How are active present participles formed? Active past participles. Active participles of NSV verbs with a supporting form in the future tense

Verbs have special participle form. For example: working, working (from the verb to work); builder, built (from the verb to build). A participle is a form of a verb that has the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective.

Like an adjective, a participle denotes a characteristic of an object. But unlike an adjective, a participle denotes such a feature of an object that indicates the action or state of the object; working man, i.e. the person who works; sleeping baby, i.e. the child who is sleeping.

The participle has a number of characteristics of a verb: 1) the participle can be present and past tense: working- present tense, worked- past tense; 2) the participle can be perfect or imperfect: worked- imperfect species, worked- perfect view; 3) the participle can be reflexive; washable; 4) the participle requires the same case as other verb forms: reading (what?) a book; compare: reading a book, reading a book, reading a book (but reading a book).

On the other hand, the participle has a number of characteristics of an adjective: 1) the participle changes in gender and number, like an adjective: working, working, working, working (compare: mighty, mighty, mighty, mighty); 2) the participle is declined like an adjective: working, working, working and so on.

In a sentence, the main role of the participle is the same as that of the adjective: it usually serves minor member sentences (definition).

Active and passive participles.

Active participles can be formed from both transitive and intransitive verbs. Passive participles are formed only from transitional ones.

A real participle is a participle that shows the attribute of an object that itself produces or has produced an action: a student who draws painted, (or painted) a picture.

A passive participle is a participle that shows the attribute of an object that is experiencing action from another person or object: a picture drawn (or painted) by a student.

Perfect and imperfect participles.

Active and passive participles retain the form of the verb from which they are formed: read-reader, read, readable(imperfect view); read - read, read(perfect view). At the same time, participles of both present and past tense are formed from imperfective verbs. And only past participles are formed from perfective verbs.

Formation of active participles of present and past tenses.

I. The active participles of the present tense are formed from the base of the present tense using the suffixes -уш- (-уж-) for verbs of the 1st conjugation, -аш- (-яж-) for verbs of the 2nd conjugation.

1) Carrying - carrying 2) Holding-at-holding

Work-yut-working Vid-yat - seeing Bor-yut-sya - struggling Build-yat-sya - under construction

II. Active past participles are formed from the stem indeterminate form using the suffix -vsh- if the stem ends in a vowel, and the suffix -sh- if the stem ends in a consonant: read - read, see - seen, carry - carried.

The active present and past participles of reflexive verbs retain the particle -sya: struggling-struggling; fight - struggling.

Cases and generic endings participles are the same as adjectives.

Note. Participles on powerful (powerful, lying) penetrated into literary language from Old Slavonic language. In the Old Russian language these participles corresponded to participles in -chiy (mighty, recumbent), which later turned into ordinary adjectives, i.e. lost the meaning of the duration of action. Therefore, in Russian there are such pairs: standing - standing, flowing - flowing, pricking - prickly. The first word of each pair is of Old Church Slavonic origin, the second is of Russian origin.

Formation of passive participles of the present and past tenses.

Passive participles are formed from transitive verbs.

I. Present passive participles are formed from the present tense stem using the suffix -em- for many verbs of the 1st conjugation and the suffix -im- for verbs of the 2nd conjugation: kita-yut, read-e-th; they see, they see.

Note. From some verbs of the 1st conjugation, passive present participles are formed using the suffix -om: ved-ut, ved-om-y; attracted, attracted. These participles are bookish in nature.

II. Passive past participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive form of the verb:

a) using the suffix -nn-, if the base of the indefinite form of the verb ends in -а(-я), -е: read - read; sow - sown; seen-seen.

b) Using the suffix -enn-(-yonn-), if the stem of the indefinite form of the verb ends in a consonant or in (and the suffix -i- is omitted): carried away - carried away; baked - baked; paint - painted; illuminate - illuminated; convince - convinced; glorify-glorified.

At the same time, for verbs of the 2nd conjugation, alternations of sounds occur (s-sh, z-zh, t - h - shch, d-zh-zhd, v-vl, etc.).

c) From some verbs, passive past participles are formed using the suffix –t- we-th - washed; vi-th - twisted; mint - crumpled; touch - touched; grate- grated; lock - locked; mo-mo-t - ground; stabbed - stabbed.

Notes 1. Verbs of group c) include verbs of the 1st conjugation if the stem of the indefinite form ends in and, y, y, oh, and also I (a), alternating with n or m: vi-t - twisted, we-t - washed, touch-touched, prick - pricked, min-t (mn-u) - crumpled, squeeze (squeeze-y, squeeze-y ) - compressed.

2. For verbs whose indefinite stem ends in -er-, the final e of the stem is omitted: grate - grated.

Short form of passive participles.

Passive participles have two forms - full and short: read - read; open - open.

The full form of participles in a sentence is usually a modifier. Short form passive participles are not declined and serve as predicates in the sentence.

Compare: 1. The fog-shrouded forest is noisy. -The forest is shrouded in fog. (The word shrouded is a definition, and the word shrouded is a predicate.) 2. The children approached open door. -The door is open. (The word open is the definition, and the word open is the predicate.)

Passive participles of the short form are formed using the suffix -я- or less commonly -t-.

Unlike full participles, short participles have one n: read book - book read, painted floors - floors painted.

Declension of participles.

Full form participles have the same case endings, like "adjectives.

The past participles are also declined: fought, fought, fought and so on.

Transition of participles into nouns and adjectives.

A participle can be used in the meaning of an ordinary noun or adjective. For example, in sentences: 1. The workers of the USSR joyfully greet the May Day holiday, 2. Students are preparing for spring tests - words from students and workers have the meaning of nouns.

A participle that turns into an adjective loses the meaning of time and denotes a permanent property of an object. Passive past participles especially often turn into adjectives. For example: baked bread, loaded barge. Such participles do not have explanatory words. Passive participles without prefixes, which have turned into adjectives, are written with one n. For example, wounded animal (compare: animal wounded by a bullet); baked bread (compare; well-baked bread).

Passive participles with prefixes are always written after two n (-NN-): frozen, strengthened, red-hot, chosen, educated. Participles with the suffix -ovanny-y, even if they have turned into adjectives, are also written with two organized team, qualified worker.

Spelling particles Not with participles.

Particle Not with participles in full form it is written separately if the participle has an explanatory word with it.

Particle Not with participles it is written together if the participle does not have explanatory words with it.

There was a winding road leading to the garden. uncleared track.

On unmown the meadow was full of flowers..

Unfinished a glass of milk stood on the table. There was a winding road leading to the garden, cleared by no one track.

In the meadow, still not mowed down by collective farmers, the flowers were colorful.

Not finished drinking as a child a glass of milk stood on the table.

With participle in short form negation Not written separately: Job Not finished. More materials needed Not collected.

Notes 1. With explanatory words denoting the degree (extremely, completely, completely, very, very, extremely etc.), not written together with the participle, for example: a completely unresolved issue, an extremely rash act.

2. If it is not part of intensifying negations - far from, not at all, not at all and others standing before the participle, then the negation is not written separately, for example: It’s far from a thoughtful decision, it’s not a resolved issue at all.

The participle is a special independent part of speech in the Russian language, which combines the properties of a verb and an adjective. This is manifested in the fact that the participle is formed from a verb, but answers questions characteristic of an adjective: which one?, what one does?, what one did?, what one did?. Schoolchildren and linguistic students should be able to correctly determine the type of participle. This is a constant morphological feature of the participle; it significantly affects the interpretation of the meaning of the word. To determine the type of participle and avoid mistakes, it is important to use advice and follow the algorithm.

Determine the type of participle. Recommendations

1. First, determine from which verb the participle was formed. This part speech combines the characteristics of an adjective and a verb. The view can be passive and active. Either an object performs some action, or some action is performed on the object:
   • the active participle denotes the action of an object, for example: reader - someone is reading, a person is reading a book;
     
   • the passive participle describes an action performed with an object, for example: read - something is being read, a book is being read by a person.
     
2. You can determine the type of participle by asking the appropriate questions:
   • what did he do? what is he doing?– questions of the actual participle;
     
   • what's being done?- question of the passive participle.
     
   remember, that this method checks must be combined with a more academic one: according to formal features indicating the appearance. However, this method will help you initially focus on a certain type, and then check whether the participle corresponds to it by highlighting the suffix in it.
   
3. Put the participle in full or short form. Note whether the participle you are considering can have both forms. Remember an important sign of the type of this part of speech:
   • the real participle has only a full form in Russian; it cannot be put into a short form without violating language norms;
     
   • the passive participle can have both forms: full and short; for example: readable - readable.
     
   If your participle does not have a short form, it is valid. Sometimes the short form of the passive participle may seem archaic, but you will see that it is quite consistent with the norms of the language. For example: breakable - breakable.

   Active participles are put into a short form only in some dialects, choosing separate words for this. You can immediately distinguish a violation of the norm of the Russian language: reading - reading.
   

4. Please note: short passive participles change in Russian according to numbers and genders. For example: read - readable - readable - readable.
   
5. Parse the participle according to its composition. It is advisable to carry out a complete analysis of the word according to its composition in order to accurately find the suffix. It is this part of the sacrament that is its formal species characteristic. Each type of this part of speech has specific suffixes:
   • active participles: suffixes –ash-, -ush-, -yash-, -sh-, -vsh-;
     
   • passive participles: suffixes –em-, -nn-, -enn-.
     
6. Draw your own summary table of characteristics of the type of participle. Bring it all in useful information about different methods for determining the type of this part of speech: by questions, suffixes, the presence of short and full forms. Stock your table own examples. Then it will be much easier for you to correctly determine the species of the participle, and you will quickly remember all the information by using different types memory.
   
7. Please note that some participles have long since moved to another part of speech. Outwardly, they resemble participles, but in fact they are adjectives, since they denote actions and states that have become permanent features of objects. For example, canned peas. Such words should be treated as adjectives.
   

Algorithm for determining the type of participle
How to determine the type of participle correctly? Follow the algorithm and remember the recommendations.

1. Write down on a separate piece of paper the participles whose type you need to determine.
   
2. Remember your table and start looking at the words in accordance with it. To begin, ask the communion question.
   
3. Check whether this participle has a short, full form.
   
4. Parse the word according to its composition. Select the suffix and find out what type it corresponds to. Determine the type of participle.
   
5. Test yourself: write down the verb from which the participle is formed. Make up a phrase with it. Think about it: are we talking about an action performed by an object or an action that someone performs on an object? Draw your final conclusions and write down the type of participle.
   

Follow the recommendations, determine the type of participle using the algorithm, then you will be able to do the job correctly.

Participle– a part of speech, which is a special form of a verb that denotes signs of action. Answers questions such as “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “which?”.

As a verbal form, participles have the following grammatical features:

• Type: perfect and imperfect (for example: evening (what?) dozing(what to do? - take a nap); the cat jumped(what to do? - jump);
• Time: present and past (grandfather (what?) dozing, cat (what?) escaped);
• Refundability: returnable and non-refundable.

Morphological and syntactic features of participles

There are scientists who believe that the participle is an independent part of speech, because it has characteristics that are not characteristic of the verb. In particular, participles have some features of adjectives, such as

• object attribute designation
• and agreement with the noun (that is, the same gender, number and case).

Participles are active and passive, some have full and short forms. The short form of the participle in a sentence plays the role of the nominal part of the compound predicates. For example: Textbook revealed on page ten.

Participles can be inflected by case, number and gender, like adjectives. Even though participles have verbal characteristics, in a sentence they are definitions. For example: A lost book, a lost briefcase, a lost panel.

Participles have initial form, but only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have it. Active and passive participles are formed using suffixes.

Types of participles and their examples.

Passive participles.

Passive participles- these are those participles that denote a characteristic created in one object under the influence of another. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. For example: A picture (what?) drawn or drawn by a student.

Formed from verb stems in the present and past tenses using suffixes:

• -om- (-em-) – for verbs of the first conjugation
• -im- – for verbs of II conjugation
• -nn-, -enn-, -t- – from the stems of verbs in the past tense

Examples: read, carried, lit, divided, heard, sown, broken, baked. trimmed, beaten, split

Active participles.

Active participle is a participle that denotes a characteristic produced by the subject/object itself. For example: Boy painting a picture.

Active participles are formed from verbs in the present and past tenses using suffixes

If you don’t know what a participle is, then first of all we advise you to read the article “” on this site.

Active participles

Active participle is a participle that denotes a characteristic produced by an object/object. Example: Girl jumping rope. The action is performed by the object “girl” - she is jumping rope.

Active participles are present and past tense. Let's look at examples:

• A person writing news. Writer – active present participle. A man writes news in this moment. Such participles are formed from verbs in the present tense using the suffixes -ush-, -yush- (for the first conjugation of verbs) and -ash-, -yash- (for the second conjugation of verbs).
• The man who gave the compliment. Made – active past participle. The man has already made a compliment. Such participles are formed from verbs in the past tense using the suffixes -вш-, -ш-.

Passive participles

Passive participle is a participle that denotes a sign produced over one object or object by the actions of another. Example: A ship built by the villagers. The villagers performed an action on the ship - they built it.

Passive participles are present and past tense. Let's look at examples:

• A chair being broken by a student. Breakable – present passive participle. The student performs an action on the chair - breaks it. Such participles are formed from verbs in the present tense using the suffixes -om-, -em- (for verbs of the first conjugation) and -im- (for verbs of the second conjugation).
• A dog beaten by its owner. Beaten - passive past participle. The owner performed an action on the dog - he beat it. Such participles are formed from past verbs using the suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-, -ot-.