"word") - a word, the meaning of a word or a phrase that has recently appeared in a language. From this definition it is clear that the concept of neologism is changeable over time and relatively: a word remains a neologism as long as the speakers perceive novelty in it. For example, for the Russian language of the late 20th century. a certain novelty is felt by the majority in words of foreign origin image maker,summit,Internet, in words formed from Russian morphemes: White House members(about the defenders of the White House in Moscow during the October events of 1993), cash"cash" denationalization“transformation of state property into any other property - private, cooperative, collective, etc.”, in phrases hotline,shadow economy, in recently appeared meanings of some old words: burglar"one who 'hacks' computer programs" green"U.S. dollars ", apple“relating to the socio-political association “Yabloko””, etc.
New words that appear in the language to designate new things and concepts (in connection with the development of science, technology, culture and other aspects of the social life of society) are usually called lexical neologisms proper (in the examples just given these are words image maker,summit,Internet,White House members,cash,denationalization). If the old form of a word is used, but a new meaning is assigned to it, then they talk about a semantic neologism ( burglar,green,apple man). Speed type hotline,shadow economy, in which the very connections of words with each other are new and unusual, are called combinable neologisms. All three types of neologisms are united under the common name “linguistic”.
In addition to linguistic ones, individual or author’s neologisms can be found in speech. Unlike linguistic ones, they, being created by one person - a poet, writer, public figure, etc. - remain a part of the individual style and their novelty and unusualness do not fade over time. These are, for example, many neologisms of V. Mayakovsky ( hulk,December,snort etc.), V. Khlebnikov ( exhausted,rapturous,laughers and etc.); V. Vysotsky called the physicist quantalerist, combining the physical term quantum with the word cavalryman Some of the author's neologisms - especially those that are expressive and at the same time denoting communicatively important phenomena - may fall into general use. This happened, for example, with the words that M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin came up with: bungler And bungling,stupidity. Korney Chukovsky coined the word stationery, which means painful (cf. words like diphtheria,colitis and so on.) the tendency of some people to inappropriately use clerical words and phrases. Certain author's neologisms have become so firmly entrenched in the language that now only specialists can establish that, for example, the word industry in the past - the author's neologism: two centuries ago it was introduced into use by N.M. Karamzin. Verb fade away entered the general literary dictionary thanks to F.M. Dostoevsky; a well-known word now mediocrity(emphasis first based on: mediocrity, and later on the prefix: mediocrity) was first used by the poet Igor Severyanin.
Neologism words appear in a language in three ways:
1) through word-formation derivation - the formation of new words from existing morphemes in the language according to known (usually productive) models; the most common methods of forming neologisms are suffixation ( grounded – grounded,screw-it - screw-a,tease - teaser,geologist – geologist-in-ya), prefix ( post-Yeltsin,super profitable), prefix-suffix method ( everyday life - about everyday life,sound - o-sound-iva-t), addition of stems, often in combination with suffixation ( substance abuse,little picture,foreignness), truncation of stems, especially characteristic of the formation of neologisms in colloquial speech ( crazy- from schizophrenic,beech- from used bookstore);
2) by semantic derivation, i.e. development in an already existing word of a new, secondary meaning based on the similarity of the newly designated phenomenon with an already known phenomenon: shadow– associated with illegal methods of enrichment ( shadow business,shadow economy); paralysis– complete inaction of power, economic, social and political mechanisms in the state ( power paralysis,the economy is on the verge of paralysis), tourer– a criminal who commits crimes in different places outside his permanent residence;
3) by borrowing words from other languages ( voucher,image,marketing,know-how,thriller and many others) or from uncodified subsystems of a given language - from dialects, vernacular, jargons: for example, for the 1960s, neologisms were words borrowed from dialects craftsman, colloquial noun that has entered literary circulation window dressing(and the adjective derived from it ostentatious), in modern speech are felt as relatively new slang words in origin chaos,disassembly,party and under.
A special group of neologisms consists of lexical and phraseological calques - words and combinations of words created under the influence of foreign language samples: steep“making a strong impression with his determination, manners and behavior, ability to influence others, etc.” (“translation” of one of the meanings of English. tough), skinheads(English) skinheads), hotline(English) hot line), brain drain(English) brain drain) and so on.
In the Russian lexicographical tradition, neologisms are recorded in special dictionaries. The most famous of them are several issues of the reference dictionary New words and meanings edited by N.Z. Kotelova and Yu.S. Sorokin (L., 1973, 1984) and ed. E.A. Levashov (St. Petersburg, 1997), compiled based on materials from the press and literature of the second half of the 20th century; Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language of the late twentieth century edited by G.N. Sklyarevskaya (St. Petersburg, 1998), Dictionary of perestroika edited by V.I. Maksimova (St. Petersburg, 1992), as well as a series of books called New in Russian vocabulary. Vocabulary materials, published from 1977 to 1996. Dictionaries of author’s neologisms are also being created: for example, N.N. Pertsova compiled Dictionary of neologisms by Velimir Khlebnikov(Vienna - Moscow, 1995).
Occasionalisms should be distinguished from neologisms (lat. occasionalis "random") - words formed “on occasion”, in specific conditions of speech communication and, as a rule, contrary to the linguistic norm, deviating from the usual ways of forming words in a given language. Occasionalism often appears in speech as a means of language play, jokes, puns: slander(in N.S. Leskov - the result of a punning combination of words slander And feuilleton), first printer(a word created by I. Ilf and E. Petrov by deliberately distorting the word pioneer); Chukokkala- the name of K. Chukovsky’s handwritten almanac, which combines the first part of his surname and the second half of the name of the village of Kuokkala near St. Petersburg, where K. Chukovsky lived before the revolution.
Close to occasionalisms are the so-called potential words - lexical units that are not in the dictionary of a given language, but which are easily formed according to certain word-formation models: cf. words like grabber,chase,launcher,clapper and under. An important difference between occasionalisms and potential words is that occasionalisms are “violators of the laws (rules) of general language word formation,” and potential words, on the contrary, “filling the empty cells of word-formation paradigms... implement the laws of word formation” (E.A. Zemskaya ).
Occasionalisms and potential words are often found in spontaneous colloquial speech: with a word created on occasion - in accordance with the laws of word formation or contrary to them - the speaker often denotes either something that does not have a standard name, or something for which he cannot immediately remember the regular designation.
Subject: “Neologisms and their varieties. Ways of formation of new words and meanings in our time.”Target: generalize students’ knowledge about neologisms and their varieties; teach to find neologisms in the text, determine their lexical meaning; enrich your vocabulary, develop coherent speech; cultivate an attentive attitude to the word.
During the classes
Organizing students to work.
Work on the topic of the lesson.
1. Announcing the topic and purpose of the lesson.
We continue the conversation about vocabulary that makes up the passive vocabulary; identify the distinctive features of new words, learn to find new words in the text, explain their lexical meaning.
2. Introductory conversation.
What are neologisms called? (New words that appear in the language as a result of the emergence of concepts and phenomena.)
What is the reason for the appearance of neologisms in the language? (With the development of science, technology, culture, economics, sports, diplomatic relations.)
What words can be considered neologisms? (Those that have entered the language in recent years, although among them there are those that have already become commonly used and even obsolete.)
Tell me, what groups can neologisms be divided into?
1) Depending on the method:
a) lexical - these are neologisms that were formed according to productive models from elements found in the language; borrowed from other languages;
b) semantic - these are neologisms that arise as a result of assigning new meanings to already known words.
2) Depending on the conditions of creation, neologisms are divided into:
a) general linguistic (usual) - these are neologisms that appeared along with new concepts and realities;
3) Depending on the purpose of creation, neologisms are divided into:
a) nominative - perform a purely nominative function;
b) stylistic - give figurative characteristics to objects that have a different name.
III. Practical part.
1. Write the words in 3 column: commonly used, obsolete, neologisms.
Commonly used
Outdated
Neologisms
Disco
Tselinnik
Briefing
Trainee
District Committee
Management
The president
Merchant
Investment
Series
Commissioner
License
Space
Red Army
Grill
Computer
Lyceum
Ketchup
Jeans
Mayor
2. Summary: What did this exercise help us understand?
3. Using explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries “New words and meanings”, determine the meaning of neologisms .
Forward (attack)
Hamburger (soft bun baked with chopped steak, vegetables)
Summit (meeting of heads of state and government)
Showman (one who is busy organizing and running the show)
Rocker (member of a youth group driving around the streets without a muffler,
disregarding traffic rules)
Privatization (transfer of state or municipal property into private ownership)
Generalization : What can you say about these words? Which group of neologisms can be attributed to? How did they appear in the language?
4. What new meanings have the following words acquired? Can they be called neologisms in our time?
1.
Thought
- Tsar's Duma (upper council of boyars chaired by the Tsar) -
old
The State Duma is the current chamber of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation
The State Duma is an elected body of city government
2. Dynasty - clan, house, speaking about the sovereign - old
the generation from which the last few people emerged
one profession
3. Governor - head of the province (a large district of Russia, divided into districts) -
old
Head of the executive branch of a large city
4. Pirate - sea robber - old
hijacker
computer pirate
5. Pioneer - a person who was one of the first to settle in a new country or area
a person who prevented the beginning of something new (figurative)
member of a children's organization
5. Distribute neologisms into two groups depending on the method of appearance: lexical, semantic.
Lexical
Semantic
High dividends (income that the share owner receives)
Chief referee (judge in sports competitions)
Significant investment (capital investment)
Scenario of the visit (1st liter. - dramatic work for a film; 2nd plan)
Computer pirates -TV bridge (1. structure; 2. direct connection)
Wooden ruble (1. money; 2. depreciated, not circulating on the world market)
Currency intervention (1. interference in the internal affairs of the state; 2. the dominance of a certain currency in the global economic market)
Generalization : 1) How to distinguish lexical and semantic neologisms?
2) How did lexical neologisms appear in the language?
6. Find individually - the author's neologisms in poetic texts
I. Severyanina, determine the method of creating neologisms.
Open the textbook by P.A. Lekant, p. 37. Find No. 85.
We find occasionalisms. How was it formed?
7. Generalization : What role do neologisms play in a literary text?
IV. Lesson summary: 1) What is a neologism?
2) What is the concept of neologism associated with?
What are the groups of neologisms?
V . Homework: Exercise 86 (collection of exercises edited by P.A. Lekant).
1. borrowed words;
2. new words that are not in the literary language;
3. outdated words;
4. dialect words;
5. words-terms.
PRACTICAL LESSON No. 5
1.Homework.
1) Using a spelling dictionary or a dictionary of accents, determine the standard stress and remember it.
Garbage chute, intention, nail, adolescence, parterre, dowry, call, review (ambassador), review (for publication), convocation, orphans, funds, statue, carpenter, milkman, customs, cakes, cakes, cement, hundredweight, scarves, kiosk , expert.
Inferiority complex. American dream. A piano in the bushes. Cold War. Beauty is a terrible force.
3) Go to the website of the Higher Attestation Commission (HAC). Find the heading - List of leading periodicals. From this list, write down 10 journals that publish scientific articles in your specialty.
4) Compose according to the sample LIST OF REFERENCES for your specialty.
Vokhrysheva E.V. Communicative strategies of dialogical interaction in the New English language: dis. ... Dr. Philol. Sciences: 10.02.04. St. Petersburg, 2001. 473 p.
Logacheva V.G. English-language specificity of modeling reality: linguosemiotic aspect: abstract of thesis. dis. ...cand. Philol. Sciences: 10.02.04. Volgograd, 2007. 21 p.
Rastyagaev A.V. Hagiographic tradition in Russian literature of the 18th century: the problem of genesis and genre transformation: dis. ... Dr. Philol. Sciences: 10.01.01. M., 2008. 421 p.
WORK ALGORITHM:
1. In the search engine, type “RSL”.
2. Go to the Electronic Library of Dissertations.
Parichenko, Marina Nikolaevna.
Correlations in the series of azo-substituted pyrocatechol with molybdenum (VI) and hafnium (IV) and their analytical application: abstract of thesis. ... Candidate of Chemical Sciences: 02.00.02 / Rostov. univ. - Rostov-on-Don, 1990. - 22 p.
5. Edit it according to the requirements of GOST 2008.
2. Checking homework.
Test "Lexical norm".
Match the concept and its definition.
Replace the words with appropriate meanings.
1. In the new textbook, decimal fractions are not suffered significant changes.
2. Insects have a well-developed charm.
3. Guys close to heart perceive misbehavior of parents.
4. Meeting participants strictly discussed those who forget about their duty.
5. Service for the first time gave in not easy.
6. He realized that he had become inert responsible for the death of a comrade.
7. Before us is a whole haberdashery images
8. To end wars, everyone must find a friend from each other contingent.
9. The tick consoles himself with the hope that he will get out of here and return to his company complete member (from works).
10. If my friend doesn’t bring me a book tomorrow, I’ll charge him scalpel! (From oral speech.)
Choose from the proposed paronyms the one that suits the meaning.
1. (Marsh, swampy) silt is an excellent fertilizer.
2. One bank of the river is meadow, and the other (clayey, clay).
3. On a hot day, it’s nice to walk along the (shady, shady) alleys.
4. The apartment needed (carry out, make) repairs.
5. These photographs were preserved in the family because my grandmother was very (careful, thrifty).
6. Let's find the (hidden, secretive) reserves in ourselves and get to the top.
7. The girl had plump, (sensitive, sensual) lips.
8. Any (action, misdemeanor) deserves condemnation.
9. The student quickly (learned, mastered) the material.
10. The young worker (learned, mastered) the profession of a turner.
4. Insert verbs into these sentences dress / put on.
1. Mom______suitcase cover.
2. The girl____________doll Katya.
3. Elder brother____________sister.
4. Today the girl____new shoes.
5. Brother____________watch on his hand.
6. The girl was given the game “___________bear”.
7. The boy__________dragonfly on a pin.
8. Grandmother___________grandson.
9. Grandma___________new coat.
10. Cosmonaut__________space suit.
1 Examples of words that were new in the last century and became commonly used, and some of them became obsolete:
- calculator
- collective farm
- Komsomol
- astronaut
- laser
- record player
- metro
- pioneer
- vacuum cleaner
- workers' faculty
- TV
- drummer
2 Examples of some neologisms that appeared at the end of the last century (nowadays we can say that the words have become commonly used):
- Wi-Fi
- default
- joystick
- dress code
- drifting
- goalkeeper
- Internet
- computer
- Xerox
- manager
- mobile phone
- playoffs
- rating
- roaming
- security
- skate
- tagline
- smiley
- training
- florist
3 Examples of neologisms in the modern Russian language that have appeared in recent years:
- big date
- blockchain
- vaper
- geopositioning
- hoverboard
- deadline
- life hack
- kiting
- quadcopter
- quest
- cleaning
- copywriting
- coach
- cryptocurrency
- mining
- navigator
- offshore
- tablet
- promoter
- selfie
- smartphone
- spinner
- trolling
- freelance
- hater
- electric car
Dictionary The meaning of these and other words can be found in our New Words Dictionary.
The emergence of neologisms
How are new words born in the Russian language? Experts name different sources, but there are two main ones:
- New words are borrowed from other languages (general linguistic neologisms);
- New words are created by writers and journalists (copyright neologisms).
Thousands of new words appear in the Russian language every year. Conventionally, they can be divided into the following groups:
- New words do not become widespread and “die”;
- New words are popularized and move from neologisms to common ones;
- New words do not become widespread and remain neologisms.
Many of the new words do not become widespread; a small part of the words “settles” in the vocabulary of the Russian language. This is due to the fact that technologies and concepts that are called words are not widely used in people's lives.
Over time, neologisms cease to be new and become common words. Once upon a time, the words TV, traffic light, astronaut, and landing on the moon were new. Now they are understandable to any Russian-speaking person.
There are words that remain neologisms and do not become commonly used. They are formed on the basis of morphemes existing in the Russian language and are constructed according to well-known models of word formation. Such words can be found in the works of Russian writers, for example, the words “hulk” and “merge” in V.V. Mayakovsky.
Neologisms are newly formed words that did not previously exist in the language. Using the laws of Russian word formation, we can, by analogy with existing words, create new words so that they are understandable for perception. The use of neologisms, the so-called “word creation,” is widespread in poetry, and the function of new formations varies depending on the way in which this new word is created. If a word is created by analogy with archaic words, then a neologism can play the role of an archaism. For example, if a new formation with a French root is introduced into a stylized letter like the quoted Gorbunov’s, then, by analogy with the words surrounding it, it acquires the character of archaism. Thus, in the following words of Tsar Berendey from Ostrovsky’s “The Snow Maiden”:Decorated with heavenly circles
Subscribers in the wards ceilings
High...
the word “subscriber” in the meaning of “artist” is probably a new formation of Ostrovsky, but among the archaic vocabulary of Berendey’s speeches, this neologism plays the function of an archaism.
Folk etymologies by Ostrovsky and Leskov, used as vocabulary of petty-bourgeois dialect, are in most cases new formations. The following examples from Leskov are the same new formations with a focus on the peculiarities of dialects (pseudo-barbarisms motivated by everyday word usage):
“Ah! Yes, you also have a school here. Well, that’s why this little room is bad: well, it’s nothing for school.”
“Well, that’s great: there you have it, gentlemen, we have beer and honey, I’ll make you such a lamp from this that...” Termosesov kissed his fingers and finished: “your tongue, and when you finish drinking, swallow it.”
-What kind of lanpopo is this? – asked Achilles.
“Not lanpopo, but lampopo - a drink made from beer and honey.”*
"Soborians".)
In all these cases, neologisms are introduced as a sign of foreign vocabulary. But often neologisms are introduced as vocabulary characteristic of the language of the work itself. These are, for example, Benediktov’s neologisms:
Who's going to the thunderous rampart?
Through the lightning of heaven?
This is he - the mighty ship,
White-tailed, floating
Volnobrets is a water cutter!
"Sorry!" I said to my beloved,
A pre-battle sword clattered at her feet...
Benediktov has new formations like: “volatile”, “man up”, “headless”, “armored”, “dental”, “non-trampler”, “daredevil”, “stranger”, “eggishness”, etc.
In recent times, Igor Severyanin has cultivated poetic neologisms:
I, genius, Igor Severyanin,
Intoxicated with his victory,
I'm screened all over the place,
I am completely confirmed...
Neologisms have different functions. During periods of establishment of a literary language, neologisms are created in search of new words for new concepts. Thus, many words were introduced into the literary language by Karamzin (for example, the word “industry”).
The neologisms of Benediktov and Severyanin, of course, are different: these are new formations for naming old concepts. They are formed to update the verbal expression of a banal formula in order to avoid speech patterns.
However, in a neologism, what is generally important is not so much its verbal function as the method of its formation. In order for a neologism to be understandable, it is necessary that it be formed with the help of so-called “living morphemes”, i.e. morphemes, the meaning of which in the formation of words is still vividly perceived and which, therefore, are currently forming new words. In a word you can feel how it is made, from what parts and morphemes it is composed and according to what principle. The very image of word creation—poetic morphology—is comprehended. And usually each era has its own poetic morphology. So, at the beginning of the 19th century. (and even earlier - at the end of the 18th century) compound adjectives like the constant Homeric epithets (see below) were characteristic - “rose-yellow”, “silver-azure”, “fast-running”, “green-curly”, “golden- turquoise”, etc.
In Benediktov’s neologisms, it is especially common to form a noun from an adjective using the compound suffix “nost”: “egginess”, “sweet singing”, “restlessness”, “fragility”, cf. "unsoftening". On the other hand, verbs from nouns ending in “to develop” are common - “celadon”, “rhyme weaving”, “man up”. Along with these neologisms, the words for “ness” and “to be” – “eternity”, “to be mad” - that already existed in the language before, also acquire the character of poetic words.
In the poetic style, sometimes we have a selection of adjectives - epithets with certain suffixes - for “willow”: “silent”, “jealous”, “ghoulish”, etc., for “isy”: “radiant”, “silver”, “ wavy”, etc. Khlebnikov’s completely unique neologisms, which played a large role in developing the language of modern futurism, are very characteristic.
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