Inspection established a shot from a long distance sample. Point-blank and close-range shot. Shot at close range

Firearms - a specially designed and manufactured device designed to mechanically hit a target at a distance with a projectile receiving directional movement due to the energy of a powder or other charge.

A firearm is damage resulting from a shot from a firearm.

Firearms are subdivided into types (civil, service, combat), according to the length of the barrel (long-barreled, medium-barreled and short-barreled), according to the cutting of the barrel (rifled, smooth-bore). Small-caliber weapons are called weapons with an internal diameter of the bore of 5-6 mm, medium-caliber - 7-9 mm, large-caliber - 10 mm or more.

A cartridge for military weapons consists of a firearm (bullet), a cartridge case, a charge of gunpowder and a primer. A cartridge for a hunting weapon consists of a brass, plastic or cardboard sleeve, a projectile covered with a wad, gunpowder covered with a cardboard pad and wad, a primer. A shell in a hunting cartridge can be shot, buckshot, special bullets. Hunting cartridges are filled with black powder. Wads are made from felt, cardboard, plastic, etc. Capsules in hunting cartridges are similar to combat ones.

The damaging factors of the shot are divided into main (bullet, shot, buckshot, wad, fragments of an exploded projectile) and additional (pre-bullet air, powder gases, soot, powder particles, microparticles from the barrel, primer, gun lubricant).

When a bullet hits an object, secondary projectiles can be formed: fragments of an obstacle, fragments of clothing, fragments of bones. In some cases, the muzzle and moving parts of the weapon, the butt, and fragments of an exploding weapon can be affected.

Due to its high speed and, consequently, high kinetic energy, the projectile is capable of causing damage in any part of the external ballistic trajectory. Additional factors can cause damage only at a certain distance when flying out of the barrel of the weapon. If damage is caused within the reach of additional factors of the shot, they speak of a close range of the shot, and outside of their action, when damage is caused only by a bullet, it is not close.

With a gunshot injury, through, blind and tangential bullet wounds can form.

A through bullet wound is called a wound that has an input and output gunshot wounds connected by a wound channel. Through wounds arise from the action of a bullet with high kinetic energy, or when thin parts of the body or only soft tissues are wounded.

A typical entrance gunshot wound is small in size, round in shape, in its center is a skin defect (minus tissue), which has the form of a cone, with the apex facing inward, the edges are uneven, with short radial ruptures of the surface layers of the skin that do not go beyond the sedimentation belt, surrounding defect. If the bullet penetrates the body at an angle close to a right angle, then the width of the siege belt along its entire perimeter is the same and amounts to 1–3 mm. If the bullet penetrates the body at an acute angle, then the belt will be wider on the side of the bullet's flight, since in this place the contact area of ​​the skin and the bullet is greatest. The sediment belt looks like a dark narrow strip along the edge of the skin wound. The outer diameter of the siege belt is approximately equal to the caliber of the projectile. The surface of the sedimentation belt is contaminated with the metal of the bullet surface. Hence the other names: a belt of pollution, a belt of metallization, a belt of wiping.

Output gunshot wounds are more variable in shape, size and character of the edges. They usually do not have a sedimentation belt and a metallization belt. The defect in the area of ​​the exit wound is either absent or has the shape of a cone with the apex facing outward.

The main distinguishing feature of the entrance gunshot injury on the flat bones of the skull is the cleavage of the inner bone plate, which forms a funnel-shaped defect, opened in the direction of the bullet's flight. The output gunshot injury is characterized by the cleavage of the outer bone plate.

When a through wound is formed, it is necessary to differentiate the inlet from the outlet. Differential diagnosis should be based on a comparative assessment of the entire set of morphological features.

Inlet signs:

1) the shape of the hole is round or oval due to the presence of a defect, sometimes crescent or irregular;

2) the shape of the defect is conical with the apex facing inward, sometimes irregularly cylindrical or similar to an hourglass;

3) size - a defect in the dermis is always less than the diameter of the bullet; the defect in the epidermis is approximately equal to the diameter of the bullet;

4) the edges of the wound - the edges of the defect in the dermis are often finely festooned, sometimes even and sloping;

5) the belt of sedimentation is usually well expressed, 1–3 mm wide, its outer diameter is approximately equal to the diameter of the bullet;

6) there is a wiping belt either on the skin or on clothes; if injured through clothing, the edges may be contaminated with clothing threads;

7) metallization of the edges is usually present in accordance with the rubbing belt; can sometimes be absent for wounds through thick clothing;

8) there is no imprint of the clothing fabric in the form of small abrasions.

Outlet signs:

1) the shape of the hole is irregularly stellate, slit-like, arcuate, often without tissue defects, sometimes round or oval with a small tissue defect;

2) the shape of the defect (if any) is conical with the apex facing outward;

3) size - often larger than the size of the inlet, sometimes equal to or less than it;

4) edges are usually uneven, often turned outward;

5) the belt of sedimentation is often absent, sometimes well pronounced due to the impact of the edges on clothing;

6) the wiping belt, as a rule, is absent, the edges can be contaminated with clothing threads;

7) metallization of the edges - often absent;

8) an imprint of the clothing fabric in the form of small abrasions is sometimes found around the hole or near one edge of it.

The wound channel can be:

1) straightforward;

2) broken - with an internal rebound from a bone or fascia, the bullet sharply changes direction, resulting in the formation of bone fragments, secondary shells;

3) encircling - meeting dense tissue along a tangent trajectory, the bullet describes an arcuate trajectory;

4) intermittent - during the flight, the bullet sequentially damages different parts of the body (thigh - thigh, arm - trunk, etc.) and forms two wound channels;

5) step-like - due to displacement of organs (for example, intestinal loops) after a bullet injury.

A bullet wound is called blind, in which the projectile remains in the body. Blind wounds are usually caused by bullets with low kinetic energy due to its low initial velocity, unstable flight, design features leading to its rapid destruction in tissues, a long distance to the target, preliminary interaction of a bullet with an obstacle, damage in the body of a large array of dense and soft tissues , internal rebound, for example in the cranial cavity.

Tangential bullet wounds occur when the bullet does not penetrate the body and forms an open wound channel in the form of an elongated wound or abrasion. The entrance end of the wound is rounded, with a skin defect and small radial skin breaks that do not go beyond the semicircular sediment. The greatest depth of the wound is at its entrance end. The general shape of the wound is in the form of a groove, thinning towards the exit end.

Damage to tissues is accompanied by the transfer of part of its energy by the bullet. The resulting sharp fluctuation of tissues increases the damage along the wound channel and causes new ones in places remote from it. This effect is more pronounced when the bullet passes through a full stomach, brain (hydrodynamic effect).

Passing through clothing, skin and other formations, the bullet moves the knocked out tissue along the wound channel. There is a "skid" of tissue in places unusual for the location.

Damage caused by bullets fired from modern models of hand-held small-caliber combat firearms has certain morphological features: more often than with shots from medium-caliber weapons, blind wounds are formed, a gunshot wound can contain many metal fragments of a destroyed fragmented bullet, exit gunshot wounds are quite extensive, and often represented by one or more small lesions. These features of damage depend on the ability of bullets fired from these samples of weapons to give the affected tissues all or almost all of their kinetic energy. This is due to the high muzzle velocity of the bullet, combined with its low stability in flight, since the bullet's center of gravity is shifted towards its tail. As a result, the bullet head performs rotational movements of large amplitude in flight.

Shot at close range

When fired at close range, tissue damage is caused by the main and additional damaging factors.

Additional factors of a shot within a close range have a different effect depending on the distance between the muzzle of the weapon and the target. In this regard, a point-blank shot is distinguished, when the muzzle of the weapon at the moment of the shot comes into contact with the surface of the clothing or the damaged part of the body, and three conventional zones, when the muzzle at the moment of the shot is at some distance from the struck object.

I - zone of predominant mechanical action of powder gases.

II - zone of pronounced action of shot soot, powder grains and metal particles.

III - zone of deposition of powder grains and metal particles.

In the I zone of a close shot, the entrance gunshot wound is formed due to the bursting and bruising action of the powder gases and the penetrating action of the bullet. The edges of the wound may be torn. If there are no ruptures, then the wound is surrounded by a wide ring-shaped sediment (the bruising effect of gases). The effect of powder gases in zone I is limited to skin damage and does not extend into the depth of the wound canal. Around the wound there is an intensive deposition of dark gray, almost black soot and powder grains. The area of ​​deposition of soot and powder grains increases as the distance from the muzzle of the weapon to the target at the moment of firing increases. According to the area of ​​soot deposits, the thermal effect of the powder gases can manifest itself in the form of dropping of the vellus hair or fibers of the clothing fabric. Around the entrance wound, when using ultraviolet rays, gun grease splashes can be detected in the form of multiple small luminescent spots. The length of zone I depends on the power of the weapon used: for a Makarov pistol, this zone is about 1 cm, a Kalashnikov assault rifle with a caliber of 7.62 mm - up to 3 cm, for a rifle - about 5 cm, AK-74U - up to 12-15 cm.

In the second zone of the close shot, the wound is formed only by a bullet. Soot, powder grains, metal particles, spray of gun grease are deposited around the entrance wound. As the distance from the muzzle of the weapon barrel to the target object increases, the area of ​​deposition of additional factors of the shot increases, and the intensity of the soot color decreases. For many examples of modern hand-held firearms, the close-shot zone II extends to 25–35 cm. Soot and powder grains fly in the direction opposite to the direction of the shot, settling in a radius of 30–50 cm, and sometimes even 100 cm.

In the III zone of a close shot, the wound is formed only by a bullet. Powder grains and metal particles are deposited around it. When fired from a Makarov pistol, these particles can be detected at a great distance - up to 150 cm from the muzzle, from a Kalashnikov assault rifle - up to 200 cm, from a rifle - up to 250 cm. On a horizontal surface, particles are found at a distance of up to 6–8 m. As the distance increases, the number of powder grains and metal particles reaching the target becomes less and less. At extreme distances, as a rule, single particles are detected.

Point-blank shot

When fired point-blank at right angles to the body surface, the pre-field air and part of the powder gases, acting compactly, pierce the skin, expand in all directions in the initial part of the wound channel, peel off the skin and forcefully press it against the muzzle end of the weapon, forming a bruise in the form of it imprint, stamp-stamp. Ruptures of the skin sometimes form. Together with the powder gases, soot, powder particles and metal particles rush into the wound canal. Penetrating into the wound channel, the powder gases interact with the blood and form oxy- and carboxyhemoglobin (bright red tissue color). If the powder gases reach the hollow organs, then, expanding sharply, they cause extensive ruptures of the internal organs.

Signs of a point-blank shot:

1) the entrance hole on clothing and skin is stellate, less often - angular or rounded;

2) a large skin defect exceeding the caliber of a firearm, as a result of the penetrating action of powder gases;

3) detachment of the skin along the edges of the entrance gunshot wound, rupture of the edges of the skin as a result of the penetration of powder gases under the skin and their bursting action;

4) an abrasion or bruise in the form of a stamp - an imprint of the muzzle end of a weapon (stamp-mark) due to the insertion of the skin on the barrel, exfoliated by expanded powder gases that have penetrated the skin and expanded (an absolute sign);

5) extensive ruptures of internal organs as a consequence of the bursting action of powder gases that have penetrated into cavities or hollow organs;

6) ruptures of the skin in the area of ​​the exit wound in case of damage to thin parts of the body (fingers, hand, forearm, lower leg, foot) as a result of the bursting action of powder gases;

7) the presence of soot only at the edges of the entrance wound and in the depths of the wound channel due to the tight stop, which makes it impossible for their penetration into the environment;

8) light red color of muscles in the area of ​​the entrance wound due to the chemical action of powder gases, which causes the formation of oxy- and carboxyhemoglobin.

When fired point-blank at a certain angle to the body surface, part of the powder gases, soot, and powder has a damaging effect on the skin surface near the wound, which leads to the formation of one-sided skin ruptures and eccentric deposition of soot and powder near the edges of the input gunshot wound.

Shot from close range

A sign of a shot from a distance is the absence of soot and dust deposits around the inlet. The bullet will form a wound with the symptoms described above.

However, there are cases of soot deposition on the inner layers of clothing and the skin of the body covered with multilayer clothing (the Vinogradov phenomenon). A similar phenomenon of a shot from a long distance must be preceded by the following conditions:

1) the speed of the bullet at the moment of impact must be high, not less than 450 m / s;

2) the distance between the layers of clothing is 0.5–1.0 cm.

During flight, small zones of air turbulence are formed around the side surface of the bullet, in which soot can spread along with the projectile. This soot, at the moment the bullet forms a hole in the surface layer of clothing, reaches the deep layers of clothing or skin and is fan-shaped around the inlet in them.

Shot wound

After firing, the shot charge usually flies in a single compact mass at a distance of one meter, then separate pellets begin to separate from it, after 2–5 m the shot charge completely disintegrates. The range of the shot is 200–400 m. The degree of dispersion of the shot projectile determines the features of shot damage at various distances of the shot.

A point-blank shot leads to a significant amount of internal damage, for example, to the complete destruction of the head. When shooting at close range, extensive skin defects, an imprint of the muzzle of the 2nd barrel, soot in the depths of the wound canal, and light red coloration of the muscles are observed. With a loose support and a very close distance, skin burns are observed from the pronounced thermal effect of black powder.

When shots are fired within one meter, one entrance gunshot wound with a diameter of 2–4 cm with uneven scalloped sooty edges is formed. At a distance of 1 to 2–5 m, a main entrance firearm of a similar size and character is formed, around which there are separate round wounds with a small defect in the skin, sagging and metallized edges. As the distance of the shot approaches 2–5 m, the number of such wounds increases. At distances exceeding 2–5 m, only separate small round wounds are formed from the action of single pellets. Shot wounds are usually blind.

When fired with a shotgun hunting cartridge, damage can be caused by wads, some of which (for example, felt) fly up to 40 m. Wads have a mechanical, and in some cases, local thermal effect.

Auto burst injuries

Due to the high rate of fire, the relative position of the weapon and the victim in the process of an automatic turn does not practically change. When fired at close range, this can lead to the formation of conjoined (doubled or tripled) wounds. A set of the following distinctive features is inherent in gunshot injuries caused by bullets of an automatic burst: multiplicity, one-sided, and sometimes close to each other, the location of input gunshot wounds, their similar shape and size, parallel or slightly diverging direction of the wound channels, as well as the properties of input wounds, allowing their occurrence when fired from one distance. When firing in a short burst at a distance close to the stop, the wounds are located next to one another, when firing in a long burst from an insufficiently firmly fixed weapon, they are scattered. When fired in a burst from a long distance, the body is hit by one, less often - by two bullets.

An explosion is a pulsed release of a large amount of energy as a result of physical or chemical transformations of a substance.

In forensic practice, the most common damage is from the explosion of explosives. In an explosion, a detonation wave is generated, which is a chemical process of converting a solid explosive into gaseous products.

Expanding instantly, the gases create powerful pressure on the environment and cause significant damage. At a short distance from the center of the explosion, they have a thermal and chemical effect. They are conventionally called explosive gases. Continuing to expand, they form a shock wave, at the front of which a pressure of up to 200-300 thousand atm is created. With distance from the center of the explosion, the surface of the shock front gradually increases, and its velocity and pressure decrease.

As a result of detonation, individual particles can be detached from the mass of the explosive, which, with the shell and other elements of the explosive device, scatter with a separation speed of about 1000 m / s.

Explosive gases and a shock wave can destroy various obstacles, forming fragments of secondary projectiles.

Explosion damaging factors include:

1) explosive gases, explosive particles, explosion soot;

2) shock wave;

3) fragments and particles of an explosive device - fragments and parts of the fuse, fragments of the shell of an explosive device;

4) special damaging agents: elements of mechanical action (balls, rods, arrows, etc.), substances of chemical action, substances of thermal action (phosphorus, napalm, etc.);

5) secondary shells - fragments of destroyed obstacles, surrounding objects, parts of clothing and shoes, destroyed and torn off body parts.

The damage resulting from the action of these factors is called explosive injury.

Explosive gases act mechanically, thermally and chemically. The nature of the mechanical action depends on the size of the charge and the distance from the center of the explosion. Explosive gases destroy the skin at a distance 2 times the radius of the explosive charge, and textile fabrics - at a distance of 10 radii of the explosive charge. The destructive effect is expressed in extensive defects and crushing of soft tissues.

Tears of the skin from the action of explosive gases are observed at a distance of 10, and of textile fabrics, at a distance of 20 explosive radii. Bursting action is expressed in skin tears and soft tissue stratification.

The damaging effect of explosive gases on the skin is observed at a distance of up to 20 charge radii. It manifests itself in the form of sedimentation and intradermal hemorrhages, sometimes repeating the shape of the folds of the victim's clothing.

The thermal effect of gases is expressed in the form of hair loss and rarely - superficial skin burns, and the chemical - in the formation of oxy-, sulfo-, meth- and carboxyhemoglobin in destroyed soft tissues.

Particles of an explosive are capable of exerting local mechanical (small abrasions, bruises, superficial wounds), thermal and chemical effects (burns). Explosion carbon soot usually impregnates the surface layers of the epidermis.

The effects of the shock wave are similar to damage from impacts with a blunt hard object with a wide flat traumatic surface. A pressure drop in the shock wave front of 0.2–0.3 kg / cm2 can lead to rupture of the eardrum, 0.7–1.0 kg / cm2 can cause fatal damage to internal organs.

Lungs on the side facing the center of the explosion are more likely to suffer. In the parenchyma of the lungs, hemorrhages are observed mainly in the region of the tops, hepatic surface and in the root zone. Under the pleura of the lungs, multiple punctate hemorrhages are noticeable, located corresponding to the intercostal spaces.

Passing from the air environment to the body's liquid media, the shock wave, due to the high density and incompressibility of these media, can increase the speed of its propagation and lead to significant destruction. This phenomenon is called the explosion directed inward.

The fragments and parts of an explosive device have different energies depending on their mass and density, the power of the explosion and the distance from its center. Therefore, shrapnel damage is highly variable.

Depending on what factors had a damaging effect, three distances are distinguished:

1) very close (contact explosion or contact) - detonation products, shock wave and fragments act;

2) relatively close - damage is formed from the combined action of a shock wave and fragments;

3) distant - only fragments act.

Damage from secondary projectiles can occur at any of three ranges.

1 CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE DAMAGE

2 RELATED (ADDITIONAL) FACTORS OF THE SHOT

3 PECULIARITIES OF INSPECTION OF THE ACCIDENT SITUATION FOR FIRE DAMAGE

4 DETERMINATION OF SHOT RANGE, TYPE (SYSTEM) OF WEAPONS USED, NUMBER AND SEQUENCE OF FIRE WOUNDS

LIST OF USED SOURCES

1 CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE DAMAGE

A weapon in which a projectile is set in motion by the energy of the combustion products of gunpowder is called a firearm.

A specific feature of the occurrence of gunshot injuries is that they are formed as a result of the impact of a projectile (bullet) having a small mass, but flying at a speed of several hundred and even thousands of meters per second.

It is customary to refer to firearm injuries as those that occur during the explosion of ammunition (cartridges), explosives (tol, nitroglycerin, gunpowder, etc.), the explosion of shells (mines, grenades, aerial bombs, etc.).

Depending on the origin, gunshot injuries are subdivided into bullet, shot, fragmentation.

It is customary to subdivide firearms into two large groups: artillery and small arms. In forensic practice, small arms are of the greatest importance, which are subdivided into combat, sports, commercial, atypical, home-made and converted.

TO damaging factors of a shot include a firearm or its parts (bullet, bullet fragments, shot, cartridges, wads and other parts of a hunting cartridge, atypical projectile), traces of a shot (powder gases and air in the barrel bore, soot, particles of powder grains, metal particles), secondary projectiles (fragments and particles of an obstacle, fragments of bones, parts of clothing), weapons or parts of them (muzzle end of a weapon, moving parts, butt, fragments of the barrel and other parts of the weapon in case of rupture).

Depending on the kinetic energy of the bullet, the following types of its action are distinguished:

Disruptive - accompanied by the formation of a defect in clothing, skin, tissues, bones;

Hydrodynamic - the action of a bullet on a parenchymal or hollow organ, filled with semi-liquid contents, leads to its extensive rupture;

Crushing - manifested by local destruction of bone tissue with the formation of a defect;

Wedge-shaped - the rupture and spreading of soft tissues in the direction of the bullet, when its kinetic energy decreases;

Bruising - the formation of superficial bruised wounds, abrasions, bruises under the action of a bullet with low kinetic energy (at the end, after interacting with an obstacle).

At the moment the bullet hits the obstacle (in the soft tissues of the body), a shock head wave arises, which rushes in the direction of the bullet's movement at a speed significantly exceeding the speed of the bullet (about 2000 m / s). The shock head wave leads to significant tissue destruction due to the hydrodynamic effect, especially at high bullet velocity. So, at a speed of about 1000 m / s, injuries to the head or chest are always fatal, even without damage to large vessels or vital organs.

2 RELATED (ADDITIONAL) FACTORS OF THE SHOT

In addition to the action of the bullet itself, the action of the so-called accompanying (additional) factors of the shot is distinguished.

1. Mechanical action of powder gases and air from the barrel. Pre-bullet air inflicts damage earlier than a bullet that flies into an already formed wound. Following the bullet, gases burst into the wound canal or under the skin, which can cause the skin to rupture with the formation of a cruciform wound.

2. Thermal action of gases and powder grains. When fired, a flash of flame is observed, which can scorch clothing fabrics, hair, and cause burns.

3. Chemical action of gases. It manifests itself in the form of a bright red staining of tissues around the inlet, sometimes along the wound channel. This is due to the formation of carboxyhemoglobin and carbomyoglobin (powder gases contain carbon monoxide, which combines with hemoglobin and myoglobin).

4. Soot deposition and penetration. Soot resulting from the combustion of the primer and propellant is deposited around the inlet and occupies a round or oval area of ​​various sizes when fired at close range. Sometimes deposits of soot around the inlet can be observed when firing from a long distance. In such cases, the deposition of soot occurs on the second layer of clothing or on the skin (Vinogradov phenomenon).

5. Deposition and introduction of particles of powder grains. Incompletely burnt and unburned powder grains settle on clothes, pierce them, penetrate into the skin, causing the skin to sediment in the form of small reddish dots and stripes.

6. Deposition of metal particles. Particles of metals fly out of the barrel bore from the percussion composition of the primer, bullet, barrel bore. Metals can settle on the obstacle in the form of soot and separate larger particles, which are detected by the spectral method, using contact chromatography and other methods.

7. Deposition of gun grease splashes. When fired from a lubricated weapon, particles of weapon lubricant fly out of the barrel. They also settle on the obstacle and are detected by special research methods (in ultraviolet rays). Traces of grease on clothing, if the cartridges themselves are not lubricated, are observed during the first shot from a lubricated weapon and, as a rule, are not detected or are much less pronounced during subsequent shots.

Gunshot injuries are divided into through (have an inlet and outlet connected by a wound canal), blind (have an inlet and a wound canal, at the end of which there is a firearm), tangential (when the bullet forms an open elongated superficial wound canal).

3 PECULIARITIES OF INSPECTION OF THE ACCIDENT SITUATION DURING FIRE DAMAGE

Inspection of the scene of the incident in cases involving the use of firearms is carried out by the investigator, with the participation of a specialist in the field of forensic medicine.

In cases where it is impossible to immediately begin to inspect the scene of the incident, it is necessary to ensure the protection of the scene and prevent the possibility of changing or losing any details of the situation.

When examining the situation at the scene of the incident, in cases where a through wound is found on the corpse, it is necessary first of all to find a bullet.

If the shot was fired indoors, the bullet from the body often damages the wall, ceiling, or some furnishings. It is very important to find this place of damage, to measure the distance from the floor to the hole that the bullet made in the wall or in the piece of furniture, as well as from the hole in the wall to the corpse to establish the direction of the shot and the position of the body.

For the same purpose, the location of the corpse must be fixed in relation to spent cartridges, wads, traces of blood, etc.

If a long-barreled weapon (rifle, hunting rifle, etc.) is found near the corpse, it is necessary to pay attention to whether there are any devices on the weapon or near it for firing a shot with your own hand, foot (ropes, sticks, etc.), since without them it is impossible to pull the trigger when firing at oneself.

Sometimes traces of various kinds can be found on weapons: blood splatters, particles of brain matter, etc. All this is carefully recorded in the examination report.

When examining parts of the body not covered by clothing, maximum attention should be paid to examining the hands. Under the action of one's own hand, abrasions and minor bruises may occur, which are found in some cases when recoil at the moment of a shot, when the bolt of the weapon under the pressure of the force of gases moves to the extreme rear position. Spatter of blood, particles of the brain or other tissues and traces of soot in the form of grayish-blackish deposits, which are usually located on the fingers that pressed the trigger, often on the palm-radial surface of the index or middle finger of the right hand, may remain on the hands of the hands.

4 DETERMINATION OF SHOT RANGE, TYPE (SYSTEM) OF WEAPONS USED, NUMBER AND SEQUENCE OF FIRE WOUNDS

Point-blank shot;

Shot at close range;

Shot from a distance.

Point-blank shot- when the muzzle end of the weapon (barrel or compensator) is in direct contact with clothing or the skin of the body. In this case, the muzzle end can be pressed very strongly against the body or only slightly touch it, be directed perpendicularly or at a different angle. With different types of contact, the nature of the damage will be different.

Signs characterizing a point-blank shot:

1) soot and powder in the circumference of the wound (loose, leaky stop), bullet channel. When fired from a weapon attached at an angle, gases are partially directed outside the inlet, and soot particles cover the area of ​​skin located on the side of the open corner. By the location of the soot, you can determine the position of the weapon at the time of the shot;

2) rupture of the edges of the inlet is a variable sign, it depends on the caliber of the weapon, the size of the powder charge. The so-called cruciform tears occur more easily where the bone is close under the skin;

3) the imprint of the muzzle (braking device) - "shtants-mark" - an absolute sign, but not constant;

4) pronounced chemical action of gases, determined in the wound channel.

Shot at close range is a shot within the range of additional factors (traces) of the shot. Additional traces of a shot can be detected on average up to 1 m. The ratio of individual components, for example, soot and powder, makes it possible to more accurately determine the distance of the shot.

Shot from close range shot outside the range of additional shot marks. If, within a close shot, the ratio of the distribution of soot, powder particles, and the action of gases allows one to navigate quite accurately in the shot distance in centimeters, then when firing from a short distance, only in rare cases an expert can talk about a certain shot distance (for example, in the case of a blind injury ). Sometimes the absence of additional marks can be caused by a shot through an obstacle, which can mislead the investigator and the expert as to the distance of the shot.

In some cases, an expert can assist the investigation in determining the type (system) of weapons used. The type of weapon can be determined by the nature of the damage, by the imprint of the muzzle ("stanz-mark"), by the penetrating ability of the bullet, by the bullet, by the size of the gunshot wound and bone damage, by the shape and size of the powder grains, by the specific location of the soot coating of the shot.

If there are several gunshot injuries found on the corpse, the expert decides whether these injuries were caused by one shot or several. The number of wounds can be greater than the number of bullets acted, and vice versa. The first possibility usually occurs when a bullet, having pierced one part of the body, then penetrates into others.

The location of the wounds with the corresponding movements of the limbs along the same line makes it possible to identify the possibility of their infliction by one bullet. Several wounds from one bullet can also be observed in cases where the bullet, before penetrating the body, bursts into pieces, which often occurs when shots are shot from the sawn-off shot, as well as when ricochets and defeats through an obstacle.

This is often recognized by the peculiar shape of the entrance holes, which usually do not have a rounded contour, as well as by the detection of individual parts of the bullet in the tissues. Another possibility is the detection of multiple bullets at the same entry hole. This is observed when a bullet bursts inside the body when fired from a sawn-off shot.

When multiple gunshot wounds are found caused by multiple shots, it is advisable to examine clothing or skin with entry holes in ultraviolet rays in order to identify gun grease. When shots are fired from a cleaned and oiled channel, more gun grease is found in the inlet area from the first shot than from subsequent shots.

In a number of cases, forensic medical examination reveals signs characteristic of causing injury by one's own or an unauthorized hand. Forensic practice shows that injuries to certain and most dangerous areas of the body (right temporal region, heart, mouth), observed when shooting at close range and from a distance of several centimeters, most often occurs under the action of one's own hand.

A reliable sign of the action of one's own hand is the special additional devices installed during the inspection of the scene of the incident: for a shot from a hunting weapon, a rope, stick or finger of the lower extremity is fitted, from which the shoes are first removed). With the action of one's own hand on the hand in which the weapon was located, abrasions, blood splashes, particles of medulla, the smallest bone fragments, as well as traces of soot are revealed.

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