed. It is generally accepted that the act of June 3, 1907 (the Third June Revolution) meant the completion of the Russian revolution of 1905-1907.
Results
In general, the legislative activity of the second Duma for 102 days, as in the case of the first State Duma, bore traces of political confrontation with the authorities.
287 government bills were submitted to parliament (including the budget for 1907, a bill on the reform of the local court, the responsibility of officials, agrarian reform and etc.). The Duma approved only 20 bills. Of these, only 3 received the force of law (on the establishment of a contingent of recruits and two projects to help those affected by crop failure).
Interesting Facts
In 1907, V.I. Lenin was an unsuccessful candidate for the 2nd State Duma in St. Petersburg.
Deputy of the Second State Duma Alexei Kuznetsov subsequently became famous for being a gunner in a criminal group that committed a number of robberies, including the Stroganov Palace.
Links:
1. First All-Party Congress of the AKP
2. Dispersal of the Second State Duma (July 1906)
3.
The State Duma was established as “a special legislative establishment, which is provided with the preliminary development and discussion of legislative proposals and consideration of the list government revenues and expenses". The development of the election regulations was entrusted to the Minister of Internal Affairs Bulygin, the convening date was set - no later than half of January 1906.
The basis of the legislative competence of the State Duma was clause 3 of the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, which established “as an unshakable rule that no law could take effect without the approval of the State Duma.” This norm was enshrined in Art. 86 Basic Laws of the Russian Empire as amended on April 23: “No new law cannot follow without the approval of the State Council and the State Duma and accept force without the approval of the Sovereign Emperor.” From an advisory body, as established by the Manifesto * of August 6, the Duma became a legislative body.
The first meeting of the State Duma took place on April 27 of the year at the Tauride Palace in St. Petersburg.
| The consignment | I Duma | 2nd Duma | III Duma | IV Duma |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RSDLP | (10) | 65 | 19 | 14 |
| Social Revolutionaries | - | 37 | - | - |
| People's Socialists | - | 16 | - | - |
| Trudoviks | 107 (97) | 104 | 13 | 10 |
| Progressive Party | 60 | - | 28 | 48 |
| Cadets | 161 | 98 | 54 | 59 |
| Autonomists | 70 | 76 | 26 | 21 |
| Octobrists | 13 | 54 | 154 | 98 |
| Nationalists | - | - | 97 | 120 |
| Far right | - | - | 50 | 65 |
| Non-partisan | 100 | 50 | - | 7 |
I convocation
Convened in accordance with the electoral law of December 11, according to which 49% of all electors belonged to peasants. Elections to the First State Duma took place from March 26 to April 20, 1906.
Elections of Duma Deputies took place not directly, but through the election of electors separately for four curiae - landowner, city, peasant and workers. For the first two, the elections were two-degree, for the third - three-degree, for the fourth - four-degree. The RSDLP, national social democratic parties, the Socialist Revolutionary Party and the All-Russian Peasant Union announced a boycott of the elections to the Duma of the first convocation.
Of the 448 deputies of the State Duma of the first convocation, there were 153 cadets, autonomists (members of the Polish Kolo, Ukrainian, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian and other ethnic groups) - 63, Octobrists - 13, Trudoviks - 97, 105 non-party and 7 others.
The first meeting of the State Duma took place on April 27, 1906 at the Tauride Palace in St. Petersburg (after a reception with Nicholas II in the Winter Palace). Cadet S.A. was elected chairman. Muromtsev. The chairman's comrades are Prince P.D. Dolgorukov and N.A. Gredeskul (both cadets). Secretary - Prince D.I. Shakhovskoy (cadet).
The first Duma worked for 72 days. Two projects on the agrarian issue were discussed: from the Cadets (42 signatures) and from deputies of the Duma labor group (104 signatures). They proposed the creation of a state land fund to allocate land to the peasantry. The Cadets wanted to include state, appanage, monastery, and part of the landowners' lands in the fund. They advocated the preservation of exemplary landowner farms and the alienation of the land that they lease at the market price. To provide for the peasants, the Trudoviks demanded that plots be allocated to them according to the labor standard at the expense of state, appanage, monastic and privately owned lands that exceed the labor standard, the introduction of egalitarian labor land use, the announcement of a political amnesty, the liquidation of the State Council, and the expansion of the legislative rights of the Duma.
On May 13, a government declaration appeared, which declared the forced alienation of land unacceptable. Refusal to grant political amnesty and expand the prerogatives of the Duma and introduce the principle of ministerial responsibility to it. The Duma responded with a decision of no confidence in the government and replacing it with another. On June 6, Esser’s even more radical “project of 33” appeared. It provided for the immediate and complete destruction of private ownership of land and declaring it, along with all its mineral resources and waters, the common property of the entire population of Russia. On July 8, 1906, the Tsarist government, under the pretext that the Duma was not only not calming the people, but was further inciting unrest, dissolved it.
The Duma members saw the dissolution manifesto on the morning of the 9th on the doors of Tavrichesky. After this, some of the deputies gathered in Vyborg, where on July 9-10, 200 deputies signed the so-called. Vyborg Appeal.
II convocation
The State Duma of the 2nd convocation worked from February 20 to June 2 of the year (one session).
In terms of its composition, it was generally to the left of the first, since Social Democrats and Socialist Revolutionaries took part in the elections. Convened in accordance with the electoral law of December 11, 1905. Of the 518 deputies there were: Social Democrats - 65, Socialist Revolutionaries - 37, People's Socialists - 16, Trudoviks - 104, Cadets - 98 (almost half as many as in the first Duma), right-wing and Octobrists - 54, autonomists - 76, non-party members - 50, the Cossack group numbered 17, the party of democratic reforms is represented by one deputy. Cadet F.A. Golovin was elected chairman. Comrades of the chairman - N.N. Poznansky (non-party leftist) and M.E. Berezin (trudovik). Secretary - M.V. Chelnokov (cadet). The Cadets continued to advocate the alienation of part of the landowners' land and its transfer to the peasants for ransom. Peasant deputies insisted on nationalization of the land.
III convocation
Simultaneously with the decree on the dissolution of the Duma of the 2nd convocation, on June 3, 1907, a new Regulation on elections to the Duma, that is, a new electoral law, was published. According to this law, a new Duma was convened. Elections took place in the fall. In the 1st session, the State Duma of the 3rd convocation numbered: extreme right deputies - 50, moderate right and nationalists - 97, Octobrists and those associated with them - 154, "progressives" - 28, cadets - 54, Trudoviks - 13, social democrats - 19, Muslim group - 8, Lithuanian-Belarusian group - 7, Polish Kolo - 11. This Duma was significantly more to the right than the previous two.
The chairmen of the Duma of the 3rd convocation were: N.A. Khomyakov (Octobrist) - from November 1, 1907 to March 4, 1910, A.I. Guchkov (Octobrist) from October 29, 1910 to March 14, 1911, M.V. Rodzianko (Octobrist) from March 22, 1911 to June 9, 1912
Comrades of the chairman - Prince. V.M. Volkonsky (moderate right), bar. A.F. Meyendorff (Octobrist) from November 5, 1907 to October 30, 1909, S.I. Shidlovsky (Octobrist) from October 30, 1909 to October 29, 1910, M. Ya. Kapustin (Octobrist) from October 29, 1910 to June 9, 1912. Secretary - Ivan Sozonovich (right).
Five sessions were held: from November 1, 1907 to June 28, 1908, from October 15, 1908 to June 2, 1909, from October 10, 1909 to June 17, 1910, from October 15, 1910 to On May 13, 1911, from October 15, 1911 to June 9, 1912, the Third Duma, the only one of the four, served the entire five-year term prescribed by the law on elections to the Duma - from November 1907 to June 1912. Five sessions took place.
The Octobrists, a party of large landowners and industrialists, controlled the work of the entire Duma. Moreover, their main method was blocking on various issues with different factions. When they formed a bloc with the openly right-wingers, a right-wing Octobrist majority appeared; when they formed a bloc with the progressives and Cadets, an Octobrist-Cadet majority appeared. But the essence of the activity of the entire Duma changed slightly from this.
Acute disputes in the Duma arose on various occasions: on issues of reforming the army, on the peasant question, on the issue of attitude towards the “national outskirts”, as well as because of personal ambitions that tore apart the deputy corps. But even in these extremely difficult conditions, opposition-minded deputies found ways to express their opinions and criticize the autocratic system in the face of all of Russia. For this purpose, deputies widely used the request system. For any emergency, deputies, having collected a certain number of signatures, could submit an interpellation, that is, a demand for the government to report on its actions, to which one or another minister had to respond.
Great experience was accumulated in the Duma during the discussion of various bills. In total, there were about 30 commissions in the Duma. Large commissions, such as the budget commission, consisted of several dozen people. Elections of commission members were carried out at general meeting Duma upon preliminary approval of candidates in factions. In most commissions, all factions had their representatives.
Bills coming to the Duma from ministries were first of all considered by the Duma meeting, consisting of the Chairman of the Duma, his comrades, the Secretary of the Duma and his comrade. The meeting made a preliminary conclusion on sending the bill to one of the commissions, which was then approved by the Duma.
Each project was considered by the Duma in three readings. In the first, which began with a speech by the speaker, there was a general discussion of the bill. At the end of the debate, the chairman made a proposal to move to article-by-article reading.
After the second reading, the chairman and secretary of the Duma made a summary of all the resolutions adopted on the bill. At the same time, but no later than a certain period, it was allowed to propose new amendments. The third reading was essentially a second article-by-article reading. Its purpose was to neutralize those amendments that could pass in the second reading with the help of a random majority and did not suit influential factions. At the end of the third reading, the presiding officer put the bill as a whole with the adopted amendments to a vote.
The Duma's own legislative initiative was limited by the requirement that each proposal come from at least 30 deputies.
IV convocation
Elections to the IV State Duma
Preparations for the elections to the Fourth Duma began already in 1910: the government undertook great effort to create the composition of the deputy corps he needed, as well as maximally involving clergy in the elections. It mobilized forces to prevent the aggravation of the internal political situation in connection with the elections, to hold them “silently” and, with the help of “pressure” on the law, to maintain and even strengthen its positions in the Duma, and to prevent its shift “to the left.” As a result, the government found itself in even greater isolation, since the Octobrists now firmly joined the legal opposition along with the Cadets.
Legislative activity
The last Duma in the history of autocratic Russia worked in the pre-crisis period for the country and the whole world. Five sessions took place between November 1912 and February 1917. Two occurred in the pre-war period and three during the First World War. The first session took place from November 15, 1912 to June 25, 1913, the second from October 15, 1913 to June 14, 1914, and the emergency session took place on July 26, 1914. The third session met from January 27 to 29, 1915, the fourth from July 19, 1915 to June 20, 1916, and the fifth from November 1, 1916 to February 25, 1917.
Siberian group of members of the IV State Duma. Sitting (from left): A.S. Sukhanov, V.N. Pepelyaev, V.I. Dzyubinsky, N.K. Volkov. N.V. Nekrasov, S.V. Vostrotin, M.S. Rysev. Standing: V.M.Vershinin, A.I.Rusanov, I.N.Mankov, I.M.Gamov, A.A.Dubov, A.I.Ryslev, S.A.Taskin
In composition it differed little from the third; there was a significant increase in clergy in the ranks of deputies.
Among the 442 deputies of the State Duma of the IV convocation, there were 120 nationalists and moderate rightists, 98 Octobrists, 65 rightists, 59 Cadets, 48 progressives, three national groups (Polish-Lithuanian-Belarusian group, Polish Kolo, Muslim group) numbered 21 deputies , Social Democrats - 14 (Bolsheviks - 6, Mensheviks - 7, 1 deputy, who was not a full member of the faction, joined the Mensheviks), Trudoviks - 10, non-party - 7. Octobrist M.V. Rodzianko was elected Chairman of the Duma. The chairman's comrades were: Prince. D.D. Urusov (progressive) from November 20, 1912 to May 31, 1913, book. V.M. Volkonsky (non-party, moderate right) from December 1, 1912 to November 15, 1913, N.N. Lvov (progressive) from June 1 to November 15, 1913, A.I. Konovalov (progressive) from November 15, 1913 to May 13, 1914, S.T. Varun-Sekret (Octobrist) from November 26, 1913 to November 3, 1916, A. D. Protopopov (left Octobrist) from May 20, 1914 to September 16, 1916, N. V. Nekrasov (cadet) with November 5, 1916 to March 2, 1917, gr. V. A. Bobrinsky (nationalist) from November 5, 1916 to February 25, 1917, the secretary of the IV Duma was the Octobrist I.I. Dmitryukov.
Since 1915, the Progressive Bloc played a leading role in the Duma. The Fourth Duma, both before and during the First World War, was often in opposition to the government.
IV State Duma and the February Revolution
Bibliography
- State Duma in Russia (1906–1917): Review / RAS, INION; Ed. Tverdokhleb A.A., Shevyrin V.M. – M.: RAS, 1995. – 92 p.
- Kiryanov I.K., Lukyanov M.N. Parliament of autocratic Russia: The State Duma and its deputies, 1906 - 1917 Perm: Perm University Publishing House, 1995. - 168 p.
- Soloviev K.A. Duma monarchy: Public dialogue against the backdrop of reform // Rodina. 2006. No. 11.
Links
- Code of laws of the Russian Empire. Volume one. Part two. Basic state laws. Edition 1906. Chapter Ten About the State Council and the State Duma and their mode of action.
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