Modernization of railway tracks and changes in their route often leave behind a huge amount of already used wooden sleepers. They are unsuitable for railway construction. However, simply leaving them to rot next to the new railway tracks cannot be done for both economic and environmental reasons. Therefore, many businesses choose to dispose of leftover materials through recycling methods. There are at least five of them today.
Sleeper disposal methods 
- Burning. The most common way to get rid of old sleepers. He's the most dangerous. In addition to the fact that a large source of flame can cause a fire, it is worth considering that each wooden sleeper is impregnated with creosote. When burned, this chemical begins to release components that poison the environment: acetone, butanol, phenol. They are often considered one of the obvious sources of cancerous tumors.
- Application as building material. Not always a good idea. Due to the same harmful impregnation, such building materials cannot be used inside country houses, private houses, or public institutions. Occasionally it is allowed to use them inside warehouses and outbuildings that are rarely used by people.
- Gasification. In this case, sleepers are burned after creation. special type fuel. The fuel burns relatively harmlessly. The degree of release of chemical compounds harmful to the atmosphere is reduced by more than a thousand times when comparing the process with conventional combustion.
- Pyrolysis. Thermal decomposition, which is carried out inside special sealed chambers. Accordingly, open combustion does not occur, and the level harmful substances in the atmosphere does not deviate at all from the norm. The proposed method is suitable for all types of old sleepers.
- Recycling. It involves two stages of work. At the first stage, they try to eliminate and neutralize creosote, which poses a particular danger. Then, in the second period, the cleaned wood is carefully processed. It becomes a new, completely safe material that can be used in construction, firing industrial furnaces and many other circumstances in everyday life and industry. .
One of the areas of application of the Pirotex installation is the recycling of used sleepers. The problem is that the landfills where waste sleepers are disposed of are usually overcrowded. At the same time, Russia ranks third in the world (after the USA and China) in terms of the length of railway tracks - 121 thousand km. From 1,640 to 2,000 sleepers are laid in one kilometer. Each of them is impregnated with coal-tar creosote oil (creosote). It is not surprising that the disposal of waste wooden sleepers has become a sore point.
The scheme by which used sleepers are usually disposed of today often looks like this: 1. sleepers are stored illegally, paying environmental fines in case of inspections; 2. Instead of hazard class 3, they try to obtain a conclusion about the 4th or even 5th hazard class of these wastes, and either burn them or transfer these sleepers to the population for private outbuildings, despite all the harm that is caused to the environment and the human body.
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF WOODEN SLEEPERS:
SLEEPER(Dutch spalk - support) - support for rails in the form of beams or reinforced concrete products. In a railway track, sleepers are usually laid on the ballast layer of the track's upper structure and ensure that the relative position of the rail threads remains constant, receive pressure directly from the rails or from intermediate fastenings and transfer it to the undersleeper base.
CREOSOTE(French créosote, from Greek kreas-meat, sozo-keep) - colorless (sometimes yellowish or yellow-green), flammable, sparingly soluble in water, oily liquid with a strong odor and pungent taste, obtained from wood and coal tar. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Poisonous.
METHODS FOR DISPOSAL OF USED SLEEPERS
The main legal methods for disposing of used sleepers (other than landfill) include: combustion, gasification and pyrolysis. All of them, in one way or another, are an opportunity to reuse used sleepers, but the effectiveness of each of them deserves separate consideration.
BURNING.
The most common method of recycling wooden sleepers, as it does not entail significant sales costs. The process itself consists of the usual burning of sleepers, but the resulting products are ash and volatile toxic compounds (for example, acetone, phenanthrene, phenols, etc.) that enter the air. The latter, with prolonged exposure, can cause cancer in humans. Incineration is not only an economically ineffective method, but also dangerous.
GASIFICATION
This method is a thousand times safer and 
harmless than burning. During gasification, fuel (sleepers) turns into a dust-like stream. According to statistics, most gas generating plants designed for gasification of sleepers are not economical enough and have low productivity with relatively high operating costs.
PYROLYSIS
The most promising method for recycling waste sleepers. The reaction (thermal decomposition without air access) occurs in closed space, therefore, pyrolysis of used wooden sleepers is the most environmentally friendly method of their disposal. The economy of the process is ensured through the use of processed products.
The yield of processed products during the pyrolysis of sleepers (confirmed by experiment on
installation "Pirotex"):
Coal – 25%
Liquid fuel – 18%
Gas – 57%
It must be understood that only wooden sleepers impregnated with creazote or other hydrocarbon impregnations are subject to pyrolysis. Some factories began using water-soluble copper-based antiseptics to impregnate sleepers. Such sleepers are not subject to pyrolysis, since they do not contain hydrocarbons for distillation.
The photo below shows coal obtained through the pyrolysis of waste sleepers. According to research results, the sorption activity of coal from sleepers is slightly higher than coal from birch. In the second photo you can see the combustion of gas, also obtained from the pyrolysis of sleepers.
The Technokompleks company has experimentally proven that using the Pirotex pyrolysis unit it is possible to conduct a cost-effective and environmentally friendly business for recycling waste wooden sleepers.
Ј¬"Still, weeks and years ran on, and my hair began to vail me with its fullness and its length; and now often I heard the word beautiful, spoken of my hair, and beautiful, spoken of myself. They would not say the word openly to me, but I would by chance overhear them whispering it. The word joyed me with the human feeling of it. They were wrong not to say it openly to me; my joy would have been so much the more assured for the openness of their saying beautiful, to me; and I know it would have filled me with all conceivable kindness towards every one. Now I had heard the word beautiful, whispered, now and then, for some months, when a new being came to the house; they called him gentleman. His face was wonderful to me. Something strangely like it, and yet again unlike it, I had seen before, but where, I could not tell. But one day, looking into the smooth water behind the house, there I saw the likenessЎЄsomething strangely like, and yet unlike, the likeness of his face. This filled me with puzzles. The new being, the gentleman, he was very gracious to me; he seemed astonished, confounded at me; he looked at me, then at a very little, round pictureЎЄso it seemedЎЄwhich he took from his pocket, and yet concealed from me. Then he kissed me, and looked with tenderness and grief upon me; and I felt a tear fall on me from him. Then he whispered a word into my ear. "Father," was the word he whispered; the same word by which the young girls called the farmer. Then I knew it was the word of kindness and of kisses. I kissed the gentleman.This solecism once vividly and practically apparent; then comes the earnest reperusal of the Gospels: the intense self-absorption into that greatest real miracle of all religions, the Sermon on the Mount. From that divine mount, to all earnest loving youths, flows an inexhaustible soul-melting stream of tenderness and loving-kindness; and they leap exulting to their feet, to think that the founder of their holy religion gave utterance to sentences so infinitely sweet and soothing as these sentences which embody all the love of the Past, and all the love which can be imagined in any conceivable Future . Such emotions as that Sermon raises in the enthusiastic heart; such emotions all youthful hearts refuse to ascribe to humanity as their origin. This is of God! cries the heart, and in that cry ceases all inquisition. Now, with this fresh-read sermon in his soul, the youth again gazes abroad upon the world. Instantly, in aggravation of the former solecism, an overpowering sense of the world"s downright positive falsity comes over him; the world seems to lie saturated and soaking with lies. The sense of this thing is so overpowering, that at first the youth is apt to refuse the evidence of his own senses; even as he does that same evidence in the matter of the movement of the visible sun in the heavens, which with his own eyes he plainly sees to go round the world, but nevertheless on the authority of other persons,ЎЄthe Copernican astronomers, whom he never sawЎЄhe believes it not to go round the world, but the world round it. Just so, too, he hears good and wise people sincerely say: This world only seems to be saturated and soaking with lies; but in reality it does not so lie soaking and saturate; along with some lies, there is much truth in this world. But again he refers to his Bible, and there he reads most explicitly, that this world is unconditionally depraved and accursed; and that at all hazards men must come out of it. But why come out of it, if it be a True World and not a Lying World? Assuredly, then, this world is a lie. "What"s that about the Apocalypse?" here, a third time, came from the berth.Ў®And misfortunes, too,ЎЇ answered Lady Windermere, Ў®any amount of them. Next year, for instance, I am in great danger, both by land and sea, so I am going to live in a balloon, and draw up my dinner in a basket every evening. It is all written down on my little finger, or on the palm of my hand, I forget which .ЎЇ
Stark desolation; ruin, merciless and ceaseless; chills and gloom,ЎЄall here lived a hidden life, curtained by that cunning purpleness, which, from the piazza of the manor house, so beautifully invested the mountain once called Delectable, but now styled Titanic.As the can circulated, Jermin, leaning on the table and occupying the captain"s arm-chair secured to the deck, opened his mind as bluntly and freely as ever. He was by no means yet sober. "Where are we to find them?" half-rebukefully echoed the young Episcopal clergymen."I will go find one to begin with," he quickly added, and, with kind haste suiting the action to the word, away he went.Ў®But surely that is tempting Providence, Gladys.ЎЇ
FD¶B(300) | ZHAVA(365) | CHЄ·ў(181) |
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HFzhЇ 2019-04-20
єй¶амі ЈєAt last we got as far as the Narrows, which every body knows is the entrance to New York Harbor from sea; and it may well be called the Narrows, for when you go in or out, it seems like going in or out of a doorway; and when you go out of these Narrows on a long voyage like this of mine, it seems like going out into the broad highway, where not a soul is to be seen. For far away and away, stretches the great Atlantic Ocean; and all you can see beyond it where the sky comes down to the water. It looks lonely and desolate enough, and I could hardly believe, as I gazed around me, that there could be any land beyond, or any place like Europe or England or Liverpool in the great wide world. It seemed too strange, and wonderful, and altogether incredible, that there could really be cities and towns and villages and green fields and hedges and farm-yards and orchards, away over that wide blank of sea, and away beyond the place where the sky came down to the water. And to think of steering right out among those waves, and leaving the bright land behind, and the dark night coming on, too, Seemed wild and foolhardy; and I looked with a sort of fear at the sailors standing by me, who could be so thoughtless at such a time. But then I remembered how many times my own father had said he had crossed the ocean; and I had never dreamed of such a thing as doubting him; for I always thought him a marvelous being, infinitely purer and greater than I was, who could not by any possibility do wrong, or say an untruth. Yet now, how could I credit it, that he, my own father, whom I so well remembered; had ever sailed out of these Narrows, and sailed right through the sky and water line, and went to England, and France, Liverpool, and Marseilles. It was too wonderful to believe.
"So long as no method of attractive labor has been devised, it will continue to be true that "there must be many poor in order that there may be a few rich;" a mean and hateful saying, which we hear every day quoted as an eternal truth from the mouths of people who call themselves Christians or philosophers. It is very easy to understand that oppression, trickery, and especially poverty, are the permanent and fatal appanage of every state of society characterized by the dislike of work, for, in this case, there is nothing but poverty that will force men to labor. And the proof of this is, that if every one of all the workers were to become suddenly rich, nineteen-twentieths of all the work now done would be abandoned. "
Gchѕ°µы 2019-04-20 16:12:38
A day or two after our arrival in Rio, a rather amusing incident occurred to a particular acquaintance of mine, young Lemsford, the gun-deck bard.
TssFGchTs® 2019-04-20 16:12:38
Lashed, and leaning over sideways against the taffrail, were three dark, green, grassy objects, that slowly swayed with every roll, but otherwise were motionless. I saw the captain"s, glass directed towards them, and heard him say at last, "They must have been dead a long time." These were sailors, who long ago had lashed themselves to the taffrail for safety; but must have famished There was ever a slight degree of affectionate patronizing in the manner of the resplendent, full-blown Mrs. Glendinning, toward the delicate and shrinking girlhood of young Lucy. She treated her very much as she might have treated some surpassingly beautiful and precocious child; and this was precisely what Lucy was. Looking beyond the present period, Mrs. Glendinning could not but perceive, that even in Lucy's womanly maturity, Lucy would still be a child to her; because, she, elated, felt, that in a certain intellectual vigor, so to speak, she was the essential opposite of Lucy, whose sympathetic mind and person had both been cast in one mold of wondrous delicacy. But here Mrs. Glendinning was both right and wrong. So far as she here saw a difference between herself and Lucy Tartan, she did not err; but so farЎЄand that was very farЎЄas she thought she saw her innate superiority to her in the absolute scale of being, here she very widely and immeasurably erred. For what may be artistically styled angelicalness, this is the highest essence compatible with created being; and angelicalness hath no vulgar vigor in it. And that thing which very often prompts to the display of any vigorЎЄwhich thing, in man or woman, is at the bottom nothing but ambitionЎЄthis quality is purely earthly, and not angelical. It is false, that any angels fell by reason of ambition. Angels never fall; and never feel ambition. Therefore, benevolently, and affectionately, and all-sincerely, as thy heart, oh, Mrs. Glendinning! now standest affected towards the fleecy Lucy; still, lady, thou dost very sadly mistake it, when the proud, double-arches of the bright breastplate of thy bosom, expand with secret triumph over one, whom thou so sweetly, but still so patronizingly stylist, The Little Lucy.ЎЈ TO THE ONLY BEGETTER OFЎЈ
HEMPI 2019-04-20 16:12:38
"Pish! we were boys."Ј¬For us there is only one season, the season of sorrow. The very sun and moon seem taken from us. Outside, the day may be blue and gold, but the light that creeps down through the thickly-muffled glass of the small iron-barred window beneath which one sits is gray and niggard. It is always twilight in oneЎЇs cell, as it is always twilight in oneЎЇs heart. And in the sphere of thought, no less than in the sphere of time, motion is no more. The thing that you personally have long ago forgotten, or can easily forget, is happening to me now, and will happen to me again to-morrow. Remember this, and you will be able to understand a little of why I am writing, and in this manner writing. . . ЎЈFor a time, Jack Chase, out of a polite nervousness touching myself, as a newly-elected member of the club, would frequently endeavor to excuse to me the vulgarity of Shanks. One day he wound up his remarks by the philosophical reflectionЎЄ"But, White-Jacket, my dear fellow, what can you expect of him? Our real misfortune is, that our noble club should be obliged to dine with its cook."ЎЈ
XEMrMr 2019-04-20 16:12:38
Ў®Who never ate his bread in sorrow,Ј¬Our work was now before us; but, previous to commencing operations, I endeavored to engage the Yankee in a little further friendly chat concerning the nature of virgin soils in general, and that of the valley of Martair in particular. So masterly a stratagem made Long Ghost brighten up; and he stood by ready to join in. But what our friend had to say about agriculture all referred to the particular part of his plantation upon which we stood; and having communicated enough on this head to enable us to set to work to the best advantage, he fell to, himself; and Shorty, who had been looking on, followed suit.ЎЈЎ®Cyril Graham used to say so,ЎЇ muttered Erskine.ЎЈ
LpPIBB 2019-04-20 16:12:38
Their mode of dividing this tobacco was the rather curious one generally adopted by sailors, when the highest possible degree of impartiality is desirable. I will describe it, recommending its earnest consideration to all heirs, who may hereafter divide an inheritance; for if they adopted this nautical method, that universally slanderous aphorism of Lavater would be forever rendered nugatoryЎЄ"Expect not to understand any man till you have divided with him an inheritance."Ј¬And I remembered reading in a magazine, called the Sailors" Magazine, with a sea-blue cover, and a ship painted on the back, about pious seamen who never swore, and paid over all their wages to the poor heathen in India; and how that when they were too old to go to sea, these pious old sailors found a delightful home for life in the Hospital, where they had nothing to do, but prepare themselves for their latter end. And I wondered whether there were any such good sailors among my ship-mates; and observing that one of them laid on deck apart from the rest, I thought to be sure he must be one of them: so I did not disturb his devotions: but I was afterward shocked at discovering that he was only fast asleep, with one of the brown jugs by his side.ЎЈAnd poor Harry was as the Hebrews. He, too, had been carried away captive, though his chief captor and foe was himself; and he, too, many a night, was called upon to sing for those who through the day insulted and derided him.ЎЈ
Annually at structural units of track facilities 
located within the boundaries of the road, when performing various types track repair, about 1,000,000 waste wooden sleepers impregnated with antiseptics are generated. Coal oil is the most toxic of all septic tanks, as it consists of 70 percent aromatic hydrocarbons.
According to the federal waste classifier, soaked them sleepers belong to the third hazard class.
Construction from sleepers
Used sleepers are used to build cabins, sheds, and even bridges over small streams. However, for these purposes, you can direct sleepers under 7 years old, that is, those that are impregnated with safe antiseptics, and not poisonous creosote. Them sleepers processed several years ago. Disposal problem railway wooden sleepers, extremely acute for the transport industry. 
Specify: wooden sleepers price, total volumes. Sale of sleepers from the manufacturer and from the Russian reserve.
Methods for recycling wooden sleepers
- Incineration is the most well-known method of recycling wooden sleepers. Since all sleepers are impregnated with a special substance - creosote, this method is a negative point and entails the release of a large amount toxic substances, such as acetone, butanol, phenols, phenanthrenes, which enter the environment. These types of substances contribute to the formation of cancer.
- Construction material - sleepers are used as a construction (recycled) material. This method is not environmentally friendly and is harmful to health due to the release of a sharp, unpleasant and toxic odor, but for the same reason, sleepers do not rot or decompose. Warning: impregnated wooden sleepers (impregnation of sleepers is harmful to the body, impregnation with creosote is a harmful chemical compound of various substances) should not be used in the construction of premises, buildings, country houses...
- Gasification is an extreme case of dispersion (conversion of fuel into a dusty stream). It is known that fuel dispersion reduces the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon compounds, while the degree of neutralization increases approximately a thousand times compared to conventional combustion.
- Pyrolysis - thermal decomposition of sleepers under high temperature without air access. Possible use for old (used sleepers) wooden sleepers with distillation of coal oil. A similar method was proposed by specialists from one of the Kazan enterprises. This method is carried out in sealed conditions, which helps reduce the release of toxic substances into the environment.
- Recycling old year's sleepers- This method involves two stages of passage. The first is that creosote compounds are neutralized using chemical reagents; at the second stage, the wood is processed.
Considering the importance of the issue, as well as the fact that most of the Eastern Railway is located in a specially protected natural area, a new workshop is being introduced at the Tagul station of the East Siberian Railway, which is designed to reduce emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere by 70 tons annually.
Disposal of sleepers
The production area occupied by the workshop is 4214 m? it contains a site for the collection and preparation of oil-containing waste, a site for temporary disposal of waste, a complex for the preparation and supply of old year's sleepers for combustion and workshop building.
The complex for preparing and supplying old sleepers for burning consists of a roller for 15 sleepers, a conveyor belt, a roller crusher, and receiving tanks for accumulating wood chips. 
The main advantage of the new workshop is the fire neutralization of waste using the IN-50 incinerator unit; it is designed for environmentally friendly, safe, high-temperature combustion of old sleepers. The incinerator is capable of jointly recycling solid and liquid waste, waste oils, fuel oil and oil sludge. This disposal method is quite economical in comparison with foreign analogues.
The IN-50 incinerator complex for thermal waste disposal was developed by specialists from JSC Turmalin, St. Petersburg. The installation with a capacity of 50 kg/hour, 12 tons per day or 4000 tons per year has been modernized for the simultaneous destruction of sleepers that have expired and are not suitable for further use and oil sludge waste.
Loading of waste into the incinerator is carried out using receiving containers and a skip hoist. The operating temperature in the combustion chamber is 850-900 degrees. 
Combustion products undergo impact afterburning in a special chamber for 2 seconds as gases pass through a torch in a special burner with a flame temperature of up to 1500°. After this, the exhaust gases pass through a rapid gas cooling unit to a temperature of no more than 400° and a double mechanical cleaning system on a cyclone and an alkaline cleaning system on a scraper.
According to the results obtained, the emission of pollutants does not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations and complies with the established hygienic requirements.
The ash residue makes up no more than 3% of the mass of incinerated waste and is subject to disposal at conventional solid waste landfills.
The roller crusher was developed by specialists from the research and production enterprise Vikmax (LLC NPP VIKMAX) in Yekaterinburg; it is designed for crushing wood of any size and degree of contamination, including metal crutches, into thermal energy chips.
The principle of operation (after repair, burn the old sleepers in an incinerator) is the longitudinal feeding and breaking of wood between two wolves, which have the form of gears, whereby one wolf is driven, and the second is spring-loaded and is engaged with the drive by means of radially located knives. Sharpening of knives is not required during the entire service life. Chip size - 100-300 mm.
The IN-50.5M installation has a heat exchanger with a heated surface area of 80 m? lump sum of water in the heat exchanger 4.2 m? with a temperature of 95 degrees. According to the stated design capacity, the heat exchanger is capable of delivering 1.2 gigocalories of thermal energy per hour.
The construction project provides for the use of the power of the heat exchanger for heating the workshop premises - waste disposal. After working out the rhythm of sleeper delivery, excess heat will be used to heat the PMS-67 base. Decommissioning the coal-fired boiler house will eliminate the cost of its maintenance in the amount of more than 3 million rubles. It will reduce the consumption of standard fuel by 419 tons per year, and reduce emissions of pollutants into the air by 70 tons per year.
The cost of this investment project 84.3 million rubles, payback period is only 4 years. Due to changes in infrastructure, liquidation of the boiler house, reduction of the fund wages.
The net economic effect is 8.8 million rubles per year.
Of course, one installation will solve the problem of waste disposal at railway is not possible, transporting waste over long distances is too costly.
The project provides for the collection of used sleepers at the Taishet-Chuna landfill along the northern passage and Taishet-Tulun along the main passage. Therefore, today the issue of constructing a pilot complex for the disposal of rejected waste is being considered. 
wooden railway sleepers at the Vikhorevka station with a capacity of 470 thousand sleepers per year with the involvement of funds from a subsidiary dependent company of Russian Railways LLC, EnergoPromSbyt LLC.
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Recycling of sleepers - railway wooden sleepers, use after repairs
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