From television news, in newspapers and just in conversations, the words nationalism, national idea, Nazism, nationalist party, nationalist rally are often heard. They all merge into a single picture, far from reality. Many people add racism and fascism to the mix; such a picture will scare away anyone. Nobody knows how many nationalists there really are in Russia. Let's try to figure it out and how to distinguish them.
Nationalist program
At the moment, there are dozens, if not hundreds of organizations in our country that proudly list themselves as Russian nationalists. But at the same time, they have different development programs, different goals and ways of implementing them, they may even contradict each other. Young and ardent people can buy into the loud slogans and charisma of leaders and, without understanding, become a tool in the wrong hands.
True nationalists are distinguished by several points in their programs; they can be retold in different ways, but this does not change the essence:
- The Constitution must have an amendment recognizing the rights to Russia for the Russian people, and Russians as the state-forming people.
- Russian citizenship is a privilege that Russians should have no obstacles to obtain.
- Now in Russia there are laws adopted for the entire state, but each subject also has its own, regional ones. The budget is distributed unevenly among the subjects, depending on the goals of the state and necessity. Nationalists advocate the abolition of legal and budgetary differences between the territories and regions of the state on the one hand and the national republics on the other.
- The most painful point for the nationalist is the migration of the population of nearby countries to Russia. Clashes between Russians and “persons of Caucasian nationality” do not surprise anyone. Therefore, almost every nationalist party in Russia advocates the introduction of a visa regime between Russia and the countries of Central Asia and the Caucasus.
Russian nationalist flag
Nationalists use the black-yellow-white flag, or the so-called imperial flag, as “theirs.” The combination is bright and memorable, especially when the inscriptions “For the Faith, the Tsar and the Fatherland!” are added to the flowers. However, the history of its appearance is such that the question arises: why did Russian nationalists choose it?
During the Romanov dynasty, these colors were imperial. The standard of the ruling dynasty was a black eagle on a yellow background. These colors were legalized by Alexander II as coat of arms. But the coat of arms and the national flag are not the same thing. This order lasted only 25 years and was abolished. The well-known red-blue-white tricolor began to be used for any decorative purposes. And the “imperial flag” began to be associated only with the Romanov dynasty.
Nationalist parties and organizations
In every subject there is an organization, a party, a section that considers itself nationalist. T-shirts, caps, scarves with the inscription “I am Russian” are known to everyone. The full list of Russian nationalists is huge, but the main ones can be identified among them.
Moderate organizations. Their goals, as a rule, include the legal protection of Russians, the information component, the protection of Orthodoxy and the Russian Orthodox Church, political and religious education. Some call for resistance to government policies aimed at accommodating the interests of the country's multiethnic population without violence. The ideology of such organizations does not contain racism or calls for aggression. The most famous of them are the People's Union, Russian (ROD), National Patriots of Russia, and the Movement against Illegal Migration.
Radical organizations. Such people express their opinions more sharply, their methods and programs will leave few people indifferent, even Russian people react to them both positively and negatively. They strive to establish authoritarian governance, strict discipline and instilling loyalty to the leader; their ideology is very similar to fascist, some call themselves that. Some of them organize younger skinheads, who are focused on pre-revolutionary Russia (the Black Hundred organization, whoever knows the history will shudder). Many of them are characterized by separatism and extremism. The most famous of them are the NPF "Memory", the People's National Party, the Movement and Guard of Alexander Barshakov, True Russian National Unity, and the National Union.
Got banned
Not all Russian nationalists use peaceful methods to achieve their goals. It is worth mentioning such organizations that, due to their actions, were banned. There are not many of them, these are the National Bolshevik Party, the Slavic Union. They differ - from German National Socialism to Marxism. Many activists were imprisoned.
Most of the above-mentioned organizations participate in the union of National Socialist organizations - the Russian March.
Nationalism and Nazism
These two concepts are most often put side by side and used as synonyms even by some Russian nationalists. A photo where a patriot of his country and a soldier of the Third Reich will stand side by side will not bring clarity. There seems to be a difference, but this border is shaky.
Nationalism at its core adheres to such values as loyalty to one's nation, its political and economic independence, cultural and spiritual development for the benefit of the people. This concept is akin to patriotism; it unites people, regardless of class. Russian nationalists are people who strive for the good of all the people of our state.
Nazism is a shortened form of National Socialism. The main goal of this ideology is to establish the power of one race in a specific territory, while the interests of other nationalities are sacrificed in favor of the dominant one. A striking example in history is the activities of the Third Reich.
The biggest nationalist
In one of his speeches, Vladimir Putin called himself the main nationalist of Russia. This made many smile, but the president's subsequent words made his position clear. Vladimir Putin called correct nationalism the desire for the good of all the people of Russia, denying intolerance towards other nationalities. It turns out that the real flag of Russian nationalists flutters in every city over the administration building.
The crisis situation that arose in the political life of Russia in the early 90s contributed to the emergence of various nationalist organizations.
Among the total mass of these organizations, it is necessary to note the revived “Black Hundred” http://www.sotnia.ru/chsotnia/t2002/.htm. It was an Orthodox organization whose main tasks were the “churchification” of the Russian people and the establishment of Russian power in Russia.
The Black Hundred organization was formed in the summer of 1992, its leader was Alexander Robertovich Shtilmark, and the Black Hundred was headed by the Council. The organization was on bad terms with RNE; from May to December 1993, the Black Hundred was in a union with the Russian National Union. Since 1992, the newspaper-bulletin “Black Hundred” has been published, the content of which was limited to anti-Semitic articles and historical excursions.
It is necessary to pay attention to the goals of this organization. She advocated the fraternal relations of the peoples of Russia, for the restoration of the United, Great and Indivisible Russian Empire. Territories that are currently outside the borders of the Russian Federation, but were part of the Russian Empire before 1917, can voluntarily become part of Russia. The Black Hundred rejected the practice of national-territorial division of the state, as well as the principles of separation of church and state. It is worth noting that this organization condemned the war in Chechnya, and on January 16, 1995 held a rally regarding military actions in Chechnya.
Here are the main points of the Black Hundred program:
The Orthodox Church is the basis of the spiritual health of the people;
Recreation of a united and indivisible Russia;
Enterprises of heavy industry, defense industries, as well as transport and banks become state property;
Support for domestic entrepreneurs;
Introduction of church censorship to ensure the prevention of propaganda of violence;
The land is transferred into the ownership of those who cultivate it, without the right of sale, but with the right of inheritance;
Prohibition of the activities of sects and foreign preachers on the territory of Russia;
Introducing stricter penalties for serious criminal offences;
Introduction of the death penalty for illegal sales of drugs and weapons;
Encouraging the birth rate of the indigenous peoples of Russia, especially the Russian people;
Russia's external debt is zero http://www.sotnia.ru/chsotnia/t2002.htm .
This organization did not have a big response in society. Her ideas about a return to the Empire and to the power of the sovereign and the Zemsky Sobor could not attract society to their side. For Russia, this is a passed stage and a return to it is impossible.
The National Bolshevik Party (NBP) is of no small importance in the political struggle, the declaration of its creation was signed on May 1, 1993 by the leader of the organization E. Limonov. Websites of regional branches of the NBP exist in Lvov, Krasnoyarsk, Samara, Rostov, Orenburg, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Ufa and other cities. The main publications of the party: “People's Observer” in Nizhny Novgorod, “On the Edge” in Smolensk, “Barricade”, “Guardian” in Krasnoyarsk, “Smerch” in St. Petersburg, “Attacking Course” in Kharkov.
The ideology of National Bolshevism is based on a clear principle: the Russian revolution, or rather, two revolutions in one; national revolution and social revolution.
1. The national revolution aims to establish Russian power in Russia - to transform it from a country colonized by the West, but equally by the East and South, into a proud independent Russian state. That is, to realize national justice. The majority (87 percent) - Russians - will finally become masters in their country. (Mechanically cut off from the “republics,” Russia today essentially remains an amputated state of the USSR, but not the Russian state).
2. The social revolution aims to establish property and economic justice in the country. It will be carried out in the interests of the majority of citizens and will be directed against the class of owners - the overwhelming minority that has seized all the wealth of Russia in recent years. The arrival through revolution of a new social system is inevitable: the Russian order, where social justice within the nation will be the law Reznik A. What is the NBP? - URL: http://www.revkom.com/politika Russia/kritika partij/nbp.htm .
Thus, the goals of the National Bolshevik Party are the Russian National Revolution and the construction of a just Russian society - the Russian order.
Here are the main provisions of the National Bolshevik program.
1. The essence of National Bolshevism is withering hatred of the anti-human trinity system: liberalism / democracy / capitalism. A man of rebellion, the National Bolshevik sees his mission in destroying the system to its foundations. A traditionalist, hierarchical society will be built on the ideals of spiritual masculinity, social and national justice.
2. External enemies of National Bolshevism: Great Satan - the USA and Europe, united in NATO and the UN. Internal enemies: the “jacket” class - boyar-officials, marauders - new Russians, cosmopolitan intelligentsia.
3. The global goal of National Bolshevism is the creation of an Empire from Vladivostok to Gibraltar on the basis of Russian civilization. The goal will be achieved in four stages:
A). Transformation of the Russian Federation into the national state of Russia through the Russian Revolution
b). Annexation of Russian-populated territories of the former Soviet republics
V). Rallying around the Russian Eurasian peoples of the former USSR
G). Creation of a gigantic continental Empire http://www.nbp-info.ru .
4. Having come to power, the NBP will carry out revolutionary transformations in Russia, build a total state, human rights will give way to the rights of the nation. An iron Russian order, a climate of discipline, militancy and hard work will be established within the country.
5. The Russian Parliament will consist of two chambers: the Chamber of Deputies (450 seats) will be legislative and elective; the second chamber will be the House of Representatives (900 seats), deliberative and non-elected. Representatives of the people will be nominated to the second chamber based on popular proposals: professions, ages, social and religious authorities will be represented. The head of government will rely on the House of Representatives, receiving recommendations from it.
6. Russia will be divided into centrally controlled strategic districts; national republics and regions will be abolished, and their “presidents” will be dispersed.
7. The Belovezh Treaty is denounced, and as a result, Russia’s borders will be revised. Let's unite all Russians in one state. The territories of the “breakaway” republics, where the Russian population is more than 50%, will be annexed to Russia through local referendums and their support by Russia (Crimea, Northern Kazakhstan, Narva region and others). The aspirations of national minorities for separatism will be ruthlessly suppressed.
8. In foreign policy, turn your back to the United States and face Asia. On the continent, friendship with Germany, Iran, India, and Japan is possible.
9. Termination of all agreements with the West. We will refuse to repay loans and will arrest all foreign investments in Russia. We'll throw away the dollar. In order to stop the aggressive invasion of foreign goods and their base mass culture, to lower the iron protective curtain on our borders. Entry into the world market economy killed the Russian economy. It is harmful to Russia. Russia has everything.
10. Russian Socialism will be created, an economic system focused on the benefit of the majority of the population. The economy will be based on the principle of progressive nationalization. 5 people work in an enterprise - it can be private, 55 - must be collective, 555 - owned regionally, 5555 - owned by the state. During the transition period, the NBP will establish an economic dictatorship.
11. Military personnel, state employees, pensioners, and all low-paid segments of the population will be completely exempt from taxes. The housing will be transferred free of charge for the use of those living in it. Veterans of the wars in Chechnya and Afghanistan, large and young families will be given empty apartments. We will set the salary level to be no lower than the subsistence level, and rent and utility bills will be frozen. Firm, fixed prices for basic food products will be introduced: bread, potatoes, butter, cereals, milk, beef.
12. The land will belong only to the state, that is, to all of us. Income from its rental will go to the state budget. The state will encourage large specialized farms, both on the basis of collective and state farms, and any new type of farm that will benefit the nation.
13. Export and sale outside Russia of raw materials, electricity, precious metals, gas, oil and weapons, as well as gold will be carried out exclusively by the state. He will also own the defense industry.
14. The goal of the economic reforms of the NBP will be the creation of complete economic autarky (self-sufficiency) in Russia.
15. The NBP firmly believes that culture should grow like a wild tree. The NBP is not going to cut her hair. Absolute freedom. “Do what thou wilt” will be the only law.
16. All fundamental sciences vital for the nation will be financed as a priority from the state budget. Paradise conditions will be created for scientists and inventors.
17. NBP - for modernity, modernization, avant-garde, but opposed to the forced imposition of Western values.
18. Try and punish state crimes committed by senior state officials since January 1, 1986.
19. Confiscation of all income and savings of persons who caused economic damage to Russia, deceived and robbed fellow citizens from January 1, 1986.
20. A special department will be formed under the State Security Service to return Russian capital that has flown abroad. The thieves will be captured there too and will be forced to give up their loot. The heads of fraudulent funds, banks and companies will be at the mercy of their depositors.
21. Destroy the criminal world. Its best representatives will go to the service of the nation and state. The rest will be destroyed by military means.
22. Former CPSU officials up to the level of factory committee secretaries are prohibited from engaging in both political and commercial activities. The ban will not apply to ordinary members of the CPSU.
23. The NBP is neither left nor right, but a national party of Russians. Russian is determined not by blood or religion. Anyone who considers the Russian language and Russian culture to be his own, the history of Russia to be his history, who has shed and is ready to shed his own and others’ blood in the name of Russia and only for her sake, and who does not think of any other homeland or nation, is a Russian.
24. The NBP relies in its activities exclusively on the active minority. First of all, on socially dissatisfied youth: provincials, “entrepreneurs”, workers, military, students, marginalized people, police officers. Those who were nothing will become Dzerzhinsky, Goebbels, Molotov, Voroshilov, Ciano, Goering, Zhukov. Russia will all belong to us.
25. In order to prevent the degeneration of the ruling elite, as happened with the CPSU, the NBP will carry out permanent revolution and purges in its own, and not only in its own, ranks.
26. NBP slogan: “Russia is everything, the rest is nothing!” Dugin A. National Bolshevik Party. - URL: http://www.moldovace.md/nbp.htm
Having examined the main points of the program, it is worth noting that the majority of the party’s supporters are young professionals and students. More traditional types of actions are rallies or demonstrations; these actions, as a rule, are theatrical. The place occupied by the NBP in the country's political arena is insignificant. The political goals presented by the leader of the organization E. Limonov are capable of attracting a certain category of citizens to their side. In my opinion, this is a utopian program, the implementation of which is impossible in modern Russia. Despite the fact that the program proclaims popular representation in parliament, an economy oriented to the benefit of the population, and tax exemption for broad sections of the population, it still has many disadvantages. The fact of the establishment of the iron Russian order and militancy, the Iron Curtain, and the promise to carry out purges in political circles are repulsive. In my opinion, the people, who need peace and stability, will not support the party proclaiming the Russian national revolution.
Until recently, the largest radical domestic national-patriotic organization was Russian National Unity.
The founding conference was held on October 16, 1990, and until November 1990 the group was called the “National Unity Movement for a Free, Strong, Fair Russia” (NOT for the USSR). The official date of the creation of Russian National Unity (RNE) is October 20. The initiator of the creation was Alexander Barkashev, a former member of the Central Council of the Memory Society.
In August 1991, RNE came out in defense of the State Emergency Committee. During the Gulf crisis, the movement held rallies in support of Iraq. Immediately after the October events of 1993, official sanctions from the Russian government were applied to RNU as a direct participant in these events - its leader A. Barkashev and many movement activists were arrested, the movement’s newspaper “Russian Order” was banned, and a number of regional organizations were disbanded by local authorities. However, by January 1994, all structural divisions of RNE were restored, connections with the regions were established, and the underground issue of the newspaper “Russian Order” was published in half a million copies. According to activists of the movement itself, after the “persecution” the size of the organization even increased. The total number of RNE (as of 1994) is 5 thousand people. Star and swastika. Bolshevism and Russian fascism./Ed. S. Kulesheva - M., 1994. P.183.
RNU used all elections not to gain entry into government, but to spread its ideology.
Here are the main program provisions with which RNE went to the elections:
1. The strategic goals of the RNU are the creation of a Union of Slavic states and the establishment of “Russian order”.
2. Russia should be a unitary state of Russians (85%) and Russians (15%). At the same time, Russians are understood as Great Russians, Little Russians, and Belarusians (Ukrainians and Belarusians). Russians are understood as the non-Slavic indigenous peoples of Russia, for whom Russia is the only Fatherland.
3. RNU considers one of the main state tasks to be the protection of the genetic purity of the Russian Nation. Any promotion of mixed marriages should be prohibited. A person's nationality is determined by the nationality of his parents. If a person is born in a mixed marriage, the main criterion for determining his nationality is the “state of the person’s spirit.”
4. RNE takes Russian citizenship seriously. “All Russian people and representatives of other indigenous peoples of Russia are considered or can become citizens of Russia, regardless of their place of birth - in Russia or abroad. Russians and Russians who have committed serious crimes against the Nation and Fatherland cannot obtain Russian citizenship or are deprived of it.”
5. RNU believes that all representatives of certain peoples of Russia - foreigners, without exception, regardless of their place of birth and time of residence on the territory of Russia - should be deprived of Russian citizenship. A. Arkhipov. Disintegration of Russian Unity. - URL: http://www.strana.ru .
These provisions aimed at preserving the “purity of the Russian nation” and the rules for issuing citizenship could not have support among the population. Russia is a multinational country, and the number of foreigners is constantly growing, and although in some territories of the Russian Federation there is an increase in national contradictions, still not all Russians supported this situation.
Let's consider the following provisions - RNE and economics. The economic program of the RNU is based on the concept of “national socialism”.
1. National socialism includes ensuring social justice, that is, free medical care, free education, the creation of a pension fund, and so on. The main sectors of production (energy, mining, transport, communications) should be in the hands of the state. Foreign economic relations are also declared a state prerogative. Private initiative should be directed to the service sector, light industry and should develop under state control. RNE recognizes the human right to property and condemns encroachments on it. But private ownership of land is not recognized. The land should be in the private hereditary ownership of peasants, subject to mandatory cultivation. However, the state should encourage the activities of small and medium-sized cooperation Star and Swastika. Bolshevism and Russian fascism./Ed. S. Kulesheva - M., 1994. P.201.
2. RNE shares two moral motivations for work: to work to feed oneself, and to work for the good of the nation and the Fatherland.
It is necessary to note the attitude of RNU to war: recognizing war as an evil, RNU obliges its members to participate in hostilities if we are talking about protecting the interests of Russia and the Russian nation, about restoring justice. It should be noted that in December 1994, RNE fully supported the military operation in Chechnya.
As you can see, many of the program's ideas are drawn from the programs of other parties.
An important factor is the attitude of RNE to the Orthodox Church. RNE, which was a semi-pagan organization until the mid-1990s, declared itself “adherents of the Orthodoxy that was in Rus' during the time of Prince Vladimir and Dmitry Donskoy.
RNE does not recognize the Old Testament, considering it a later Jewish addition. From the New Testament it recognized only those ideas that were beneficial in a given period. It is worth noting that RNE advocates maintaining the death penalty, since there is no indication of the need for its abolition in the New Testament. It is also worth noting that the symbolism of the RNE was represented by the Star of the Virgin Mary with a rotating left swastika placed inside it. According to Barkashevites, this is the symbol most consistent with the Russian national character. This symbol means the presence of God in Russia. Let us note that RNE is trying to place the swastika above the cross of Christ, which, naturally, repels Orthodox citizens Lyuty V. The phenomenon of RNE: history, methods of work and reasons for the collapse. - URL: http://www.rnebarkashov.ru .
It is worth noting that the main program provisions were outlined by party leader A.P. Barkashev in his work, “The ABC of Russian Nationalism” A.P. Barkashev. The ABC of Russian nationalism. - M., 1994.-220 p.. The program, as you know, did not receive widespread support from the population, since it did not affect the interests of people. Although, according to polls from April - May 1995, 11.4% of Russians expected the RNU to win the parliamentary elections in December 1995. 29% of former voters of Zhirinovsky’s party were going to vote for RNE, and this is already approximately 7%. But even if all these figures were inflated, the failure of the RNU to conduct a normal election campaign in December 1995 reduced its chances to almost zero this time.
The 1996 presidential campaign was a turning point for RNE. Then Barkashev, who initially nominated himself, withdrew his candidacy and made a statement indirectly calling for voting for Yeltsin, which alienated not only his sympathizers, but also most of his comrades-in-arms.
In 1999, RNE, without state registration, joined the electoral association “Spas”, which was registered with the Ministry of Justice as an all-Russian socio-political movement. But in November 1999, the Ministry of Justice filed a lawsuit, essentially against itself, to invalidate the all-Russian registration of the movement due to the lack of associations, as required by law, in more than half of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Thus, “Spas” was removed from the election race two weeks before the vote. Arkhipov A. The Collapse of Russian Unity. - URL: http://www.strana.ru .
The last election campaign for RNE was the 2000 presidential election. Then Barkashev, having not collected the required number of signatures, quietly left the race. In 2000, RNE ceased to exist, splitting into a large number of incapacitated fragments.
Over the years of its existence (1900 - 2000), Russian National Unity has accumulated some experience in socio-political work with the population. Work was carried out in several parallel directions at once. And although the very methods of such activity were successful, the very internal content and lack of development of the RNE ideology nullified all attempts to turn into a party.
Let's take a closer look at these methods and evaluate all their pros and cons.
The first and most widespread method of work is the direct distribution of RNU propaganda materials. A small group of RNE participants stood at key metro stations during rush hour, joined the crowd at various rallies and handed out copies of newspapers and magazines. This method was used until the end of 1995. They also used the placement of newspapers and leaflets in mailboxes and the posting of leaflets. Laying out newspapers is the most ineffective method for several reasons. Firstly, the population has a sharply negative attitude towards placing various types of literature in mailboxes and, practically without reading, throws it away. Secondly, the audience living in the houses is unknown. Thirdly, intercoms and alarms prevented entry to mailboxes and houses. Thus, this method came to naught by 1998 - 99. The greatest effectiveness was shown by the mass distribution of RNE literature, carried out by several divisions of RNE. Having broken up into small groups, they carried out distribution throughout Moscow, on the streets and in transport. At the same time, two goals were achieved - a significant part of the population was covered and the effect of presence was created throughout Moscow, showing the mass character of the organization.
The second most important direction in the activities of the RNU was the work on military-patriotic education of youth. For example, in the Eastern Administrative District of Moscow in 1994, the military-patriotic club “Victoria” was founded, located in Terletsky Park. Classes were held in shooting from a small-caliber rifle and pistol, in drill and physical training. Lyuty V. The phenomenon of RNE: history, methods of work and reasons for the collapse. - URL: http://www.rnebarkashov.ru. The disadvantages were that there was no permanent coach for various disciplines, as well as the irregularity of cadets’ attendance at the club and classes.
In 1996, the all-Moscow club “Varyags” was registered, in Stavropol - “Russian Knights”, in Kirov - “Kolovrat” and others. But gradually the work on military-patriotic education of young people was reduced to zero. A number of reasons contributed to this. The main reason is the reluctance of the authorities to cooperate with the military-patriotic movement, financial issues, and the constant shortage of truly professional personnel to train cadets.
The third direction of RNE's work is actions to restore order (Russia - Russian order!) together with employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the State Traffic Inspectorate.
The first in this activity was patrolling by RNE fighters, who were registered as members of the voluntary people's squad of the Ivanovskoe municipal district in the territory of Terletsky Park.
As a result of such patrols, crimes in the park decreased sharply; with the help of RNE participants, a huge number of minor offenses were suppressed, and several major crimes were solved. Terletsky Park has become one of the most crime-free areas in Moscow. But later, restoring order became an empty formality, which was reduced to standing at the entrance to the park and preventing the entry of vehicles.
By the fall of 1995, an agreement was reached between the leadership of RNE and the Ministry of Railways on the protection of Ministry of Railways facilities at the Moscow-Ryazan branch of the Moscow Railway by RNE forces. A double benefit was achieved: RNE participants, registered as watchmen, guarding the depot in the form of RNE, showed by example the work of maintaining order, thereby making free advertising for themselves, and even receiving income by taking a 5% tax from the salaries of guards Verkhovsky A. Nationalism and xenophobia in Russian society. - M., 1998. P.29.
But in the end, this type of RNE activity also ended in failure. Part of the population began to perceive RNU as an integral part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the population’s attitude towards which was, if not negative, then ambiguous, and most of RNU’s comrades, thinking the same thing, began to leave the ranks of the organization.
Why did RNE cease to exist? There are a number of reasons for this:
Firstly, the lack of development of the ideology, which is very similar to the ideology of Hitler’s Germany. The symbolism, the black uniform, the arms thrown up had a repulsive effect on people.
Secondly, the cessation of regular publication of propaganda materials contributed to the fact that people, not receiving fresh information from RNE, gradually began to lose interest in it, treating it as a closed sect. And the press presented RNU in a negative light. This also contributed to the outflow of participants from RNU.
Thirdly, the inability of RNU to conduct a normal election campaign.
Fourthly, the leadership in the person of Barkashev began, it seems, to lose interest in the further development of RNE. In turn, RNU did not receive any instructions from its “leader” regarding further activities.
Thus, after existing for ten years, RNU left the political arena.
But the story of RNU with its politics and ideology did not end. "A holy place is never empty". Five organizations laid claim to the RNE heritage. At the same time, the RNU personnel were not simply divided into five warring factions.
The largest fragment of RNE is the “Lapochkin group” (RNE-2). The Lapochkin brothers, leaders of the St. Petersburg and Voronezh regional organizations of RNE, were among the initiators of the attempt to remove Barkashev from the leadership of the movement. However, RNE-2 was never able to establish effective leadership and nominate a single leader. Realities and trends of Russian national radicalism.- URL: http://www.strana.ru .
Barkashev's former deputy Oleg Kassin created a new movement, “Russian Revival”. The RV movement declared support for the government's course and abolished the most odious fragments of symbolism (the solstika swastika, black shirts, and so on). This organization has acquired a reputation among patriotic people as almost traitors. Meanwhile, this group claimed to form a “civilized” patriotic party supporting the government, and aimed to participate in the 2003 parliamentary elections.
Two more groups of former Barkashevites are active in Moscow - “Slavic Union” and “Free Detachment RNE”. The position of the Free Squad, starting in the spring of 2003, was expressed by the St. Petersburg newspaper Novaya Sistema.
A. Barkashev himself, who initially tried to reorganize the movement into the religious brotherhood “Barkashev’s Guard,” decided to retain the name RNU. The regional branches of RNE in the Moscow region, Sakhalin, and partly in St. Petersburg remained loyal to Barkashev. In the spring of 2001, Barkashev released the updated Russian Order, a previously banned RNE newspaper. Although a minority of RNU members remain behind Barkashev, none of the alternative leaders has his fame and popularity.
"Slavic Union" joined the association of nationalist organizations planning a merger at the all-Russian level. The association, which began in 2001, included the People's Nationalist Party of Alexander Ivanov-Sukharevsky (newspaper “I am Russian”), the Freedom Party of Yuri Belyaev (formerly the National Republican Party of Russia, newspaper “Our Review”), the national-pagan group Russian the national liberation movement of Alexander Aratov (newspaper "Russkaya Pravda"), the "Spas" movement of Alexander Sevastyanov (National Newspaper), some other groups. The working name of the organization is “National Power Party of Russia”. This name remained with her. On September 26, 2002, the National Power Party of Russia (NDPR) was officially registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation. The leaders of the NDPR are B.S. Mironov, former minister of press in the Yeltsin government, A.N. Sevastyanov, editor-in-chief of the National Newspaper, S.N. Terekhov, chairman of the communist Union of Officers. The leaders of the new party officially declared that the party program should not be identified with fascist ideology. According to them, the main goal of the NDPR is “the revival of Russia as a great power.” Sokolov M. Radical nationalist movement in Putin’s Russia: current state and immediate prospects. - URL: http://www.strana.ru
At that time, among the political parties registered by the Ministry of Justice there were already a dozen organizations with similar names and slogans. In patriotic circles, the authority of the NDPR leaders was immediately scanty.
The NDPR is based on a unifying moment, as evidenced by the official list of organizations that took part in the NDPR. There are Cossacks, and the former RNU, pagans, communists and others.
The appearance of this party and its activities did not affect the general course of events. She didn't get much support. As of 2002, it did not have a clearly formulated ideology, the so-called “national idea.”
As a result, it is worth noting that the emerging new nationalist parties and the already split ones (RNE) were only able to show their disorganization and weakness. They lost the political battle, lacking sufficient support and failing to establish themselves. Nationalist organizations, not reflecting the interests of the majority of Russian citizens, have now failed to achieve success.
But the dangers of nationalism cannot be underestimated. It is necessary to put barriers to nationalism, because its growth and spread poses a political threat to Russia. What does nationalism promise? The elimination of the shoots of democracy that exist, and the rejection of the democratic perspective, a great-power nationalist dictatorship, the establishment of order, national isolation, a nationalist response from non-Russian peoples and the isolation of Russia in the international arena.
Nationalism opposes the leading trends in the economic and political development of modern civilization: the globalization of economic and social problems occurring in the world, the processes of internationalization and integration.
Indeed, to overcome problems that have become global, it is necessary to unite the efforts of all peoples, of all humanity. And these problems include not only the threat of depletion of natural resources, but also much more. Thus, the prospect of isolation and national isolation of Russia, which the nationalists offer it, will not protect Russia from these dangers, but rather will strengthen them.
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Books
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Notes on the tendency of neo-fascism to transform from a social movement into public policy. A.A.
<…>The devil prompted me to ask how many nationalist (fascist) organizations there are in Russia. Even I was not prepared for what Google gave me!
So, it turns out that in the Russian Federation, fascist organizations are divided into moderate, radical and prohibited, and there are 53 of them!
Moderate - 23 organizations:
1. Russian All-People's Union - RUS
2. National Democratic Party - NDP
3. New Power
4. EO Russians
5. Great Russia - BP
6. National Democratic Alliance - NDA
7. People's Council - NS
8. Russian Imperial Movement - RID
9.NSR (National Union of Russia)
10. Council of the Russian People - NRC
11. Russian social movement - ROD
12. National Russian liberation movement - NRLD
13. Party for the Defense of the Russian Constitution “Rus” - MANPADS “Rus”
14. National Patriots of Russia - NPR
15. National Democratic Movement “Russian Civil Union” - NDD RGS
16. Nation of Freedom - NS
17. Russian National Patriotic Movement
18. Resistance
19. National Socialist Initiative - NSI
20. Congress of Russian Communities
21.Restruct
22. OD "DAWN" (Public Movement "DAWN")
23. National organization of Russian Muslims
Radical - 22 organizations
1. People's Militia named after Minin and Pozharsky - NOMP
2. Another Russia
3. Russian Liberation Front “Memory” - RFO “Memory”
4. OOPD “Russian National Unity” - “Barkashov’s Guard”
5. VOPD “Russian National Unity” - VOPD RNE
6. Movement “Alexander Barkashov”
7. National Power Party of Russia - NDPR
8. People's National Party - PNP
9. True Russian national unity - IRNE
10. Baltic Vanguard of the Russian Resistance - BARS
11. Russian United National Alliance (RONA)
12. Guard of Christ
13. National Union - NS
14. Union of Orthodox Banner Bearers - SPH
15. Union of the Russian People - RNC
16. Northern Brotherhood - SB
17. Black Hundred
18. Parabellum Movement
19. National Socialist Party of Rus' - NSPR
20. Freedom Party - PS
21. Russian Image
22. National-syndicalist offensive - NSN
Prohibited - 8 organizations
1. Movement against illegal immigration - DPNI
2. National Socialist Society - NSO
3. National Bolshevik Party - NBP
4. Slavic Union - SS
5. National Revolutionary Action Front (NRAF)
6. Russian National Union - RONS
7. Moscow Defense League
8. Format 18
For the purity of the experiment, I looked at how many there are in Ukraine. Do you know how much? FOUR nationalist organizations, and only Kiselev can consider them fascists!!! Do you know what I mean? Here
1.VO Freedom
2. Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists
3. UNA-UNSO
4. Ukrainian National Assembly, on the basis of which the Right Sector was recently created.<…>
One can argue whether such an abundance of nationalist (essentially fascist) organizations is evidence of the breadth or fragmentation of this social movement in Russia, but this is a matter of interpretation. However, the fact of the plurality and, let’s say, diversity of such organizations is unshakable. Thank you for demonstrating this fact to an internet investigator.
Moreover, nationalist (chauvinist) ideology is professed and implanted in Russia not only by skinheaded marginalized people, but also by people in power or in power, with a very high social status, such (offhand) as D. Rogozin, A. Dugin and D. Kiselev.
We also recommend that you read the article, first published, it seems, on the portalTrust.ua – “Russian fascists - the Kremlin’s secret reserve?” . From this article:
“Fascism is a popular ideology in Russia because it performs at least three functions for the Kremlin.
Firstly, it serves as a “horror story” for the regime before the elections: either we (GDP, successor) or the fascists! Secondly, “foreigners” are an excellent “scapegoat” for a mediocre government that is unable to solve any of the social problems (poverty, housing, the army, education, medicine, science, etc.). Thirdly, the fascists are the social base, the “reserve of the high command” in the fight against the supposed “Orange Revolution”, which scared the Russian authorities to death.
This was written by the famous Russian criminologist Yakov Gilinsky in 2006, explaining the reasons for the rampant Nazism-fascism in modern Russia.
Moreover, it was precisely the revelry that the Moscow Bureau of Human Rights justified with numbers. As it turned out, Russia is the absolute leader in the world in terms of the number of neo-fascist organizations and its members, and the dubious slogan “Russia for Russians” is currently supported by about 53% of the population in the country. After all, fascism is not only passionate zigging with an outstretched arm or the back of the head tattooed with a swastika. The dictionary defines fascism as follows: the ideology of militant racism, anti-Semitism and chauvinism, the political movements based on it, as well as the open terrorist dictatorship of one dominant party, the repressive regime it created, aimed at suppressing progressive social movements, destroying democracy and starting a war. (Taken from Ozhegov’s Explanatory Dictionary. - A. A.)
...According to the latest information, the neo-Nazi movement in Russia numbers up to 70 thousand people. This means that more than half of all neo-fascists in the world live in Russia.
...The most famous neo-fascist organizations that are thriving against the backdrop of the state program to counter extremism:
Ethnopolitical association "Russians"
“Russians” is a political association created in 2011 by the leader of the Slavic Union party, banned in Russia, together with the curator of the also illegal, but still existing in the Russian Federation, Movement against Illegal Migration, Alexander Potkin. The leadership of the organization also includes a certain Dmitry Bobrov, the ex-head of the Shultz 88 organization, the editor-in-chief of the magazine Wrath of Perun, who was previously convicted.
In the unification program there is a point that Russians are a special people, since they are carriers of the pheno- and genotype of the White Race. Ideological goal: to abolish the name Russian Federation and recognize Russia as an ethnocratic state with the priority of the rights of Russians in a multinational country.
Russian National Unity (RNE)
RNU is a militarized organization whose goal is to protect the Russian nation by returning the geopolitical influence that Russia lost in the 20th century. RNU activists do not stop at “internal Russian cleansing” - they are aimed at working outside the Russian Federation.
"Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians are one nation that should have one common state - Russia", - says on their official page of the organization on the social network.
It is not surprising that RNE fully supports the official policy of the Russian authorities towards Ukraine. And the main Crimean separatist, Sergei Aksenov, for a long time headed the Russian Unity party in Ukraine, which is an offshoot of the RNU. For a long time, one of the leaders of RNE was the current curator of Donbass terrorists, Alexander Barkashov, and the “people’s governor” of Donetsk, Pavel Gubarev.
...coupled with a front similar in ideology, opened in the Kremlin-controlled media, a monstrous in its cynicism, but the desired result is achieved. According to a public opinion poll conducted in March 2014 by the Levada Center, three-quarters of Russians (74% of respondents!) would support the country's leadership if Russia enters into a military conflict with Ukraine in order to fight fascism.
...For information: there are 53 nationalist organizations in Russia, of which 22 are radical and 8 are banned.
So, the spread and consolidation of nationalist (neo- or pro-fascist) militant ideology and aggressive practices (we are not discussing here the well-known statistics of notorious crimes, including murders motivated by xenophobia) is becoming a mass phenomenon of modern Russian reality. Fascism tends to transform itself from a social movement into a state policy.
A. Alekseev.
P.S
While discussing this topic, one colleague remarked:
“In 2001, at a conference in a report on the topic “Asociality and Fascism,” I said that our country is threatened not so much by the coming to power of fascists, but by the fascistization of power itself. Alas, it seems I was right.”
In modern Europe, the process of European integration is accompanied by the growth of parties that are nationalistic in their ideological orientation. Although the nationalist parties in Europe differ in their beliefs, some general trends can be traced in their political views.
For example, the United Kingdom Independence Party advocates for the creation of jobs in Great Britain directly for the British, and for tightening immigration policy. Similar views regarding immigrants are held by the Sweden Democrats party, which advocates limiting non-European migration to Sweden, as well as the Right Party, formed in Germany in 2012, which focuses on German national identity and opposes the admission of immigrants to Germany.
Another trend evident in the political views of parties is separatism. Thus, the parties “Flemish Interest” and “New Flemish Alliance” advocate the separation of Flanders from Belgium. The Catalan party "Convergence and Union" advocates the independence of Catalonia from Spain, the "Basque Nationalist Party" advocates the creation of an independent or autonomous Basque state.
It is also interesting that in many European countries parties opposing membership in the European Union are becoming widespread. Resistance to the EU has been growing in Austria and France since the 1980s. The Vlemish Interest (until 2004 the party was called the Vlaams Bloc), the Austrian Freedom Party and the National Front in France developed from nationalist organizations to right-wing parties, where anti-capitalism and anti-Americanism were replaced by Islamophobia and anti-Europeanism. The National Front in France advocates opposing the processes of European integration and stopping further immigration from non-European countries. The United Kingdom Independence Party advocates for Britain to leave the European Union. The Freedom Party in the Netherlands takes a tough stance on immigration and advocates for the Netherlands to leave the EU and abolish the euro. It is worth noting that France and the Netherlands were among the original six countries that formed the European Union.
Due to the creation of a pan-European market guaranteeing the free movement of people, goods and services, many people are emigrating to developed countries in Europe in search of a better life. This process gives rise to an exacerbation of negative attitudes towards immigrants among residents of developed European countries, which serves as a motive to vote for right-wing parties. In European countries, Eurobarometer surveys are regularly conducted to identify the level of xenophobia among citizens. In 2013, 41% of respondents from the Netherlands and 64% of respondents from the UK expressed negative attitudes towards immigrants, considering immigration more of a problem than a good prospect for the country. Residents of Belgium react sharply to the problem of immigration, believing that newcomers are the cause of rising unemployment and crime. Residents of the Netherlands are more tolerant of ethnic minorities than residents of Belgium, who are wary of immigrants, especially Muslims. These factors explain the interest of Belgian citizens in nationalist parties: the New Flemish Alliance party and its leader Bart de Wever, the mayor of Antwerp (the birthplace of radical Flemish nationalism) and a fighter against illegal immigrants, who are responsible for the growing crime rate, are very popular.
Despite the tolerance of Dutch residents towards immigrants, at the end of 2013 the country's most popular party was the nationalist Freedom Party of Geert Wilders, known for its harsh anti-immigrant and anti-Islamic position. And now, on the eve of the May elections to the European Parliament, the Freedom Party is leading in many polls. If last year the Freedom Party stirred up interest by holding rallies and demanding a reduction in the amount of contributions from the Netherlands, as well as the country’s subordination to the European Union up to the point of leaving it, then this year Wilders became famous for his recent statement about the desire to regulate the number of Moroccans in the country. Of course, such a statement caused intense public criticism and accusations of discrimination, racism and incitement of hatred against Wilders. But the leader of the nationalist party does not regret what he said and does not intend to apologize. On the contrary, he expressed a desire to unite with other Eurosceptic nationalist European parties, such as the National Front in France and the Flemish Interest in Belgium. Wilders expressed confidence that the union can be expanded, despite some political differences between the parties. In his opinion, if no action is taken, Europe could become a target for radical Muslims. Leaving the European Union, according to Wilders, will be the best solution for the Dutch economy: the country will restore its national sovereignty and cope with the crisis. Experts refute this point of view and believe that the European Union should remain the cornerstone of the Dutch export-oriented economy. Dutch Finance Minister Jeroen Dijsselbloem said leaving the EU would be an unwise decision for the Dutch economy and business. But despite the growing Euroscepticism in the Netherlands and the decline in trust in the European Union among citizens, in general, the country's population still supports EU membership.
And yet, despite the growing popularity of nationalist parties in European countries, it will be possible to understand how great their influence currently is based on the results of the elections to the European Parliament, which will be held in all EU member states between 22 and 25 May 2014 .
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