Some of the borrowed vocabulary in the Russian language has some orthoepic features that are fixed in the literary norm.
1. In some words of foreign language origin, the sound [o] is pronounced in place of the unstressed o: adagio, boa, beaumond, bonton, cocoa, radio, trio. In addition, stylistic fluctuations in the text are possible high style; preserving the unstressed [o] in words of foreign origin is one of the means of attracting attention to them, a means of highlighting them. Pronunciation of the words nocturne, sonnet, poetic, poet, poetry, dossier, veto, credo, foyer, etc. with unstressed [o] is optional. Foreign-language names Maurice Thorez, Chopin, Voltaire, Rodin, Daudet, Baudelaire, Flaubert, Zola, Honore de Balzac, Sacramento and others also retain the unstressed [o] as a variant of literary pronunciation.
In some borrowed words in literary pronunciation, after vowels and at the beginning of the word, the unstressed [e] sounds quite clearly: duelist, muezzin, poetic, aegis, evolution, exaltation, exotic, equivalent, eclecticism, economy, screen, expansion, expert, experiment, exhibit, ecstasy, excess, element, elite, embargo, emigrant, emission, emir, energy, enthusiasm, encyclopedia, epigraph, episode, epilogue, era, effect, effective, etc.
2. Orally public speech Certain difficulties are caused by pronouncing a hard or soft consonant before the letter e in borrowed words, for example, in the words tempo, pool, museum, etc. In most of these cases, a soft consonant is pronounced: academy, pool, beret, beige, brunette, promissory note, monogram, debut, motto, recitation, declaration, dispatch, incident, compliment, competent, correct, museum, patent, pate, Odessa, tenor, term, plywood, overcoat; the word tempo is pronounced with a hard t.
In other words, a solid consonant is pronounced before e: adept, auto-da-fe, business, western, prodigy, riding breeches, dumbbell, grotesque, décolleté, delta, dandy, derby, de facto, de jure, dispensary, identical, boarding school, international, intern , karate, square, cafe, muffler, codeine, code, computer, motorcade, cottage, bracket, open-hearth, billionaire, model, modern, morse, hotel, parterre, pathetic, polonaise, purse, poetess, resume, rating, reputation, superman and others. Some of these words have been known among us for at least one hundred and fifty years, but do not show a tendency to soften the consonant.
In borrowed words starting with the prefix de-, before the vowels dez-, as well as in the first part of complex words starting with neo-, with a general tendency towards softening, fluctuations in the pronunciation of soft and hard d k n are observed, for example: devaluation, deideologization, demilitarization, depoliticization, destabilization, deformation, disinformation, deodorant, disorganization, neoglobalism, neocolonialism, neorealism, neofascism.
Firm pronunciation of consonants before e is recommended in foreign languages proper names: Bella, Bizet, Voltaire: Descartes, Daudet, Jaurès, Carmen, Mary, Pasteur, Rodin, Flaubert, Chopin, Apollinaire, Fernandel [de], Carter, Ionesco, Minnelli, Vanessa Redgrave, Stallone, etc.
In borrowed words with two (or more) e, often one of the consonants is pronounced softly, while the other remains hard before the e strap [rete], genesis [gene], relay [rele], genetics [gene], cafeteria [fete], pince-nez [ pe;ne], reputation [re;me], secreter [se;re;te], ethnogenesis [gene], etc.
In relatively few words of foreign language origin, fluctuations in the pronunciation of the consonant before e are observed, for example: with the standard pronunciation of a hard consonant before e in the words businessman [ne; me], annexation [ne], pronunciation with a soft consonant is acceptable; in the words dean, claim, soft pronunciation is the norm, but hard [de] and [te] are also allowed; In the word session, the hard and soft pronunciation options are equal. It is non-normative to soften the consonants before e in the professional speech of representatives of the technical intelligentsia in the words laser, computer, as well as in the colloquial pronunciation of the words business, sandwich, intensive, interval.
Stylistic fluctuations in the pronunciation of hard and soft
The consonant before e is also observed in some foreign-language proper names: Bertha, “Decameron,” Reagan. Major, Kramer, Gregory Peck, et al.
1.Hard [sh] is pronounced in the words parachute, brochure. The word jury is pronounced with a soft hissing [zh’]. The names Julien and Jules are also pronounced.
Accent- a kind of phonetic “passport” of the word. Often it is enough to change the stress in a well-known word to make it unrecognizable.
the stress differs in different places (can be on any syllable in a word, cf.: ku""honny, experiential, passing""th);
mobility (can change its place in different forms one word, cf.: nacha""t, na""started, began"", na""beginning); in addition, the emphasis can change over time. However, fluctuations in the sphere of stress are also observed within one period of time. Such options are rarely equivalent. Although the pronunciation of such variants as tvo""horn and tvoro""g, ba""rye and barge"" etc. is considered equally correct;
Some Difficult words, as well as words with the prefixes anti-, inter-, near-, counter-, super-, super-, ex-, etc., can have, in addition to the main one, a side (or secondary) stress, conventionally indicated by the sign gravis (‘). The collateral stress is usually the first in order (closer to the beginning of the word), and the main stress is the second (closer to the end of the word): swearing, okoloz, many, vice-president.
Usually there are several pronunciation options depending on the area of use: literary and non-literary (that is, colloquial, slang, dialect); main (used in an official setting) and additional (allowed only in everyday communication, in an informal setting).
For example, the verb "busy" in the past tense is fixed in speech in three variants: busied "" - the main variant, busied "" - an additional literary version (acceptable in informal communication), "busy" - found in common parlance, not recommended for use in literary language.
The placement of stress may depend on the meaning of the word:
book a place in a hotel - book a new weapon;
brought to the police - when there was water in the mechanism;
The greatest difficulties are usually caused by foreign, bookish, outdated or, conversely, words that have just entered the language. Fluctuations are also observed in some commonly used words.
However, in a language there are certain patterns of stress placement in entire groups of words, although most of them act only as a tendency, i.e. Various deviations and fluctuations within this model are possible. To make it easier to remember stress placement, groups of words with common accentological features are given. So, having memorized one of the short feminine passive participles, for example, “busy””, you will know how to pronounce more than twenty identical forms: filmed””, taken away””, raised””, started””, etc.
There are many words, the pronunciation of which serves as a “litmus test” for level speech culture person. Incorrect placement of stress not only complicates understanding and distracts listeners, but also undermines confidence in the speaker and makes one doubt his competence not only in the field of speech culture, but also in professional activity.
1. Certain kinds of difficulties may arise when pronouncing consonants before E in foreign words.
Some book words and words of a terminological nature are pronounced with a hard consonant before E: in[te]rvyu, tone[ne]l, sin[te]z, [te]st, [mene]ger, [te]zis, kok\te\yl.
In modern Russian, the main tendency in the pronunciation of borrowed words is to move from a hard pronunciation to a soft one. Some words that were previously pronounced only firmly can now be pronounced softly: artery, vaudeville, devaluation, deduction, deodorant, dismantling, criterion, panther.
2. As a rule, you should remember: in all borrowed words, the sounds [k], [g], [x] and [l] before E are softened according to the laws of Russian phonetics: \k"e\ks, s[x"e\ma, [g"e\nesis, suf[l"e], ba[g"e]t. In most cases, soft pronunciation of consonants becomes the main one, and the variant with hard pronunciation becomes obsolete and is characterized by dictionaries as acceptable, for example: aggression[r "e and additional re], dean[d "e and additional de], depression[d"e, r"e and add. de, re], hyphen[d "e and additional de], congress[r"ee additional re], progress[r"e and additional re], express[r"e and additional re].
It should be especially noted the pronunciation of complex abbreviated words (abbreviations): they are pronounced as the names of the letters that make them up are pronounced: VAT [en de es], FSB [ef es be], CIS [es en ge]. Proper names should be pronounced correctly: Lodeynoye Pole(district center Leningrad region) [d] pronounced softly Lo[d"e\ynoe, and not [de]; O[d "e]ssa, and not O[de]ssa, as we sometimes hear.
However, many foreign names and last names, as well geographical names pronounce with a strong consonant: \De]kart, Vol[te]r, Gyo[te], Ma[ne\, Ro[de]n, Ba[de]n-Ba[de]n, Manhat[te]n etc. The norm regarding borrowed names developed back in the 19th century and is associated with the habit of pronouncing proper names as they sound in the original language.
3. It is necessary to distinguish between the sounds [e] and [o] after soft consonants. You should remember: a) only [e] pronounced in words: af e ra, be e, foreigner e ny, ist e kshiy, oops e ka and etc.; b) only [O] pronounced in words: zat ë cough, newborn ë ny, sharp ë , prin ë superior and etc.
Pronunciation options can also be noted: equal ( white e syy And white ë syy, decide e woven And decide ë woven), semantic ( n e bo–n ë bo, zhel e zka – zhel ë zka), normative-chronological ( akush e r – akush ë R(obsolete), hopeless ë zhny – hopeless e gentle(obsolete), etc.).
Pronunciation of the combination CN. The combination of CN requires special attention, because When pronouncing it, mistakes are often made.
In modern Russian, the combination CHN is pronounced in most cases as [CH"N], especially in words of book origin: al[h"n]y, anti\h"n\y, poro[h"n\y, remov[h"n]y, interpersonal[h"n]ostny, command[h"n\y, matri[ h"n]y and etc.
In some cases, the same word may be pronounced differently depending on figurative meaning, which appears in stable combinations: heart disease And cordial friend, kopeck coin And copious soul.
Even at the beginning of the 20th century, many words with the combination [CHN] were pronounced with [shn], and not [ch"n]: bul[sh]aya, everyday[sh]y, young[sh\ny, lingon[sh]y and others, in modern language such pronunciation is characterized as outdated or even colloquial.
Now the pronunciation of this combination corresponds to the spelling [ch"n]. Only in some words should only [shn] be pronounced: horse[shn]o, sku[shn]o, naro[shn]o, eggs[shn]itsa, starling[shn]ik, laundry[shn]aya, och[shn]ik, mustard[shn]ik, empty [sh]y. The same pronunciation is retained in female patronymics: Ilin[sh]a, Lukini[sh]a, Nikiti[sh]a, Savvi[sh]a, Fomini[sh]a. This is a traditional departure from general norm, which is legalized by dictionaries, so it should be adhered to in your speech.
Pronunciation of the combination CHT. Combination Thu usually pronounced as written, for example: ma Thu a, by Thu about Thu And and etc.; but only a combination [PCS] pronounced in a word What and its derivatives (except for the lexeme something). In a word nothing Double pronunciation is allowed.
Pronunciation of double consonants. It is necessary to correctly pronounce double consonants in Russian and borrowed words. Here you should adhere to the following recommendations: 1) double consonants in Russian words at the junction of morphemes are usually preserved in pronunciation, for example: be zz busy, bb erh, co nn oh, blah ss well-known etc.; the same thing in consoles passive participles: I'm thinking nn oh, except nn oh, neutralize nn th etc. In prefixless participles one sound is pronounced n : wound nn in the leg, in the heat nn potatoes in oil; The exception is those cases when words like purchase nn oh, broche nn oh yeah nn th etc. are used as adjectives; 2) in borrowed words and in Russian words that have foreign morphemes, the double consonant is usually pronounced for a long time if it comes after a stressed syllable: va nn a, ka ss a, g mm ah, cape ll a, ma nn a (heavenly) etc. A double consonant is not pronounced in cases where it stands: a) before stressed syllable: A ss ambleya, co pp respondent, mi ll yard, gra mm atika, and kk reddit; b) at the end of a word: meta ll, gra mm, gris pp ; c) before a consonant: gru pp ka, ka ss ny, program mm ny etc. Variant pronunciation is allowed in some words, for example: A nn ala, and nn otation, and ss imitation, di ff Uzia, ka ss eta and etc.
Pronunciation of vowels and consonants in borrowed words. Certain difficulties are caused by the pronunciation of vowels and consonants in borrowed words: 1) in some words of foreign language origin (including proper names) the unstressed sound is preserved O , For example: vet O, credit O, With O no, Fl O ber, Z O la and etc.; at the same time, in most well-mastered words there is an acane: R O man, ar O checkmate, k O mfort etc. B in some cases variant pronunciation of unstressed is allowed O : V O calism, p O ezia and etc.; 2) in place of letters uh, e after vowels in foreign words a sound is pronounced [e](without antecedent [th]): about e ct, piru uh t, by uh Zia, Audi e nation and etc.; 3) labial consonants before e in most cases pronounced softly ( b Engali, b enefis, P Elerina, V spruce V no etc.), but in some cases labial before e remain solid: b eta, business m en, Kar m en, Sho P en etc. Dental consonants t, d, h, s, n, r more often than others remain firm in front of e (en T enna, ge n ethics, polo n ez, fo n ema, gro T esk, d e T active etc.), but only soft dental ones are pronounced before e in words: bulletin T hey, clair n no, T enor, fa n era, shi n spruce, O d essa etc. In many words before e Variant (hard and soft) pronunciation of consonants is possible: d ekan, pre T enzia, T therapy, T error, T rivers and etc.
Accentological norms (stress norms). Accent – highlighting a syllable in a word by various means: intensity (in Czech), duration (in Modern Greek), tone movement (in Vietnamese and other tonal languages). In Russian, a stressed vowel in a syllable is distinguished by its duration, intensity and tone movement. In many languages, placing stress does not cause any difficulties, because the emphasis in them is fixed. In Polish, Latin languages the stress falls on the penultimate syllable, in French - on the last; in English - on the first syllable. Russian accent is different places , because it can fall on any syllable, for example, on the first - etc A vilo, On the second - walls A , on the third - beauty A etc. Variability allows you to distinguish between the grammatical forms of words: st e us - walls s, R at ki - hand And, us s fall - mound A t etc. Stress in the Russian language can be characterized as movable and fixed. motionless An accent that falls on the same part of a word is called: G O hospital, g O hospital, g O spital, g O hospital, oh O spital - the accent is fixed to the root; ringing Yu, ringing And m, ringing And those ringing And sew, ring And t, ringing I T - the accent is assigned to the ending. An accent that changes place in different forms of the same word is called mobile : start A t, n A started, started A; right, right A you're right A; could at, m O eat, m O gut; Mon I t, p O yal, got it A.
Within literary norm available significant amount accent options. There are, for example: 1) equal options (interchangeable in all cases, regardless of style, time, etc.): LOL A vet And rusty e t, TV O horn And creation O G, b A rust And barge A ; T e fteli And teft e whether; at the same time e exactly And at the same time e but also etc. There are about 5000 such words in the Russian language. 2) unequal: a) semantic (varies in meaning): witticisms A (blades) and sharp O that(witty expression); tr at sit(afraid) - coward And t(run); Pogr at married(placed in transport) - immersed e ny(lowered in water); b) stylistic (refer to different language styles), in particular book and colloquial ( points A t And b A catch, Great Danes O R And d O talk), common and professional ( To O MPA And computer A With, And skra And sparks A, A languid And at O many; excited O and exc. at expected); V) normative-chronological (manifest in the time of their use), for example modern and outdated: apartment e nts And apart A cops, stolen And English And Ukrainian A Insky.
Placing stress in derived forms of words poses a certain difficulty. Here you should follow some rules.
Noun
1. A number of nouns have a fixed stress on the stem in all forms: St. A T – St. A You, T O rt – T O mouths, shr And ft – shr And ft etc.
2. Many monosyllabic nouns male have in the genitive case singular accent on ending: b And nt – bandage A, With e rp – sickle A, s O nt – umbrella A etc.
3. Feminine nouns in the form accusative case singular numbers are accented or on the ending ( troubles at, wine at, slabs at, bur at etc.), or based on ( b O family, in O du, z And mu, p O RU etc.).
4. Some monosyllabic nouns of the 3rd declension when used with a preposition V And on have an accent on the ending: in the pile And, in honor And, in connection And, at night And .
5. Nouns of the 3rd declension in the genitive plural have the accent that based on ( ascend s sheshennosti, gl at post, m e ness etc.), then at the end ( news e th, queues, shadows and etc.); double emphasis: O industries And industry e y, p I dey And span e th, statement e th And V e domosti.
Adjective
1. If in the short form of the feminine gender the stress falls on the ending, then in the short forms of the neuter and masculine gender the stress is placed on the base, and it usually coincides with the stress in full form: b e ly - white A, b e l, b e lo; I dark - clear A, I Sep, I sno etc.
2. In the plural form, double stress is possible: b e ly – white s, bl And zyki - close And, P at sty - empty s, n And language - low And etc. But only easy And, etc A You.
3. If in the short feminine form the emphasis falls on the ending, then in comparative degree– to the suffix: length A– length e e, visible A– visible e e, full - full e e and etc.
4. If in the short feminine form the emphasis falls on the stem, then in the comparative degree the emphasis is placed on the stem: lil O va – lil O vee, beautiful And va – beautiful And vee, flax And va-len And in her and so on.
Verb
1. The stress in past tense forms can be on the stem or on the ending. There are three groups of words: a) verbs with an accent on the base in all forms: blow - blew, d at la, d at lo, d at whether; put – put, kl A la, cl A lo, cl A whether and etc.; b) verbs with an accent on the stem in all forms, except for the feminine form, in which it changes to the ending: take - took, took A, br A lo, br A whether; swim swam swam A, pl s lo, pl s whether etc.; c) verbs with stress on the prefix in all forms, except for the feminine form, in which it changes to the ending: take - s A nyal, took A, s A I'm sorry, s A hired; start - n A started, started A, n A chalo, n A chatted and etc.
2. In short passive past participles, the emphasis in the feminine form in some cases falls on the ending, in others - on the prefix: a) taken - taken A, started – started A, accepted – accepted A ; b) in participles on -abused, -torn, -called the emphasis falls on the prefix: h A brane, pr e torn, pr And called and so on.
3. Among the verbs in -edit two groups are distinguished: a) with emphasis on And (cop And talk, discuss And work, consult And to sleep); b) with emphasis on A (standards A yeah, premium A yeah, seals A t). Passive past participles formed from verbs ending in -edit , are divided into two groups: a) form on -And to sleep matches the form on -And blocked (blocked And rove – block And planned, planned And to plan - plan And roved); b) form on -irs A t– form on -ir O bathroom (premium A t - prime world O bathtub, shaped A t - formed O bathroom).
The variability and mobility of stress lead to errors. The main causes of errors include the following.
1. Ignorance of the origin of the word. Words that came from French, will have stress on the last syllable. These include: apostrophe O f, blinds And, quart A l, kokl Yu w, fet And w, exp e rt.
2. The absence of the letter E in the printed text, because it is always under stress: spellbound, newborn, fastened, taken away, condemned.
3. Poor knowledge of morphology. If case forms are formed incorrectly, errors are made, for example: keychain A instead of wandered O ka, towels instead of canvas e netz, rake e th instead of gr A bel.
ASSIGNMENTS ON THE TOPIC
Exercise 1. Place stress on the following nouns:
Gas pipeline, contract, leisure, nap, sign, invention, flint, hunk, garbage chute, thinking, intention, bowl, dowry, beetroot, statue, petition, sorrel.
Apostrophe, bureaucracy, gastronomy, diopter, significance, iconography, rubber, aches, lampoon, funeral, convocation, consolidation, extravaganza, phenomenon.
Asymmetry, gas pipeline, religion, bungalow, genesis, dispensary, life support, catalogue, quarter, obituary.
Dialogue, play, spark, pantry, colossus, illness, parterre, bonus, purple, perspective, carpenter, legalization, Christian.
Task 2. Explain the meanings of words with different accents, make up a phrase with each of them.
A tlas – atl A s, br O nya – bro I, V And denie – view e nie, And rice - ir And s, cl at would be a club s, sharp O ta – witticism A, st A Rina – old man A, tr at sit - coward And yeah, at naked - ug O linen
Task 3. Form the following nouns into forms genitive case singular numbers and place emphasis on them. What determines the placement of stress in this or that case?
Screw, coat of arms, hump, mushroom, goose, plait, rod, tuft, hook, layer, fruit, pond, rod, cake, pole, barley.
Task 4. Place stress in the genitive plural forms of 3rd declension nouns.
Insolence, positions, poles, tassels, fortresses, whips, planes, stories, sermons, tablecloths, canes, pranks, cracks.
Task 5. Place emphasis on initial forms adjectives.
Peanut, unrestrained, gross, stamped, ancient, cousin, jagged, sparkling, cedar, meager, simultaneous, wholesale, statutory.
Task 6. From these adjectives form all short forms and put emphasis on them.
Brisk, hungry, proud, bitter, rude, cheap, long, pitiful, green, strong, right, rare, light, well-fed.
Task 7. Indicate the emphasis in adverbs. Are there forms with variant stress among them?
Incessantly, clearly, masterfully, enviably, for a long time, for a long time, gradually, at exorbitant prices, at exorbitant prices, backhandedly, obliquely, for a long time.
Task 8. Place the stress on the following verbs.
Pamper, memorize, seal, jam, clog, rust, call, pamper, exhaust, cough, begin, began, ease, borrow, voice, vulgarize, encourage, force, notify, deepen, aggravate, intercede.
Task 9. Form all possible forms of the past tense from these verbs and place emphasis on them. What rules determine the placement of stress in past tense forms?
Shave, heed, lie, pester, ask, freeze, steal, pour, make money, hire, hug, convey, give, understand, arrive, tear, repute, depart, sew.
Task 10. Form short passive participles from the following verbs and place emphasis on them. Indicate what determines the placement of stress in participial forms.
Take, pick up, borrow, get rid of, recruit, name, hire, recall, re-elect, pick up, give, cover, accept, live, distribute, convene, sew.
Task 11. Place the emphasis in the following verbs on -edit. Determine which two groups these words fall into depending on the place of stress.
Ballot, block, bombard, waltz, gas, guarantee, engrave, make-up, debate, diploma, disqualify, distill, drape, inform, compromise, compete, copy, varnish, liquidate, disguise, march, furnish, polish, reward, rehabilitate, register, summarize, transport, exaggerate, form, formulate, force.
Task 12. From the above verbs to – edit(task 10) form complete passive participles of the past tense and place emphasis on them. What rule should be followed in this case?
Task 13. Rewrite the words, dividing them into two groups: 1) with b to indicate the softness of a consonant; 2) without b. Draw a conclusion about the pronunciation and spelling features of the words of each group.
Walking, wedding, carving, request, mowing, bridge, shyness, nanny, nurse, tempting, bathhouse, bathhouse attendant, tinsmith, lamplighter, take, Kuzmich, horses, people, Lyudmila, four, help, assistant, helplessness, ice floe, in the dark , in a dream.
Task 14. Mark the incorrect statements.
1. The orthoepic norm regulates the use of words.
2. The orthoepic norm regulates stress.
3. The orthoepic norm regulates the use of case forms.
5. Within the literary norm, there are a number of stress options.
6. To clarify pronunciation standards, you should consult an etymological dictionary.
1. Certain kinds of difficulties may arise when pronouncing consonants before E in foreign words.
Some book words and words of a terminological nature are pronounced with a hard consonant before E: in[te]rvyu, tone[ne]l, sin[te]z, [te]st, [mene]ger, [te]zis, kok\te\yl.
In modern Russian, the main tendency in the pronunciation of borrowed words is to move from a hard pronunciation to a soft one. Some words that were previously pronounced only firmly can now be pronounced softly: artery, vaudeville, devaluation, deduction, deodorant, dismantling, criterion, panther.
2. As a rule, you should remember: in all borrowed words, the sounds [k], [g], [x] and [l] before E are softened according to the laws of Russian phonetics: \k"e\ks, s[x"e\ma, [g"e\nesis, suf[l"e], ba[g"e]t. In most cases, soft pronunciation of consonants becomes the main one, and the variant with hard pronunciation becomes obsolete and is characterized by dictionaries as acceptable, for example: aggression[r "e and additional re], dean[d "e and additional de], depression[d"e, r"e and add. de, re], hyphen[d "e and additional de], congress[r"ee additional re], progress[r"e and additional re], express[r"e and additional re].
It should be especially noted the pronunciation of complex abbreviated words (abbreviations): they are pronounced as the names of the letters that make them up are pronounced: VAT [en de es], FSB [ef es be], CIS [es en ge]. Proper names should be pronounced correctly: Lodeynoye Pole(district center of the Leningrad region) [d] pronounced softly Lo[d"e\ynoe, and not [de]; O[d "e]ssa, and not O[de]ssa, as we sometimes hear.
However, we pronounce many foreign names and surnames, as well as geographical names, with a strong consonant: \De]kart, Vol[te]r, Gyo[te], Ma[ne\, Ro[de]n, Ba[de]n-Ba[de]n, Manhat[te]n etc. The norm regarding borrowed names developed back in the 19th century and is associated with the habit of pronouncing proper names as they sound in the original language.
3. It is necessary to distinguish between the sounds [e] and [o] after soft consonants. You should remember: a) only [e] pronounced in words: af e ra, be e, foreigner e ny, ist e kshiy, oops e ka and etc.; b) only [O] pronounced in words: zat ë cough, newborn ë ny, sharp ë , prin ë superior and etc.
Pronunciation options can also be noted: equal ( white e syy And white ë syy, decide e woven And decide ë woven), semantic ( n e bo–n ë bo, zhel e zka – zhel ë zka), normative-chronological ( akush e r – akush ë R(obsolete), hopeless ë zhny – hopeless e gentle(obsolete), etc.).
Pronunciation of the combination CN. The combination of CN requires special attention, because When pronouncing it, mistakes are often made.
In modern Russian, the combination CHN is pronounced in most cases as [CH"N], especially in words of book origin: al[h"n]y, anti\h"n\y, poro[h"n\y, remov[h"n]y, interpersonal[h"n]ostny, command[h"n\y, matri[ h"n]y and etc.
In some cases, the same word may be pronounced differently depending on the figurative meaning that appears in stable combinations: heart disease And cordial friend, kopeck coin And copious soul.
Even at the beginning of the 20th century, many words with the combination [CHN] were pronounced with [shn], and not [ch"n]: bul[sh]aya, everyday[sh]y, young[sh\ny, lingon[sh]y etc., in modern language such pronunciation is characterized as outdated or even colloquial.
Now the pronunciation of this combination corresponds to the spelling [ch"n]. Only in some words should only [shn] be pronounced: horse[shn]o, sku[shn]o, naro[shn]o, eggs[shn]itsa, starling[shn]ik, laundry[shn]aya, och[shn]ik, mustard[shn]ik, empty [sh]y. The same pronunciation is retained in female patronymics: Ilin[sh]a, Lukini[sh]a, Nikiti[sh]a, Savvi[sh]a, Fomini[sh]a. This is a traditional deviation from the general norm, which is legitimized by dictionaries, so it should be adhered to in your speech.
Pronunciation of the combination CHT. Combination Thu usually pronounced as written, for example: ma Thu a, by Thu about Thu And and etc.; but only a combination [PCS] pronounced in a word What and its derivatives (except for the lexeme something). In a word nothing Double pronunciation is allowed.
Pronunciation of double consonants. It is necessary to correctly pronounce double consonants in Russian and borrowed words. Here you should adhere to the following recommendations: 1) double consonants in Russian words at the junction of morphemes are usually preserved in pronunciation, for example: be zz busy, bb erh, co nn oh, blah ss well-known etc.; the same in prefixed passive participles: I'm thinking nn oh, except nn oh, neutralize nn th etc. In prefixless participles one sound is pronounced n : wound nn in the leg, in the heat nn potatoes in oil; The exception is those cases when words like purchase nn oh, broche nn oh yeah nn th etc. are used as adjectives; 2) in borrowed words and in Russian words that have foreign morphemes, the double consonant is usually pronounced for a long time if it comes after a stressed syllable: va nn a, ka ss a, g mm ah, cape ll a, ma nn a (heavenly) etc. A double consonant is not pronounced in cases where it stands: a) before a stressed syllable: A ss ambleya, co pp respondent, mi ll yard, gra mm atika, and kk reddit; b) at the end of a word: meta ll, gra mm, gris pp ; c) before a consonant: gru pp ka, ka ss ny, program mm ny etc. Variant pronunciation is allowed in some words, for example: A nn ala, and nn otation, and ss imitation, di ff Uzia, ka ss eta and etc.
Pronunciation of vowels and consonants in borrowed words. Certain difficulties are caused by the pronunciation of vowels and consonants in borrowed words: 1) in some words of foreign language origin (including proper names) the unstressed sound is preserved O , For example: vet O, credit O, With O no, Fl O ber, Z O la and etc.; at the same time, in most well-mastered words there is an acane: R O man, ar O checkmate, k O mfort etc. In some cases, variant pronunciation of unstressed O : V O calism, p O ezia and etc.; 2) in place of letters uh, e after vowels in foreign words a sound is pronounced [e](without antecedent [th]): about e ct, piru uh t, by uh Zia, Audi e nation and etc.; 3) labial consonants before e in most cases pronounced softly ( b Engali, b enefis, P Elerina, V spruce V no etc.), but in some cases labial before e remain solid: b eta, business m en, Kar m en, Sho P en etc. Dental consonants t, d, h, s, n, r more often than others remain firm in front of e (en T enna, ge n ethics, polo n ez, fo n ema, gro T esk, d e T active etc.), but only soft dental ones are pronounced before e in words: bulletin T hey, clair n no, T enor, fa n era, shi n spruce, O d essa etc. In many words before e Variant (hard and soft) pronunciation of consonants is possible: d ekan, pre T enzia, T therapy, T error, T rivers and etc.
Accentological norms (stress norms). Accent – highlighting a syllable in a word by various means: intensity (in Czech), duration (in Modern Greek), tone movement (in Vietnamese and other tonal languages). In Russian, a stressed vowel in a syllable is distinguished by its duration, intensity and tone movement. In many languages, placing stress does not cause any difficulties, because the emphasis in them is fixed. In Polish and Latin the stress falls on the penultimate syllable, in French - on the last; in English - on the first syllable. Russian accent is different places , because it can fall on any syllable, for example, on the first - etc A vilo, On the second - walls A , on the third - beauty A etc. Variability allows you to distinguish between the grammatical forms of words: st e us - walls s, R at ki - hand And, us s fall - mound A t etc. Stress in the Russian language can be characterized as movable and fixed. motionless An accent that falls on the same part of a word is called: G O hospital, g O hospital, g O spital, g O hospital, oh O spital - the accent is fixed to the root; ringing Yu, ringing And m, ringing And those ringing And sew, ring And t, ringing I T - the accent is assigned to the ending. An accent that changes place in different forms of the same word is called mobile : start A t, n A started, started A; right, right A you're right A; could at, m O eat, m O gut; Mon I t, p O yal, got it A.
Within the literary norm, there are a significant number of stress options. There are, for example: 1) equal options (interchangeable in all cases, regardless of style, time, etc.): LOL A vet And rusty e t, TV O horn And creation O G, b A rust And barge A ; T e fteli And teft e whether; at the same time e exactly And at the same time e but also etc. There are about 5000 such words in the Russian language. 2) unequal: a) semantic (varies in meaning): witticisms A (blades) and sharp O that(witty expression); tr at sit(afraid) - coward And t(run); Pogr at married(placed in transport) - immersed e ny(lowered in water); b) stylistic (refer to different language styles), in particular bookish and colloquial ( points A t And b A catch, Great Danes O R And d O talk), common and professional ( To O MPA And computer A With, And skra And sparks A, A languid And at O many; excited O and exc. at expected); V) normative-chronological (manifest in the time of their use), for example modern and outdated: apartment e nts And apart A cops, stolen And English And Ukrainian A Insky.
Placing stress in derived forms of words poses a certain difficulty. Here you should follow some rules.
The Russian language has many words borrowed from other languages. Once in the Russian language, a new word is subject to its orthoepic norms. So, in accordance with the laws of Russian pronunciation, before e a soft consonant sound is pronounced: [d"]el, but [d]ol. However, this rule does not apply to all words of foreign language origin, which leads to fluctuations in the norm and the appearance of errors in speech: you can hear, for example, [te]rmin instead [term, shi[ne]l instead sh[n"]el.
The reason for the fluctuation of this spelling norm is the influence of the source language, in which the word was pronounced with a hard consonant. It often takes a lot of time to fully “master” a new word. For example, the word dean(going back to Latin decim - ten; originally dean - eldest over ten monks) came into the Russian language long ago, but variant hard and soft pronunciation before e: [de]kan And [d "]ekan.
Remember some words in which the consonant before e is pronounced firmly: anes T ezia, d ekol T e, gro T esk, d e-gradation, d ecadance, d spruce T eu, d e T active, computer T er, m e n ed-zher, mick With er, With service, st R ess, T yesis, anti T yes, no With ens, about T ek-tion, svi T er, T Hermos, boo T erbrod, T emp, T Ennis, T ent, sha T en, extra With ens, beef T ex, biz n EU, and n ertny, and T spruce, and d entic, la h er, in T interview, pass T spruce, R egbi, T embr, T en d ence, fo n ethics, in d ex, in T erier, be h e, R barely, With sexy.
Words with soft consonant before e: aka d emic, b bully, bully T eria, d fuck and n emia, bru n yes, clair n yes, computer T tion, concept T ext, to R eat, mu h she, pa T ent, pash T e, p R essa, prog R ess, T er-min, fla n spruce, shea n spruce, es With tion, jurisprudence d ence, yachts m en.
In many cases, variant pronunciation is allowed;
[d"]ekan and [de]kan, [d "]ekanat and [de] kanat, [s"]session and [se]ssia, but [ve]lla and no[v"]ella, ag[r" ]session and additional ag[re]ssia, [d"]ep[r"]session and additional [de]p[re]ssiya, ba[ss"]ein and ba[sse]ein, stra[t" ]egia and additional strategy[te]giya, lo[te]rey and additional lo[t"]rey.
Pronunciation [chn], [shn] in place of the spelling chn
Competition of pronunciation variants in place of spelling-graphic combination chn It has long history, the echoes of which we feel when we have to choose one use or another: sku[chn]o or skuk[sh]o, skvor[chn]ik or skvor[sh]ik?
There is a gradual displacement of the Old Moscow pronunciation [shn] and a convergence of pronunciation with spelling, therefore the variants korea[sh]evy, bulo[sh]aya, gorn[sh]aya are outdated. At the same time, it should be remembered that some words retain as a mandatory pronunciation [shn] in place of the spelling chn: boring, boring, on purpose, of course, scrambled eggs, birdhouse, trifling, eyeglass case(case for glasses), laundry, mustard plaster, double plaster, candlestick. The pronunciation [shn] is also standard in female patronymics: Kuzminichna, Fominichna, Ilyinichna.
Pronunciation of [e] and [o] under stress after soft consonants and sibilants
IN modern speech often hear af e ra, op yo- ka instead of those provided for by the norm af e ra, op e ka. Why do such fluctuations occur? Long transition process [e] V [O], denoted by the letter e , in the position under stress after soft consonants before hard consonants is reflected in the state modern norm. In most cases, under stress in the position between a soft and hard consonant and after sibilants, the sound [o] is pronounced (graphically e). Wed, for example, decide e then - decide e tka, sound e zda-zv e zny, tear - tearful.
Remember words with this pronunciation:
difference e passionate, w e forehead, nikch e many, cm e weka, from e kshiy, w e redochka, mark e r, start e r, forget e, grave e r, driver e r, ks e ndz, start e r, double e ness, history e k-shiy (blood).
However, in many words, most often borrowed, there is no transition [e] to [o] in the indicated position: op e ka(not op e ka!), af e ra(not af e ra!), deb e Lyy, Grenada e r, double e nets, ist e kshiy (day), w e blah blah blah e evil, spineless e thin, carabiner e r, os e length, val e zhnik, at the same time e exchangeable
The fluctuation of this orthoepic norm is evidenced by the possibility of variant pronunciation of some words. It should be borne in mind that the main, most preferable options are e: white e syy, bl e cool, w e lie, w e personal, man e vr, man e temporary, pobl e whip Options with e words are recorded as acceptable, that is, less desirable in use: whitish, faded, bile, gall, maneuver, maneuverable, fade.
The Russian language as a whole is characterized by the opposition of hard and soft consonants.
Wed: small And crumpled, WHO And carried, sir And gray, mouse And bear.
In many European languages there is no such opposition. When borrowed, a word usually obeys the pronunciation norms of the Russian language. So, before e in Russian there is usually a soft consonant: chalk, no. Many borrowed words begin to be pronounced in the same way: meter, rebus. However, in other cases, the pronunciation of the hard consonant is preserved in the borrowed word: adept[adept], amber[ambre], although this is not reflected graphically. Usually, after a hard consonant in Russian, e is written, and after a soft consonant, e. In borrowed words, as a rule, it is written e. Consonants can be pronounced both softly and firmly.
When pronouncing a borrowed word, several parameters must be taken into account.
1. The pronunciation of hard consonants is usually preserved by foreign surnames:
Shope[e]n, Volte[e]r.
2. The pronunciation of hard consonants is usually preserved in bookish, little-used words that have recently entered the Russian language:
de[e]-facto, apart[e]id, re[e]iting.
As the word becomes established in the language, the pronunciation of a hard consonant can be replaced by the pronunciation of a soft consonant (in accordance with the spelling). So, now it is possible to pronounce a consonant in two ways:
de[e/e]gradate, de[e/e]valuation, de[e/e]duction, de[e/e]odorant, de[e/e]kan.
3. The type of consonant located before e plays a certain role.
Thus, in borrowed words with the combination de, the process of softening the consonant regularly occurs (in accordance with the spelling):
decoration, de[e]clamation, de[e]mobilization.
The process of softening the consonant is quite active in words with combinations not, re:
abre[e]k, aggression[e]ssion, aquar[e]el, bere[e]t, re[e]gent, re[e]ter, referee, brun[e]t, shine[ spruce.
On the contrary, the combination of those rather stably preserves firm pronunciation consonant: ate[e]lye, bijute[e]ria, bute[er]rbrod, de[e]te[e]active, te[e]rier.
4. A certain role is played by the source of borrowing and the place in the word of the combination with e.
Thus, those words that are borrowed from French with a final stressed syllable consistently retain the pronunciation of a hard consonant sound:
entre[e], meringue[e], corrugation[e], curé[e], paste[e]el.
5. In book words in which the letter e is preceded by a vowel rather than a consonant, the sound [j] is not pronounced.
Wed: in Russian words: ate, [j]ate; in borrowed words: die[e]ta, brown[e]s, proe[e]ct, proe[e]ctor, proe[e]ction, ree[e]str.
It is absolutely unacceptable to pronounce [j] in a word poet and its derivatives ( poetic, poetess).
note
The pronunciation of hard and soft consonants in borrowed words has social significance. If the norm is still the pronunciation of a hard consonant (for example, chimpanzee[e], gofre[e], computer[e]r, madem[dm]uaze[e]l), then the pronunciation of the soft consonant in such words ( chimpanzee[e], corrugation[e], computer[e]r, made[e]moise[e]el) can be perceived by listeners as a manifestation of the speaker’s low culture. At the same time, pronouncing a hard consonant where the pronunciation of a soft consonant has already become the norm can be perceived by listeners as a manifestation of philistinism, pretentiousness, and pseudo-intellectuality. So, for example, the pronunciation of hard consonants in words is perceived: academic[e]mik, bere[e]t, brunette[e]t, accounting[e]r, de[e]claration, de[e]magog, de[e]mokrat, coffee[e], te[e ]ma, te[er]rmome[e]tr, fane[e]ra, shine[e]l.
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