To calculate profits from pig farming, it is important to know the live weight of animals. It is impossible to put a boar on a scale, but there are methods by which animals can be measured without them. A novice farmer needs not only to know how to determine the weight of a pig without scales, but also to understand the average indicators for animals of different ages and breeds in order to adjust their nutrition if necessary and achieve maximum profitability of production.
The average weight of a pig depends on several main factors:
- Age;
- Breed;
- Conditions of feeding and keeping.
Like people, pigs sometimes set weight records - cases of animals reaching a weight of more than a ton have been recorded, and the length of its body almost reached 3 m. There are also dwarf individuals that are kept as ornamental animals. On average, representatives of the breeds most often bred in agriculture reach a live weight of 140 kg (weight of Vietnamese pigs) to 350 kg (large white pigs).
Great white hog breed
How much pigs weigh when they reach reproductive age depends on their gender. Adult boars are usually 100 kg heavier than sows. Thus, a female white pig weighs on average 200–240 kg, and a male weighs up to 360 kg. However, with good feeding and low mobility, a large sow can be equal in weight to an average boar and weigh about 330 kg.
The weight of piglets depends on how properly they are fed. At birth, the weight of a piglet does not exceed 1 kg, but at 7 months, when the animal reaches puberty and begins to feed naturally, it reaches 90–110 kg.
To control the fattening process, it is important to know how much the piglet weighs by month:
- 0 months - when piglets are born, their average weight is 800–1000 g, up to 1400 g for large breeds and no more than 600 g for representatives of the Vietnamese breed. If a piglet is born too small, this can affect the animal's further weight gain and productivity. To avoid problems, the sow needs to be well fed during pregnancy.
- 1 month - up to 9 kg. Weight gains quickly as the baby feeds on mother's milk.
- At 2 months the piglet begins to be fed with a specially formulated diet, and at 3 months the average weight of the piglet reaches 25 kg.
- Starting from 3 months, the piglet begins to actively fatten, so the weight at 4 months reaches 60 kg.
- At 6 months the animal is approaching reproductive age, its weight reaches 80 kg.
More detailed information about the average size of piglets by week can be found in the piglet weight table.
A piglet becomes an adult at 9–10 months. The weight of young pigs starts at 130 kilograms; they reach their maximum size by the end of the first year. However, once the pigs have received one and a half centners of live weight, they can be slaughtered.
How to measure the weight of an adult pig
In order to find out the real weight of the animal and compare it with how much an adult pig weighs on average, you will need a measuring tape, a special table, calculation formulas and a calculator. In pig farming, three methods for determining weight are used, differing in accuracy.
Measuring by table
If you do not have enough experience in pig farming to determine the weight of animals by eye, you will have to take some measurements. You need to know only two parameters: the length of the body from the back of the head to the beginning of the tail and the girth of the chest behind the shoulder blades. When taking measurements, the head should be directed forward, not tilted, and be on the same axis with the body, so the animal will have to be occupied with something for a while.
To simplify the measurement, you need to follow some rules:
- The animal must be measured early in the morning;
- The pig does not need to be fed before measuring;
- You should use a soft tape without pressing it into the skin of the animal, so as not to cause discomfort and to maintain the accuracy of measurements.
The resulting dimensions are looked up in a special pig weight table (shown above), which lists possible body lengths vertically and chest girths horizontally. In the cell at the intersection of parameters is the approximate mass of the animal. The measurement error in this case is 4–11%.
Calculation by formula
To compile the table, a special formula is used, according to which you can calculate the weight of the animal with higher accuracy yourself.
Live weight = 1.54 × X + 0.99 × K – 150
- X - chest circumference in cm;
- K - body length in cm.
The accuracy in this case is higher, but a couple of % can be subtracted from the result if you take into account a certain amount of food consumed.
Calculation by fatness category
A more accurate formula is based on fatness. It is also more convenient, since you can use it to find out the weight of a pig without scales and a table. To use it, you also need to know the length of the body and the girth of the chest, but the coefficient (which is equal to 150 in the previous formula and is the same for all cases) changes depending on how fat the individual is.
Live weight = (X × K)/N
- X - chest circumference in cm;
- K - body length in cm.
- N - fatness coefficient. It is equal to 142 for fat, 156 for medium and 162 for thin animals.
- Body shape;
- The thickness of the bacon, determined by touch by palpability of the vertebrae of the thoracic spine;
- Gender and age.
Fatty or greasy, pigs have rounded shapes, their neck merges with the shoulder blades, the back is wide and smooth, without visible outlines of individual parts. The lard has a thickness of 7 cm, the vertebrae cannot be palpated. Also classified as fat are semi-greasy pigs, which have the same characteristics, only their bacon can be 5–7 cm thick.
Normal, ham and bacon, pigs that fall into the average fatness category have backfat 3–5 cm thick, the fat is hard to the touch. The body is straight, the stomach does not sag. The spinal processes can be felt by pressing firmly on the skin in the area of the 6th and 7th thoracic vertebrae. The weight of an adult pig in this category does not exceed 110 kg.
Skinny or meaty, pigs have backfat 1.5–3 cm thick, the vertebrae are easy to feel, but they do not protrude through the skin. Signs of fatness are weak, with a visible interception behind the shoulder blades.
Thus, it is not necessary to be a specialist to determine live weight with sufficient accuracy - a table of pig weights will help novice pig farmers, and with experience it will be possible to weigh the animal by eye. The described methods can be used not only to find out the weight of a boar, but also to measure a pig - the same formulas are used. The only difference between individuals of different ages is that very small piglets can be measured on scales, simply by holding them in your arms.
Video: weighing Vietnamese piglets
Knowing how much a pig weighs on average and how to measure a pig’s weight is important not only for determining the profit from selling pork, but also for caring for the animal - selecting a diet to maintain its health, calculating dosages of medications, etc. In addition, weight is used to determine the category of a pig.
The sex ratio of a population is an important factor in determining the size of growth and utilization rates. The sex composition of the wild boar herd undergoes geographic and age variability. At the embryonic stage in Central Asia, the Volga delta and the Caucasus, females predominate - 60 - 66% (Sludsky, 1956, Lavrovsky, 1962). In the Far East, the sex ratio of embryos is 1: 1. In the west of the range in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, females account for 45% of embryos (Kozlo, 1969).
Among adult individuals, the sex ratio approaches 1:1 with some predominance (50.9%) of females for populations of Central Asia (Sludsky, 1956) and the Caucasus (52%, Donaurov and Teplov, 1938).
The decrease in the participation of pigs among adults is explained by their increased mortality under unfavorable conditions (floods, harsh winters, predators, etc.), as well as during round-ups with dogs. Among adults, males predominate (64%) in the west of the range (Severtsov and Sablina, 1953), and according to P.G. Kozlo (1969), cleavers make up 55.6%.
In the Pereslavl State Forestry and Hunting Estate, males made up 49% and females 51% of the population.
The age structure of the population also determines the growth of the livestock, so identifying and understanding its changes is necessary for proper wild boar management. In the wild boar population, the following age classes are distinguished: piglets (yearlings), gilts (yearlings and two-year-olds) and adults (three-year-olds and older). Sometimes adults are divided into age classes: 2 - 3 years, 2 years, 5 years, 6 years and older. In a normal population, the proportion of age groups decreases with increasing age.
In the population of Belovezhskaya Pushcha, the age structure looks like this. The largest percentage is piglets, about 50% (with variations over the years from 44% to 64%), gilts in different years make up from 8.9% to 22.6%, adults - from 17.9% to 31.1% of the herd (Severtsov, Sablina, 1953; Kozlo, 1969).
In the lower reaches of the river. Or, according to long-term data, age The composition is as follows: piglets - 49.8%, livestock, gilts - 13.5% and adults - 36.7%.
In the Pereslavl State Forestry and Hunting Estate, the age structure of the herd in 1965 - 1967 was characterized by the following percentage ratio: piglets 39.9 - 55.0%, gilts - 20 - 31.1%, adults 22.2 - 39.0% (Ivanova, Rykovsky, 1967).
Sex composition and age structure are very dynamic categories that vary greatly from year to year depending on yearly conditions, population density and the size of the fishery.
Change age The structure of wild boars occurs as a result of the spontaneous. disasters: lack of food, floods, epizootics, etc. During such disasters, 2/3 of the livestock dies, and the recovering part of the population undergoes “rejuvenation.”
This picture was repeatedly observed in Belovezhskaya Pushcha (Kartsev, 1910, Kozlo, 1969). A similar phenomenon was noted by A. A. Sludsky (1956), when, following the mass death of wild boars during floods in 1946 and 1947. Subsequently, the herd rejuvenated and the percentage of young individuals in the population was 63.3%.
In the areas where wild boars were released, in particular in the Pereslavl State Forestry and Hunting Estate, we observed that in the period after the release of large batches of wild boars, a shift age structure occurred in the direction of increasing young individuals. In 1967 - 1969 the share of adults decreased to 17%, and gilts and piglets increased to 83%. The reason for this is, firstly, an outbreak of reproduction in imported individuals and good survival of young animals, thanks to feeding and protection, and, secondly, a large participation of piglets in batches of imported animals (up to 82%).
Intensive wild boar hunting in certain areas leads to a rejuvenation of the herd; large adult loppers are becoming rare.
A. A. Sludsky (1956) notes that following the season when intensive hunting with dogs was carried out, the number of cleavers in the livestock increases, since with this method of hunting, pigs with piglets and gilts are primarily hunted. According to the same author, in 1949, in a herd of wild boars on the lower reaches of the river. Or observed 30% of cutters, 11% of pigs, 4.2% of gilts and 54.2% of piglets. The influence of this method of hunting is obvious.
In addition, on many farms there is a fine for shooting a pig, and the cleaver, with his characteristic caution, rarely goes out to the numbers, so it turns out that our animal is a wild boar for up to a year. And if we take into account the current prices for the production of ungulates, one elk “pulls” 6-8 wild boars, so after performing simple arithmetic operations, our company came to the conclusion that a dozen and a half, albeit less valuable trophies, are much nicer than the pair of elk that were originally “ included" in the "financial estimate" of our team.
The planned trip was not a weekend hunt, but five full hunting days; under certain circumstances, the trip could last a week, because in addition to wild boars, there was a desire to chase small game - a hare and a fox. So, in addition to a slug gun, they also needed a shotgun, but they were allowed to take only one thing - border and customs restrictions that were difficult to understand. The hunting area where the “big” hunt was to take place was already outside our new homeland, as they say now, in the near abroad. Considering our residence in the capital, we can say in the near future, since the distance to the hunting place was not at all critical, and taking into account the hunting conditions and the prices set, the extra hundred kilometers did not play a special role.
The difficulty, it turned out, was different. It was decided to go with smooth-bore weapons. For someone who did not have a rifled barrel, this decision did not matter; others who were accustomed to using a carbine on game hunts were a little upset. But it would seem to be a trifle, it doesn’t matter what kind of gun you’ll be on the show with, the main thing is that there is game. Taking a serious approach to the upcoming hunt, it turned out that this was not entirely true. Possible fines for a miss and a wounded person imposed a certain responsibility on the participants in the hunt for the accuracy of the shot. But sending a bullet, aiming correctly from a smooth-bore gun, is not a guarantee that it will definitely hit the target. Much depends not only on the characteristics of the gun, but also on the ammunition used, mainly on the design of the bullet used. And besides, the young wild boar is a small beast; in its winter tousled stubble it seems much larger than it really is, and a deviation of 20-30 cm - the usual spread of lead bullets, even with precise aiming, can leave the shooter without a trophy.
Therefore, before the trip, I, as having some experience in shooting, was instructed to select the appropriate cartridges for the upcoming hunting trip. The main requirement is clear, the most accurate shot. Of course, boar buckshot could solve all the problems, but the rules of driven hunts for ungulates require only a bullet cartridge.
Taking into account the above, the requirement for a bullet cartridge could be formulated according to the following points:1. Accuracy; 2. Sufficient stopping power; 3. Application in semi-automatic and double-barreled shotguns. Almost immediately, with some exceptions, cartridges with domestically produced bullets were rejected; not only the lead components of the bullets looked too makeshift, but also the plastic stabilizers and containers, if present, and the difference in weight, and sometimes in size, was not expected accurate shooting and stable hits.
Glavpatron - LLC "Cartridge Manufactory" offered cartridges with a 12-caliber bullet "Gualandi" (Italian company "Bashieri & Pellagri") weighing 32 g. Guaranteeing accuracy at 50 m of no more than 120 mm. Perhaps the results of the zeroing can be attributed to the characteristics of my gun or the skill of the shooter, but the spread of bullets turned out to be somewhat large. High accuracy was not possible with this bullet and using cartridges from other manufacturers. The light bullet 28.4 gr showed itself somewhat more reassuringly. BRENNEKE (brenneke) cartridge from Rottweil, but still I would like to have a slightly higher accuracy.
Azot Company, did not claim high accuracy of its bullets, but its “Tandem” and “Nitrogen” bullets fit within the stated 20 cm, which indicated the honesty of the manufacturer. As a backup option, I selected “Trio” cartridges, 3 lead balls (d=11.5mm) in a container (in 2 half-shells), covering a 50 m circle with a diameter of no more than 45 cm.
I really liked the dozen and a half cartridges given to me by the famous hunter writer Sergei Losev, equipped with a bullet designed by S.T. Mitichkina. There was only one drawback: after test shooting, there were only ten rounds left, which was clearly not enough for the upcoming hunt. It is a pity that this ammunition has not yet appeared on sale.
The well-known popular “POLEVA” bullets, Along with the most accurate shots, they suddenly gave such an inaccurate hit, which could only be explained by the low standard of production of these sub-caliber bullets.
We admired the technical characteristics of the cartridge with the ZENIT bullet, with a fantastic ballistic coefficient - 4.7; having a dispersion diameter at a distance of 100 m - 10 cm. There was only one thing that upset me: these cartridges were never on sale. But the very design of the arrow-shaped bullet gave rise to the idea of looking for similar bullet cartridges.
The search was successful. Cartridges from SAUVESTRE, almost completely coincided with the declared characteristics. Having minor differences in weight and characteristics, primarily, the deformation of the bullet body when hitting an animal, the vertical deflection of the bullets was within 1-4 cm at a distance of up to 100 m from the aiming point, essentially a direct shot. The speed and energy of the bullet was more than enough not only for a young boar, but also for larger game. Depending on the weight and design, the speed and energy of the bullet were characterized by the manufacturer with the following parameters. See table (70 mm cartridge).
| Distance speed, m/s. | Energy at a distance, J. | ||||
| Slice | 50 m | 100 m | Slice | 50 m | 100 m |
| 530-565 | 431-473 | 345-394 | 3062-3592 | 1951-2517 |
1250-1747 |
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Cartridges loaded into a 76 mm case, such as “magnum” and “semi-magnum”, were superior in energy to a simple cartridge, depending on the firing distance from 30% to 70%.
This is how the company describes its new cartridge with a arrow-shaped bullet. The "BFS" Sauvestre bullet is a two-piece arrow-bullet with a corrugated surface. A conceptually new bullet cartridge for shotguns, already used and appreciated by many hunters, was developed by the French engineer Jean-Claude Sauvestre.
The cartridge is intended for smooth-bore shotguns, both with and without choke constrictions. Its ballistic qualities come from the combination of a pointer with a very hard central core and an original container made of two ring halves that guarantee gas-tightness and flexible movement in the barrel. As soon as this part leaves the barrel, the ring halves will fall away from the bullet without disturbing its initial flight path. The BFS cartridge is safe to use and extremely comfortable to shoot.
With high fertility of wild boars, there is also a high mortality rate of young animals: 2.2% of calves die at birth, 21.8% die in the first month, and 15.3% die before 6 months. Based on observations of 831 farrowings, it was found that only 60% of newborns survive to 8 months.
In accordance with the terms of obtaining objects of the animal world classified as hunting objects, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 10, 2009 No. 18, the terms of hunting, for example in the Republic of Bashkortostan, are as follows (excluding hunting for adult males):
. elk, all age and sex groups: November 1 - December 31 (clause 16);
. wild boar, all age and sex groups, with the exception of females having offspring of the current year: June 1-December 31 (clause 22);
. age up to one year: from January 1 -
February 28 (29);
. Siberian roe deer, all age and sex groups: October 1-December 31 (item 28).
“The standard for the permissible removal of ungulates under the age of 1 year, without division by gender, is established for hunting resources: elk - up to 20%, wild boar - from 40 to 80%, roe deer (European and Siberian) - up to 50% of the quota" (from the order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation dated April 30, 2010 No. 138).
Shooting wild boar underyearlings, given the high mortality rate of young animals, is a biologically justified measure that replaces natural mortality for various reasons. But not everyone knows about it, and if they know, they don’t realize it.
When preparing a document approving the limit on the production of hunting resources, the executive body of state power of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, in accordance with orders of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated April 30, 2010 No. 138 and dated June 29, 2010 No. 228, determines quotas indicating (if necessary) the number of individuals under the age of one year , adults.
Part 2 of Article 333.3 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation provides: “When seizing young animals (under the age of one year) of wild ungulates, the fee rates for the use of wildlife objects are set at 50 percent of the rates established by paragraph 1 of this article.”
Civil legislation provides for the recovery of not the expected, but the actual amount of unjust enrichment. If you calculate the amount of recovery of the value of illegally used hunting products, then the basis should be the real, and if it is impossible to establish it, the average weight of meat carcasses of animals, both adult animals and young of the year, and not inflated relative to the real average established by the Model Hunting Rules in the RSFSR.
For example, according to the Model Rules, the weight of an elk carcass to calculate the amount of recovery of the cost of meat must be 170 kg everywhere for each elk. Data from V.M. Glushkova, who has been conducting research on elk and other ungulates for more than 30 years, indicates that the average weight of an elk meat carcass in the Kirov region in different seasons fluctuates around 150 kg (six seasons, sample of 8645 elk). Therefore, the Hunting Rules in the Kirov Region establish that when calculating the cost of meat, the weight of the carcass is taken to be 150 kg. Review of literary sources and V.M.’s own research Glushkov present the following data regarding the weight of the meat carcass of young animals:
. yearling moose: females - 77 kg (plus or minus 6), males - 79 kg (plus or minus 3);
. yearling wild boar: 21-25 kg.
Even by the weight of the skin of an elk or other wild ungulate carcass left at the cutting site, one can easily determine the real weight of the animal’s meat. In other words, if the weight of wild animal meat is established in the Hunting Rules, then it must be justified, differentiated depending on age - young adults (Kraev N.V. Recovery of the cost of illegally obtained hunting products: legal problems. Journal of Russian Law, 2002).
Part 1 of Article 8.37 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation provides that for violation of hunting rules, administrative liability arises in the form of an administrative fine: for citizens - in the amount of one thousand to two thousand rubles with or without confiscation of hunting tools or deprivation of the right to hunt for a period of up to two years; for officials - from ten thousand to fifteen thousand rubles with or without confiscation of hunting tools.
In the judicial practice of the Republic of Bashkortostan, illegal hunting of wild boar, including wild boar under the age of one year, constitutes a crime under Part 1 of Article 258 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation: illegal hunting causing major damage.
The above can be perceived as an analogue of the hunting minimum for a novice hunter or brief information about how hunting for ungulates is formally “arranged”, including ungulates under the age of one year, and what should be expected in case of violation of legal requirements in the field hunting and conservation of hunting resources.
I hope everyone has already understood that there are such hunting resources as elk, roe deer and wild boar.
Immediately after August 1 of the current year (from the moment the highest official of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation approved the document approving the limit on the production of hunting resources), any hunter became aware of the volume and in which hunting grounds the quotas for the production of elk, roe deer and wild boar over 1 year were approved ( adults) and up to one year (young yearlings). Subsequently, the hunter, giving himself an account of what animal he wants to kill, personally submits an application either to the hunting user, suggesting hunting in the hunting grounds assigned to him, or to the executive authority of the subject of the Russian Federation, suggesting hunting in publicly accessible hunting grounds. That is, moral preparation for hunting elk, roe deer and wild boar under the age of 1 year (young yearling) begins from this moment.
But there is also a basic moral preparation for the prey of young ungulates, which is formed in the hunter from the moment of self-assessment of his actions: is he capable of killing an animal in general and the baby of such an animal in particular?
Hunters, born and raised in the countryside, are practical people. From their experience they know that piglets from domestic pigs are raised up to 1-1.5 years, young cattle - up to 1.5-2 years, in order to have a full yield of meat products from them both for themselves and for sale.
Accordingly, the hand of a practical rural hunter will not rise to young animals of a younger age.
City hunters (not all) are clever guys by nature, it’s a shame to pay a lot of money and get a “minke whale” with a team of 3-10 people: your own people will laugh at you, your family won’t understand. Screw it - so on
100 kg, no less. Or, given the poor hunting experience of most hunters, just to hit a moving target, and then, they say, we’ll figure out who fell and whether it’s worth closing the permit because of some 10 kilos...
Due to climate change and the acceleration of female ungulates, late calvings are increasingly occurring in moose and wild boars, as a result of which stripes weighing 15 kg or less (5 kg) are found in the hunting grounds of Bashkiria in October-November (December).
Thanks to the care of a number of hunting farms and contrary to natural selection, such babies survive until spring, and then quite realistically bear the same later offspring.
Many hunters are deeply convinced that a cat-sized minke or roe deer simply cannot be shot, they are still small, they have to grow and grow. Some people sincerely think that a permit to hunt wild boars under the age of
At 1 year of age (young yearlings), animals with a live weight of at least 30 kg, or even larger, should be shot. It is impossible to convince them; with such explanations you yourself fall into the category of monsters. Sometimes state game inspectors support such misconceptions out of pity.
It is not easy to control this situation.
The Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of Russia, issuing order No. 512 dated November 6, 2010 “On approval of the Hunting Rules,” which will come into force in the near future, established the dates for moose hunting (all age and sex groups) from October 1 (?!) to January 15 ; for wild boar (all sex and age groups) from June 1 to February 28 (29) (with the introduction of a ban on hunting by drive, drive, and the use of hunting dogs from January 1 to February 28 (29). Everything is clear about the wild boar - ASF. Apparently, it’s not a pity?!
The bottom line is that we have a fairly massive harvest of adult ungulates under permits issued for the harvest of ungulates under the age of 1 year (fingerlings), and in the future, another killing of the breeding stock.
What is this? Legal illiteracy, a deliberate violation based on impunity and insufficient control on the part of state hunting supervision and hunting users, or the cowardice of the hunter?
By appearance, three age groups can be distinguished: piglets (yearlings), gilts (two-year-olds) and adults. It is especially easy to distinguish between piglets and adults; it is more difficult to distinguish between gilts, since a large gilt can be confused with a pig.
Piglets are smaller in size, lighter in color than adults (the light color lasts up to a year) and have longer legs. In gilts (in the 2nd year of life), the withers develop and stubble grows along the back. Adult animals are more massive than gilts, and the stubble on the back grows stronger. This difference is especially evident in cleavers.
In field conditions, it is quite possible to distinguish an adult male from a pig, and not only because loppers have long, curved fangs (the fangs are hard to see at a distance in the twilight), but rather by their silhouette. Males are distinguished by a larger head, a massive front part of the body, they have more developed withers and a more luxuriant “mane” along the crest of the back. They look slimmer than females, perhaps due to the fact that their bodies are flattened laterally, while females have a barrel-shaped body.
In young individuals - piglets and gilts - sexual demorphism is poorly developed.
Piglets usually weigh 25 - 45 kg (the weight of the animal largely depends on feeding conditions and timing of reproduction), gilts - up to 65 - 70 kg (with good feed, sometimes more), adult animals: females from 120 to 180, males - from 140 up to 200 kg. The weight of the largest cleavers reaches 260 kg or more.
The most accessible definition of age is based on the development of the dental system and the degree of wear. There are two known works on determining the age of wild boar using this method: for the Western European wild boar (Kozlo, 1975) and for the Ussuri wild boar (Bromley, 1969). Below is a description of the dental system of wild boars of different age groups for the autumn-winter season, i.e. during the hunting period.
Piglets (7 - 11 months) - 36 teeth in total. By this age, usually the 3rd milk cutter is replaced by a permanent one, and the 1st and 2nd incisors are noticeably erased. The replacement of baby fangs begins. The front roots are still milky, but are beginning to wear out. At the 3rd anterior root tooth, the chewing surface becomes cone-shaped. In the 1st large molar, by 10-11 months, the masticatory cusps are smoothed out.
Gilts (18 - 23 months) - 40 teeth in total. By this age, the replacement of milk teeth with permanent ones usually ends. Second major molar tooth fully developed.
Two-year-old individuals - a total of 40 - 42 teeth. The 3rd molar begins to develop tooth. The anterior roots are completely differentiated and have obliterated apices. The canines of males reach a length of up to 40 mm; in females they are noticeably shorter.
Three-year-old individuals have 44 teeth. The incisors are slightly worn, the wear of the anterior ones increases. The 1st and 2nd posterior teeth begin to wear off.
Four-year-old individuals. All teeth show signs of wear, and most importantly, the 3rd posterior tooth begins to smooth out, where dentin lines appear.
Five-year-old individuals. The upper inner sides of the 1st and 2nd incisors are ground down. As a result of abrasion, the incisors are shortened. The surfaces of the anterior and posterior molars wear out greatly, with the 1st and 2nd molars wearing away the cusps and folds of enamel, the dentin takes on a star-shaped shape, this is especially typical for the 3rd large molar, although it still has cusps. In cleavers, transverse grooves are visible on the upper fangs, which correspond to the age of the animal (this sign does not appear in all individuals).
Six- and seven-year-old individuals. The incisors are highly sharpened and shortened. The molars are much more worn than in animals of previous ages. In anterior-rooted teeth, dentin appears in dark stripes; in posterior-rooted teeth, the minor folds begin to wear off and individual dentin stars are connected to each other by dark spots. The crown of the 1st large molar begins to wear off.
Eight-year-old individuals and older individuals. Teeth begin to decay and fall out. Especially often the 3rd incisors and 1st and 2nd anterior teeth break off. The fangs gradually become thinner. The crowns of all molars are worn away. In old individuals (10 years and older), the posterior teeth are worn down almost to the gums, and the folds of enamel disappear.
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