Mold mushrooms have long and successfully coexist with man. Some are growing on food or even clothes, others are specifically grown in high-tech laboratories. Moreover, it is often the same types. For example, Mushroom Mushroom or Other White Mold name.
Appearance: Description and Building
People, far from mycology, are sometimes encountered with the colony of Mukor's mushroom. He has several stages of development: At the very beginning, it is a flair of a whiten gun, which is why he is more famous under the name of White Mold. Although often happens beige or grayish.
Depending on the medium, individual hairs reach several centimeters in height. Over time, the spot darkens. This happens when black heads with spores are ripening on the tip of each hairs.
The structure of the mold mushroom Mukor is very simple. Mycelium is immersed in the substrate and is a network of white threads (GIF) branching and gradually faded to the reproof. White mold colony is growing up from the body of the sporangiennos mushrooms, on which spores spores are formed. The structure is easy to see under the microscope.
Food
To power the mushroom, the mukor is needed oxygen, high humidity, heat and organic. White mold with the same success in the manure, food products and in the upper layers of the soil - where the most indecomposable plant residues are. By way of nutrition, white mold belongs to the Saprotrofam (extracts nutrients from a dead organic material). It is suitable for any products with high calorie. Therefore, highly carbon bread, potatoes, fruits, are the lacquer objects for the diversity of the menu.
Reproduction
In favorable conditions, when there is no shortage of nutrition, heat, humid and there is constant air access, the MORCOR multiplies with an affordable way: disputes.
The controversy retains vitality. If they were brought by the air masses in adverse conditions - they simply will not develop, and they will look out. With the appearance of favorable conditions, the disputes will germinate, forming a new mycelium mushroom Mukor.
In addition, the Mukor's mushroom has sexual reproduction, in the event that the substrate is depleted: the gifs of different myceliums are brought together by the swollen ends to each other ( gametangiagia) And the zygota is formed covered with a hipged shell. After a period of rest sheath, the zygotes burst and germinal mycelium sprouts from it on which germinal spots with sex spores are formed. And already a powerful mycelium begins to develop its development.
Using
In fact, Mukorov fungi has about 60 species. Some of them are grown to obtain drugs - antibiotics. Others are used to prepare food. In this case, the mold mushroom is deska, for example, for tofu cheeses and pace, besides, a white mold is involved in the production of potato ethanol.
What is the danger
The harmless, it would seem that the mushroom may cause Mulkomicosis - an extremely rare, but dangerous damage to the internal organs of the mushroom mushroom. Meets in animals and man. Disputes, falling into the lungs or in the cuts on the skin, begin to develop: heat, wet and there is oxygen. This is possible only with a decrease in the protective functions of the body. True, no more than 5 species of 60 famous are dangerous.
How to grow
The rapid development and nuances of reproduction made a white mold with an excellent object for experiments: all stages of development are visible under the microscope and are practical and scientific interest. Conduct an experiment to grow mushroom mushroom very easily. Why? Because white mold disputes are almost everywhere - apply to air flows.
For experience, it is necessary:
- Create a power environment in a separate container (you can use a plate). For example, moisturize a piece of bread or put on a wet base: a piece of fabric, clogging or filter paper.
- Bread isolate, covering on top of a glass jar, glass or transparent package.
- Place the design to heat at a temperature not lower than 20 ° C. Permissible oscillations - up to 25 ° C.
- For several days, provided that the bread is constantly in a wet environment, it will appear the white gun mushroom mushroom, which will then gradually darken.
Microscopic living organisms are very close and willingly use any opportunity to survive. At the same time, someone is unlikely to decide to grow mushrooms Municipal in the apartment for making medicines. Therefore, it is better to prevent the possibility of preventing themselves in advance for their reproduction and store products correctly.
Mork Murch.
(MISO), the genus of the order of Mukorov (Mucorales) of the class of Sigomycetes. At the top of single colorless sporangienpies (for 10 cm) develops one by one sporangia (dia. Up to 180 microns). The shell of mature sporangium consisting of caloses. It is easily dissolved in the presence of moisture, freeing several. thousand multi-core, fixed sporangiospores. In case of intermittent process, two branches of one (in homotal-shaped species) or different (in heterotal species - most M.) Misseliyev merge, forming diploid zygota, the edges sprout by a short sprout gif with germinal sporangies. Formed after the reduction division of the nuclei of the sporangiospore give rise to a new generation. OK. 60 species. Widely distributed to the top, soil layer. Develop on the organic. Rests grow, origin, food, causing molding feed, fruits and root crops during storage. Some types, for example. M. Chinese (M. Sinensis). M. Kistegoid (M. Racemosus), have a high enzyme (ch. Arr. Amilo and proteolytic.) Activity and used as a start-up ("Chinese yeast") to obtain ferrous food ("soy cheese", etc.), Alcohol from potatoes, etc. Culture M. Ramannian (M. Ramaunianus) gives antibiotic Ramicin. Some species cause diseases (muffomykosis) of a person and S.-H. animals.
.(Source: "Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary." Ch. Red. M. S. Gilyarov; Radric.: A. A. Babaev, G. M. Vinberg, G. A. Zavarzin, and others - 2nd ed., Focused . - M.: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1986.)
merk.The genus of mold fungi. Includes OK. 60 species. Widely distributed in the upper soil layers. Cause white raids on food and damage them. After some time, the raids are black due to the formation of numerous spores with disputes (serve for useless reproduction). Mycelium is not divided by partitions and is represented by one gigantic multi-core branched cell. Some mukorovy mushrooms have high enzymatic activity and are used as a start-up to obtain fermented food, alcohol, others - cause skin diseases and respiratory tract. From Ramannian Mukor, Ramicin antibiotic is obtained.
.(Source: "Biology. Modern illustrated encyclopedia." Ch. Ed. A. P. Gorkin; M.: Rosman, 2006.)
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Sigomycete class. Mushroom Mulk is developing in the soil, on food products, organic residues of plant origin, which leads to the molding of roots, fruits, feed with improper storage. Initially, the naked eye is visible fluffy flight white colorwhich over time darkens. This is due to the formation of a plurality of spores with disputes for the useless reproduction. If you cultivate the MUKOR mushroom on the nutrient medium of agar, the colonies of the rounded form are formed. Gifs Mukor Negenicular and very branched. The spores of the fungus are concentrated in spouts having a spherical shape. Sports are located on elongated gifs (sporangiencies) growing vertically upwards. Even with a slight increase in space, you can see well under the microscope. Those areas of mycelium, where there are accumulations of the sporangienos, look like a set of pins. In this regard, the mushrooms of the genus McCor are called with sound splashes.
Mycelium Mukora Not divided by partitions and is one huge multi-core branched cell. Otherwise, the internal structure of the GIF is typically for eukaryotes. Mukor's gifs having a somewhat curved shape are called counters. The edges of the columns are framed by the bundles of shortened hyphae, which reminds the root system. The threads of mycelium mushroom are thin and transparent, so at first the mold has the appearance of a white gun before the formation of sporangies. After ripening the spore of the shell, the sporangium consisting of a kallosa, with high humidity burst, and several thousand multi-core fixed sporangiospores are scattered. They are very small, so they can only be seen using a microscope. Sporangiospores, which appeared after the reducing division of the nuclei, are predecessors of the new generation of mushrooms.
There is a method of sexual reproduction from Mukor. At the same time, two threads of one (in homoterous species) or different (in heterotal species) of myceliums are connected to the formation of diploid zygota. A short germ germs with germinal sporangies, giving rise to a new mushroom, will be grown out of it.
The value of the mushroom The genus Morcor in nature and human life is very large. Certain types of mukor have a high enzymatic (mainly amylolytic and proteolytic) activity, in connection with which, they are used as Zapvask ("Chinese yeast") in order to obtain fermented products, such as "soy cheese", alcohol from potatoes, t. d. The antibacterial drug is obtained from Mukor Rammanianovoye - Ramicin. Separate species can provoke the occurrence of diseases (muromicosis) in farm animals and in humans.
Mold mobs form characteristic raids, or mold, on the surface of the soil, plant residues, various foods - bread, boiled vegetables, fruits. Pretty mushrooms include a white mold of muc (about \\ (60 \\) species) and SIZY Molds (\\ (250 \\) species).
Mushroom Merk.
If the bread breaks a few days in a warm wet place, it appears white fluffy raid, which in a while darkens. This is mold mushroom-saprofit muc.
Morcor cleansing mushrooms or disputes. At the ends of the threads of the mushrooms emerging on the surface of the bread, round heads are developing ( sPOOANGIY) with disputes. After ripening, the head argument bursts, and the disputes are spread by the wind. Once in favorable conditions, they germinate and form new Mukor's mushrooms.
Some species of Mukor (Municipal Chinese) are used in Asian countries as a start-up when making food, such as soy cheese.
Municipal mushrooms are used and to combat insect pests.
Often the Municipality grows on the feed, food products, causing them damage - mold. Sometimes McCorny causes animal and human diseases.
Mushroom Penicilli
Other mold mushrooms are in the soil in the soil. One of them is Penicill.
Penicillus mushroom, unlike Mukor's mushroom, consists of branching threads separated by partitions on cells.
Sporepenicillos are located not in the heads, like the Mukor, but at the ends of some threads of mushrooms in small tassels.
Penicillus provided humanity a huge help in the development of medicine. At the beginning \\ (xx \\) c. Scientists have discovered that pathogenic bacteria die in the presence of green mold - penicill.
Since then, medicine produced from this mushroom - Penicillin - has become the most important antibiotic, whose application saved millions of human lives. It also helps to successfully deal with many infectious diseases.
Special importance for unicellular and mold mushrooms have in soil formationBy participating in the mineralization of organic substances and in the formation of humus. They can even process the fiber (cellulose cellular shell) of plants. The number of such mushrooms in the soil is huge, so their role is large in nature. They processes organic matter available in the soil, providing its fertility.
In fact, MUKOR is a mold fungus family, often appearing on food products, organichery of plant origin and soil. At the initial stage of development, the mold looks like a white, gentle gun. As the Mukor is growing, the sporangies necessary for further reproduction begin, while the mushroom acquires beige-gray color. By the time ripening completely drawn.
The basis of Mukor - mycelium with a rather branched structure (a cell with a large number of cores). On the surface, this species is fixed by means of white threads (hyphae).
Features of breeding
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Danger of Mukor for Man
Mushroom Municipality can bring not only benefits (use in the manufacture of sausages, use in pharmacology for the manufacture of antibacterial drugs), but also significant harm. Some species of this mushroom provoke the development of fairly serious diseases, one of which is such a common ailment, like Mulkomicosis.
Although the white mold (MORC) is considered a rather primitive organism actively developing in favorable conditions, however, in everyday life from such a "neighbor", it is necessary to immediately get rid of it, which will help to avoid health problems. Often this mold affects not only food products (bakery products, sweet fruits, potatoes) But can also settle on the walls and other surfaces in the premises.
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