Ivanovo State Power Engineering University

Military training center

TUTORIAL

By discipline

"Radiation, chemical and biological protection"

"Organization and implementation of the protection of troops from weapons of mass destruction"

Discussed at the meeting

military training center

Minutes No. ___ dated ________ 200_.

Ivanovo 2009

1. Measures to protect against weapons of mass destruction ………………………………………… 3

1.1. Basic provisions for the protection of troops from weapons of mass destruction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3 3

1.2 . The main measures to protect troops from weapons of mass destruction and the order of their implementation ……………. 3

1.2.1. Requirements for the dispersal of troops ………………………. ………………………… .. 3

1.2.2. Change of troop deployment areas ……………………………………………………. five

1.2.3. Engineering activities ……………………………………………………………… .. 5

1.2.4. Protective and masking properties of the terrain ………………………………………… .. 8

1.2.6. Radiation, chemical and biological prospecting …………………………………. 10

2. Fundamentals of organization and implementation of the protection of troops from weapons of mass destruction ......... 13

2.1. Fundamentals of organizing the protection of troops from weapons of mass destruction ……………… .. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13

2.2. Tasks of the headquarters for organizing protection against weapons of mass destruction ………………………………………………… .. 14

2.3. Protection of subunits from weapons of mass destruction in the main types of combat, when moving and positioning on the spot …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… fourteen

2.3.1. On the offensive ……………………………………………………………………………… .. 14

2.3.2. On the defensive …………………………………………………………………………………… .. 17

2.3.3. When moving …………………………………………………………………………. eighteen

2.3.4. When located on site ……………………………………………………………… .. 19

2.4. Actions of personnel on contaminated areas ……………………………………………. twenty

2.4.1. Alert signals for radioactive, chemical and biological contamination. The procedure for bringing them to the troops ………………………………… .. ……………………………………… .. 20

2.4.2. Actions of personnel while in the contaminated area and

when overcoming it ………………………………………………………………………………. 23

2.4.3. Personnel protection measures during prolonged operations in contaminated areas ………………………………………………………………………………………………. ... 24

3. Ensuring the safety and protection of personnel from weapons of mass destruction ……… .. 25

3.1. Security measures ………………………………………………. 25

3.2. Troops actions in contaminated zones, areas of destruction, flooding and fires ..................... 25

3.3. Dosimetric control of personnel exposure ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 26

3.3.1. Organization of dosimetric control …………………………………………… 26

3.3.2. Accounting for radiation doses of personnel. Assessment of the combat effectiveness of units ... ... 27

3.3.3. Calculations on justification of security measures and protection of personnel …………… 30

4. Elimination of the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 33

4.1. Measures to eliminate the consequences of the use by the enemy of weapons of mass destruction ............................. .................................................. .............................. 33

4.1 .1. Reconnaissance of centers of destruction by nuclear and chemical weapons …………………… ... 34 .

4.1.2. Emergency rescue and medical evacuation measures ..................... 34

4.1.3. Extinguishing and localizing fires ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… all

4.1.4. Restoration of fortifications and ways for troops to maneuver ... .... 35

4.1.5. Isolation and restrictive measures …………………………………………. 36

4.1 .6. Special handling of troops ………………………………………………………… .. 36

4.2 .Peculiarities of elimination of the consequences of radioactive contamination during the destruction of nuclear fuel cycle facilities ........................ ...............................................

4.3 . Elimination of the consequences of the use of incendiary weapons by the enemy ... ... ... ... 40

5. Special processing ……………………………………………………………………… .. …… 42

5.1. Rules for the use of technical means for sanitizing personnel ... 42

5.2. Rules for the use of technical means for decontamination, degassing and disinfection of weapons and equipment …………………………………………………………………………………………. 45

Literature……………………………………………………............................. ....................................

1. Measures to protect against weapons of mass destruction

1.1. The main provisions for the protection of troops from weapons of mass destruction.

Protection against weapons of mass destruction is a complex of tactical and special measures carried out with the aim of minimizing the defeat of troops by nuclear, chemical and biological weapons of the enemy, maintaining combat effectiveness and ensuring the successful fulfillment of combat missions by them.

Protection against weapons of mass destruction is organized by commanders of all levels in any type of combat activity of troops, regardless of whether weapons of mass destruction are used or not. To the greatest extent, the achievement of defense goals is facilitated by the timely identification and destruction of enemy weapons of mass destruction.

Measures to protect troops from weapons of mass destruction include:

- dispersal of troops, periodic change of areas of their location;

- engineering equipment of areas and positions occupied by troops;

- preparation of ways for maneuver;

-use of protective and masking properties of the terrain;

- warning troops about an imminent threat and the beginning of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy, as well as about their own nuclear strikes;

-informing them about radioactive, chemical and biological contamination;

-anti-epidemic, sanitary and hygienic and special preventive measures;

-revealing the consequences of the enemy's use of weapons of mass destruction;

- ensuring the safety and protection of personnel during operations in the zones of contamination, destruction, fire and flooding;

- elimination of the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy.

The content and procedure for carrying out measures to protect troops depend on the specific situation, the enemy's capabilities to use weapons of mass destruction, the availability of time, forces and means for organizing protection and other factors. Depending on the nature of the actions of the troops and the situation, as well as on the link in which protection against weapons of mass destruction is organized, these measures can be carried out either in full or in part.

Measures to protect troops from weapons of mass destruction are carried out in the interaction of forces and means of the services of the Armed Forces, combat arms and special forces.

it interaction consists of:

- in an agreed warning and warning system;

- in the exchange of information on the use of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons by the enemy, zones of contamination, destruction, fire and flooding;

- in providing assistance in eliminating the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy, as well as in carrying out anti-epidemic, sanitary and hygienic and special preventive measures.

Thus, the protection of troops from weapons of mass destruction is a serious, multi-stage process that requires the implementation of all the envisaged measures from commanders of all levels.

1. 2 . The main measures to protect troops from weapons of mass destruction

and the order of their implementation.

1.2.1. Troop dispersal requirements.

The dispersal of troops and the periodic change of areas of their location are carried out with the aim of minimizing troop losses, as well as making it difficult for the enemy to find and select targets for destruction with nuclear, chemical and biological weapons.
The order and degree of dispersal are established by the commander (chief) depending on the task being performed, the protective and camouflaging properties of the terrain, the possibilities for its engineering equipment, taking into account the protective properties of weapons and military equipment.
When dispersing troops, the following requirements must be observed: dispersal should not adversely affect the ability of subunits to perform assigned tasks; it should not complicate the control of subunits, interaction and the formation of a combat (marching) order.
The criteria and limits for the dispersal of troops are established depending on the combined impact on the personnel of the damaging factors of nuclear weapons. The most important criteria are:

1. The type of nuclear weapons most likely to be used by the enemy;

2. Possible targets of destruction;

3. The permissible degree of destruction of objects, excluding the loss of their combat effectiveness;

4. Protective properties of terrain, weapons and military equipment;

5. The degree of engineering equipment of the occupied areas.
Nuclear ammunition type the use of which by the enemy against our troops is most likely determined on the basis of an analysis of his views on the use of nuclear weapons at targets at various distances from the line of contact of the parties and on the need to comply with security requirements under divisions of its first echelon. It is believed that the use of ammunition with a capacity of 1 to 2 thousand tons is most likely against objects located near the line of contact of the sides, strikes with ammunition with a capacity of 10-50 thousand tons are possible against the second echelons of units and objects of the military rear, and more deeply located objects - ammunition and more power.
Possible targets from the composition of their troops are determined based on the reach of the enemy's nuclear attack weapons, the power of nuclear weapons that he can use against troops and rear facilities at different depths, as well as from the location of units and subunits in battle formation and the nature of their missions.
Permissible degree of damage to objects when choosing the limits of troop dispersal, it is determined proceeding from the unlikely likelihood of simultaneously hitting two nearby objects with a single nuclear weapon, the power of which is sufficient to disable each of them separately.
The protective properties of the terrain, weapons and military equipment and the degree of engineering equipment of the regions are an important criterion.

Troops can be dispersed to a lesser extent if they operate on rough terrain and for defense use weapons and military equipment, natural shelters, fortifications, etc.
When located on the spot (in the concentration area, the initial area, the assembly area on alert), units and subunits should be dispersed within the limits excluding the defeat of two battalions (divisions) or equal units with one medium-power nuclear weapon, two companies (batteries) - with one low-yield nuclear weapon, two platoons - one ultra-low-yield ammunition. In this case, the distances between the areas of location can be from 0.5 to 5 km.
The location areas should provide for the covert deployment of personnel, weapons and military equipment, have favorable sanitary and epidemic conditions and, if possible, include sections of rough terrain with narrow, deep and winding ravines, hollows, gullies, quarries, woodlands and bushes. Location areas should not be designated near large populated areas and other important facilities where the enemy may use nuclear and chemical weapons. Personnel, weapons and military equipment in the areas of location are placed in natural shelters, and if time is available, cracks, trenches are opened, dugouts and shelters are equipped.
On the march, units and subunits must be dispersed along the front and in depth.

This is achieved:

The use of as many routes as possible, distant from each other at a distance, excluding the simultaneous destruction of columns moving along them with one medium-power nuclear weapon (for medium-rugged terrain conditions - 3-5 km);

Observance of distances between columns of battalions (divisions) up to 5 km;

Exclusion of the accumulation of troops in difficult-to-pass places, when passing large settlements, junctions of roads and crossings, before the starting line, at halts and in recreation areas.

At a large halt and in areas of day (night) rest, troops are usually deployed in battalion (sub-division), using the defensive properties of the terrain. In the area of ​​day (night) rest for personnel, weapons and military equipment, shelters are being prepared.
In an offensive, dispersal is achieved by the widespread use of pre-battle formations and such a formation of combat formations of subunits, which to the greatest extent ensures the fulfillment of the assigned tasks and the reduction of possible losses from weapons of mass destruction of the enemy. During the offensive, subunits of the first echelons advance in dispersed battle formations. The second echelon (reserve) moves in a marching or pre-battle formation behind the first echelon in races at a distance indicated by the commander, using terrain folds and local objects to protect them. In the event of a stop, it quickly disperses and takes cover.
When subunits attack the enemy at the front line, in strongpoints or in the depths of his defenses, the greatest danger will be posed by ultra-low-yield nuclear weapons and neutron munitions. In order to exclude massive losses of subunits in the platoon link, it is necessary in this case to have gaps between them of several hundred meters. Missile units and artillery should be moved and deployed so that they are not hit by enemy nuclear strikes at the same time as nearby troops.
When crossing water obstacles in the crossing areas, the first-echelon companies are selected at such a mutual distance that the simultaneous destruction of two neighboring crossings by one low-yield nuclear weapon is excluded. In addition, in order to mislead the enemy, false crossings are arranged and imitated. Subunit commanders are obliged to ensure an organized exit of troops to the water barrier, to prevent the accumulation of personnel, weapons and military equipment in the crossing areas and at the crossings. After reaching the opposite bank, the subunits must develop a swift offensive, avoid crowding so that favorable conditions and facilities are not created for the enemy to use weapons of mass destruction.
In defense, subunits are dispersed taking into account the protective properties of the terrain, the capabilities of the troops in engineering equipment of positions, so that, without reducing the stability of defense and the density of fire of all types, to exclude the simultaneous destruction of two adjacent subunits occupying strong points or neighboring positions with one nuclear weapon of low and ultra-low power. In the battalion defense area, subunits must be dispersed in such a way that the gaps between adjacent companies and platoons along the front and in depth are within the established limits.

1.2.2. Change of troop deployment areas.

The change of the troop deployment areas is carried out at the direction or with the permission of the senior commander (chief) according to a pre-developed plan, without prejudice to the task, secretly and in a short time. Subdivisions carry out the change of districts, as a rule, as part of their own units. To ensure a change in the areas where the troops are located, reserve areas and routes for reaching them must be prepared in advance.
It is advisable to change the areas of deployment in the interests of protection against weapons of mass destruction if the situation allows and provided that the troops will be reliably sheltered in the new area of ​​the location, and the probability of losses in personnel, weapons and military equipment will be less than in the previously occupied area.
The need to change the areas where troops are located in the zones of contamination, destruction, fires and flooding is determined based on the degree of danger of the situation for personnel, weapons and military equipment.
In order to conceal the movement of troops from all types of enemy reconnaissance when changing areas of deployment, it must be carried out, as a rule, at night or in conditions of limited visibility.

1.2.3. Engineering activities.

a) Engineering equipment of areas and positions.

The engineering equipment of the areas and positions occupied by the troops consists in the construction of fortifications.

For personnel, open and blocked slots, trenches, trenches, communication passages, dugouts and shelters are equipped, for weapons and military equipment - trenches and shelters.
The order of engineering equipment is established by the unit commander; it should begin immediately with the arrival of the subunit in the designated area.
The simplest open-type structures - trenches, cracks, trenches and communication passages - are equipped by the forces of the units themselves.

Above these structures, moistened soil floors should be arranged, which significantly reduce the damaging effect of a shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation from nuclear explosions, radioactive radiation from contaminated areas, and also protect against incendiary substances and direct contamination by droplets and aerosols of toxic substances, To increase the stability of protozoa Fortifications, it is advisable in all cases when there is time and materials, to make clothes of coolness.
When equipping the initial areas for the offensive and areas of concentration when located on the spot for the shelter of personnel, slots are arranged at the rate of one slot per compartment (crew, crew). The entrances to the slots can be horizontal or vertical; The vertical entrance has higher protective properties; to protect personnel from the shock wave, the entrance to the gap must be blocked with a shield made of boards, mats made of brushwood or other local materials.
In defense, open and blocked slots can be adjacent to trenches and trenches or be erected separately. In all cases, the slots must be located where the personnel are most of the time, and so that they can be quickly occupied by a warning signal of a threat and the beginning of the use of weapons of mass destruction and by warning signals.
The most reliable protection of personnel from weapons of mass destruction is provided by closed-type structures - dugouts and shelters.
A dugout is being built for a platoon, a shelter for a company, a battery. For command posts and medical centers, dugouts and shelters are erected according to a special calculation.

When erecting a dugout, two elements are connected, which form a vault, and when erecting a shelter, three elements form a ring.
The protective layer of dugouts and shelters is made in the form of soil sprinkling. The thickness of the soil cover should be:

- dugout - not less than 90 cm, which provides protection from the penetrating radiation of a nuclear explosion and reduces the pressure of the shock wave on the structure of the structure;

- shelters - 100-160 cm. to increase the protective properties against the penetrating radiation of a neutron explosion, it is advisable to make soil cover from wet soils, and with prolonged use of the shelter (dugout), keep it wet.
To protect tanks, armored personnel carriers, infantry fighting vehicles, guns, mortars, automobiles and other equipment in the field, trenches and shelters are arranged). These structures are designed to protect weapons and military equipment mainly from the propellant action of the shock wave of a nuclear explosion. This is especially true for tanks, armored personnel carriers, infantry fighting vehicles, which have high mechanical strength, withstand the excess pressure of the shock wave well, but under the influence of the high-speed pressure they can turn over, be thrown from their location over considerable distances and at the same time be damaged.

For the protection and rest of the crews (calculations), it is necessary to equip blocked slots, which should be located in the steepness (at the bottom) of the trench or not further than 20-30 m from it. Personnel in a closed gap will be better protected from penetrating radiation than, for example, while in a tank.

b) Use of shelters with special equipment.

To accommodate command and medical posts, to ensure the rest of personnel and food intake in conditions of hostilities in the contaminated area, shelters are being erected with special equipment to ensure the safe stay of personnel in them without personal protective equipment.
Special filtering equipment includes:

- filtering unit;

- air intake and protective device;

- means for sealing entrances and exits, consisting of sealed doors and sealing material for partitions and curtains.
Cleaning air in shelters from poisonous substances, radioactive dust and bacterial (biological) agents is carried out with the help of filters - absorbers of filtering and ventilation units, which are supplied to the troops by the chemical service, and are installed by units of the engineering troops who equip the shelters. In addition to filter-absorbers, other protective devices of the units clean the air from large particles of ordinary or radioactive dust.
The personnel of units operating in the contaminated area, every 3-4 hours in protective equipment, must be given time to rest in shelters for 1-2 hours.For this, the units must establish schedules for using shelters for each department (crew, crew) ...

The commander of the subunit that occupies it is responsible for the condition of the shelter and the correct use of it. To maintain order in the shelter and its correct maintenance, a shelter duty officer and his assistant are appointed from the unit.
The duty squad, acting in the conditions of the enemy's use of weapons of mass destruction, monitors the timely closing of the protective door in the hermetic door, checks the tightness of the structure, operates the filtering unit, monitors the personnel's compliance with the rules for entering and exiting the structure (protective and hermetic or both hermetic doors should not open at the same time).
Ventilation of shelters can be carried out by periodically opening the doors only if the outside air is not contaminated. In the summer period, it is advisable to ventilate at night for 2-3 hours, in winter - in the daytime for 1-2 hours. During the ventilation, the personnel are removed from the structure.
When the shelter is heated, the attendant monitors the heating stove, next to which there should always be a supply of sand and water in case the anti-explosive device in the chimney goes off and the fuel burning in the stove needs to be quickly extinguished.
Periodically, each shelter must be checked for tightness and reliability of special equipment. The tightness of the shelter, and at the same time the operability of the fan, are checked by the presence of air pressure (excess air pressure inside the structure in relation to the outside air pressure). The presence of air pressure in the shelter is indicated by the raising of the valves on the closed sliding hermetic doors when the security door is open. The shelter is considered sealed if the valves rise by 1-1.5 cm at the indicated position of the doors. A protective door is considered sealed if, when it is closed in the absence of backwater, the valves are lowered.
Personnel contaminated with poisonous, radioactive substances or bacterial (biological) agents, upon entering the shelter, must carry out partial sanitization, decontamination of uniforms and equipment, as well as degassing, disinfection or decontamination of weapons.

Infected capes (raincoats) and stockings are hung in front of the entrance in the covered areas of the trenches or put into specially prepared bags to collect contaminated uniforms. After that, the personnel, lingering in the vestibules for 3-5 minutes to blow clean air, enters the structure in pairs in gas masks and removes them only after the chemical reconnaissance device has established the absence of OM in the structure. The exit from the structure is carried out in wearing gas masks in groups of 4-5 people with a delay in the vestibules for the period of opening and closing the doors and with an increased operating mode of the filtering unit.

c) Preparation of ways for maneuver.

Preparation of routes for maneuver is carried out in the event of the withdrawal of troops from the enemy's nuclear and chemical strikes, bypassing or overcoming zones of contamination, destruction, fires, flooding and a change in location areas.
Existing roads are used as paths for maneuver, and, if necessary, column tracks are laid. Usually one track is prepared for each battalion (division).
The paths for maneuver should be chosen taking into account the camouflaging properties of the terrain, with the least number of bridges, crossings, fords, etc., so as to ensure the possibility of rapid and covert dispersal of troop columns. On the tracks, bypasses or detours of the most vulnerable and individual objects are prepared in advance, emergency crossings over water obstacles are arranged, roadways and sections are equipped to switch traffic from one track to another.
Depending on the amount of work to be done and the time available to prepare one route, a road engineering platoon (reinforced engineer-engineer platoon) or a road engineering company (reinforced engineer-engineer company) may be allocated. With an insignificant amount of engineering work, the preparation of tracks can be carried out by combined arms units.
The maintenance of the tracks is organized by the engineering service in close cooperation with the commandant service on the traffic routes. Their task is to maintain the paths in a passable condition, quickly restore destroyed sections or arrange detours. If necessary, to organize passages in zones of contamination, destruction, overcoming fords and various obstacles, as well as the passage of troops in difficult-to-pass areas, in addition to units of engineering troops, units of combat arms with tractors, tanks with attached bulldozer equipment, vehicles for transporting structures and materials are involved.
To directly support the movement of subunits in columns, engineering troops, tractors, and vehicles equipped with off-road vehicles are distributed.

d) Water supply to troops in the contaminated area.

When troops operate on contaminated terrain, water supply points and water points must be reliably protected from contamination by radioactive, toxic substances and biological agents, and water must be disinfected during extraction and storage.

At these points, constant dosimetric, chemical and biological control of the quality of water issued to the troops is established.
For degassing, decontamination and disinfection of structures, weapons, military equipment and materiel and for technical needs, water from surface sources is used without purification.

For household and drinking needs and sanitary treatment of personnel, water is used that does not contain pathogenic microbes. The content of radioactive, toxic substances and toxins in it should not exceed the permissible standards established by the medical service.
Disinfection of water should ensure the destruction and removal of toxic and poisonous substances, the removal of radioactive substances and the destruction of pathogenic microbes.
The destruction of toxic and poisonous substances is partially achieved by chlorination, and their complete removal is achieved by filtration through activated carbon or carboferrogel.
Radioactive substances are removed from water by coagulation, settling and filtration through anthracite chips, cloth, activated carbon and carboferrogel. Aluminum sulfate (alumina), ferric chloride (ferrous sulfate) and other substances are used as coagulants. For a more complete removal of radioactive substances, before adding coagulants, it is advisable to process water in reservoirs with natural clay at the rate of 2.5 kg of clay per 1 m3 of water with stirring for 10 minutes.
The destruction of pathogenic microbes in water in the field is usually carried out by chlorination or boiling.

Chlorination is carried out with two-tetrabasic calcium hypochlorite salt DTS GK (contains 50% active chlorine) or bleach (contains 25% active chlorine).

To purify and disinfect water, a fabric-carbon filter TUF-200 and an automobile station MAFSZ can be used.

Boiling is the simplest method of water disinfection.

When boiled in the course of min. water is disinfected from vegetative forms of microbes, and within 60 minutes. - from spore forms of microbes.

Disinfection of water in flasks is carried out by the personnel with special tablets issued by the medical service. The tablet is dipped into a flask of water, and then shaken until the tablet is completely dissolved.

1.2.4. Protective and masking properties of the terrain.

When using the protective properties of the terrain, it is possible to weaken the impact of the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion on personnel, weapons, military equipment and materiel.
The terrain and vegetation cover limit the effect of the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion, affect the depth of propagation and the degree of contamination of the area with radioactive, toxic substances and bacterial (biological) agents.
When deploying troops on hilly terrain, it is necessary to take into account that an increase in the slope steepness by 100 increases (decreases) the pressure in the shock wave front on the forward (reverse) slope of the hill by 10%, and this, accordingly, leads to an increase (decrease) in the radius of the affected area by 1, 2-1.5 times. The area of ​​pressure decrease on the return slopes extends over a distance that is approximately 2-3 times greater than the relative elevation above the surrounding terrain.
The simplest shelters, relief elements and local objects are reliably protected from the damaging effects of light radiation if they create a shadow zone that protects personnel, weapons and military equipment from direct exposure to a light pulse. The greater the distance from the explosion site, the lower the slope of the slopes provides more reliable protection against the direct flux of light radiation. At a distance of 1 km from the center (epicenter) of the explosion, protection from light radiation is provided behind the return slopes with a steepness of about 25 °, and at a distance of 2 km, with a steepness of about 12 °. However, the folds of the terrain cannot provide complete protection in the presence of scattered light radiation, especially in cloudy weather and in winter, when some of the energy of the light radiation can enter the shadow zone.
High hills with steep slopes and deep folds of the terrain are well protected from penetrating radiation. The protective properties of the hills begin to manifest themselves: in low-power nuclear explosions - at a distance of 1000 m and with a slope steepness of 15 °; average power - at a distance of 1300 m and with a slope steepness of 20 °; high power - at a distance of 1800 m and a slope steepness of 25 °.
Radioactive contamination of the area as a result of the fallout of the products of a nuclear explosion largely depends on the structure of the soil: the looser and drier the soil, the stronger the contamination of the area. Dry silty loess and other fine-grained soils contribute to an increase in the size of the saturation with radioactive dust of the cloud formed by a nuclear explosion. When exposed to penetrating radiation, especially neutron radiation, the soils, depending on the chemical composition, themselves become radioactive. Such induced radioactivity is most typical for clayey saline and loamy soils and, to a lesser extent, for chernozem and swampy soils.
The slopes of heights along the trail of a radioactive cloud, located on the windward (leeward) side, are infected several times more (less) in comparison with the flat terrain. The size and configuration of the zone of radioactive contamination of the terrain will depend on the meteorological conditions that determine the speed and direction of movement of the radioactive cloud, and on the nature of the relief.
When assessing the protective properties of the terrain, its influence on the actions of troops and the use of weapons of mass destruction are determined, natural shelters, zones of possible destruction, blockages, fires and flooding are identified, the expected directions of the spread of contaminated air and the places of its stagnation, as well as objects on which the use of mass weapons by the enemy defeat.
The terrain with the presence of many ravines in combination with separate forests and shrubs has high protective properties. The greatest protection is created by ravines, industrial quarries and excavations, the depth of which exceeds their width, as well as underground workings (mines, mines, tunnels) and caves to increase the protective properties of underground workings, it is necessary to strengthen the arches, seal the entrances and arrange protective doors and screens in them. Wide valleys, ravines and cuts have lower defensive properties.
If the direction of the location of the deepening does not coincide with the direction of propagation of the shock wave, then the pressure at the bottom and the shaded slope will be in 2-Z times less than in the front of the passing shock wave. The rate of pressure build-up inside ravines, hollows, gullies, quarries and ditches is much less than in open areas, and a person tolerates a slowly increasing pressure more easily.
When located in hollows, personnel, weapons and military equipment should be placed in short deep branches, and in the absence of the latter, it is necessary to arrange recesses (niches) in its slopes and close them with shields made of local materials. When placing a unit in a ravine, it is necessary to occupy its central part, since at the mouth the ravine is usually not deep enough, and at the exit it has a large width.
Of the vegetation cover, the forest has the greatest protective properties against the impact of a shock wave. In the forest, the pressure of the shock wave begins to decrease at a distance of 50-200 m from the edge of the forest, depending on its density. However, this increases the risk of falling trees. The older the trees and the more developed their crowns, the greater the damage to the forest. Glades and roads located in the direction of the shock wave propagation enhance its effect. It is impractical to locate units in the depths of the forest, as this creates significant difficulties when leaving it after the formation of blockages. Personnel, weapons and military equipment should be deployed in clearings, clearings and clearings covered with bushes or young growth, at a distance of 150-200 m from the edge and 30-50 m from the main roads.
Forests, especially with developed tree crowns, protect personnel from damage by light radiation and reduce the dose of penetrating radiation by 15-20%, however, under the influence of light radiation, numerous fires can occur in the forest. In a coniferous forest, ground fires can turn into upper fires. It is necessary to provide measures of protection against fires: to clear the area of ​​location from dead wood, dry stumps and grass, to arrange glades, to have the strength and means to extinguish fires ready.
In forests, as a result of the deposition of radioactive dust on the crowns of trees and the shielding effect of the forest, the radiation levels are 2 to 3 times less than on flat terrain. Young forest and deciduous forest without cover when the area is contaminated practically do not affect the reduction of radiation levels.

a set of measures taken to preserve the vital activity of the population, the environment and ensure the viability of the economy in the conditions of the enemy's use of all types of weapons of mass destruction. For the implementation of measures Z. from weapons of mass destruction are attracted by the forces of civil defense, as well as the armed forces.
Protection of the population is the main task of civil defense. Main activities: general training in ways to protect against weapons of mass destruction; advance preparation of protective structures for the population; withdrawal of people to the suburban area; provision of personal protective equipment; timely notification of the use of weapons of mass destruction; organization of rescue and other urgent work in the affected areas and the provision of medical assistance to the injured; organization of radiation, chemical and biological observation, reconnaissance and control; carrying out sanitary and hygienic, preventive and anti-epidemic measures.
Protection of s.-kh. animals. Main activities: dispersal of animals on farms in premises equipped with filter ventilation devices and creation of feed and water reserves in them; veterinary treatment, veterinary and sanitary, antiepizootic and therapeutic measures; the use of antidotes and other antidotes, means of preventing diseases; organization of veterinary supervision of watering places and pastures.
Plant protection is provided by: breeding agricultural crops. crops resistant to ionizing radiation, herbicides, diseases and pests; protection of seed stocks and their processing; carrying out antiepiphytotic, agrotechnical and agrochemical measures; elimination of radioactive and chemical contamination and the consequences of the use of biological (bacteriological) agents.
Food protection. The main activities: engineering equipment of food warehouses, bases, their deployment away from possible objects of nuclear, chemical and biological attacks; distribution of food stocks, its transportation in specially equipped vehicles (wagons) with the use of protective containers, packages and coatings; disinfection (neutralization) of food and food raw materials by decontamination, degassing and disinfection.
Protection of water and water sources is ensured by measures taken during peacetime. Underground water sources are being prepared for centralized supply. At surface water sources, treatment facilities are made ready for operation in conditions of contamination; purified water tanks are deepened, equipped with absorbent filters and sealed. Bypass pipelines are being prepared in the water supply network. Water sources are constantly guarded, and water samples are regularly sent for laboratory analysis to the sanitary-epidemic teams.

Protective structures of civil defense

Protection of the population and the productive forces of the country from weapons of mass destruction, as well as natural disasters, industrial accidents is one of the most important tasks of the Department for Civil Defense and Emergencies. One of the ways to solve this problem is the creation of various types of protective structures to shelter people at economic facilities and in settlements. Protective structures can be built in advance and on special instructions. As a rule, they build in advance, detached or built-in structures in the basement of the building, designed for a long service life. In peacetime, it is envisaged to use these structures for various economic purposes as household premises, classrooms, garages, etc. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure the possibility of using protective structures for their intended purpose in the shortest possible time. At present, the effectiveness of protecting people from modern means of destruction depends not only on the readiness to receive people and the technical serviceability of protective structures equipped with sophisticated equipment, but also on the training of personnel to maintain protective structures. The maintenance personnel of protective structures must be able to make the right decision in various situations and fulfill all the problems that arise in this case. The tasks of planning, organizing and providing shelter for people are assigned to the corresponding services of shelters and shelters of the civil defense. They must develop basic planning documents, distribute protective structures between workshops, departments, services of economic facilities, outline routes for approaching shelters or shelters, familiarize themselves with the shelter procedure for everyone who will use them. Before drawing up the documents, the capacity and protective properties of the structures are specified. When there is a shortage of them, basements and other rooms are revealed that can be adapted for protective structures. Determine the places for the construction of pre-fabricated shelters. In accordance with the size of the population, protective structures are distributed, while taking into account the possibility of their rapid filling with people from nearby houses. The main principle is the minimum time to approach the protective structures. For the maintenance of protective structures at the facility, formations are created. The personnel of these formations are responsible for preparing the structure for receiving people, organizing its filling, correct operation during the stay of people in it and for evacuating them from the shelter in the event of its failure. Protective structures of civil defense are designed to protect people from modern means of destruction. They are subdivided into shelters, anti-radiation shelters, and simple shelters.

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Shelters and their arrangement

Shelters provide the most reliable protection for people from a shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation and radioactive contamination from nuclear explosions, from poisonous substances and bacterial agents, as well as from high temperatures and harmful gases in fire zones. Modern shelters are technically complex structures equipped with a complex of various engineering systems and measuring instruments, which must provide the required standard conditions for the life support of people during the estimated time.

By capacity, shelters can be conditionally divided into the following types: low-capacity shelters (150-600 people), medium-capacity (600-2000 people), large-capacity (over 2000 people). At the location of the shelter, there can be built-in and free-standing ones. Built-in shelters are located in the basement of buildings, and detached ones are located outside the buildings. In addition, buried premises (basements, tunnels), underground workings (mines, mines, etc.) can be adapted for shelters. The shelter consists of a main room, a room for a mother and a child, a medical center, airlock chambers (vestibules), a filtering chamber, a sanitary unit, and has two exits. The entrances are equipped with protective and sealed doors. A built-in shelter must also have an emergency exit. A room (gateway) is provided in one of the entrances, which ensures the preservation of the protective properties of the shelter when people pass into it after the other entrances are closed. In the openings of the lock, protective-hermetic doors are installed. In shelters, filter ventilation units with an electric or manual drive are used. With the help of such installations, the outside air is cleaned of radioactive, toxic substances and bacterial agents and is supplied to the shelter. The shelter is equipped with water supply, sewerage, heating and lighting systems, a radio and a telephone. The main room should have seating benches and lying bunks. People in the compartments are accommodated in places for sitting 0.45x0.45 m per person and for lying on tiers of bunks measuring 0.55x1.8 m per person. The capacity of the protective structure is determined based on the norm of 0.5 m2 in a compartment for one person. The height of the room should be at least 2.2 m, the total air volume per person - 1.5 m3. Each shelter should be equipped with a set of equipment for conducting reconnaissance in the contaminated area, equipment, including emergency, and emergency lighting. It is necessary to constantly monitor the serviceability of the equipment of the shelters. Bringing protective structures into readiness All protective structures must be kept in constant readiness to receive people. In peacetime, shelters are used for the economic needs of the enterprise (warehouses, labor protection office, civil defense class, etc.). Preparatory work is carried out when protective structures are made ready. First of all, the approaches to the protective structures are cleared, inscriptions are installed - signs and light signals "Entrance". All entrances and exits are opened to ventilate the premises. All equipment and property stored in peacetime is removed from them. De-mothballing of engineering equipment is underway. The ventilation system, heating, water and power supply, radio and communications, disconnecting devices (taps, valves, switches, etc.) are checked. Bunks, benches are installed, drinking cisterns are filled with water, food products are laid with a three-day supply. The diesel power plant is replenished with a three-day supply of fuel and lubricants. At the same time, the serviceability of the protective and hermetic devices (doors, shutters, gates) is checked, the shelters are replenished with the necessary equipment. The procedure for filling and staying in shelters When the headquarters of the civil defense gives appropriate signals about danger, the population should go in an organized manner to the nearest shelter. You must take with you: personal protective equipment, documents for all family members (passports, military cards, diplomas, birth certificates for children, etc.), money, jewelry, food supplies in the form of dry rations (for 2-3 days) and water (1.5-2 liters for each family member). The filling of the shelters is carried out in an orderly manner, quickly and without panic. Those hiding in the shelter are placed on benches and bunks. Those arriving with children are accommodated in separate sections or in the mother and child room. The elderly and the sick are placed closer to the ventilation ducts. This work is carried out by the link for filling and placing the sheltered. After filling the shelter, by order of the group commander, the flight personnel closes the protective-hermetic doors and emergency exit shutters. Latecomers fill the shelter through a special airlock vestibule. In the protective structures, the premises are cleaned twice daily by the forces of the sheltered by the order of the senior groups. Maintenance of equipment and cleaning of technical premises is carried out by the forces of the shelter maintenance unit. Those hiding in a shelter are obliged to: comply with the internal regulations, all orders of the personnel of the shelter service unit; keep personal protective equipment in readiness; keep calm, suppress cases of panic and violations of public order; comply with safety regulations; provide assistance to the maintenance team in the elimination of accidents and damage repair; maintain cleanliness in the premises. Those sheltered in protective structures are prohibited from: smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages; bring (bring) pets to the building; bring flammable substances, explosive substances with a strong or strong odor, bulky things; make noise, talk loudly, walk unnecessarily, open doors and leave the structure; use light sources with open fire. In shelters, it is recommended to hold conversations, read out loud, listen to radio broadcasts, and it is allowed to play quiet games (checkers, chess, etc.). The exit from the shelters is made only with the permission of the commandant (senior) after clarifying the situation (radiation, chemical, biological and fire). Organization and conduct of rescue operations in case of damage to shelters For successful rescue operations in the focus of nuclear destruction, first of all, it is necessary to make passages (passages) in the rubble. This work must be carried out as soon as possible in order to ensure the timely entry of rescue teams to the filled up or damaged shelters. Before starting work on opening shelters, if possible, disconnect damaged water pipes, gas pipelines, power supply networks, sewers passing through the shelter or near it. They can create an additional danger for those sheltering, as well as for personnel of civil defense units conducting rescue operations. In the event of a malfunction of the ventilation equipment and the lack of air supply, it is necessary to urgently punch a hole in the wall of the shelter, organize the supply of air purified from harmful substances by compressors. Depending on the nature of the destruction of the buildings under which the shelters are located, the following methods of opening them can be used: clearing the debris of the main entrance; clearing obstructed heads (hatches) of emergency exits; making openings in the walls or ceilings of heaped shelters; construction of openings in the walls of shelters from underground workings. Opening of shelters by clearing the blockage of the main entrance is carried out when there are no emergency exits and when the nature of the destruction of buildings allows this method to be applied. When clearing, the entrance is first freed from heavy collapsed structures by truck cranes or manually, then from small debris and the doors are opened. Opening of shelters by clearing the obstruction of the emergency exit head is used in those shelters where there are emergency exits. Clearing work can be carried out using engineering equipment or manually. When working manually, it is enough to free the outlet in the head from the blockage or to clean the hatch through which the hiding people can escape. Depending on the prevailing situation, you can use other methods of rescuing people from littered shelters. For example, the withdrawal of people through neighboring basements after punching an opening in the wall of the shelter adjacent to these premises. The task of the rescue unit commander is to choose the most expedient way to open the filled up shelter. At the same time, in the event of a blockage of the shelter or its damage, without waiting for outside help, work should be organized to ensure the exit from the shelter with the involvement of people who are in it who are able to work. Evacuation from the shelter is carried out by rescue teams in the following sequence: first, those who cannot get out on their own, and children are brought to the surface. During the evacuation, special attention is paid to children. Then the rest are evacuated. If necessary, the victims are provided with first aid on the spot. The evacuation of the sheltered from the destroyed or littered shelter, if necessary, is carried out in personal protective equipment.

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Anti-radiation shelters

Anti-radiation shelters protect people from radioactive contamination and light radiation and weaken the impact of the shock wave of a nuclear explosion and penetrating radiation. They are usually equipped in the basement or ground floors of buildings and structures. It should be remembered that different buildings and structures attenuate penetrating radiation in different ways: the premises of the first floor of wooden buildings weaken the penetrating radiation by 2-3 times; premises of the first floor of stone buildings - 10 times; premises of the upper floors (with the exception of the uppermost one) of multi-storey buildings - 50 times; the middle part of the basement of a multi-storey stone building - 500-1000 times.

The most suitable for anti-radiation shelters are the interior rooms of stone buildings with solid walls and a small area of ​​openings. With the threat of radioactive contamination, these openings are sealed with improvised materials: bags of soil, bricks, etc. If necessary, freestanding anti-radiation shelters are erected.

Protection of the population from weapons of mass destruction and other modern means of attack of the enemy is achieved by the maximum implementation of all protective measures of civil defense, the best use of all methods and means

protection. The main ways to protect the population from weapons of mass

lesions are:

Shelter of the population in protective structures;

Dispersal in the suburban area of ​​workers and employees of enterprises, institutions and organizations that continue their activities in cities, as well as the evacuation of the rest of the population from these cities;

Use of personal protective equipment by the population. Along with the? To ensure the protection of the population from weapons of mass destruction, the following are carried out: universal compulsory training of the population on how to protect the organization of timely

notifications about the threat of an enemy attack and about the use of weapons of mass destruction; protection of food, water, farm animals and plants from contamination by radioactive, toxic substances and bacterial agents; organization of radiation, chemical and bacteriological reconnaissance, as well as dosimetric and laboratory (chemical and bacteriological) control; carrying out prophylactic anti-epidemic and sanitary-hygienic measures; observance of operating modes at the objects of the national economy and the behavior of the population in the zones of radioactive, chemical and bacteriological contamination; organization and conduct of spag.tel1nyh and urgent emergency recovery work in the lesions; sanitization of people, special treatment of equipment, clothing and footwear, disinfection of territory and structures.

This chapter examines the main ways to protect the population from weapons of mass destruction, other protection issues will be considered in the course of the rest of the material.

Shelter of the population in defensive structures is the most reliable way of protecting against weapons of mass destruction and other modern means of enemy attack.

The development and improvement of nuclear missile weapons and strategic aviation, as is known, have significantly increased the possibility of a surprise attack by the enemy. This variant of unleashing a war against the Soviet Union and other countries of the socialist community is very tempting for the imperialists. Under these conditions, the timing of protective measures can be extremely limited. In modern conditions, therefore, the first place should be given to the shelter of the population in

protective structures at the place of his stay - at work or study, in places of permanent residence.

Protective structures are engineering structures specially designed to protect the population from nuclear, chemical and bacteriological weapons, as well as from possible secondary damaging factors in nuclear explosions and the use of conventional weapons. Depending on the protective properties, these structures are subdivided into shelters and anti-radiation shelters (PRU). In addition, simple shelters can be used to protect people.

Therefore, in solving the problem of protecting the population, "shelters and

anti-radiation shelters, an important place belongs to the provision of the population with such facilities. It goes without saying that reliable protection can be provided only if there is a sufficient number of these structures, if necessary

they can be used by people on the appropriate signal in a matter of minutes. Shelters n PRUs are usually built in advance, even in peacetime.

In the event of an immediate threat of an enemy attack, as well as in wartime, when there is a shortage of shelters and anti-radiation shelters built in advance, pre-fabricated shelters will be built from ready-made building elements and structures made of brick, concrete, sawn and timber, and basements and other buried premises will be adapted for PRD. In addition, at this time, the simplest shelters will be built everywhere, in the construction of which the entire able-bodied population should participate.

Shelters include structures that provide the most reliable protection of people from all damaging factors of nuclear weapons - from a shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation (including a neutron flux) and from radioactive contamination. Shelters also protect from toxic substances and bacterial agents, from high temperatures and harmful gases in fire zones, and from landslides and debris from explosions.

People can stay in shelters for a long time, even in filled-up shelters, their safety is ensured for several days. The reliability of protection in shelters is achieved due to the strength of the enclosing structures and their overlaps, as well as through the creation of sanitary and hygienic conditions that ensure the normal life of people in the shelters in case of contamination of the environment on the surface with radioactive, toxic substances and bacterial agents or the outbreak of massive fires.

The most common are built-in shelters. Basement or semi-basement floors of industrial, public and residential buildings are usually used for them.

The construction of shelters in the form of free-standing structures is also silent. Such shelters are fully or partially buried and covered with soil from above and from the sides. Various underground passages and galleries, subways, mine workings can be adapted for them.

Shelters should be located in areas of the greatest concentration of people for which they are intended.

The shelter (Fig. 2) consists of a main room designed to accommodate sheltered people, and auxiliary rooms-entrances, a filter-ventilation chamber, a sanitary unit, for a heating device, and, in some cases, rooms for a protected diesel installation and an artesian well. A large-capacity shelter can be used as a food pantry and a medical room.

The room intended for the placement of the sheltered is calculated from a certain number of people: at least 0.5 m "floor area and 1.5 m" of the internal volume are provided for one person. A large room is divided into sections with a capacity of 50-75 people. In the room (compartments), two- or three-tier bunks-benches for sitting and shelves for lying are equipped; seats are arranged with a size of 0.45x 0.45 m, and for lying -0.55x 1.8 m.

In order to prevent air contaminated with radioactive, toxic substances and bacterial agents from entering the premises where the sheltered ones are located, they are well sealed. This is achieved by the increased density of walls and ceilings of such premises, by sealing all kinds of cracks, holes, etc. in them, as well as by the appropriate equipment of the entrances.

The hideout usually has at least two entrances located on opposite sides. A built-in shelter must also have an emergency exit.

The entrances to the shelter in most cases are equipped in the form of two airlock chambers (vestibules), separated from the main room and partitioned off from each other by hermetic doors.

Outside the entrance, a strong protective-hermetic door is arranged, capable of withstanding the pressure of the shock wave of a nuclear explosion. The entrance can have a preambur.

The emergency exit is an underground gallery with access to a non-flooded area through a vertical shaft ending in a solid head (an area located at a distance from the surrounding buildings equal to half the height of the nearest building plus 3 m is considered to be non-flooded). The emergency exit is closed with protective and sealed shutters, doors or other opening devices to cut off the shock wave.

The filtration chamber houses the filtration unit, which provides ventilation of the shelter and purifies the outside air from radioactive, toxic substances and bacterial agents.

One of the ways to solve the problems of protecting the population and the productive forces of the country from weapons of mass destruction, as well as natural disasters, industrial accidents is the creation of various types of protective structures to shelter people.

Refuge

Shelters provide the most reliable protection for people from a shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation and radioactive contamination from nuclear explosions, from poisonous substances and bacterial agents, as well as from high temperatures and harmful gases in fire zones.

The shelter consists of a main room, a room for a mother and a child, a medical center, airlock chambers (vestibules), a filtering chamber, a sanitary unit, and has two exits. The entrances are equipped with protective and sealed doors. A built-in shelter must also have an emergency exit. In one of the entrances, a room (gateway) is provided, which ensures the preservation of the protective properties of the shelter when people pass into it after the other entrances are closed.

When appropriate danger signals are announced, the public should proceed in an orderly manner to the nearest shelter. You must take with you: personal protective equipment, documents for all family members (passports, military cards, diplomas, birth certificates for children, etc.), money, jewelry, food supplies in the form of dry rations (for 2-3 days) and water (1.5-2 liters for each family member).

Anti-radiation shelters

Anti-radiation shelters protect people from radioactive contamination and light radiation and weaken the impact of the shock wave of a nuclear explosion and penetrating radiation. They are usually equipped in the basement or ground floors of buildings and structures.

It should be remembered that different buildings and structures attenuate penetrating radiation in different ways: the premises of the first floor of wooden buildings attenuate penetrating radiation by 2-3 times; premises of the first floor of stone buildings - 10 times; premises of the upper floors (with the exception of the uppermost one) of multi-storey buildings - 50 times; the middle part of the basement of a multi-storey stone building - 500-1000 times. The most suitable for anti-radiation shelters are the interior rooms of stone buildings with solid walls and a small area of ​​openings. With the threat of radioactive contamination, these openings are sealed with improvised materials: bags of soil, bricks, etc.

Protective properties of the area

The best protection is provided by narrow, deep and winding ravines, quarries and especially underground workings. Uplands with steep slopes, embankments, pits, low stone fences and other similar types of shelters are also good protection from the effects of the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. Small notches, hollows, ditches have some protective properties.

Forests weaken the effect of all damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. They reduce the strength of the impact of the shock wave penetrating radiation; reduce radioactive contamination; weaken the effect of light radiation. However, it should be remembered that light radiation causes a fire in the forest. Young deciduous forest is least susceptible to fire; it should be used primarily for protection purposes. Since the strong shock wave breaks and destroys trees, it is best to be located in clearings, glades and clearings covered with bushes.

If at the time of a nuclear explosion you find yourself outside a shelter or shelter, you must quickly lie on the ground face down, using low stone fences, ditches, ditches, pits, stumps, embankments of highways and railways for protection. You cannot hide near the walls of buildings and structures - they can collapse.

When flashing, you should close your eyes - this can protect them from damage by light radiation. To avoid burns, open areas of the body must be covered with some kind of tissue. When the shock wave has passed, stand up and put on your personal protective equipment. If they are not there, you should cover your mouth and nose with any bandage (handkerchief, scarf, etc.) and dust off your clothes.

Personal protective equipment

Personal protective equipment is designed to protect a person from radioactive and toxic substances and bacterial agents. According to their purpose, they are divided into respiratory protection and skin protection. According to the principle of protection, personal protective equipment is divided into filtering and insulating.

The principle of filtration is that the air necessary to maintain the vital functions of the human body, when passing through protective equipment, for example, through a layer of activated carbon, is cleared of harmful impurities.

Personal protective equipment of an insulating type completely isolates the human body from the environment using materials that are impervious to air and harmful impurities in it.

Respiratory protection

To protect the respiratory organs for the adult population, filtering masks GP-5, GP-7, GP-4u, etc. can be used.

Checking the serviceability of the gas mask:

Remove the gas mask from the bag;

Check the integrity of the helmet-mask and glasses;

Inspect the gas box: if there are dents, holes, rust on it, check the presence and condition of the valves for inhalation and exhalation;

After an external examination, you need to assemble a gas mask and check its tightness. To do this, put on a helmet-mask, close the opening of the box with a rubber stopper or hold it with your palm and take a deep breath. If at the same time the air does not pass under the helmet-mask, then the gas mask is operational.

The procedure for using a damaged gas mask in conditions of contaminated air

In case of a slight rupture of the helmet-mask, it is necessary to tightly pinch the torn place with your fingers or palm. If there is significant damage on the face (a large gap, punctures of the helmet-mask, damage to glasses or an exhalation valve), then you must hold your breath, close your eyes, take off the helmet-mask, disconnect the gas box from the front, take the neck of the gas box in your mouth , pinch your nose and, without opening your eyes, continue to breathe through the box.

When a puncture or holes are found in the gas mask box, the damaged area should be covered with clay, earth, bread crumb, soap, sealed with adhesive plaster or household adhesive tape. A damaged helmet should be replaced as soon as possible.

When working in a gas mask, moisture contained in the exhaled air may condense on the inner surfaces of the glasses. To protect glasses from fogging and freezing, anti-fog films or a special "pencil" are used (five to six lines are applied to the glasses in the form of a grid, which are then rubbed). In addition, at an air temperature below 10 ° C, insulating cuffs are issued, which are worn on the spectacle clips of the front part. To protect the glasses from fogging, fairings located in the front part serve.

In severe frost in uncontaminated air, a helmet-mask for warming should be periodically placed over the side of outerwear, and when a gas mask is worn, periodically warm the valve box with your hands and at the same time blow out the exhalation valves, making sharp exhales.

The simplest respiratory protection

To protect the respiratory system from radioactive dust, in addition to gas masks, dust masks of various types, dust-cloth masks, cotton gauze dressings, etc. can be used. Usually they are a front part (mask or half mask) on which filter elements are mounted.

Anti-dust respirators are devices designed to protect the respiratory system from harmful aerosols.

Respirator R-2 is used to protect the respiratory system from radioactive, industrial and ordinary dust. It can also be used when acting in the focus of bacteriological damage to protect against bacterial agents in the air in the form of aerosols.

Respirator ШБ-1 "Petal" is made of a special material with high filtering capacity and is intended for single use. Its weight is about 10 g. A properly fitted respirator retains up to 99.9% of dust.

In the absence of gas masks, reliable protection of the respiratory system from radioactive dust is provided by an anti-dust cloth mask and a cotton-gauze bandage, which can be made by the population itself at home.

Anti-dust fabric mask PTM-1 consists of a body and attachment. The body is made from four to five layers of fabric. For the top layer, coarse calico, staple fabric, knitwear are suitable, for the inner layers - flannel, cotton or woolen fabric.

The mask is removed on command or independently, as soon as the danger of immediate injury has passed. The removed contaminated mask must be turned inside out and placed in a bag or bag. As soon as possible, the mask should be deactivated (cleaned or shaken out of radioactive dust), then washed in hot water with soap and rinsed thoroughly several times, changing the water. The dried mask can be reused.

Cotton-gauze dressings are usually disposable. After removing the contaminated bandage, it is destroyed (burned or buried). When using the simplest respiratory protection, dust goggles must be worn to protect the eyes. You can also make glasses yourself: stick a foam rubber rim on a strip of glass or transparent film, and fasten the strings along the edges.

Skin protection products

According to the principle of protective action, skin protection products are divided into isolating and filtering.

Insulating skin protection products are made from airtight materials, usually from a special elastic and frost-resistant rubberized fabric. They can be airtight and leaky. Hermetic means cover the whole body and protect from vapors and droplets of organic matter, leaking means protect only from droplets of organic matter. Insulating skin protection includes a general protective kit and special protective clothing.

Filtering means of skin protection are made in the form of cotton uniforms and linen, impregnated with special chemicals. Impregnation with a thin layer envelops the threads of the fabric, and the gaps between the threads remain free; as a result, the air permeability of the material is mainly preserved, and the OM vapors are absorbed when the infected air passes through the tissue.

Handy skin protection

The available means of skin protection include regular clothing and footwear. Ordinary capes and raincoats made of PVC or rubberized fabric, coats of drape, rough cloth or leather provide good protection from radioactive dust and bacterial agents; they can also protect against droplets of organic substances for 5-10 minutes, wadded clothing protects much longer.

To protect the feet, industrial and household boots, rubber boots, galoshes, felt boots with galoshes, leather and leatherette shoes are used.

You can use rubber or leather gloves and tarpaulin gloves to protect your hands. When using ordinary clothing as a means of protection, for greater sealing, it is necessary to fasten it with all buttons, tie the cuffs of sleeves and trousers with a braid, raise the collar and tie it with a scarf.

For more reliable protection of the skin, it is recommended to use a simplified protective filter set, which, with special impregnation, can provide protection from OM vapors. The set can consist of a ski, work or school suit, a regular men's suit or a standard quilted jacket (jacket and trousers), gloves (rubber, leather or impregnated woolen, cotton), rubber boots for industrial and household use or rubber boots with impregnated stockings, felt boots with galoshes , footwear made of leather and leatherette.

The most affordable means for impregnating clothes at home are solutions based on synthetic detergents used for washing clothes, or a soap-oil emulsion.

To obtain 2.5 liters of the solution necessary for impregnating one set, take 0.5 liters of detergent and 2 liters of water heated to 40-50 ° C, then mix thoroughly until a homogeneous solution is obtained.

To prepare 2.5 liters of soap-oil emulsion, take 250-300 g of crushed household soap shavings and dissolve in 2 liters of hot water. When the soap is completely dissolved, add 0.5 liters of mineral (crankcase, transformer oil) or vegetable (sunflower, cottonseed) oil, mix for five to seven minutes and again, stirring, heat to a temperature of 60-70 ° C until a homogeneous soap-oil emulsion. After all parts of the kit have been impregnated, they are wrung out and dried in the open air. Do not iron soaked clothing with a hot iron.

Clothes impregnated with the indicated solutions are odorless, non-irritating to the skin and easy to clean. The impregnation does not destroy the clothing and facilitates its degassing and decontamination.

The simplest means of skin protection are worn immediately before the threat of injury from radioactive, toxic substances or bacterial agents. After that, they put on a gas mask (in case of radioactive or bacterial contamination, you can use a respirator or a cotton-gauze bandage), raise the collar of the jacket (jacket) and tie it with a scarf, put on a hood, a hat, gloves (mittens).

In the simplest means of skin protection, you can cross the infected area of ​​the terrain or go beyond the focus of infection.

After leaving the contaminated area, you should quickly take off your clothes, taking precautions, and as soon as possible, but no later than an hour later, decontaminate it. Decontaminated and thoroughly washed clothing can be reused as protection by reworking.

Medical remedies

Personal protective equipment includes an individual first-aid kit, an individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8), and an individual dressing package.

An individual first-aid kit is designed to provide self-help and mutual assistance in case of injuries, fractures and burns (to relieve pain) and to prevent or weaken the defeat of organophosphorus agents, bacterial agents and radioactive substances.

Syringe tube with analgesic agent (promedol). It is used for wounds, fractures and burns as an analgesic agent. Intramuscular injection.

Remove the syringe tube from the medicine cabinet. Grasp the ribbed rim with your left hand, and grasp the tube body with your right hand and turn it clockwise until it stops with a vigorous twisting motion. Then remove the cap that protects the needle, and holding the syringe tube with the needle up, squeeze air out of it until a drop of liquid appears at the tip of the needle. After that, without touching the needle with your hands, insert it into the soft tissues of the thigh, arms or buttock and squeeze out the contents of the syringe tube. Remove the needle without unclenching your fingers. In an emergency, the injection can also be given through clothing.

Means for the prevention of organophosphate poisoning (taren). They take it on the signal of Chemical Alarm - one pill. Then immediately put on a gas mask. If signs of poisoning appear and increase, another pill should be taken. It is recommended to re-take the drug no earlier than after 5-6 hours.

Antibacterial agent 2 (sulfadi-methoxin). It should be used for gastrointestinal upset that occurs after exposure. On the first day, 7 tablets are taken (at one time), and in the next two days - 4 tablets.

Radioprotective agent 1 (cystamine). This drug is taken at the signal "Radiation hazard" 6 tablets for 30-40 minutes, washed down with water. With a new threat of radiation, but not earlier than 4-5 hours after the first dose, it is recommended to take another 6 tablets.

Antibacterial agent 1 (chlortetra-cyclin). It should be taken if the enemy uses bacterial agents, in case of an infectious disease, as well as in case of injuries and burns. First, they take the contents of one box (5 tablets at once), and then after 6 hours they take the contents of another box (also 5 tablets).

Radioprotective agent 2 (potassium iodide). It should be taken one tablet daily for 10 days after the fallout from contaminated milk.

Antiemetic (eaperazine). It is taken one tablet at a time immediately after radiation, as well as when nausea appears after a head injury.

It should be borne in mind that radioprotective substances are effective if introduced into the body 30-60 minutes before irradiation or ingestion of contaminated food and water. Their protective effect lasts for 5-6 hours from the moment of administration. If necessary, it is recommended to repeat taking the tablets.

A good means of preventing radiation damage are various adsorbents: activated carbon, barium sulphide, etc., which, by absorbing radioactive substances, prevent their spread in the human body.

Terrorism

Preventive and protective measures

Be attentive to what is happening around the house (institution, enterprise). Vigilance must be constant and active. It is necessary to strengthen and seal the entrances to basements and attics, install gratings, metal doors, locks, and regularly check their safety. Install intercoms or locks on the entrance doors to the entrances of houses. Pay attention to the appearance of unfamiliar vehicles and strangers. Be interested in unloading bags, boxes, boxes, carried to the basement or to the first floors. Do not open doors to unknown people. Free staircases, corridors, office premises from objects cluttering them.

Actions of the population in the event of a terrorist attack

Prepare for an emergency evacuation. To do this, you need to put documents, money, valuables, a little food in a bag. It is advisable to have a whistle. Help the sick and elderly prepare for evacuation. Remove fuels, lubricants and flammable materials from balconies and loggias.

Prepare iodine, bandages, cotton wool and other medical supplies for first aid. Agree with neighbors on joint actions in case of mutual assistance. Avoid crowded places (markets, shops, stadiums, discos, etc.).

Use public transport less often. It is advisable to send children and the elderly to a dacha, to a village, to another locality to visit relatives or friends. Keep the radio and TV set on all the time. Create a small supply of food and water in the house (apartment). Draw the curtains on the windows. This will save you from flying glass shards. Keep in a conspicuous place a list of telephone numbers for the transmission of emergency information to law enforcement agencies.

Possible locations for explosive devices

These include underground passages (tunnels); railway stations; markets; stadiums; discos; the shops; vehicles; life support facilities (electrical substations, gas pumping and distribution stations); educational establishments; hospitals; polyclinics; children's institutions; basements and stairwells of residential buildings; garbage containers, bins; bridge supports.

Signs of Explosive Devices

The most obvious are the noise from the detected object (ticking of a clock, clicks); orphaned briefcases, suitcases, bags, parcels, sacks, boxes, boxes; the presence of wires, a small antenna, electrical tape; stretch marks made of wire, twine, rope; cars parked near houses, unknown to tenants (ownerless).

Actions upon detection of an explosive device

Immediately report the detected suspicious object to the duty services of the internal affairs bodies, the FSB, civil defense and emergency situations, the operational duty officer of the city administration. Do not approach the detected object, do not touch it with your hands, do not allow others to approach it.

Exclude the use of radio communications, mobile phones, other radio equipment that can trigger a radio fuse. Wait for the arrival of law enforcement officials and indicate the location of the suspicious object.

The neutralization of an explosive object at the place of its detection is carried out only by specialists from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the FSB, and the Ministry of Emergency Situations.

Victim behavior

If you are hurt

Try to bandage the wound yourself with a handkerchief, towel, scarf, piece of cloth. Stop bleeding by pressing the vein against the bony protrusion or apply a pressure bandage using a belt, handkerchief, scarf, or a strip of strong tissue. Provide help to those who are near, but in a more difficult situation.

If you choke

Put on a damp cotton and gauze bandage. Protect the respiratory system with a wet towel, handkerchief, scarf, or other cloth. If you smell gas, open windows, do not use incendiary accessories (matches, lighters, etc.), do not turn on electrical appliances and lighting.

If you are overwhelmed

Curb the first fear, do not lose heart. Look around for voids nearby. Check where the air is coming from. Try to give a signal with your hand, stick, voice, knock. It is better to do this when you hear the voices of people, dogs barking.

As soon as the machines and mechanisms stop working and there is silence, then a "minute of silence" has been announced. At this time, rescuers with instruments and dogs are conducting intensive reconnaissance. Use it - get their attention in any way you can. You will be detected by moaning, screaming and even breathing.

If you are taken hostage

Basic rules of conduct: Pull yourself together, calm down, do not panic. Speak in a calm voice. Prepare yourself physically and mentally for a possible ordeal. Do not show hatred and disdain for the kidnappers. From the very beginning (especially in the first hour), follow all the instructions of the bandits. Do not attract the attention of terrorists with your behavior, do not offer active resistance. This can make your situation worse. Do not try to escape if you are not completely sure of the success of the escape. Report how unwell you are. Memorize as much information as possible about the terrorists (number, weapons, how they look, features of appearance, physique, accent, topic of conversation, temperament, demeanor). Try to determine the location of your location (imprisonment). Stay mentally and physically active. Remember, law enforcement is doing everything to get you out. Don't neglect your food. This can save strength and health. Stay away from windows, doors and the terrorists themselves. This is necessary to ensure your safety in the event of storming the premises, shooting snipers to kill criminals. When storming a building, lie face down on the floor with your hands folded at the back of your head.

Duties of officials in the event of a threat of a terrorist act

Urgently check the readiness of the means of notification. Inform the population about the occurrence of an emergency. Clarify the plan for the evacuation of workers and employees (residents of the house) in case of emergency. Check parking places (whether there are strangers, suspicious, orphaned). Remove waste containers from buildings and structures. Organize additional security for enterprises, institutions, organizations, and watch residents.

When committing a terrorist act, immediately inform the duty services of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, FSB, Ministry of Emergency Situations. Take measures to rescue victims, provide first aid. Do not allow strangers to the place of emergency. Organize a meeting of police officers, FSB, fire brigade, ambulance, rescue units of the Ministry of Emergency Situations.

Earthquakes

If the first shocks hit you at home (on the first floor), you must immediately take the children, documents for all family members and run out into the street as soon as possible. You have no more than 15-20 seconds at your disposal.

Those who remained on the second and subsequent floors must stand in the doorways of the main walls, opening the doors.

You can use the corners formed by the main walls, narrow corridors inside the building, stand near the supporting columns, because these places are the most durable, there are more chances to remain unharmed. In no case should you jump out of windows and balconies.

As soon as the tremors stop, you must immediately go outside and stand farther from the building to a free area.

Make sure no one uses the elevator. At any moment, he can stop, and people will get stuck, and this is very dangerous.

If the first tremors caught you on the street, immediately move away from buildings, structures, fences and poles - they can fall and crush you.

If you are in a car or other transport, it is better to stop and remain in place until the end of the ground vibration. On the bus, you do not need to break windows, rush to the doors, thereby creating panic, the risk of injury, etc. Bus and tram drivers will stop the vehicle themselves and keep the doors open.

Remember, after the first one, there may be repeated shocks. Be prepared for this yourself and warn those around you. This can be expected in a few hours, and sometimes even a day.

Keep away from enterprises with flammable, explosive and highly toxic substances. Don't stand on bridges. Do not touch the wires - they may be energized.

At the moment of destruction, flying bricks, glass, cornices, lighting fixtures, signboards, road signs, and poles are also dangerous.

Floods

If the flood threat continues to grow, the work of enterprises, organizations, educational institutions and preschool institutions will cease in the proposed flood zone. Children are sent home or transferred to safe places. Food, valuables, clothing, shoes are transferred to the upper floors of buildings, to attics, and as the water rises, to roofs.

Evacuation is one of the ways to save people's lives. For this, all available floating facilities are used: bots, barges, boats, rafts, amphibious vehicles, etc.

To enter the boat, the boat should be one at a time, stepping into the middle of the deck. During the movement, it is forbidden to change places, board, push. After docking, one of the adults goes ashore and holds the boat overboard until everyone is on land.

When there are no boats, you need to use what is nearby at hand - barrels, logs, wooden shields and doors, fragments of fences, car tires and other objects that can keep a person on the water.

What to do, what to do if the water caught you in the field or in the forest. Urgently go to high places, and climb strong, spreading trees in the forest.

It is better to swim up to a drowning person from the back. Approaching, take him by the head, shoulders, arms, collar, turn him face up and swim to the shore, working with his free hand and legs.

If you have a boat, you should approach the person in distress against the current, in windy weather - against the wind and the stream of water. It is best to pull a person out of the water from the stern side. Having delivered him ashore, immediately proceed to provide first aid.

Forest fires

In cases where the overwhelming fire does not give the desired effect, you can throw loose soil at the edge of the fire. It is definitely better when done with technique.

It is not excluded that the fire is getting closer and closer to a village or other settlement located in the forest. What should I do? The main thing is to evacuate the bulk of the population, especially children, women and the elderly. The withdrawal or removal of people is carried out in the direction perpendicular to the spread of fire. You should move not only along roads, but also along rivers and streams, and sometimes along the water itself. It is advisable to cover the mouth and nose with a wet cotton-gauze bandage, a handkerchief, and a towel. Do not forget to take documents, money, necessary things and food with you.

Hurricanes, storms, tornadoes

When a hurricane, storm or tornado is approaching, the hydrometeorological service, as a rule, issues a storm warning several hours before. In this case, it is necessary to close the doors, attics, dormer windows. Seal the glasses with strips of paper or fabric. Remove things from balconies, loggias, window sills that, if dropped, can injure people. Turn off the gas, put out the fire in the stoves. Prepare emergency lighting - lanterns, candles. Create a supply of water and food for 2-3 days. Place medicines and dressings in a safe and visible place. Keep radios and televisions constantly switched on: various messages and orders can be transmitted. To transfer people from light buildings to solid buildings.

Watch out for injury from glass and other flying objects. If you find yourself in an open area, it is best to take refuge in a ditch, pit, ravine, any recess: lie on the bottom and snuggle tightly to the ground.

Snow drifts

The population is warned in advance about the possibility of heavy snowfalls by all means of communication. For this period, movement is limited, especially in rural areas, they create supplies of food, water and fuel at home, and procure food and water for animals.

If snowfall caught you on the way, you must stop the car, but do not leave the car, and even more so do not try to walk to the village. In order not to be buried under the snow, it is necessary to rake it, it is advisable to hang out a bright landmark cloth - for the search group.