AVANT-GARDISM(fr. avant-gard- vanguard) is a conventional name for various movements in contemporary art, which is characterized by a rejection of the traditions of the art of the past.
ALEATORICA(lat. alea- accident) - a trend in modern music that arose in the 50s. XX century in Germany and France; based solely on the application of the principle of chance both in the process of creating a work and its execution.
ALLEMANDE(fr. allemande– German) is an ancient dance of German origin (known since the 16th century). It sounds at a moderate tempo, with a smooth, rounded melody in a bipartite meter. A. entered the dance suite as the first piece.
ARIA(it. aria- air) – a genre of vocal music, a completed episode in an opera, oratorio or cantata with a melody of a predominantly song type. Performed by a soloist accompanied by an orchestra.
BALLET(lat. ballo- I dance) – a type of stage art, the content of which is embodied in musical and choreographic images. Combines music, choreography, literary basis, visual arts (scenery, costumes, lighting). It originated in Italy at the end of the 15th century, but was formed as an independent genre by the 70s. XVIII century
BALLAD(lat. ballo- dancing) - originally among the Romance peoples, a single-voice dance song, originating from folk choral songs. One of the most important musical and poetic genres in the art of troubadours and trouvères. In the 19th century vocal B. is associated with Austrian and German poetry, with the work of the composer F. Schubert, Russian B. - with the work of A. Verstovsky, M. Glinka. In the 19th century B. also appears as an instrumental piece.
BELYAEVSKY CIRCLE- a group of composers who gathered at musical evenings on Fridays in the house of M. Belyaev in St. Petersburg in the 80s and 90s. XIX century (N. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. Glazunov, A. Lyadov, N. Cherepnin, etc.).
EPICAL- a genre of Russian heroic epic - a tale, consistent with the character of an improvisational narrative. The epics tell about the military exploits of heroes and outstanding events in people's life. Epic melodies are in many ways reminiscent of smooth chanting speech; The basis of its musical structure is made up of short, repeatedly repeated tunes.
WALTZ(fr. valse) is one of the most common ballroom dances of moderate or fast movement in a three-beat size, with a characteristic smooth whirling of dancing couples.
VARIATIONS(lat. variatio– change, variety) – a musical form in which the theme is presented repeatedly with changes in texture, okay, tonality, harmony, the ratio of counterpointing voices, timbre, etc.
VIRGINAL- a type of small harpsichord common in England in the 17th century.
VIRTUOSO(lat. virtus- strength, valor, talent) - a musician who is fluent in the technique of his profession.
VOCALISE(lat. vocalis– vowel) – a piece without words, performed on any vowel (usually “a”). It was composed primarily for educational purposes.
GALLIARD(it. gagliarda, fr. gaillarde- cheerful, cheerful) - an old Italian cheerful dance in moderately fast movement with characteristic jumps of the dancers. It was widespread in the XVI-XVII centuries. in Italy and France. Used in instrumentals suites, often after pavans.
HARMONY(gr. harmonia- connection, order, proportionality) - an area of expressive means of music, based on the combination of tones into consonances and their coherent sequence in harmony. The most important meaning of harmony is to accompany and decorate the melody, to create a colorful overall sound.
HOMOPHONY(gr. homos– identical + phōnē– sound) is a type of polyphony, characterized by the division of voices into the main and accompanying ones.
GREGORIAN CHORAL- the general name of cult tunes in Catholic church music, strictly legalized (canonized) by Pope Gregory I at the turn of the 6th–7th centuries.
G. x. – strictly diatonic chant, narrow range executable in unison male choir.
BEEP- Russian string instrument. It consists of an oval or pear-shaped wooden body and a short neck without frets. It has 3 (4) strings along which the bow-shaped bow moves. In this case, the melody is performed only on the first string; the rest, tuned to a fourth or fifth, play the same sound (bourdon). When playing, G. is held vertically.
GUSLI – Old Russian stringed instrument. Known since the 6th century. Early examples were a wooden flat box in the shape of a trapezoid with several strings. New guitars are rectangular in shape with 13-14 strings. Keyboards are also used.
RANGE(gr. dia pason (chordōn) – through all (strings)) – the sound volume of a singing voice, musical instrument, melody. Determined by the distance from the lowest to the highest sound.
DIVERTISSEMENT(fr. divertissement– entertainment) – a musical work of an entertaining nature, as well as a collection of such works. As a musical genre, it combines the features sonatas And suites, closer to a sonata.
DYNAMICS(gr. dynamikos– strong) – varying degrees of sound (loudness), has only relative significance. Denoted by Italian terms: “piano” (‘quiet’), “forte”
(‘loud’), etc.
DODECAPHONIA(gr. dōdeka– twelve + phōne– sound) – serial-dodecaphonic system – a method of musical composition in which modal connections (gravity) between sounds are denied and each of the 12 tones of the chromatic scale is considered equal, without distinguishing tones into stable and unstable.
DUET(lat. duo- two) – ensemble of 2 performers (vocalists or instrumentalists).
GENRE(fr. genre– genus, species) – a multi-valued concept that characterizes historically established genera and types of musical works in connection with their origin and life purpose, method and conditions of performance and perception, as well as with the characteristics of content and form.
JIGA(fr. gigue, English jig, German Gigue) – a fast, ancient folk dance of English origin, with a rapid tempo and triplet movement. J. entered the dance room suite XVII century as a final piece.
SINGSPIEL(German) singen– sing + Spiel- game) is a national German and Austrian type of comic opera, with spoken dialogues between musical numbers.
BANNERS – signs in ancient Russian non-linear notation. Znamenny chant is a set of ancient Orthodox cult chants based on the ancient Russian system of modes - voices (octagonal).
IMITATION(lat. imitatio- imitation, mimicry, copy) – exact or inaccurate repetition in any voice of a melody that was heard immediately before in another voice.
IMPROVISATION(lat. inprovisus- unforeseen, unexpected) – a special type of artistic creativity found in a number of arts, in which a work is created directly in the process of performance. Musicians who improvise on any instruments are called improvisers.
INTERMEZZO(it. intermezzo– intermediate, middle) – 1) a small instrumental, mainly piano piece; 2) in opera and instrumental cyclic work - a section of connecting meaning.
CANON(gr. kanōn– rule, prescription, sample) – a genre of polyphonic music based on continuous imitation votes. Moreover, not only the theme itself is consistently repeated in all voices, but also its anti-addition.
KANT(gr. cantus- singing, song) – a type of everyday polyphonic song, widespread in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus in the 17th – 18th centuries. Initially they were created on religious themes and were used by the clergy. In the 18th century their themes expand, patriotic, everyday and love themes appear.
CANTATA(Italian сantare- sing) - a work for solo singers, choir and orchestra, of a solemn or lyrical-epic nature. The structure is close to oratorios And opera, from which it differs in smaller size, uniformity of content and
lack of a dramaturgically developed plot. They are divided into spiritual and secular.
CANTOR(lat. cantor- singer) – originally a church choirmaster who took part in Catholic worship. Protestants have a teacher and conductor of the church choir, an organist.
CAPELLA(lat. capella– chapel) is a professional choral group that performs choral works with and without accompaniment (a capella). K. is also the designation of an orchestra of a special composition (military orchestra, jazz orchestra, etc.), as well as the name of some large symphony orchestras.
Kapellmeister(German) Kapelle– choir, orchestra + Meister master, leader) initially, in the 16th–18th centuries, - leader of a choir or instrumental chapels. In the 19th century - conductor of a symphony orchestra or choir.
CAPRICCIO, CAPRICCIO(Italian capriccio – whim, caprice) – a free-form instrumental piece performed brilliantly and virtuoso. A bizarre change of episodes and moods is typical for him.
QUARTET(lat. guartus– fourth) is a work for 4 performers (instruments or voices), the leading genre of chamber music. Quartets of homogeneous instruments (2 violins, viola, cello) and mixed instruments (strings with winds or piano) are common. Czech composers of the 1st half of the 18th century were the first to use it.
QUINTET(lat. guintus- fifth) – piece for 5 performers (similar to quartet with the addition of a piano part).
HARPENTER, CHEMBALO(lat. clavis- key, cymbalum– string pluck. instrument cymbal) – plucked keyboard musical instrument. Known since the 16th century.
CLAVICHORD(lat. clavis– key + chordē– string) – string keyboard percussion musical instrument with tangential mechanics. At the end of the key of the clavichord there is a metal pin with a flat head - a tangent, which, when the key is pressed, touches the string and remains pressed against it, dividing the string into two parts.
CLAVIR(German) Klavier) – general name for stringed keyboard musical instruments in the 17th–18th centuries.
COMIC OPERA(lat. comicus– comic + opera) – comedy opera. In addition to the French, K.o. had other names: in Italy - opera buffa, in England - ballad opera, in Germany and Austria - Singspiel, in Spain - tonadoglia.
CONCRETE MUSIC – direction in musical art of the 20th century. , the composition technique of which is to combine various physical sounds recorded on tape, for example nature (the cries of animals, birds, the sound of the sea), human voices or sounds made by machines or some objects. Sounds can be mixed and combined in recordings, and playback does not require performers. The name and techniques of concrete music were developed in the mid-20th century. P. Schaeffer (France) based on the ideas of noise music by the Italian futurist Russolo.
CONCERTO GROSSO(it. concerto grosso – big concert) is a multi-movement composition for orchestra, based on the opposition (competition) of a group of solo instruments to the entire orchestra. Form K.g. arose and developed at the end of the 17th – beginning of the 18th centuries. and was the forerunner of modern concert for solo instrument with orchestra.
CONCERT(from lat. сoncertare– compete ) – a major work of a virtuosic nature for one or more soloists accompanied by an orchestra. It was first used in the works of Italian composers of the 17th century. In the 2nd half of the 18th century. a classical type of concert was formed, consisting of 3 parts (in the works of Haydn and Mozart).
ACCOMMODATE(German) Konzertmeister) – the first violinist of the orchestra, sometimes replaces the conductor, checks the tuning of all musical instruments of the orchestra. K. is also a musician who leads each of the groups of stringed musical instruments of an opera or symphony orchestra, or a pianist who helps performers learn parts and accompanies them at concerts .
KURANTA(fr. courante– running) – court French salon dance of the 15th – 17th centuries. Initially it was size 2/4 (movement, jump), later size 3/4 (sliding movements). The French style (moderate tempo, solemn, smooth movements) and the Italian style (fast pace, motor movement) are well known. K. was part of suite, following allemande.
LAD– a system of interconnection of musical sounds, caused by the attraction of unstable sounds to stable (reference) ones. Each of the steps of the fret has a special function. The main foundation is the tonic, which determines the tonality of the mode. In European music, diatonic scales of 7 degrees are common, especially major and minor. There are also modes with fewer steps, such as the pentatonic scale.
LIBRETTO(it. libretto- little book) - verbal text of a musical and dramatic work. In the 17th century were issued for theater visitors in the form of small books. L. is a literary script for the play, a summary of the content operas, operettas, ballet.
LYRICAL TRAGEDY(gr. lyrikos musical, chanted and tragōdia) – a term adopted in France to refer to something created in the 17th century. composer J.B. Lully operas of a sublime nature on historical and mythological subjects, meeting the requirements of courtly aristocratic aesthetics.
LUTE(floor. lutnia) is an ancient plucked string instrument, especially common in the 15th–16th centuries. In some countries of the East, L. was known as early as two millennia BC. e. In the 16th century L. was known with 5–7 paired strings and one single. The European L. has 6 strings, tuned like the strings of a guitar.
MAGNIFICAT(lat. Magnificat- the first word of the chant in Lat. lang.) – song of praise to the text of the words of the Virgin Mary from the Gospel. In the Catholic Church, the culmination of Vespers.
MADRIGAL(lat. mater– mother) – the song is in the native, “mother” language. A secular musical and poetic genre of the Renaissance, mainly of love content. A compositional feature is the absence of strict structural canons.
MAZURKA(floor. mazurek) - dance of the Masurians who lived in Polish Mazovia. Later M. became a favorite Polish national dance. M. is a fast, dynamic dance in three-beat time with accents on the weak beats. In the 19th century M. has become a popular ballroom dance in many European countries.
MELODY(gr. melōdia- singing, song) is a monophonically expressed musical thought, the main element of music. M. is a series of sounds organized in modal intonation and rhythmically, forming a certain structure.
MASS(fr. messe- Catholic service) is a musical genre, a cyclic vocal-instrumental work based on the text of certain sections of the main service of the Catholic Church. Done in Latin. The Mass has 5 main parts, corresponding to the initial words of the prayers: “Lord, have mercy,” “Glory,” “I Believe,” “St. Blessed be," "Lamb of God."
METER(gr. metron– measure) – the order of alternation of strong and weak beats, the system of rhythm organization. Meters are simple (2- and 3-beat); complex, consisting of several groups of simple ones (4-, 6-, 9- and 12-beat); mixed (eg 5-beat) and variable.
MISERERE(lat. Miserere- the first word of execution in Latin. lang.) – Catholic church hymn.
MOTET(fr. mot- word) – a genre of polyphonic vocal music. Until the 16th century - the most important genre of sacred and secular polyphonic music in Western Europe. XX century spiritual motets are created in which the traditions of ancient church music are combined with the use of new expressive means.
MUSICAL COMEDY(gr. music– art, music and kōmōdia) – musical and stage work , built on a comedy basis. Musical theater emerged as an independent genre in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Unlike operetta, the music of M.K. is not so closely connected with the development of the action; it rarely contains detailed musical scenes with intertwining ensembles, arias, and choirs.
MUSICAL(eng. musical, musical comedy - musical comedy) - synthetic musical and dramatic performance
(variety operettas), often based on plots related to literary classics or social issues. Formed in the USA at the beginning of the 20th century.
NOCTURNE ( fr . nocturne nocturnal) – originally – in Italy genus divertissemento, close to instrumental serenade(for performance outdoors at night). Later - a melodious lyrical piece of a dreamy nature.
OPERA(it. opera- action, work) – a type of musical and dramatic works. Based on a synthesis of vocal and instrumental music, poetry, dramatic, choreographic and visual arts. In opera, music is the carrier and driving force of action. It requires a holistic, consistently developing musical and dramatic concept. The most important integral element of opera is singing. Through the different systems of vocal intonations in the opera, the individual psychological make-up of each character is revealed. Consists of actions and pictures. Basic opera forms – aria, duet, ensemble, choir.
OPERA BUFFA(it. opera buffa- buffoon opera) – Italian variety comic opera, which developed in Naples in the 30s. XVIII century due to the growth of national democratic elements in Italian culture. Vivid images of opera buffa include wide-ranging intrigue, elements of satire, everyday and fairy-tale-fantasy scenes. Its origins are in the comedic operas of the Roman school of the 17th century, in the comedies dell'arte.
OPERA SERIA(it. opera series- serious opera) is a genre of grand Italian opera that developed in the 17th century. in the works of composers of the Neapolitan opera school (A. Scarlatti). Characteristic is the dominance of heroic-mythological, legendary-historical and pastoral subjects, as well as the predominance of the “numbered” structure, that is, the alternation of solo arias connected by recitatives in the absence or minimal use of the choir and ballet.
OPERETTA(it. operetta) – one of the types of musical and dramatic works. A musical stage performance in which musical-vocal and musical-choreographic
Physical numbers are interspersed with conversational scenes, and the basis of musical dramaturgy is formed by forms of mass everyday and pop music. O. was born in France in the middle of the 19th century. in the works of J. Offenbach and F. Herve.
ORATORIO(it. oratore- orator) is a large musical work for a choir, solo singers and a symphony orchestra. Formed in the 17th century. Oratorios were written on dramatic (biblical, heroic-epic) subjects and intended for concert performance.
ORGAN(lat. organum– instrument) – a keyboard-wind musical instrument, consists of numerous rows of wooden and metal pipes of different shapes and sizes of a complex device.
PAVANA(lat. pavo– peacock) is a dance common in Europe in the 16th century. The name is associated with the solemn and proud nature of the dance. Musical features: slow tempo, chord presentation, 4-beat meter (4/4, 4/2).
PARTY CONCERT(lat. partes– voices and concert) is a genre of Russian polyphonic choral art of the 17th – 18th centuries, based on a homophonic-harmonic structure. The number of voices ranged from 3 to 5 (sometimes up to 24 and even 48), and there was no instrumental accompaniment. The texts were borrowed mainly from church services.
PARTITA(it. partita– divided into parts) – from the end of the 16th to the beginning of the 18th centuries. in Italy and Germany - a designation of variation in a cycle of variations. In the XVII–XVIII centuries. P. was equivalent suite.
PASSACAGLIA(Spanish) paser– pass + calle- Street) – originally a Spanish song with guitar accompaniment. Later - a dance at a slow tempo and 3-beat time signature. It was popular in France in the 18th century. and entered into opera And ballet. Based on the passacaglia, an instrumental piece was developed in a polyphonic variation form on a sustained bass.
PASSIONS, PASSIONS(it. passion- passion) – vocal-dramatic works for choir, soloists and orchestra based on the Gospel text (about the betrayal of Judas, the captivity and crucifixion of Christ). The most famous passions belong to J.S. Bahu.
POLYPHONY(gr. poly– a lot + phōne- sound) – a type of polyphony based on the combination and simultaneous development of several independent melodic voices (melodies).
POLONAISE(fr. polonaise– Polish) – an ancient Polish ballroom dance-procession of a ceremonial nature in 3-beat time. From the 16th century became widespread in many European countries. Since the 17th century P. is known both as an instrumental piece as part of suites and as an independent piece.
PRELUDE(lat. praeludere - play before, in advance) – a type of instrumental piece, usually for one instrument. Initially it was a short introduction to the play, i.e. it served as a test of the instrument. In the 19th century preludes began to be created as independent plays.
OPPOSITE – a melody formed “against” the voice presenting the theme.
POINTILLISM(fr. point- dot) – the principle of constructing musical fabric from individual sound “points”, separated by pauses and scattered across different registers. The term is used in music by analogy with painting.
RHAPSODY(gr. rhapsōdia) - a kind of instrumental fantasy, mainly on folk themes of song and dance type with a characteristic comparison of slow and fast sections.
REALISM(from lat. realis– material) – an artistic method based on a truthful, objective reflection of reality. A movement in art whose representatives reflect life in authentic images.
REGENT(lat. regentis– ruling) – director of the choir in the Russian Orthodox Church.
REQUIEM(lat. requies- peace, rest) – mourning requiem mass dedicated to the memory of the deceased.
RECITATIVE(it. recitare- recite) – a declamatory form of singing based on the desire to approach the intonations of natural speech. Widely used in operas, preceding arias.
RHYTHM(gr. rhythmos) – temporary organization of musical sounds and their combinations. Since the 17th century In the art of music, timed, accented rhythm was established, based on the alternation of strong and weak accents. The rhythm organization system is meter.
ROMANCE(fr. roman– Romanesque) – a vocal work for voice with instrumental accompaniment, predominantly of a lyrical nature. R. is the main genre of chamber vocal music, revealing both the general character of the poetic text and its individual specific images. R. became widespread in the 18th–19th centuries. from foreign and Russian composers.
RONDO(fr. rond- circle) – one of the most common musical forms. It is based on the principle of alternating the main, unchangeable theme-refrain (chorus) and constantly updated episodes.
SARABANDE(Spanish) zarabanda) – An ancient Spanish dance, known since the 16th century. At the beginning of the 17th century. became a court dance and acquired a majestic and solemn character, and from the middle of the 17th century - part of the instrumental dance suites, in which it takes place before the final giguey.
SERENADE(Spanish) sera- evening, evening song) – originally an appeal song to a beloved. The origin is the evening song of the troubadours. S. is also a solo instrumental piece, reproducing the characteristic features of a vocal serenade, and a cyclic ensemble instrumental work, akin to cassation, divertissemento And nocturne.
SERIAL EQUIPMENT(lat. series– row and gr. technike- skillful) - a method of creating a musical work using a series, which is a series of 12 (sometimes fewer) sounds of varying heights. In a broader sense, harmony can be realized in rhythmic structures, texture, construction of the harmonic vertical, timbre structures, composition, etc.
SYMBOLISM(gr. symbolon– sign, symbol) – literary, artistic and philosophical-aesthetic movement in European art of the late 19th – early 20th centuries.
SYMPHONY POEM(gr. symphonos– consonant creation) – a one-movement program symphonic work created in the era of romanticism by F. Liszt. Indicates the close connection of music with the plot of the literary source.
SYMPHONY(gr. symphonia- consonance) – a major piece of music for an orchestra, mainly a symphony. It arose in the 2nd half of the 18th century (the era of Viennese classicism). It is written, as a rule, in a sonata-cyclic form, which consists of 4 parts, contrasting in character and tempo, but united by a common artistic concept.
SCHERZO(it. scherzo- joke) is an instrumental piece of a cheerful nature, with a sharp, clear rhythm, based on bright contrasting comparisons.
SONATA(it. sonare- sound) – one of the main genres of solo or chamber ensemble instrumental music. By the 2nd half of the 18th century. (the era of Viennese classicism) developed as a cyclic form consisting of 3 parts.
SONORICA(lat. sonorus- sonorous, sonorous, noisy) is a type of modern compositional technique based on the use of colorful harmonies in which the pitch of the sounds does not matter. Colorful sound is the main element in the construction of a musical work.
SOPEL– Russian longitudinal whistle wooden flute. The sound is hoarse, sharp and whistling in the upper register. Known since the 11th century. as a military instrument, it was used by buffoons, and later by shepherds.
STYLE(gr. stylos- a writing rod) is a system of thinking, ideological and artistic concepts, images and means of musical expression that arises on a certain socio-historical basis and is associated with a certain worldview.
PASSIONS – cm. passions.
SUITE(fr. suite – series, sequence) is one of the main types of multi-part cyclic forms of instrumental music. Originated in Italy in the 16th century. Ancient S. - sequence of dances. Symphonic S. XIX century. based on the alternation of contrasting plays of various genres.
TIMBRE(fr. timbre) – the quality of sound, its coloring, which makes it possible to distinguish sounds of the same pitch, performed on different instruments and in different voices. T. depends on which overtones accompany the main tone.
PACE(lat. tempus– time) – speed of repetition of metric counting units. Basic tempos (in ascending order): largo, lento, adagio (slow tempos); andante, moderato (moderate tempos); allegro, vivo, presto (fast tempos). A metronome has been created to accurately measure tempo.
TEMPERATURE(lat. temperatio – correct ratio, proportionality) - alignment of interval relationships between the steps of the pitch system in a musical structure.
TOCCATA(it. toccare- touch, touch) – in the Renaissance - festive fanfare for brass bands and timpani (brass carcass). T. is also a virtuoso piece of music for keyboard instruments.
TRIO(it. trio– three) – a piece for 3 instruments. One of the types of chamber ensemble. The composition can include both homogeneous instruments (violin, viola, cello) and instruments belonging to different groups (clarinet, cello, piano). The most widespread is the piano band, which consists of the violin, cello, and piano (piano band).
OVERTURE(fr. ouvrir- open) – instrumental introduction to a theatrical performance with music ( opera, operetta, ballet), to a vocal-instrumental work ( oratorio, cantata), to the movie.
UNISON(lat. unus- one and sonus– sound) – 1) monophony, formed by two or more voices; 2) simultaneous (synchronous) performance of the same musical text by two or more musicians.
FANTASY(gr. phantasia– imagination) – a genre of instrumental music expressed in deviation from the usual norms of construction for its time. F. is also an auxiliary definition, indicating some freedom in the interpretation of various genres (waltz-F., overture-F., etc.).
FOLKLORE(English) folk– folk) – oral folk art. Musical music includes song and instrumental
creative creativity of the people. Passed on from mouth to mouth over the centuries, folk melodies were constantly enriched and modified. The main area of musical folklore is folk song (ritual, satirical, labor, play, lyrical, etc.). Folk songs from different countries have specific features.
FUGA(it. fuga– running, fast singing) – a genre and form of polyphonic music based on an imitative presentation of the main theme with its further implementation in different voices, with imitative and contrapuntal processing, as well as tonal-harmonic development and completion.
CHORAL(lat. choralis– choral) – the general name for traditional single-voice hymns of the Western Christian Church (also their polyphonic arrangements). Performed in church, it is an important part of the worship service.
CHACONA(Spanish) chacona) – originally a folk dance, known in Spain since the 16th century. Close to passacaglia.
IMPROMPTU(lat. expromptus- ready-made, available at hand) - an instrumental, mainly piano piece of an improvisational nature. The genre of impromptu was formed in the piano art of the 19th century.
ETUDE(fr. etude– teaching, study) – a piece of music designed to improve technical skills in playing various instruments. E. is close to exercises, but is distinguished by its completeness of form, melodic-harmonic development and expressive character.
ECOSEZ(fr. écassaise- Scottish) – an ancient Scottish dance accompanied by bagpipe playing, initially of a serious nature at a moderate tempo. In the 16th century - court pair and group dance in England.
Authentic– 1) authentic cadence in the major-minor system: a sequence of dominant and tonic chords; 2) in the medieval modal system - a mode, the range of which is built from the fundamental tone an octave upward.
Adagio(adagio) – 1) tempo designation: slow (slower than andante, but more agile than largo); 2) part of a work or a separate piece at a given tempo.
Adagissimo(adagissimo) – tempo designation: very slow.
Ad libitum(ad libitum) - “at will”: an indication that allows the performer to freely vary the tempo or phrasing, as well as skip or play part of a passage (or other fragment of musical text); abbreviated ad. lib.
Agitato(agitato) - a designation of expressiveness: “excitedly.”
A cappella(a cappella) is a term referring to choral music intended to be performed without instrumental accompaniment.
Accolade– a curly bracket that combines several musical staves.
Chord- the combined sound of several interconnected tones.
Chord progression – movement of chords according to certain principles.
Aleatorics– a modern method of composition based on introducing elements of chance into the structure of the work.
Alla breve(alla breve) - designation of time signature (): fast performance of two-beat meters, in which the counting is carried out not in quarters, but in half notes.
Allargando(allargando) – “expanding.” A designation that refers both to tempo (some slowing down) and to expressiveness (emphasizing each sound).
Allegretto(allegretto) – 1) tempo designation: slower than allegro, and faster than andante; 2) a fairly moving small piece or part of a cycle.
Allegro(allegro) – “cheerfully, joyfully”; 1) tempo designation: soon; 2) a piece in allegro tempo, part of a cycle, the first part of a classical sonata-symphonic cycle (sonata allegro).
Hallelujah(Hebrew - “praise God”) - an expression often found in sacred music and psalms; sometimes it is an independent part of music in the liturgical cycle;
Albertian basses- accompaniment to the melody, consisting of “broken”, “decomposed” chords, i.e. chords in which the sounds are not played simultaneously, but in turn. The technique is typical for clavier music of the late 18th century.
Alto– 1) the second voice from the top in a four-voice choral or instrumental score. The alto was originally performed by a male falsetto - hence the name, which literally means “high”; 2) a low female voice, often called “contralto”; 3) an instrument that corresponds in height to the position of the viola in the score - for example, a string instrument viola, alto saxophone, alto flute, etc.
Embouchure– lip position when playing wind instruments.
English horn– an alto oboe pitched a fifth lower than a regular oboe.
Andante(andante) – 1) tempo designation: moderate; 2) a piece in andante tempo or part of a cycle.
Andantino(andantino) – 1) tempo designation: more agile than andante; 2) a short piece in andante tempo or part of a cycle.
Animato(animato) – a designation of expressiveness: “animately.”
Anticipation(English) – 1) a sound performed slightly earlier than the rhythmic beat to which it belongs; 2) playing one of the chord tones a little earlier than the chord itself.
Antiphon– a form that provides for the alternate participation of two groups of performers. The term goes back to the name of one of the genres of ancient liturgical singing - the antiphon, which was performed alternately by two choirs.
Appoggiatura- an embellishment or unprepared suspension, usually dissonant in relation to the main chord and resolving into one of its constituent tones. The long appoggiatura falls on the strong beat of the bar and resolves on the weak beat. A short appoggiatura (Italian acccaciatura, accaciatura; in Russian the term “foreshlag” is used) is performed briefly before the downbeat (in the music of Bach’s era - also briefly, but on the downbeat).
Arrangement(arrangement, processing) - adaptation of a musical composition for a cast of performers other than the original (or than intended by the author).
Arioso– a small aria; the adjective "ariot" refers to a vocal style that is more melodically rich than recitative but less developed than aria.
Arco(arco) - literally “bow”: the instruction coll "arco for performers on string instruments is to play with a bow, not pizzicato.
Arpeggio- a chord in which the tones are not played simultaneously, but sequentially.
Articulation- a way of presenting sound when playing instruments or singing, similar to pronunciation in speech communication.
Assai(assai) – “very”; for example, adagio assai - very slowly.
Attacca(attack) – 1) an indication at the end of a part, ordering the next part to begin without interruption; 2) distinctness, clarity with which the soloist takes the tone, or precision, clarity of the simultaneous entry of members of the ensemble, orchestra, choir.
A tempo(a tempo) – return to the original tempo after changing it.
Atonality– the term is applied to music in which there is no specific tonal center and the associated relationships of consonances.
Affettuoso(affettuoso) - a designation of expressiveness: “with feeling.”
Aerophone, wind instrument- an instrument in which the sound arises as a result of vibration of the air column in the tube.
B
Basso continuo(basso continuo) (also general bass, digital bass) - “continuous, general bass”: a tradition of Baroque music, according to which the lower voice in the ensemble was performed by a melodic instrument of the appropriate range (viola da gamba, cello, bassoon), in while another instrument (keyboard or lute) duplicated this line along with chords, which were indicated in the notes by conventional digital notation, implying an element of improvisation.
Basso ostinato(basso ostinato) - literally “constant bass”: a short musical phrase in the bass, repeated throughout the entire composition or any section of it, with free variation of the upper voices; in early music this technique is especially typical for the chaconne and passacaglia.
D
Da capo(da capo) – “from the beginning”; an instruction requiring a fragment or an entire part of a work to be repeated from the beginning; abbreviated as D.C.
Dal segno(dal senyo) – “starting from the sign”; an instruction instructing to repeat a fragment from the sign; abbreviated as D.S.
D war trill– simultaneous trill at two altitude levels.
Double meter- a meter for which two main stresses per bar are typical - a stronger and a weaker one. For example, in 6/8 there are two accents: the first eighth is strong, the fourth is weak.
Double tongue- a sound production technique on some wind instruments (for example, trumpet, horn, flute), in which double sounds are produced by a quick movement of the performer’s tongue (similar to the rapid pronunciation of the sounds “t-k”).
Double notes- a simultaneous combination of two or more sounds on string instruments (for example, a violin).
Jazz- one of the musical styles of the 20th century, which originated in the USA; Jazz is characterized by a large role of improvisation and complexity of rhythm.
Giocoso(jocoso) – fun, playful.
Range– 1) in medieval music theory – octave; 2) the name of one of the organ’s flute pipes; 3) volume of sound of a voice, instrument, etc.
Diatonic– a seven-tone scale within an octave, without altered tones.
Divisi(division) - an instruction for ensemble members warning about the division of the party into several independent voices.
Z
Detention– one or more sounds of a chord that last while other voices move into a new chord; arrests are usually dissonant with a new chord and then resolved into it.
Zatakt- one or more sounds at the beginning of a phrase, which are written before the first bar line of the composition. The beat always falls on the weak beat and precedes the strong beat of the first full measure.
Sound recording– direct associative connection between music and text in vocal music; for example, an ascending scale movement on the words “and ascended into heaven.”
AND
Idea fixe(French) – literally “obsession”: a term associated primarily with the symphonic music of G. Berlioz and denoting the presence in a work of a cross-cutting theme associated with extra-musical concepts (for example, the lover’s theme in Fantastic Symphony, Harold's theme in the symphony Harold in Italy).
Idiophone– an instrument in which the source of sound is a vibrating body (for example, a gong, a triangle).
Imitation- repetition of a musical thought, exact or slightly modified, in different voices of polyphonic texture.
Impressionism- an artistic movement in the visual arts and music that arose at the end of the 19th century; What is typical for him is an appeal primarily to feelings, and not to the intellect, a desire for colorfulness, for the embodiment of fleeting impressions, for spiritual landscapes. In music, the most prominent representative of impressionism is C. Debussy, as well as authors who were influenced by his style.
Improvisation– the art of spontaneously creating or interpreting music (as opposed to strictly following a pre-recorded text).
Inversion, appeal– 1) in a melodic sense, the presentation of a motive or theme in reverse motion: for example, instead of do – re – mi * mi – re – do; 2) in a harmonic sense, the construction of a particular chord not from the first (lower) step, but from some other: for example, the first inversion of a triad do - mi - salt is a sixth chord mi - salt - do.
Instrumentation, orchestration– the art of distributing the voices of the musical texture between the ensemble members; cm. ORCHESTRATION.
Interval– musical and mathematical (acoustic) distance between two tones. Intervals can be melodic, when the tones are taken one after the other, or harmonic, when the tones are played simultaneously.
Intonation – 1) the degree of relative acoustic accuracy with which sounds are reproduced by a soloist or ensemble (vocal or instrumental); 2) the initial melodic motive of medieval formulas for psalmody (singing psalms with melodic recitative).
TO
Cabaletta – 1) a small virtuoso opera aria; 2) the final fast section of the operatic aria.
Cavatina- a short lyrical aria of song type.
Cadance– a harmonic sequence that completes a musical phrase. The main types of cadence are authentic (dominant - tonic), plagal (subdominant - tonic).
Cadence– in an instrumental concerto for soloist and orchestra – a virtuoso solo section, usually placed closer to the end of the movement; cadenzas were sometimes composed by composers, but were often left to the discretion of the performer.
Chamber music– instrumental or vocal ensemble music intended for performance mainly in small halls. A common chamber instrumental genre is the string quartet.
Cantabile(cantabile) – a melodious, coherent style of performance.
Cantilena– a vocal or instrumental melody of a lyrical, melodious nature.
Cantus firmus(Latin) (cantus firmus) - literally “strong tune”: a leading melody, often borrowed, which forms the basis of a polyphonic composition.
Cantus planus(lat.) (cantus planus) - rhythmically smooth monophonic singing, characteristic of Gregorian chant.
Quasi(quasi) – like, like; quasi marcia - like a march.
Quartet – string quartet: ensemble of two violins, viola and cello; piano quartet: an ensemble of violin, viola, cello and piano.
Quarter– dividing a rhythmic beat into four equal parts.
Quintet – string quintet: an ensemble usually consisting of two violins, two violas and a cello. Some works by Boccherini and Schubert are written for two violins, a viola and two cellos; piano quintet: an ensemble consisting of a string quartet (two violins, viola, cello) and piano; quintet Trout Schubert is a rare exception to the rule, as he composed violin, viola, cello, double bass and piano.
Quintol– dividing a rhythmic beat into five equal parts.
Quodlibet(quodlibet) is a comic musical piece that combines several well-known melodies, often borrowed from folk or popular songs.
Harpsichord – a stringed keyboard instrument from the 16th to 18th centuries in which small plectrums engage the strings when the keys are pressed.
Clavichord – a small Renaissance and Baroque keyboard instrument in which small metal pins struck the strings when the keys were pressed, producing a low, gentle sound.
Clavier– the general name for stringed keyboard instruments (clavichord, harpsichord, piano, etc.).
Klangfarbenmelodie(German) - a concept related to the field of dodecaphony, in particular to the work of A. Schoenberg and his followers: each note or each short motive in the score is intended for different instruments.
Cluster– dissonant consonance, consisting of several sounds adjacent to each other.
Key– 1) the main scale of a particular composition, named after its main pillar - the tonic and indicated by signs at the key; 2) a sign at the beginning of the staff that determines the pitch position of the subsequent musical notation (for example, bass, violin, alto, etc.); 3) a device in some keyboards and wind instruments for tuning the instrument.
Key signs– flats and sharps, placed at the beginning of each staff on which music is recorded, and indicating the key: for example, one sharp in the key refers to the keys G major and E minor, one flat indicates the keys F major and D minor
Code- the final section of a musical composition, sometimes developing the final cadence. The coda contributes to the completeness of the essay; in some cases it reaches its main culmination.
Coloratura– a virtuoso style of singing, usually including fast scales, arpeggios, and embellishments; Typically, coloratura is associated with a high, light soprano voice, especially in opera.
Con brio(con brio) - a designation of expressiveness: “lively.”
Con moto(kon moto) – designation of tempo and expressiveness: “with movement.”
Con fuoco(con fuoco) – a designation of expressiveness: “with fire.”
Consonance– consonance, the consonant sound of two or more tones; the concepts of consonance vary in music of different eras and styles.
Contralto– the lowest register female voice.
Counterpoint- a type of musical writing in which voices (two or more) move with relative independence.
contrabassoon– a large bassoon that plays an octave lower than a regular bassoon.
Countertenor– very high male voice (above tenor).
Concertina– in a baroque instrumental concert (concerto grosso) a group of soloists, usually two viols and a basso continuo.
Accompanist– 1) first violin in the orchestra: this performer plays solo fragments of the score and, if necessary, replaces the conductor; 2) a musician leading a group of orchestra instruments; 3) a pianist who studies a piece (part) with vocalists, instrumentalists, ballet dancers and performs with them at concerts.
Concertato(concertato) - a style characteristic of Baroque music and implying “competition” between orchestra groups, choirs, etc.
Cornetto(cornetto) , zinc- a wood or brass instrument of the late Renaissance and Baroque era, the predecessor of the cornet; It has a conical barrel, a bowl-shaped mouthpiece, and a chromatic scale.
L
Frets– 1) scales such as major or minor; 2) in the Middle Ages, a system of diatonic (“on white keys”) modes (modes, scales), originating from ancient Greek modes and forming the basis of medieval church singing and the genres that developed on its basis; in this regard, medieval modes are often called church modes. Each medieval mode has an octave range and can be represented in two forms - authentic and plagal. Four main authentic modes – Dorian from re, Phrygian from mi, Lydian from F and Mixolydian from salt. The parallel plagal modes have the same fundamental tone, but the range is usually a fourth lower. During the Renaissance, the following modes were added to the described modes: the Aeolian mode from la and the Ionian mode from before with corresponding plagal forms. Cm. FRAMES ; 4) vein, bone or wooden plates located on the neck of a lute, guitar and other similar instruments and marking the location of certain sounds for the performer.
Larghetto(larghetto) – 1) tempo designation: slow, but somewhat more agile than largo; 2) a piece or part of a cycle at a given tempo.
Largo(largo) – literally “wide”: 1) designation of tempo; in the generally accepted sense - the slowest possible tempo; 2) a piece or part of a cycle at a given tempo.
Legato(legato) – a designation of expressiveness: coherently, without breaks between sounds.
Leggiero(leggiero) – a designation of expressiveness: easily, gracefully.
Leitmotif – in the operas of Richard Wagner (and other authors who use the leitmotif technique in works of different genres) - a melodic, rhythmic, harmonic motif associated with a character, subject, time and place of action, as well as with certain emotions and abstract ideas. Cm. LEITMOTHIO.
Lento(lento) – tempo designation: slow.
Libretto- the text of an opera and oratorio, often in poetic form.
league– a curved line under or above the notes that links them into a phrase; if a league connects two notes of the same pitch, then the second note is not played, and its duration is added to the duration of the first note.
Lied(German “song”) is a term referring to the romance lyrics of German composers of the 19th century.
Lyric opera(opéra lyrique) is a term referring to 19th century French opera. and denoting a type of genre that is, as it were, between “grand opera” (grand opéra) and “comic opera” (opéra comique).
L"istesso tempo(listesso tempo) – “at the same tempo”: the designation indicates that the tempo is maintained, even if different note values are used in the future.
Lute – plucked string instrument. Cm. LUTE.
M
Ma non troppo(ma non troppo) – not too much; allegro ma non troppo - not too fast.
Madrigal– 1) secular vocal two- or three-voice genre in Italian music of the 14th century; 2) secular polyphonic choral play in Italy and England in the 16th and early 17th centuries.
Major and minor– terms are used: 1) to denote the quality of certain intervals (seconds, thirds, sixths, sevenths) – for example, there may be two thirds: major or major ( do - mi) and minor, or small ( C – E-flat), i.e. the major interval is a semitone wider than the corresponding minor interval; 2) to designate two main types of triads and chords built on them: a triad, the first interval of which is a major third - major ( do - mi - salt), triad with a minor third at the base – minor ( C – E-flat – G); 3) to designate the two most common scales in European music after 1700 - major (with a major third between the I and III degrees) and minor (with a minor third between the I and III degrees). The major scale from note C looks like this: do - re - mi - fa - sol - la - si - do. The minor scale has three forms: natural minor, in which semitone relationships are formed between II and III and between V and VI degrees, as well as harmonic and melodic minors, in which the VI and VII degrees change (alter). Cm. MUSICAL SCALES.
Manual- keyboard; in Russian usually refers to organ and harpsichord keyboards.
Marcato(marcato) – a designation of expressiveness: clearly, with emphasis.
Medianta– III degree of the scale: for example, mi in C major.
Melismas(decorations) – 1) melodic passages or entire melodies performed on one syllable of the text. The melismatic style is characteristic of ancient church singing of various traditions (Byzantine, Gregorian, Old Russian, etc.); 2) small melodic decorations in vocal and instrumental music, indicated by special conventional signs or small notes.
Small note– a note (or group of notes) written smaller than the others. Such a notation can have two meanings: 1) in music created before the 19th century, and sometimes later, a “small note” was an ornament that did not have its own rhythmic duration, but borrowed, “subtracted” it from the subsequent duration; in Russian in this case the borrowed term “foreshlag” is used; 2) in 19th-century music, especially in the works of Liszt, Chopin and Anton Rubinstein, a series of “small notes” are often used in cadences and phrases similar in style, and the passage as a whole has some designated length (for example, a bar or two bars and etc.), and the duration of each of the “small notes” is determined by the performer (usually such passages are performed rubato, i.e. “freely”).
Melody- a musical thought expressed monophonically and having a certain pitch and rhythmic contour.
Meno(meno) – “less”; meno mosso (meno mosso) - designation of tempo: calmer, not so fast.
Meter- a rhythmic form consisting of alternating stressed and unstressed (strong and weaker) beats, like a foot in poetry. The main types are: bi-beat meter (with one stressed and one unstressed beat per bar) and tri-beat meter (with one stressed and two unstressed beats per bar).
Meter and size designation– the meter is usually indicated by two numbers set at the beginning of the musical notation: the top number shows the number of beats in a measure, the bottom – the rhythmic unit of counting. So, the 2/4 time signature shows that the measure has two beats, each with a quarter.
Metronome- a mechanical device for determining the tempo of a piece, invented in the 19th century.
Mezzo forte(mezzo forte) – not very loud.
Microtone– the interval is less than a semitone (in tempered scale).
Minimalism-musical style of the second half of the 20th century, based on long repetition, perhaps with minor changes, of very laconic musical material.
Modality- a method of pitch organization, which is based on the principle of the scale - in contrast to the tonal major-minor principle. The term applies to ancient church monodic music of various traditions, as well as to Eastern and folk cultures (in this case, the term “modality” may correspond to the term “mode”).
moderato(moderato) – designation of tempo: moderate, between andante and allegro.
Modulation– in the major-minor system, a change in key.
Molto(molto) – very; tempo designation: molto adagio – tempo designation: very slow.
Mordent– decoration (melisma), designated as () or () and consisting of a rapid movement one step up or down and immediate return; double mordent up and down is also possible.
Motive– a short melodic-rhythmic figure, the smallest independent unit of the musical form of a work.
Musica ficta(ficta music), musica false(fals music) - a practice widespread in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance, following which, during performance, chromatic alterations were introduced into the music that were not in the written musical text - in order to avoid the dissonant interval of the tritone or increase the VII degree (introductory tone). Cm. MUSICAL SCALES.
Musique concrète(French) - one of the trends in music of the 20th century, which originated in France: here, both musical and natural sounds are used as the main material, recorded on film and then subjected to various kinds of acoustic and other transformations.
N
Settings- the process of adjusting the pitch of different instruments (for example, strings or piano), in which the sound acquires a pitch characteristic of a given temperament system, and the sound of this instrument is consistent with the tuning of other instruments.
Non-chord sound- a sound that is not part of a given chord, but sounds together with it.
Neumatic style- in medieval art, a method of vocal writing in which there are several tones for each syllable of the text - in contrast to the syllabic style, where each syllable corresponds to one tone, and the melismatic style, where each syllable corresponds to a more extended chant.
Nevmas– signs of ancient notations, similar to hieroglyphs; nevma can mean either a single tone or a fairly long melodic structure. Old Russian neumas are called hooks.
Neoclassicism- one of the trends in music of the 20th century, which is typically characterized by the use of genres, forms, melodic models, etc., rethought in a modern spirit. eras of Baroque and Classicism.
Non troppo(non troppo) – not too much; allegro ma non troppo - tempo designation: not too fast.
Note - a graphic designation of a musical sound, as well as the sound itself.
Staff- a set of five horizontal lines in musical notation.
ABOUT
Overtones – overtones that are included in the spectrum of sound produced by a vibrating object, a vibrator (for example, a string or a column of air), and are located above the main tone. Overtones are formed as a result of vibrations of parts of the vibrator (its halves, thirds, quarters, etc.), each of them has its own height. Thus, the sound produced by the vibrator is complex and consists of a fundamental tone and a set of overtones.
Obligato(obbligato) – 1) in music of the 17th and 18th centuries. the term refers to those instrument parts in a piece that cannot be omitted and must be performed; 2) fully written accompaniment in a musical work for voice or solo instrument and clavier.
Octave– the interval between two sounds whose frequency ratio is 1:2.
Octet– an ensemble of eight performers, as well as a chamber instrumental work for this composition.
Opus(opus) (Latin opus, “work”; abbreviated as op.): the designation has been used by composers since the Baroque era and usually refers to the serial number of a given work in the list (most often chronological) of the works of a given author.
Organ point, pedal– a sound (or several sounds) sustained in the bass, against which other voices move freely; This technique is often used in organ music; in the classical style, organ points usually appear before the final cadence.
Organum- a form of early Western polyphony (from the 9th century), which uses melodies borrowed from church monody.
Base tone– the main (most often lower) sound within a given group of sounds (intervals, chords, modes, etc.).
Ostinato(ostinato) - repeated repetition of a melodic or rhythmic figure, harmonic turn, or individual sound (especially often in bass voices).
P
Pandiatonic- a style of harmonic writing in which diatonic harmonies are used freely, often outside the rules of traditional harmony.
Parallel movement- an ascending or descending parallel movement of two or more voices, in which the same interval distance is maintained between these voices (for example, movement in parallel thirds or parallel fourths).
Parallel chords– ascending or descending movement of chords of the same or similar structure, without the resolutions prescribed by traditional harmony.
Parallel major and minor – major and minor, having the same key signs and spaced apart by a minor third (for example, C major and A minor).
Patter song(English) - a humorous song in which the words are set to a simple melody consisting of repeated repetition of the same sounds; words must be pronounced quickly and clearly.
Pause- the term is used to designate both the pause itself - a break in the sound, and the signs that prescribe it.
Pesante(pesante) - a designation of expressiveness: hard.
Pentatonic scale– five-step frets; the main type is the half-tone pentatonic scale (“on black keys”); Similar modes are often found in the music of the Far East; they are also typical for a number of European folk traditions, in particular Russian.
Cross rhythm– simultaneous use of different meters (rhythmic patterns) in different voices, for example, bipartite and tripartite.
Crossing- close proximity (or simultaneous sound) in the score of a tone and its altered form - for example, si And B-flat. In some styles, talking is strictly prohibited.
Perpetuum mobile(perpetuum mobile) (Latin for “perpetual motion”): a piece built on continuous rapid rhythmic movement from beginning to end.
Pianissimo(pianissimo) – very quiet; abbreviated: pp .
Piano(piano) – quiet; abbreviated: p .
Piu(piu) – more; piu allegro – tempo designation: faster.
Pizzicato(pizzicato) - plucking: a way of playing stringed instruments by plucking the strings with the fingers.
Plagal–1) in music based on the major-minor system, a cadence in which the subdominant chord resolves into the tonic (movement from degree IV to degree I, or from triad fa - la - do to the triad do - mi - salt in C major); 2) in medieval church singing - a mode located a fourth lower than the corresponding authentic mode and having a common fundamental tone with it.
Multimodality– simultaneous use of several (for example, major and minor) scales (modes) in a piece.
Polyrhythm– simultaneous use of distinctly contrasting rhythmic patterns in different voices.
Polytonality- simultaneous sounding of two or more tones.
Polyphony- a type of writing that requires the independent movement of each of two or more voices. Cm. POLYPHONY.
Portamento(portamento) - a sliding transition from one sound to another, used in singing and playing strings.
Portato(portato) - a method of sound production, between legato and staccato.
Postlude – an instrumental piece performed after the end of a service in a Western Christian church (usually on the organ), as well as a stand-alone instrumental or orchestral piece that resembles an “afterword.”
Diva – leading performer of female roles in the opera house.
Program music– instrumental and orchestral music associated with the embodiment of ideas borrowed from the extra-musical sphere (literature, painting, natural phenomena, etc.). The name comes from the program - the text with which composers often accompanied works of this type.
passing sound- a sound that is not part of the chord structure, but linearly connects two consonant harmonies (usually appears on the weak beat of a bar).
Prestissimo(prestissimo) – designation of tempo: extremely fast; faster than presto.
Presto(presto) – tempo designation: very fast.
Psalm tones- relatively simple melodic formulas - models according to which psalms and other liturgical texts were performed in the medieval Western Christian church.
Dotted rhythm- a rhythmic pattern formed by increasing the beat by half the duration by halving the next weaker beat. Indicated by a dot to the right of the note.
R
Development– development of a musical idea by isolating fragments of themes, changing the keys of themes, expanding them, various combinations with each other, etc. Development is also called the second, developing section of the sonata form (sonata allegro).
Permission– movement from dissonance to consonance.
Rakokhod – recurrent, from end to beginning, movement of the topic.
Rallentando(rallentando) - designation of tempo: gradually slowing down.
Chant, chant- a system of monodic vocal music, mainly church singing of different denominations.
Register– 1) a group of organ pipes that create a certain timbre; 2) a certain part of the range of a voice or instrument that has distinct coloristic and timbre qualities (for example, the “head register” - falsetto).
Reprise– the final section of the work in sonata form, where the themes of the exposition again appear; reprise also refers to the repetition of musical material in the final section of various forms - for example, three-part.
Responsory– the chant of the Western Church, in which the singing of the soloist and the choral refrain alternate; the definition "responsor" can refer to a similar technique in music of different styles.
Refrain – 1) in the form of a rondo - unchangeable musical material that appears after contrasting sections; 2) chorus - the second, unchangeable half of the verse in verse form (for example, in a song).
Ripieno(ripieno) - in instrumental music of the Baroque era, the designation of the playing of the entire orchestra; same as tutti.
Ritardando(ritardando) – designation of tempo: gradually slowing down.
Ritenuto(ritenuto) - designation of tempo: gradually reducing the tempo, but over a shorter period than ritardando.
Rhythm – temporary organization of music; specifically, a sequence of sound durations.
Ritournelle – literally "return". In early opera, the term referred to repeated returns of a melody (such as a refrain); in a Baroque concert, the ritornello was the periodic return of variations of the first theme, which were performed by the entire orchestra (as opposed to the intermediate sections performed by solo instruments).
Rococo – art style of the first half of the 18th century, including music; Rococo is characterized by an abundance of ornamental motifs and whimsical lines.
Rubato(rubato) – a flexible interpretation of the tempo-rhythmic side of the work, deviations from a uniform tempo in order to achieve greater expressiveness.
Row, series– the basic structure in dodecaphony (12-tone composition technique); in its pure form, the series consists of 12 non-repeating sounds that appear in the order determined by the composer; in practice, a series can consist of a different number of non-repeating sounds.
WITH
Swing – a style of jazz dance music for big band orchestra popular in the late 1930s and early 1940s.
Bundle- a fragment of secondary content, often modulating, which serves as a transition from one section of a musical form to another.
Sequence– repetition of a motive or phrase at a different altitude level.
Sextet– an ensemble of six performers or a composition for this composition.
Sextol– dividing a rhythmic beat into six equal parts.
Septet– an ensemble of seven performers (each with their own part) or a composition for this composition.
Serialism, seriality- a composition technique in which a set of non-repeating sounds is used as a basis (the classic version is 12 sounds, but there may be less) and the entire composition consists of a continuous repetition of this set - a series or several series; Rhythm, dynamics, timbre, etc. are organized according to the same principle. The simplest, initial version of seriality is dodecaphony, in which only the pitch factor is taken into account.
Syllabic – a style of vocal writing in which there is one sound per syllable (without intra-syllable chants).
Strong share- the main metric stress in a measure, usually on its first beat.
Syncope – shifting emphasis from a stressed beat to an unstressed beat.
Synthesizer- electronic musical instrument.
Scherzo– a piece or part of a cycle at a fast tempo.
Warehouse, letter– type of interaction of voices in the musical fabric. Main types: monody (single voice); polyphony, or counterpoint (several freely interacting lines); homophony (melody with accompaniment).
Scordatura(scordatura) - a temporary change to the usual tuning of a string instrument.
Scherzando(scherzando) - playfully.
Random signs- signs used to indicate a rise or fall in tone. The sharp () sign gives an increase of a semitone; flat sign () – lowered by a semitone. The double-sharp () sign raises the sound by two semitones, the double-flat () sign lowers the sound by two semitones. The bekar () sign cancels the previous random sign. The random sign is valid for the note before which it is placed and for all its repetitions within the boundaries of a given measure.
Solo(solo) – a composition or its fragment for one performer or for a soloist from an ensemble, orchestra, etc.
Solmization– system of syllabic naming of notes: before, re, mi, F, salt, la, si.
Solfeggio– 1) vocal exercises, sung on vowels or syllables; 2) one of the disciplines of the music theory course.
Soprano– 1) the top part in the choral score; 2) the highest register female voice (or boy’s voice); 3) a variety of certain instruments - for example, a soprano saxophone.
Composite bipartite meter– meter (size), which is characterized by a grouping of metric fractions in threes (6/4 or 6/8).
Compound trimeter– meter (size), which is characterized by three groups of three metric fractions each (9/6 or 9/8).
Sostenuto(sostenuto) – designation of expressiveness: restrained; sometimes the designation can also refer to tempo.
Sotto voice(sotto voche) – designation of expressiveness: “in a low voice”, muffled.
Soul- one of the styles of American popular music, based on black folklore and spiritual singing.
Spinet– in the 17th and 18th centuries. a type of harpsichord of small size, as well as a small piano.
Spiritoso(spiritoso) - with enthusiasm.
Staccato(staccato) - abruptly: a manner of sound production in which each sound is, as it were, separated by a pause from the other; the opposite method of sound production is legato, coherently. Staccato is indicated by a dot above the note.
Stile rappresentativo(Rapprezentativo style) is an opera style of the early 17th century, the main principle of which is that the musical principle should be subordinated to the expression of dramatic ideas or reflect the content of the text.
Stretta– 1) in a fugue, especially in its final section, a presentation of a polyphonic theme in the form of a simple or canonical imitation, in which the imitating voice enters before the end of the theme in the beginning voice; 2) acceleration of the tempo of action and tempo of music in the finales of Italian operas.
Subdominant– literally “below the dominant”: IV degree in major or minor (for example, F in C major).
Submediant - literally “below the mediant”: VI degree in major or minor (for example, la in C major).
Sul ponticello(sul ponticello) - literally "on a stand": instructing a stringed instrument player to play close to the stand to produce a stronger, more brilliant sound.
Sul tasto(sul tasto) - literally “on the fretboard”: an instruction to a string instrument player to play near the fretboard to produce a softer, covered sound.
Mute- a device that allows you to muffle and soften the sound of some instruments.
Sforzando(sforzando) – sudden emphasis on a sound or chord; abbreviated .
Segue(segue) - continue as before: an instruction that, firstly, replaces the attacca instruction (i.e., it orders the next part to be performed without interruption), and, secondly, it orders the performance to continue in the same manner as before ( in this case the designation sempre is more often used).
Semibreve(semibreve) – whole note.
Semplice(sampliche) - a designation of expressiveness: simple.
Semper(sempre) – constantly, always; sempre pianissimo - very quiet all the time.
Senza(senza) – without; senza sordino - remove the mute.
T
Tablature– notation systems common in the Renaissance and Baroque eras for instruments such as organ, harpsichord, lute and guitar; Tablatures do not use five-line notation, but a variety of symbols - numbers, letters, etc.
Tact- a unit of musical meter, which is formed from alternating stresses of different strengths and begins with the strongest of them. Measures are separated from each other by a vertical line on the staff.
Theater music– music to be performed during the performance of a dramatic play; in the 19th century An overture and intermission were usually composed.
Subject– the main melodic idea of the work; the term is often used to designate the main theme of a fugue and other polyphonic works, as well as the main part in sonata form.
Timbre- a specific coloring characteristic of a particular voice or instrument.
Pace– speed of movement in music.
Temperament– alignment of interval relationships in musical structure, in which some intervals differ from their pure acoustic values. Nowadays the most common is the so-called equal temperament, in which the octave is divided into 12 equal semitones. Characteristic of the second half of the 20th century. the movement towards the revival of ancient music led to the revival of different methods of temperament belonging to the Renaissance, Baroque, Classicism, etc.).
Tenor– 1) the second party from the bottom in a four-voice letter; 2) high male voice; 3) a variety of instruments of the corresponding register - for example, a tenor saxophone; 4) in medieval polyphony, a tenor was a voice in which the main (often borrowed) theme of the composition (cantus firmus) was stated in large durations.
Close location- the arrangement of a chord in which its constituent tones are in maximum proximity to each other.
Tetrachord– a four-step scale in the range of fourths.
Tone– 1) a single sound of a certain height and duration; 2) an interval consisting of two semitones (for example, a major second before – re).
Key– 1) the altitude position of the fret – for example, C major; 2) a system of high-altitude connections, centralized around the main consonance - the tonic. The term “key” is used as an antonym of the term “modality”, associated with modes other than classical major and minor.
Tonic- the basic foundation of a mode or key, expressed in the form of a single sound (for example, before in C major) or chord (for example, triad do - mi - salt in C major).
Transcription, processing, transcription – adapting a work for a different instrument or for a different cast of performers than the original - for example, transcription of a choral work for an instrumental ensemble. Transcription can also be called the processing of a work for the same instrument as in the original - for example, in order to give it greater virtuosity.
Transposition, transposition– transfer of an entire work or its fragment to another key.
Triad- a chord consisting of three sounds arranged in thirds, for example do - mi - salt.
Trill– very rapid alternation of two adjacent sounds; abbreviated as: tr .
Tremolo – rapid repetition of a tone, sometimes in a range of two degrees, sometimes at one pitch level.
Tripartite meter, size- a size for which it is typical to have one strong beat and two weak ones in each measure (3/4, 3/2).
Trio – string trio: ensemble of violin, viola and cello; piano trio: ensemble of piano, violin and cello.
Triplet– dividing a rhythmic beat into three equal parts.
Triton – an interval consisting of three whole tones and formed in the diatonic scale between degrees IV and VII; in the Middle Ages, the tritone was considered a forbidden interval.
Triple tongue - a sound production technique on some wind instruments (trumpet, horn, flute), similar to double reed, but similar to pronouncing “t-k-t” sounds in fast triplet passages.
Troubadour – in Southern France 12th and 13th centuries. court poet-musician.
Truver– in Northern France 12th and 13th centuries. court poet-musician.
Tutti(tutti) – all together; in baroque ensemble music the term refers to all performers, including solo parts; in later orchestral music, the term refers to sections performed by the entire orchestra.
Tempus perfectum, tempus imperfectum(lat.) - designations of trilobed and bilobed sizes in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
Tenuto(tenuto) – sustained: the designation prescribes maintaining the full duration of the note; Sometimes this means a slight excess of duration.
Terraced dynamics(English) – sudden changes in dynamic level, typical of Baroque music.
U
Increase– presentation of a motive or theme when repeated in longer durations.
Decorations- one note or group of notes, which are written in small print and added to the main melody for the purpose of “coloring” it, “decorating it”.
Decrease- reduction, usually by half, of duration when repeating a motive or theme.
Unison – 1) theoretically – zero interval, the distance between two tones of the same height; 2) practically - the performance of a sound or melody by all performers at the same height.
Phrasing– clear, expressive performance of a musical phrase and all elements that determine the meaning of musical speech, using flexible changes in tempo, dynamics, placement of accents, etc.
Fugated– using some fugue techniques, most often imitations, for example fugue allegro.
X
Hemiola– a rhythmic technique in which a three-beat meter changes to a two-beat one by shifting accents in the beat. This technique was widespread in the 15th century and was used later, especially to enlarge the rhythmic movement in the final sections, before the final cadence.
Choir– 1) an ensemble of singers, usually divided into four parts (sopranos, altos, tenors, basses); 2) a group of instruments in a symphony or brass orchestra, combining instruments of the same type (for example, a “string choir”).
Chordophone, string instrument- an instrument in which sound is produced by the vibration of a string.
Chromatism– the use of altered (not belonging to the main scale) sounds.
C
Whole tone scale– a scale consisting of whole tones, i.e. representing an octave divided into six equal parts.
Cycle – a musical composition consisting of several parts, where the parts are combined dramaturgically and thematically.
Digital Bass- an abbreviated recording of chord accompaniment adopted in the Baroque era using numbers that were placed above or below the notes of the bass voice. A performer on harmonic type instruments (harpsichord, organ, lute) could reproduce the full harmonic texture of the work using digital recording.
H
Chantey, shanty(English) - work songs of English and American sailors, performed in a certain rhythm to facilitate work.
Part- a relatively independent section of a large musical form, usually with a clearly defined beginning and ending.
Quartertone– an interval equal to half a semitone.
Sh
Shape-note notation An early American type of notation that used four different shapes of notes: triangle, circle, oval, and asterisk.
Sprechstimme(German) - “reciting”, Sprechgesang - “declamatory singing” - a technique of vocal writing developed by A. Schoenberg and his followers and consisting in the fact that the singer does not reproduce sounds of an exact height, but seems to glide, glide from one sound to to another; when notating on stems, notes are placed instead of “heads” - “crosses” ().
E
Exposition– the first section of a number of forms, primarily fugue and sonata form, in which the thematic material of the entire composition is presented (exhibited).
Expressionism- a style of visual art of the first decades of the 20th century, which is usually associated with atonal and dodecaphonic music.
Electonic music– music whose sound material is created using a synthesizer.
Empfindsamer Style(German) - a style of performing Baroque music, which ignores the conventions inherent in this era and whose goal is the direct and free transmission of the emotional content of the work.
Enharmonism– with equal temperament, the ability to record the same sound in different ways: for example A-sharp And B-flat.
Literature:
Music Encyclopedia, vol. 1–5. M., 1973–1982
Kruntyaeva T., Molokova N. Dictionary of foreign musical terms. M. - St. Petersburg, 1996
Buluchevsky Yu., Fomin V. Concise Music Dictionary. St. Petersburg – M., 1998
Brief musical dictionary-reference book. M., 1998
Musical encyclopedic dictionary. M., 1998
School Music Dictionary
It is customary to create dictionaries for many school subjects. Usually they are made simply - a regular notebook or notebook is lined into two columns - the first narrow one for writing the word, and the second wider column for writing the meaning of the word. For example, teachers of Russian language and literature suggest writing down new words that are difficult to spell and pronounce or simply incomprehensible in specially lined notebooks/dictionaries. Chemistry and physics teachers suggest creating dictionaries to record complex terms and even formulas. Foreign language teachers consider a dictionary compiled by the children themselves an indispensable attribute of their classes.
It is simply necessary to have dictionaries in music classes. This is where there are a lot of incomprehensible and complex, as well as foreign and innovative words! After all, most musical terms came to us from Italy and France.
The structure of a musical dictionary could be, for example, like this:
|
Word |
Its meaning |
|
Accompaniment |
Musical accompaniment. |
|
A simultaneous combination of three or more sounds of different pitches. |
|
|
Balalaika |
A string instrument that is part of an orchestra of Russian folk instruments. |
A music teacher can successfully use the contents of the small musical dictionary proposed below in his lessons, for example, analyze 3-5 words in each lesson and write down their explanations.
Accompaniment - musical accompaniment. The word comes from the French " accompagner" - accompany. The accompaniment may vary. Accompaniment of the soloist singer is entrusted to either one instrument - piano, guitar, accordion, or orchestra.
A chord is a simultaneous combination of several (at least three) sounds of different pitches.
Accordion is a keyboard wind instrument, a type of chromatic harmonica. Its body consists of two boxes, connecting bellows and two keyboards - a push-button one for the left hand and a piano-type keyboard for the right. Like the button accordion, the accordion has rich timbre and dynamic capabilities. The push-button keyboard has 6 (sometimes 7) rows: the first and second contain individual bass sounds, the rest contain “ready-made” chords (hence the name of the instrument.)
An act is a completed part of a theatrical work (drama, opera, ballet), separated from the previous and subsequent parts by breaks. The name comes from the Latin " actus" - action.
Accent - emphasis, especially loud emphasis on a particular sound or chord. In musical notation, accents are indicated by various symbols: V, sf etc. These signs are placed above or below the note or chord to which they relate.
Viola is a bowed string instrument of the violin family. The viola is slightly larger than the violin. Early examples of this instrument date back to the 16th century. In the search for the best viola design, the outstanding Italian master A. Stradivari played a major role. The instrument's four strings are tuned in fifths, a note lower than those of the violin. Compared to the violin, the viola is a less flexible instrument. Its timbre is dull and dull, but soft and expressive. The viola has long been used in string quartets and symphony orchestras to fill the middle, melodically “neutral” voices in overall sound harmony. Interest in the original expressive capabilities of the viola as a solo instrument arose in the mid-19th century, during the heyday of romanticism.
Ensemble - this word has two interpretations. An ensemble is a vocal or instrumental work intended for a small group of performers - two, three, four, etc. Such works include a duet, trio, quartet, quintet, etc. An ensemble is also a group of musicians performing this kind of music. The expression “good ensemble” indicates a high degree of coherence and consistency in the performing arts. The word comes from the French " ensemble" - together. In recent decades, the word “ensemble” is often used in relation to large performing groups, for example, the ensemble “Beryozka” and others.
Intermission is a break between acts of a theatrical performance or sections of a concert. Derived from the merger of the French words " entre" - between and " acte" - act, action. An intermission is also called an orchestral introduction to one of the acts (except the first) in any type of theatrical performance - opera, drama, ballet. (The orchestral introduction to Act 1 goes by different names - overture, prelude, introduction, introduction). The symphonic intermission “Three Miracles” in Korsakov’s opera “The Tale of Tsar Saltan” is widely known.
Full house - an announcement notifying that all tickets for a given concert or performance are completely sold out. The expression “Today is sold out” (or “The concert was sold out”) is often used, wanting to emphasize the great interest of the public in the concert, performance, or lecture.
Aria is a completed episode in an opera (cantata, oratorio). The aria is performed by a singer accompanied by an orchestra. An aria, as a rule, is characterized by wide chanting. In Italian " aria" - not only "song", but also "air", "wind". To complete the characterization of the hero, several arias, different in figurative content, are usually introduced into the opera. The structure of arias also varies. Very often a 3-part form is used, in which the third part is an exact repetition of the first. An example of this is, for example, Susanin’s aria from the opera “Ivan Susanin”. The aria is often preceded by an orchestral introduction or recitative. A simpler definition of an operatic aria is a large song by the main character. A small aria may be called an arietta or arioso.
An artist is a performing musician (singer, conductor or instrumentalist) who constantly performs on the opera stage or concert stage. In the broadest sense of the word, artists are all artists, including composers.
The harp is a plucked string instrument of ancient origin. The simplest harps were known back in Ancient Egypt in the 3rd millennium BC. e. In the Middle Ages, the harp was a favorite instrument of troubadours and minnesingers.
Balalaika is a Russian folk plucked instrument. It consists of a triangular body and a neck on which three strings are stretched. The sound on the balalaika is produced by a number of techniques: “rattling” - hitting the fingers with quick swings of the hand, plucking. The balalaika originated from an instrument called domra and became widespread from the beginning of the 18th century. The organizer of the first orchestra of Russian folk instruments played a major role in its improvement and introduction into concerts.
Ballet is a musical and dance performance. The word comes from the Italian " ballo" - dance, dance. At first, ballet was an integral part of court entertainment. Ballet became an independent genre at the end of the 18th century. Exceptionally high achievements in ballet music belong to the Russian composer, who created three ballets that have become classics: Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker. In the 20th century The works “Romeo and Juliet”, “Cinderella” and “The Stone Flower” became ballet classics.
Barcarolle - the boatman's song. The name comes from the Italian word " bArsa" - boat. Pieces with this name have a calm, melodious character; the accompaniment often imitates the splash of waves.
The bayan is a keyboard wind instrument that has become widespread in Russia since the end of the 19th century. An improved version of the harmonica. The instrument is named after a slightly modified name of the ancient Russian singer-storyteller Boyan.
Bolero is a Spanish folk dance that was performed accompanied by guitar or singing. His music repeats rhythmic figures that are tapped with castanets or finger snaps. The bolero is often seen in operas and ballets. The play “Bolero” by composer M. Ravel is widely known.
The Bolshoi Theater is the oldest Russian theater, founded in Moscow in 1776 to stage musical performances - operas and ballets.
The tambourine is a percussion musical instrument, it is a wooden hoop covered with leather, to which steel bells are attached. It is played with two techniques - hitting and shaking. Widely distributed in Spain and Italy.
Bylina is a Russian folk song-tale telling about the exploits of heroes and outstanding events in people's life.
The horn is a brass instrument that originates from an ancient hunting horn. German word " waldhorn" means forest horn. The horn is a long tube coiled into a spiral. Its timbre is soft and melodious. Three horns depict the appearance of hunters in the fairy tale “Peter and the Wolf.”
Waltz is one of the most popular ballroom dances, during which the dancers spin smoothly. It arose on the basis of folk dances of Austria, the Czech Republic, and Germany. The largest composers created plays written in the form of waltzes:, I. Strauss,.
Variation is a repeated repetition of the main melody with some changes.
The cello is a bowed string instrument, larger than the violin and viola, but smaller than the double bass. Its timbre - warm and expressive - is often compared to the human voice, which is why many outstanding musical works have been written for the cello.
Vaudeville is a fun theatrical play with several musical numbers.
Vocal music is music intended for singing.
Prodigy - translated from German as “miracle child”. In the history of music, there are known cases of exceptionally early manifestation of musical talent: V.-A. Mozart, brothers A. G. and, .
Pitch is one of the properties of musical sound. Music creation is based on the human ear's ability to detect pitch. The pitch of a musical sound can be written using notes.
Harmonica (accordion, accordion) is a musical instrument equipped with bellows and a push-button keyboard. Was popular in many countries. Among the varieties are Tula, Saratov, Siberian, Cherepovets, etc.
Harmony is a means of musical expression based on the combination of many voices.
The guitar is a plucked string instrument, known back in the Middle Ages. The flat wooden body, reminiscent of a figure eight, is equipped with a neck with 6-7 strings. Currently, it is one of the most popular musical instruments.
The oboe is a woodwind instrument, an indispensable participant in military and symphony orchestras. The main melody of “Dance of the Little Swans” is performed by two oboes. The oboe also performs the duck theme in the symphonic tale "Peter and the Wolf".
Volume is the strength of sound. Another name is dynamics. To indicate dynamics, musical signs are used, which are called “dynamic shades”. Basic dynamic shades - forte(loudly) and piano(quiet).
Woodwind instruments are a group of symphony orchestra instruments that includes the flute, oboe, clarinet and bassoon, previously made of wood.
Jazz is a type of music often of an entertaining, dance nature. The origins of jazz are in black folk music, which was borrowed by US orchestras in the 20s. XX century A native of Russian emigrants, the American composer D. Gershwin studied black melodies for a long time, on the basis of which he created a number of works that brought jazz features to classical music (“Rhapsody in Blue”, the opera “Porty and Bess”).
Range - breadth, volume of sound of a musical instrument or voice. For example, the sound range of a piano is eight octaves, and the developed human voice is about three. Songs for singing by young children are usually written in the so-called “primary range”, which includes only 4-6 adjacent sounds.
A conductor is a musician, leader of a choral or instrumental group. With the help of gestures, he indicates the introduction and end of the sound, the tempo and strength of the sound, the introduction of soloists and individual groups. The conductor must have keen hearing, a high sense of rhythm, good musical memory, and knowledge of the characteristics of each instrument of the orchestra.
The duration of the sound is the length of the sound. It is impossible to write a melody if all the sounds in it are of the same duration - all long or all short. In each motive, some sounds are long, others are shorter, which is indicated by special signs when writing them. When recording sounds with notes, each of them has its own duration - whole, half, quarter, eighth, etc.
Drum roll is a technique of playing the drum with two sticks with a quick and clear sequence of hits. Fractions are often used when it is necessary to emphasize the particularly tragic nature of a moment or to draw the listener’s attention to some episode.
A brass band is an orchestra consisting of two groups of instruments - wind (mainly brass) and percussion. The number of participants is from 12 to 100 people. Thanks to its ringing, jubilant sound, the brass band is a constant participant in holidays and parades.
A duet is an ensemble of two performers.
Zhaleika is a Russian folk wind instrument. Previously it was made from reeds. The timbre of the pitiful sound is shrill and harsh.
Genre is a type of musical work. Genres are divided by character, theme, means of expression, and performers. The main musical genres are song, dance, march, on the basis of which opera, ballet, and symphony were subsequently created.
The chorus is the beginning of a choral song, which is performed by one or more singers. After the lead singer, the song is picked up by all members of the choir; the leading singer of the choir is usually called the lead singer.
Improvisation is composing music while performing it. In folk art, singers often decorate their performances with improvisations. This technique is also used in jazz music.
Instrumentation is the arrangement of a musical composition for performance by orchestra instruments. You can even guess from the instrumentation which composer the piece you heard for the first time belongs to. For example, the orchestration by Korsakov is clearly individual.
Chamber music is instrumental or vocal music intended to be performed in a small room. Translated from Italian " camera" means "room". Chamber music includes duets, trios, quartets and other works designed for a small number of performers.
A tuning fork is an instrument in the form of a two-pronged fork, which is used to tune musical instruments or give tuning to a choir before its performance. A tuning fork producing the sound “A” of the first octave is taken as a model.
Kant is a type of ancient 3-voice verse song, common in Russia in the 16th-18th centuries. There were cants of different genres - solemn, lyrical, comic. The cant style was used to create his famous chorus “Hail!” in the finale of the opera “Ivan Susanin”.
A cantata is a vocal-symphonic work in several parts. Usually performed by choirs, soloists and orchestra.
A quartet is an ensemble of four performers.
Quintet is an ensemble of five performers.
Clavier is an arrangement of an orchestral composition (score) for performance on the piano. Claviers give musicians the opportunity to get acquainted with many works - symphonies, operas, ballets.
A key is a special lever used in musical instruments to produce sound. When a key is pressed, a hammer strikes a string (as in a piano) or a metal plate (in celesta, bells.) The word comes from the Latin “ clavis" - key. This meant a “key” that led to the opening of the organ pipe valve. Keys are made of wood, plastic, but sometimes they are metal (for example, on a button accordion).
Keyboard instruments are a group of musical instruments whose sound is produced using keys. Keyboards include some strings (harpsichord, piano), some wind instruments (organ, accordion, button accordion, accordion) and individual percussion instruments (celesta, bells).
The clarinet is a musical instrument from the woodwind group, like the oboe, originating from the shepherd's pipe. An indispensable member of the symphony orchestra. For clarinet he wrote the cat theme in his symphonic fairy tale “Peter and the Wolf”.
Classic is a term applied to exemplary, perfect works of art. Derived from the Latin word " classicum" - exemplary. The field of musical classics includes not only the works of great composers, but also the best examples of folk music. Classical works are distinguished by their richness of content and beauty and perfection of form. One can always say about classical works that they are modern, since they usually have existed on earth for several centuries and always bring pleasure to their listeners. This is eternal music.
Classicism is an artistic movement in the culture of European countries in the 17th-18th centuries. Representatives of classicism in painting, sculpture and architecture took as a model the best works that were created in Ancient Greece. Classical musicians strove to create clear and harmonious in form, sublimely noble heroic works on subjects of ancient art. In music, the most famous was the so-called “Viennese classical period”, during which the composers Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven worked.
Key - treble clef, bass clef, alto clef, tenor clef, etc. This is a conventional sign placed at the beginning of the staff and indicating the place where a certain sound is recorded. This provides the “key” to writing and reading other sounds on a given staff.
A peg is a small rod for tensioning and tuning strings in musical instruments. As the peg rotates, the string is either pulled tighter or loosened, causing the sound to become higher or lower. Wooden pegs are made for bowed instruments; metal pegs are used for the harp, piano, and dulcimer.
Bells are a percussion instrument with a certain pitch, used in orchestras to imitate the ringing of bells. It is a set of metal tubes or plates freely suspended on a crossbar.
Bells are a percussion instrument with a certain pitch, consisting of a series of loosely attached metal plates. The sound is produced either by striking sticks (simple bells) or by using a keyboard mechanism similar to a miniature piano (key bells). The timbre of the instruments is clear, sonorous, brilliant. Sometimes bells are called metallophones.
Coloratura is the decoration of a vocal melody with virtuoso, technically difficult passages. The word comes from the Italian " coloratura" - decoration. The coloratura style of singing became widespread in Italian opera of the 18th-19th centuries. The highest female singing voice is called the coloratura soprano. Usually, parts are written for this voice that require virtuosity in performance, as they are richly decorated with difficult passages. The role of the Snow Maiden in Korsakov's opera “The Snow Maiden” was written for coloratura soprano.
Composer is the author, creator of musical works. The word comes from the Latin " compositor" - compiler, writer. Professional composition classes require from a musician, in addition to creative talent, great culture and versatile musical theoretical knowledge.
Composition is composing music, a type of artistic creativity. In addition to general culture and talent, composing requires knowledge of many special disciplines: music theory, harmony, polyphony, analysis of musical works, orchestration. These disciplines are studied by future composers in conservatories and schools. Often, composition refers to the structure of a musical work, the relationship and arrangement of its individual sections. Latin word " composition” means not only “composition”, but also “composition”. In this sense, when studying a piece of music, they say about it “harmonious composition”, “clear composition” or, conversely, “loose composition”.
The Conservatory is a higher musical educational institution. Italian word " conservatorio" means "shelter". The first conservatories appeared at the beginning of the 19th century. in major European cities, and before that they existed only in Paris. There are conservatories in all music centers around the world. The oldest Russian conservatories are St. Petersburg, founded in 1862, and Moscow, founded in 1866. Currently, higher musical institutions are called not only conservatories, but also music academies, higher music schools, institutes, etc.
The double bass is the largest in size and lowest sounding instrument in the bowed string family. The ancestors of the double bass are ancient bass viols, from which it borrowed many of the features of its design. In appearance, the double bass is similar to the cello, but is significantly larger in size. Double basses are widely used in pop ensembles and orchestras, where they are usually played with plucking - pizzicato.
Contralto is the lowest sounding female singing voice. Sometimes composers in operas assign this voice to male roles - Vanya in the opera Ivan Susanin, Lel in the opera The Snow Maiden by Korsakov.
A concert is a public performance of musical works. Depending on the type of performance, there are different types of concerts: symphonic, chamber, solo, pop, etc. This word comes from two sources: from the Latin “ concertare" - compete and from Italian " concerto"- harmony, agreement. A concerto is also called a virtuoso work for a solo instrument, accompanied by an orchestra.
The concertmaster is the first, “main” musician in any group of the orchestra. For example, the accompanist of first violins, second violins, violas, cellos, etc. Leading the members of his group, the accompanist shows them the techniques of performance, and he is usually entrusted with a responsible solo. An accompanist is also called a pianist who helps performers (singers, instrumentalists) in learning the repertoire and performs with them at concerts.
A concert hall is a special room designed for holding public concerts. The first concert halls appeared at the beginning of the 19th century. Previously, concerts were held in churches, theaters, salons, palaces and private homes.
Krakowiak is a Polish folk dance. Krakowiaki is the name of the inhabitants of the Krakow Voivodeship in Poland; This is where the name of the dance comes from. Krakowiak originated from an ancient war dance, so it has retained its temperament and pride; women dance smoothly, gracefully, and men dance with sharp stamps and shouts. In the 19th century Krakowiak was widespread as a ballroom dance and was often found in operas and ballets. Very popular is, for example, Krakowiak, which is heard in the “Polish” action of his opera “Ivan Susanin”.
The xylophone is a percussion instrument with a specific pitch. It is a set of wooden blocks of various sizes. The Greek word " xylon" means tree, wood, " phone" - sound. Trapezoid-shaped bars are placed on straw rollers or special mats with rubber pads. The sound is produced using two wooden sticks. When playing loudly, the sound is dry, clicking; when playing quietly, the sound is gurgling, soft. The xylophone came to Europe from Asia in the Middle Ages. The xylophone is often used as a solo instrument (accompanied by a piano); he is often a member of a symphony orchestra or pop ensemble.
Climax is an episode of a musical work where the highest tension and greatest intensity of emotions are achieved. From the Latin word " culmen" - "top". Usually composers try to emphasize the climax of the work with a loud sound and special musical effects.
Couplet - section of the verse form. Usually the melody of a verse remains the same when it is repeated in other verses. However, the verbal text of each verse is different. The word comes from the French " couplet" - stanza. If a song has a verse and a chorus, then the verse is the part whose lyrics change when repeated.
The verse form is a common form of vocal works in which the same melody is repeated unchanged or slightly varied, but each repetition is performed with new lyrics. In verse form, the melody should reflect the general character of the song and fit the text of all verses. Most folk songs are verses - Russian, German, Italian, etc. d.
Mode is the relationship of musical sounds, their coherence, consistency with each other. The sounds that make up a melody composed on a modal basis have varying degrees of stability in relation to each other, and the ear reacts to them differently.
Laureate is an honorary title awarded to a musician for outstanding achievements in performing and creative activities. Since ancient times, winners of competitions and competitions have been called laureates. The word comes from the Latin - “ laureatus" - crowned with a laurel wreath. In modern music competitions, the title of laureate is given to performers who take 6-7 first places.
Lezginka is a folk dance of the Lezgins living in Dagestan. It is performed at a fast tempo, swiftly, requires great dexterity and strength, the music is rhythmic and clear. Lezginka is found in original music. For example, it sounds in the scene that takes place in the Chernomor castle in the opera “Ruslan and Lyudmila”.
Leitmotif is a musical theme or part of it that characterizes any image, idea, phenomenon. It is used in large musical forms - operas, ballets, symphonies, repeating itself when a given image appears. For example, the leitmotif of the Snow Maiden in the opera is Korsakov’s “The Snow Maiden”.
Libretto is a literary text underlying a musical and stage work, mainly an opera. The word “libretto” is often used to describe a retelling of the summary of an opera or ballet. From Italian " libretto"- a little book.
The lyre is the oldest plucked string instrument.
Timpani are a group of percussion instruments with a certain pitch. Each timpani is a copper hemisphere mounted on a special stand, covered with leather. The sound is produced by striking a small mallet with a ball-shaped felt tip.
Spoons are a Russian folk instrument that consists of two wooden spoons. When the spoons hit each other, a clear “dry” sound is produced.
Major is one of the two (along with minor) most common modes in music. The most common opinion is to assign a decisive, strong, strong-willed character to music written in a major mode. In Italian the word "major" is represented by " dur", which means hard.
Mazurka is a Polish folk dance. The name comes from the word “Masurians” - this is the name given to the inhabitants of Mazovia. The mazurka dance is characterized by jumping, tapping with heels and spurs. When composing a mazurka, composers use dotted rhythmic figures.
A snare drum is a percussion musical instrument with an indefinite pitch. Like the big drum, it has been known since ancient times. The size of the drum is approximately 3 times smaller than a large one. It is a cylindrical frame with leather stretched on both sides. The snare drum has strings stretched over the skin. This gives the sound a rattling tone. The drum is played using two thin sticks.
March - a piece in a clear rhythm to accompany military campaigns, demonstrations and other processions. The word comes from the French " marche" - walking. Often national anthems are written in the genre of marches. Many popular songs were written in the march genre, for example, the composer’s “Song of the Motherland.”
A music lover is a passionate lover of music and singing. In the past, music lovers were people who were ardently interested in music, but essentially not very deeply.
Minuet is a dance of French origin, popular in Europe in the 17th-18th centuries. Performed in small steps (the name comes from the French “ menu" - small).
Meter is a continuous alternation of strong and weak beats in a melody, thereby creating the desired musical genre - a march, dance or song. The name of the term comes from the Greek word " metron" - measure. The main cell of the meter is a segment of music concluded between two strong beats, which is called a beat.
Mezzo-soprano is a female singing voice, intermediate between contralto and soprano. In terms of sound character and timbre coloring, this voice is close to contralto. Many leading roles in famous operas were written for mezzo-soprano, for example Carmen in the opera of the same name by J. Bizet.
Minor is one of the two (along with major) most common modes in music. The coloring of the minor mode is soft elegiac. In Latin it is denoted by the word " moll", which means "soft". But a large amount of cheerful, joyful, humorous music is also written in the minor scale.
A motive is the smallest element of a musical form, any smallest segment of melody that has a clear, definite musical content. Sometimes, based on the motive, we can remember a famous musical piece or talk about its character.
Musical literacy - basic information on music theory, names and rules for writing notes and other musical symbols. The study of elementary music theory begins with the basics of musical literacy.
Musical literature is an academic discipline that aims to introduce students to the works of major composers and provide initial information on the history of the musical culture of various countries and peoples.
Amateur musical activities are systematic musical activities that are widespread in our country among music lovers. For such activities there are houses of culture and clubs. The forms of amateur music are very different - from small circles to large associations. Many famous singers, including soloists of the Bolshoi Theater, began their first steps in amateur music.
Musical form - the construction of a musical work, the relationship of its parts.
Music competitions are competitions of musicians held according to a specific, pre-announced program. The best participants in the competition are named by the jury.
Musical sound is a sound that has (unlike noise) a clearly defined pitch that can be determined with absolute accuracy and repeated on a musical instrument. The main material for creating music is musical sounds.
Musical ear is a person’s ability to perceive music, remember and be aware of it.
A musician is a person professionally engaged in any type of musical activity: composing, conducting, performing.
A musicologist is a musician who specializes in the field of musicology. The activities of a musicologist cover various spheres of musical and social life: scientific and theoretical research, pedagogy, editorial work, etc.
A chant is a small vocal melody. In everyday life it is often replaced by the word “motive”.
Folk musical instruments are musical instruments created by the people, firmly rooted in their musical life. Russian folk instruments include domra, gusli, balalaika, button accordion; for Ukrainian - bandura; to Caucasian ones - tar, kamancha, etc. Just like among professional instruments, among folk instruments there are plucked, stringed, wind, etc.
Folk dances are dances created by the masses, widespread in folk life. For example: trepak (Russian), hopak (Ukrainian), mazurka (Polish), czardas (Hungarian).
A thread is a horizontal line that replaces the staff in the parts of many percussion instruments.
Nocturne is a dreamy, melodious piece inspired by images of the night. The nocturne is written mainly for piano. Comes from the French " nokturn" - night.
A note is a conventional graphic sign located on a musical staff and indicating the height and relative duration of a sound. The note consists of a white or shaded head and a small stick - a tail, going up or down. The word comes from the Latin " nota" - a written sign.
Notation is a way of recording music using special graphic symbols. The word comes from the Latin " notatio" - recording.
A one-part work is a work in which there is no division into independent parts.
Opera is a type of theatrical art in which stage action is closely related to music - vocal and orchestral. Translated from Italian " orerA" - composition. The first operas were created in Italy at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries. In the 19th century Russian music, in which the composer laid the foundations of national opera, took one of the leading places in world art. The traditions were brilliantly developed by his successors - composers - Korsakov, as well as composers of the 20th century -,.
Operetta is a musical comedy. A musical and stage work of comedic content with vocal and dance scenes accompanied by an orchestra and conversational episodes.
Opus is a term used to sequentially number a composer's works. Derived from the Latin word " opus"- work, work. In Russian it is often used in abbreviation: op. or op. Sometimes an opus may contain not one, but several works. For example, a collection of 12 plays “Children’s Music” was published under one opus - op. 65.
Oratorio is a vocal-symphonic work of many parts. An oratorio usually consists of an alternation of choral episodes, symphonic fragments and vocal numbers - arias, ensembles, recitatives. It differs from the cantata in its larger scale and development of the plot. It arose at the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries. The oratorio genre is close to works called “Requiem”. Samples of Russian oratorio arose at the beginning of the 19th century; this genre became quite popular in the 20th century. They address him (oratorio “On Guard of the World”), (“Song of the Forests”), (“Requiem”).
The organ is a keyboard wind instrument, distinguished by its enormous size and richness of timbre and dynamic shades. Its name comes from the Latin word " organum" - tool. The largest musical instrument.
An orchestra is a large group of instrumental musicians performing works specially designed for a given composition. Sometimes orchestras consist of homogeneous instruments, but more often they are composed of different instrumental groups. Depending on the composition, orchestras have different expressive, timbre and dynamic capabilities and have different names - wind, chamber, folk instruments, symphonic, pop.
Orchestration is the arrangement of a piece of music for orchestra.
An orchestra of Russian musical instruments is an orchestra consisting mainly of domras and balalaikas, including zhaleikas, gusli, horns and other instruments of folk origin.
A score is a musical notation of a polyphonic work for a choir, orchestra or chamber ensemble. The score brings together the parts of individual voices and instruments. The score is a thick, voluminous, hard-bound book, which is placed on the conductor's stand when a piece of music is performed. The parts in the score are arranged one above the other, line by line. The word comes from the Italian " partitura"- division, distribution.
A part is an integral part of a musical work, assigned to an individual voice, instrument, or a group of similar voices or instruments.
A pedal is a special lever device in musical instruments that is controlled by the feet. The word comes from the Latin " pedalis" - foot. Using the pedal, you change the tuning of an instrument (harp, timpani), stop or prolong the sound, and reduce the sound strength (piano).
Singing is the performance of music using a singing voice. Singing differs from spoken speech in the precision of pitch intonation and is one of the most expressive means of musical art. Singing can be choral, solo, ensemble (duet, trio). Singing is the basis of opera, romance, and song genres.
The first violins are a group of violins in a symphony or chamber orchestra that are assigned a more significant role: playing the upper leading voice, they are the main carriers of the most expressive melody in the overall orchestral sound. The number of first violins in a large orchestra reaches 20 pieces.
Arrangement, arrangement - reworking of a musical work written for certain voices or instruments in order to adapt it to performance by other means, for example, arrangement of a symphony for performance on the piano, choral arrangement of a one-voice song, etc. The word “arrangement” comes from the French “ arranger" - process.
A songbook is a collection of popular songs containing the lyrics of these songs and the musical notation of the melody. Songbooks are also commonly called notebooks of singing lovers with recordings of the lyrics of their favorite songs.
Song is one of the forms of vocal music, widespread in folk music, musical everyday life, as well as in professional music. Nowadays, the song can be pop, choral, mass, folk and is addressed to a wide range of music lovers.
Piano is a string-keyboard musical instrument, a type of piano. The piano was invented at the end of the 18th century. A characteristic feature of the piano is a vertically positioned frame with strings (in a grand piano, the strings are stretched in a horizontal position), which makes the instrument more compact in size. Italian word " piano"means small" piano" In turn, the Italian " piano" is an abbreviation for the word "piano".
Polonaise is a dance of Polish origin. The polonaise has the character of a brilliant procession. The dancers move smoothly, majestically, slightly crouching at the 3rd quarter of each beat. The word comes from the French " polonaise" - Polish dance.
The chorus is part of the verse form. Usually in a song the chorus comes after the chorus. But when the chorus is repeated, its words and melody do not change.
Program music is instrumental music based on a program, that is, a specific plot. The programmatic nature of the music can be stated in its title (for example, the suite “Pictures at an Exhibition”, the overture “Romeo and Juliet”), in the epigraph (Kovich’s Seventh Symphony: “Dedicated to my hometown Leningrad, our future victory over fascism”) or in a special program , which talks in detail about the content of the music (“Fantastic Symphony” by G. Berlioz).
The console is a stand for music in the form of an inclined frame on a long leg, sometimes on two. To adjust the height, the remote control is equipped with a retractable stand.
A play is a completed musical work of small size. This term is usually used in relation to instrumental music.
A music stand is a stand for music, built into a piano or organ.
Repertoire is a selection of musical works performed in concerts or theatre, as well as plays that constitute the “creative baggage” of a soloist.
Rehearsal is a preparatory trial performance of a piece of music. To achieve perfection, a number of rehearsals are usually carried out before a performance. From Latin " repetito" - repetition.
Refrain is the main section of the rondo, which is repeated several times, alternating with other sections - episodes. In verse form, the refrain is the same as the chorus. Translated from French the word " refrain"That's what it means - chorus.
Rhythm is the alternation of different durations of sounds in music, short and long. One of the main elements of melody expressiveness. The word comes from the Greek " rhythmos" - proportionality.
Romance is a work for voice with instrumental accompaniment. The genres of romance are varied - lyrics, satire, storytelling, etc. Romance became widespread in Russia in the 19th-20th centuries. Classic examples of romances were created by composers - Korsakov,.
Romanticism is an artistic movement in culture at the turn of the 18th - 19th centuries, which is characterized by ardor and sublime aspiration of ideas. Romanticism became the progenitor of new musical genres - ballad, fantasy, poem. The greatest romantic musicians: F. Schumann, F. Chopin, F. Liszt.
Rondo is a musical form consisting of the repeated construction of a main section - a refrain, with which other episodes alternate. Rondo begins and ends with a refrain, forming a circle. It comes from the French word " rond" - round dance, walking in a circle.
Grand piano is the name of the main type of piano that has taken root in Russia. The wing-like shape of the body, characteristic of a grand piano, is due to the difference in the length of the strings. The name of the instrument comes from the French word " royal" - royal. Indeed, it is customary to say about the piano that this instrument is the king of the orchestra.
A symphony orchestra is a musical group that is the most advanced and rich in its expressive capabilities. Large symphony orchestras have more than 10 musicians. The capabilities of this orchestra are very great. A modern orchestra consists of four main groups: a string group, a woodwind group, a brass group and a percussion group. The symphony orchestra is an indispensable participant in musical performances (operas, ballets, operettas), as well as cantatas and oratorios.
A symphony is a work for orchestra, written in the form of a sonata cycle. There are symphonies in the form of an extended cycle - up to 6-7 parts, and in the form of an incomplete cycle - up to one-part ones. The word comes from the Greek " symphonia" - consonance. The symphonies of V.-A. are widely known. Mozart, L. Beethoven, . Some symphonies are programmatic - “Fantastic” by G. Berlioz, “Pathetique”, “Pastoral” by L. Beethoven.
Syncope is a sound that begins on the weak beat of a measure and is sustained on the following strong beat. This term comes from the Greek " sinkope"- omission of something. Syncopation is characteristic of the Polish mazurka, as well as jazz music.
Scherzo is the name of various sharp-character plays - humorous, grotesque, fantastic. The word comes from the Italian " scherzo" - joke. Pieces created in the scherzo genre can be of different sizes - from a funny miniature to part of a symphony. Thus, the Russian composer used the scherzo genre to create the second part of his famous “Bogatyr Symphony”.
Skomorokh is a wandering musician, actor, singer and dancer in medieval Russia. The “amusement” buffoons usually accompanied their performances by playing the bagpipes, pipes, and harp.
The treble clef is one of the main clefs used in musical notation. The treble clef is a Latin letter distorted over time. G. The treble clef is most convenient for recording sounds in the middle and high register.
The violin is a bowed string instrument, the highest in sound, the richest in expressive and technical capabilities among the instruments of the violin family. It is believed that the immediate predecessor of the violin was Lira da Braccio, which, like a violin, was also held at the shoulder (in Italian the word " braccio" means shoulder). The techniques of playing it were also similar to those of the violin. The body of a modern violin has an oval shape with notches on the sides. The violin is a predominantly single-voice instrument. The timbre of the violin is rich, melodious, and in terms of expressiveness it approaches the human voice.
The bow is a thin wooden stick with a stretched “ribbon” of horsehair. Used to extract sound from bowed string instruments (violin, cello). The length of a modern bow is about 75 cm.
Soloist is a performer of a piece of music intended for one voice or instrument. In opera, the soloist is the performer of a responsible role.
Solo - an episode in a vocal-symphonic, chamber, or choral work, performed by one singer or instrument. The word comes from the Italian " solo" - the only one, one.
Sonata is a work for one or two instruments, written in the form of a sonata cycle. The word comes from the Italian " sonare" - play any instrument.
Soprano is the highest female singing voice. In musical practice there are dramatic, lyric and coloratura sopranos. The word comes from the Italian " sopra"-at the top, above.
A string is an elastic, tightly stretched thread used in many instruments (piano, violin, harp, balalaika, etc.) and serves as a source of sound. The pitch of a string depends on its length, tension force and density of the material from which it is made. Strings are made of metal, animal veins, and also silk.
A stage is a specially equipped part of a theater room intended for the performance of artists, singers, and dancers. The word “scene” also refers to a part of an act or picture of a musical stage performance, which is a relatively complete fragment.
A measure is a short segment of a piece of music contained between downbeats. Starting on a downbeat, the measure ends before the next downbeat; depicted by vertical lines crossing the staff. The word comes from the Latin " tactus" - action.
Theme is a melody, usually short, that expresses the main idea of the work and is material for further development. In Greek " theme" - what lies at the core.
Timbre is a specific coloring of sound characteristic of a given musical instrument or voice. The character of timbre depends on the overtones accompanying the sound and their relative strength. The timbre can be dull, ringing, clear, etc.
Tempo - speed of movement. The pace of the work depends on its character, mood, content. Deviation from the correct tempo leads to distortion of the content. The word comes from the Latin " tempus" - time.
Tenor is the highest sounding male singing voice. There are two main types of tenor: lyric - soft in timbre, gentle, and dramatic - more juicy, strong. In addition to the singing voice, tenor is also called a brass instrument of the middle register, characterized by a warm and rich timbre.
Trill is a rapid alternation of a given sound and the adjacent upper degree of the fret. In Italian " trillare" - rattle.
Trepak is a Russian folk dance, fast, perky, rhythmically clear, with dashing steps. The main figures are improvised by dancers showing their dexterity and ingenuity. The trepaka dance genre was used by classical composers. For example, “Russian Dance” in the ballet “The Nutcracker” was written in this genre.
The triangle is a percussion instrument with an indefinite pitch. It is a rod made of silver steel, bent in the shape of a triangle. When playing the triangle, it is suspended from a string or strap and vibrated by touching a metal stick.
A trio is an ensemble of three performers with an independent part for each of them. Trios are also called works for such an ensemble. Vocal trios are called terzets and exist as a chamber genre. The word "trio" also means the middle part in some musical pieces of the 3-part form - dances, marches, scherzos.
The trumpet is a brass wind instrument, the simplest examples of which are known long before our era. A modern pipe is a pipe bent several times and ending in a small bell. The narrow end is equipped with a mouthpiece.
Troubadour - a traveling poet and singer in France during the Middle Ages. The word comes from the Provençal " trobar" - invent, compose poetry. The main themes in the art of troubadours are the singing of love, deeds, and the beauty of nature.
The troupe is a creative team of theater artists.
Touche is a short musical “greeting” of a fanfare type. It is usually performed at ceremonies.
An overture is an orchestral piece performed before a theatrical performance and introduces the ideas and moods of the upcoming spectacle. In French the word " ouverture" - means "opening".
The bassoon is a low-sounding woodwind instrument invented in the 16th century. It is a long tube, its channel length is 2.5 m, folded several times. The word comes from the Italian " fagotto"- bunch, bundle. The theme of the grandfather in the musical fairy tale “Peter and the Wolf” was written for the bassoon.
Falsetto is the sound of a particularly high register of male voices with a characteristic timbre colorlessness; differs in low sound strength and some artificiality. The word comes from the Italian " falso" - false, false. Occasionally falsetto is used as an expressive artistic device.
Fanfare is a wind musical instrument such as a bugle. Fanfare is also called a trumpet signal of an inviting and ceremonial nature. Fanfare intonations are used in works of various forms and genres.
Finale is the last part of a cyclic musical work (symphony, concert, quartet, sonata), as well as the final scene of an opera, ballet or individual act. The word comes from the Italian " final" - final, final.
The flute is a woodwind instrument, one of the most ancient in origin. The ancestors of the flute are various kinds of reed pipes and pipes. The primary sample of the flute is the longitudinal flute, which was later replaced by the transverse flute sample. A modern flute is a narrow tube, closed at one end, with special holes for blowing air into it. The name comes from the Latin " flatus" - wind, blow. The flute is an indispensable participant in symphony ensembles, brass bands and chamber ensembles. The flute, as a moving instrument, is usually entrusted with the performance of fast, winding melodic phrases, light and graceful passages. The part of the bird in the musical fairy tale “Peter and the Wolf” was written for flute. The flute performs the leitmotif of the Snow Maiden in Korsakov's opera of the same name.
Folklore - oral folk art (Old English word " folklore" - means "folk wisdom"). Musical folklore includes the song and instrumental creativity of the people, reflecting their history, way of life, aspirations, and thoughts. The main area of musical folklore is folk song.
Piano ( t.zh. piano) is a stringed keyboard instrument that has gained exceptional importance in musical practice due to its enormous range and universal technical capabilities. The first examples of this instrument were imperfect: their sound was harsh and their range was limited. Having undergone a number of improvements, the piano by the end of the 18th century. replaced the harpsichord and clavichord. An important step towards the rich dynamic capabilities of the piano was the invention of pedals. At the beginning of the 19th century. Two main types of pianos became established - the upright piano and the grand piano. They are still widespread today. A large number of musical works have been created for the piano. In the history of music, the names of outstanding pianists-performers are known - Stein, etc.
A fugue is a polyphonic work with many voices, in which the main theme is heard in different voices. Translated from Latin the word " fugue" means " run" The fugue reached its highest development in the work of the German composer J.-S. Bach. Often the fugue is performed in combination with other musical pieces - prelude, toccata, fantasy.
Habanera is a Spanish dance of Cuban origin. The name comes from the word Havana- capital of Cuba. Performed at a slow tempo, much of the movement is freely improvised. Habanera is the predecessor of tango, which is characterized by the same rhythm of accompaniment. The habanera genre was used by composer J. Bizet in his opera Carmen.
A choir is a singing group that performs vocal music, mostly polyphonic. There are single (male and female), mixed and children's choirs. The word comes from the Latin " chorus" - crowd, meeting. According to the manner of performance, choirs are divided into academic and folk.
The choirmaster is the conductor of the choir. Typically, a choirmaster is an assistant choir director who works with the group when learning the repertoire. The responsible leader of a choral group in an opera house is also called a choirmaster.
Jota is a Spanish folk dance, performed at a fast pace, accompanied by playing the guitar, mandolin, and the clicking of castanets. The jota genre was used in the creation of his Spanish overture “Aragonese jota”.
Csardas is a Hungarian folk dance. The name comes from the Hungarian word " csarda" - tavern. Consists of slow and fast parts. Czardas is often found in musical literature.
Chastushki are Russian folk songs based on the repeated repetition of a small verse. Appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. The word "ditty" comes from the word "frequent", repeated many times. According to the content, ditties can be satirical, mischievous, lyrical, etc. Slow love ditties are usually called suffering.
The barrel organ is a mechanical wind instrument that became widespread among wandering musicians in Europe at the beginning of the 18th century. A barrel organ is a small box, inside of which there is a mechanism made of a tube, fur and a roller. When the handle is rotated, a piece of music sounds, usually very simple in melodic pattern. The piece is “programmed” into the organ, so playing it does not require any special skills.
Noise sound is a sound that does not have (unlike musical) a clearly defined pitch. Noise sounds include hum, crackling, ringing, rustling, etc. Some noise sounds have found application in music: drumming, clicking of castanets, hitting cymbals, etc.
Plucked instruments are a group of ancient stringed instruments, the sound of which is produced by plucking, that is, by hooking the strings with a finger, as well as by a mediator, a special device for hooking strings. Plucked instruments include harp, domra, mandolin, etc.
Elegy is a play of a sad and thoughtful nature. In Greek " elegeia" - complaint.
A pop orchestra is a name rooted in our country for an orchestra that performs “light” music. Such an orchestra includes a group of wind instruments, a set of drums, piano, guitars, and sometimes several violins.
Humoresque is a short play of a humorous, whimsical nature. In music, musical plays called “Humoresque” by composers A. Dvorak, E. Grieg, etc. are popular.
Musical terminology is the basis of modern performing art. Without terms it is impossible to write down notes, and without notes a professional musician or singer will not be able to play or sing. The terms are academic - they do not change over time and do not become a thing of the past. Invented more than three hundred years ago, they are still relevant.
Fundamental most famous terms in music:
- Arpeggio- alternating notes of a chord sequentially, when the sounds are lined up one after another.
- Aria– a vocal work, part of an opera, performed accompanied by an orchestra.
- Variations– an instrumental work or its excerpts, performed with various complications.
- Gamma- alternating notes in a certain order, but without mixing, up or down until octave repetition.
- Range– the interval between the lowest and highest sound of an instrument or voice.
- Scale- sounds arranged in a row in height, similar to a scale. The scale may be present in musical works or in their excerpts.
- Cantata– a work for concert performance by an orchestra, soloists or choir.
- Clavier– arrangement of a symphony or opera for interpretation on the piano or for singing with piano accompaniment.
- Opera- the most important musical genre, connecting drama and music, music and ballet.
- Prelude– introduction before the main piece of music. Can be used as an independent form for a small piece.
- Romance– a piece for vocal performance with accompaniment. It is distinguished by a romantic mood and melody.
- Rondo– repetition of the main theme of the work with the inclusion of other accompanying episodes between the refrains.
- Symphony- a piece performed by an orchestra in four parts. Based on the principles of sonata form.
- Sonata– an instrumental work of complex form consisting of several parts, one of which dominates.
- Suite- a piece of music consisting of several parts, different in content and contrasting with each other.
- Overture– an introduction to the work, briefly revealing the main content. Orchestral overtures, as a rule, are an independent musical work.
- Piano– a unifying name for instruments operating on the principle of hitting a hammer on a string using keys.
- Chromatic scale– a scale of semitones, formed by filling major seconds with intermediate semitones.
- Texture- a way of presenting music. Main types: piano, vocal, choral, orchestral and instrumental.
- Key– characteristics of the fret in height. Tonality is distinguished by key alteration signs that determine the composition of sounds.
- Third– three-step interval.
- Major third- interval of two tones.
- Minor third- interval of one and a half tones.
- Solfeggio– classes based on the principle of tutoring with the aim of developing an ear for music and its further development.
- Scherzo– a musical sketch of a light, playful nature. May be included in a major musical work as its integral part. It can also be an independent piece of music.
Terms defining style and genres of music:
- Adagio(adagio) - calmly, slowly.
- Ajitato(adgitato) - excited, excited, impulsive.
- Andante(andante) - measuredly, slowly, thoughtfully.
- Appassionato(appassionato) - lively, with passion.
- Accelerando(accelerando) - increasing the pace, accelerating.
- Kalyando(calando) - with fading, reducing speed and reducing pressure.
- Cantabile(cantabile) - melodiously, melodiously, with feeling.
- Con Dolcerezza(con dolcherezza) - softly, with tenderness.
- Con forza(con forza) - with force, assertively.
- Decrescendo(decrescendo) - gradually decreasing the sound strength.
- Dolce(dolce) - gently, with sweetness, softly.
- Doloroso(doloroso) - with sadness, pitifully, with despair.
- Forte(forte) - loudly, with force.
- Fortissimo(fortissimo) - very strong and loud, thunderous.
- Largo(largo) - widely, freely, slowly.
- Legato(legato) - smoothly, calmly, serenely.
- Lento(lento) - slowly, slowing down even more.
- Legiero(legiero) - easily, smoothly, thoughtlessly.
- Maestoso(maestoso) - majestic, solemn.
- Misterioso(misterioso) - quiet, mysterious.
- Moderato(moderato) - moderately, with arrangement, slowly.
- Piano(piano) - quietly, quietly.
- Pianissimo(pianissimo) - very quiet, muffled.
- Presto(presto) - quickly, intensely.
- Sempre(sempre) - constantly, without changing.
- Spirituoso(spirituozo) - spiritually, with feeling.
- Staccato(staccato) - abruptly.
- Vivace(vivace) - lively, quickly, non-stop.
- Vivo(vivo) - tempo, average between presto and allegro.
Musical terminology of a technical nature:
- Treble clef- a special icon placed at the beginning of the musical line, indicating that the note of the first octave “sol” is located on the second line of the staff.
- Bass clef– an icon confirming the location of the note “F” of the small octave on the fourth line of the staff.
- Natural– an icon indicating the cancellation of the “flat” and “sharp” signs. It is a sign of alteration.
- Sharp– an icon indicating an increase in sound by a semitone. It is a sign of alteration.
- Flat– an icon indicating a decrease in sound by a semitone. It is a sign of alteration.
- Double-sharp- an icon indicating an increase in sound by two semitones, a whole tone. It is a sign of alteration.
- Double-flat- an icon indicating a decrease in sound by two semitones, a whole tone. It is a sign of alteration.
- Zatakt- an incomplete measure that gives rise to a piece of music.
- Signs, which abbreviate musical notation, serve to simplify musical notation if it is extensive. The most common: tremolo, reprise sign, melismatic signs.
- Quintol- a form of five notes, replacing the usual group of four notes, symbolized by the number 5, below or above the notes.
- Key– an icon indicating the place where a sound is recorded on the musical scale in relation to other sounds.
- Key signs– alteration icons placed next to the key.
- Note- an icon placed on one of the lines of the staff or between them, indicating the pitch and duration of the sound.
- Staff– five parallel lines for placing notes. The arrangement of note symbols is carried out from bottom to top.
- Score– musical notation, separate for each participant in the performance of the work, taking into account the compatibility of voices and instruments.
- Reprise– an icon indicating repetition of any part of the work. Repeating the fragment with some changes.
- stage– designation of the order of the sounds of the mode, indicated by Roman numerals.
Accompaniment- instrumental or vocal accompaniment of one or more solo voices.
Chord- a consonance consisting of at least three sounds that are or can be located in thirds.
Accent- forceful selection of a separate sound. In musical notation, accent is marked with special signs.
Alto-1. Low female voice (in choir). 2. A bowed string instrument, similar in appearance to a violin, but slightly larger and lower in sound.
Alto clef- one of the types of keys up. Placed on the third line of the staff and indicates that the note up to the first octave is on this line. Notes for a bowed viola are written in the alto clef.
Ensemble- playing or singing together (for example, duet, terzetto or trio, quartet, quintet, etc.). An orchestra is also a type of ensemble.
Fingering- the most convenient choice of fingers when playing musical instruments. Indicated by a number above or below the note.
Aria- a musical work for voice with orchestral accompaniment, which is part of an opera, oratorio or cantata.
Arpeggio- playing the sounds of a chord not simultaneously, but sequentially, one sound after another. It is indicated by a special sign placed in front of the chord.
Baritone-1. Average male voice. For baritone, for example, the roles of Ruslan in the opera “Ruslan and Lyudmila” by M. Glinka, Igor in the opera “Prince Igor” by A. Borodin, Onegin in the opera “Eugene Onegin” by P. Tchaikovsky were written. 2. A brass instrument that is part of a brass band.
Bass-1. Low male voice. For example, the roles of Susanin in the opera “Ivan Susanin” by MGlinka, Pimen in the opera “Boris Godunov” by M. Mussorgsky, and Gremin in the opera “Eugene Onegin” by P. Tchaikovsky were written for the bass. 2. Low voice in a polyphonic piece of music.
Bass clef- a sign that indicates that the note F of the small octave is on the fourth line of the staff.
Natural-refusal is a sign that cancels the effect of a sharp or flat.
Flat(b) is a sign that lowers the sound by a semitone.
Variations- an instrumental piece based on a song and dance theme. What follows is a series of repetitions of the theme with various changes and complications.
Introductory sounds-sounds surrounding the tonic of the mode (Vlhn II degree).
Introductory seventh chords- seventh chords built on the VII degree of the mode (introductory tone). Depending on the seventh, the introductory seventh chords are minor (if the seventh is minor) and diminished (if the seventh is diminished).
Leading tone- one of the sounds adjacent to the tonic of the scale; the upper introductory tone is stage II, the lower introductory tone is stage VII.
Vocal music- music for singing. Vocal music includes songs, romances, arias, and choral works. In opera, vocal music occupies a leading place.
Volta- a sign indicating the repetition of a part of a musical work with a different ending. Indicated by numbers 1,2
Gamma- sounds of a scale located in height up or down from the tonic to its octave repetition.
Harmonic interval- an interval whose sounds are taken simultaneously.
Harmonic major- major with a lowered VI degree.
Harmonic minor- minor with an increased VII degree.
Harmony- 1. One of the expressive means of music. Progressions of chords or voices that accompany the main melody of a piece of music. 2. The science of chords and their connections.
Main steps of the fret- first degree (tonic), fifth degree (dominant) and fourth degree (subdominant).
Main triads- triads built on the main steps of the mode: the tonic triad - on the 1st step, the dominant triad - on the 5th step and the subdominant triad - on the 4th step.
Gruppetto (melisma)-melodic figure of four notes. It is performed - the upper auxiliary (located a second above the main sound), the main sound, the lower auxiliary (located a second below the main sound) and again the main sound.
Grouping sound durations in bars- distribution of notes into groups depending on the size of the bar.
Decima- an interval that contains ten steps (third through octave). A decima is called major if it consists of eight tones. A decima is called minor if it consists of seven and a half tones. The major decima is designated b. 10, small-m. 10.
Range- the sound volume of a given voice or musical instrument; determined by the interval between the lowest and highest sounds of a given voice or instrument.
Diatonic scale- a scale in which not a single degree is repeated in a form changed through alteration.
Diatonic intervals- intervals that are possible between the main degrees of diatonic modes (pure, major, minor and tritones).
Diatonic modes- modes without the use of alteration, that is, without a chromatic increase or decrease in degrees (natural major and minor, as well as modes found in folk music: Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, five-step modes).
Diatonic semitone- a semitone formed by adjacent sounds of different names, for example mi - fa, do - peb.
Diatonic tone-tone formed by adjacent sounds of different names, for example do - re, fa - salt.
Sharp (#)
- a sign that raises the sound by a semitone.
Dynamic shades (nuances)- changes in sound volume during the performance of a piece of music.
Conductor- director of the orchestra and choir. The conductor conveys his artistic intentions, indications of tempo, and shades of performance with hand movements.
Dissonant intervals- intervals that sound J more sharply, the sounds of which do not merge with each other.
Dominant- fifth degree of the mode.
Dominant triad- a triad built on the V degree of the mode.
Dominant seventh chord- a seventh chord, built on the 5th degree of the mode, consists of a major triad and a minor seventh.
Dorian mode- a special mode found in folk music. It differs from the natural minor VI by a raised degree, which is called the Dorian sixth.
Double-flat (bb-double flat) is a sign that lowers the sound by two semitones (a whole tone).
Double-sharp (X- double sharp) is a sign that raises the sound by two semitones (a whole tone).
Duet-1. An ensemble of two performers. 2. A piece of music intended to be performed by two singers or instrumentalists.
3 bars- an incomplete measure from which a piece of music begins.
Sound- the result of vibrations of an elastic body (for example, a string, a column of air). Sounds are divided into musical and noise.
Scale- a series of sounds arranged in height. There are scales: individual modes, instruments, any musical works or excerpts thereof.
Alteration signs- signs that raise or lower individual sounds by a semitone or a whole tone. There are five alteration signs: sharp, flat, double-sharp, double-flat, bekar.
Abbreviations for musical notation- signs through which musical notation is simplified. The most common are: reprise sign, tremolo, melismatic signs and others.
Imitation- imitation; carrying out a melodic theme or a separate segment of a melody successively in two or more voices.
Instrumental music- music for performance on musical instruments.
Interval- a combination of two sounds taken sequentially or simultaneously. The bottom sound of an interval is called its base, the top sound is its top.
Cadence- conclusion of a musical thought.
Cadence complete perfect- ending the construction on a tonic note in the melody.
Cadence complete imperfect- ending the construction at the tonic third or fifth in the melody.
Half cadence- stopping in the middle of the construction on an unstable sound of the scale, most often on one of the sounds of the dominant triad.
Canon- a type of polyphonic music in which all voices perform the same melody, but do not enter simultaneously, but one after the other.
Cantata- a piece of music for choir, soloists, orchestra, performed in concerts. Consists of choral numbers, arias, ensembles.
Qualitative (or tonal) magnitude of intervals- the number of tones or semitones contained in an interval.
Quart-interval that contains four steps. A fourth is called pure if it consists of two and a half tones. A clear quart is indicated by part 4.
Kvartdecima-an interval that contains fourteen steps (a seventh through an octave). Designated - 14.
Quartet-1. An ensemble of four singers or musical instrument performers. 2. A piece of music for such an ensemble.
Quartsextaccord- the second inversion of a triad, with a fifth at the bottom, is designated 4/6.
Quint- an interval that contains five steps. A fifth is called pure if it consists of three and a half tones. A perfect fifth is indicated by part 5.
Quintdecima- an interval that contains fifteen steps (octave after octave). Quintdecima is designated -15.
Circle of fifths- a system in which all keys of one fret are arranged in perfect fifths.
Quintol- a rhythmic figure of five notes, instead of the usual group of four notes; indicated by the number 5 above or below the notes.
Quintsextchord- the first inversion of a seventh chord with a third tone at the bottom, designated 5/6
Clavier- arrangement of an opera or symphonic score for performance on the piano (or for singing with the piano).
Key- a sign that determines the place of recording of a sound on the staff and, depending on it, all other sounds.
Key signs- alteration signs displayed next to the key.
Code- the final part of a musical work (completes it as a whole).
Quantitative (or step) value of intervals- the number of steps covered by the interval. Depending on the quantitative value, the interval gets its name. For example, an interval containing three steps is a third.
Consonant intervals- intervals that sound softer, the sounds of which seem to merge with each other.
Perfect consonances- consonances in which there is a complete or significant fusion of sounds: pure prima (unison), pure octave, pure fifth and partly pure fourth.
Imperfect consonances- consonances in which there is a slight merging of sounds: major and minor thirds, major and minor sixths.
Concert- a major work for a solo instrument with orchestral accompaniment.
Lad- organization of musical sounds around a reference sound called the tonic.
Fret resolution of intervals- transition of unstable sounds of an interval into the nearest stable sounds of a mode.
Lydian mode- a special mode found in folk music. It differs from the natural major IV by a raised degree, which is called the Lydian quart.
Major mode- a mode in which stable sounds taken together form a major triad.
Major triad- a triad, which consists of a major and minor third or a major third and a perfect fifth.
Small introductory seventh chord- seventh chord, built-. pronounced on the 7th degree of the natural major scale. Consists of a diminished triad and a minor seventh or two minor thirds and a major third.
Melismas- melodic figures that decorate individual sounds of a melody.
Melodic interval- an interval whose sounds are taken sequentially (one after the other).
Melodic minor- minor, in which the VI and VII steps are increased.
Melody- a musical thought expressed monophonically, a monophonic melody.
Meter- uniform alternation of accents in music.
Metronome- a device for accurately determining tempo.
Mezzo-soprano- low female voice. The roles of Carmen in the opera “Carmen” by J. Bizet, Marfa in the opera “Khovanshchina” by M. Mussorgsky and others were written for mezzo-soprano.
Mixolydian mode- a special mode that is found in folk music. Differs from natural major VII by a lowered degree, which is called the Mixolydian seventh.
Minor scale- a mode in which stable sounds taken together form a minor triad.
Minor triad- a triad, which consists of a minor and major third or a minor third and a perfect fifth.
Modulation- transition from one key to another.
Mordent (melism)- a melodic figure of three notes. It is performed: the main sound, above which the mordent is placed, the upper auxiliary (located above the main sound) and again the main sound.
Natural major- major, in which the degrees are not changed. The structure of the natural major scale is tone-tone-semitone-tone-tone-tone-semitone.
Natural minor- minor, in which the degrees are not changed. The natural minor has the same sound composition as the parallel natural major.
Non-key accidentals- see random alteration signs.
Unstable intervals in harmony- intervals in which both sounds (or one of the sounds) are unstable, that is, they are not included in the tonic triad.
Nona- an interval that contains nine steps (a second through an octave). A nona is called major if it consists of seven tones. A nona is called minor if it consists of six and a half tones. The major none is indicated by b. 9, small - m. 9.
Note- a sign used to record the pitch and duration of a sound.
The staff is the five horizontal parallel lines on which the notes are placed. Lines are counted from bottom to top.
Staff- see stave.
Nuances- see dynamic shades. .
Overtones- overtones accompanying the main sound. All overtones, when sounded, form a natural scale, the sounds of which are arranged in the following order (from the fundamental tone): pure octave, pure fifth, pure fourth, major third, two minor thirds, three major seconds, etc. The first six overtones form a major ( major) triad and are of great importance in the formation of the major-minor system of modes.
Reversing intervals- moving the bottom sound of an interval up an octave or the top sound down an octave. The result is another interval, which adds up to an octave with the original one.
Inversion of the seventh chord- a type of seventh chord in which the bottom sound is the third, fifth or seventh of the main seventh chord.
Reversal of triads- a type of triad in which the bottom sound is the third or fifth of the main triad.
Keys of the same name- major and minor keys that have the same tonics (for example: C major and C minor, D major and D minor).
Octave-1. An interval that contains six tones. The pure octave is indicated by part 8. 2. Group of sounds from before until every next before.
Octet- a piece of music written for eight performers.
Opera- one of the most important musical genres, combining music and drama, as well as other forms of art (ballet, painting).
Oratorio- a musical work for choir, orchestra and solo singers (with a certain plot content), intended for concert performance.
Organ- a keyboard wind instrument, the largest in body size and sound volume of all musical instruments.
Orchestra- a group of performers on musical instruments, organized to perform music together.
Basic divisions of sound duration- dividing the duration of sounds into equal parts, of which each larger duration is equal to the next two shorter ones (for example, a whole note is equal to two half notes, a half note is equal to two quarter notes, a quarter is equal to two eighth notes, an eighth note is equal to two sixteenth notes, etc.).
Special types of rhythmic division- splitting durations into an arbitrary number of equal parts that do not coincide with the main division (for example, a quarter is divided into three parts, instead of dividing into two, a triplet is formed; from dividing into five parts, instead of dividing into four, a quintole is formed, etc.) .
Parallel keys- major and minor keys that have the same key signs. The parallel minor key is a minor third down from the major key.
Score- musical notation of all voices of a musical work (for orchestra, choir or ensemble), where a separate line of notes is allocated for each voice or instrument.
The consignment- 1. A voice in the score, performed by one of the ensemble members (or several members in unison), 2. One of the main thematic sections of the sonata form.
Pause- a sign of silence.
Pentatonic scale- a scale consisting of five sounds. A characteristic feature of the pentatonic scale is the absence of semitones and sounds that form tritones (that is, without IV and VII degrees in natural major and without II and VI degrees in natural minor).
Variable mode- a mode in which there are two tonics. Most often, the tonics of the alternating mode are triads of a major and its parallel minor, or vice versa. There are also other types of alternating fret.
Variable sizes- dimensions in which the number of beats changes throughout the entire work or part of it. For example, in Russian folk songs - “Vanya was sitting”, “Oh yes, you, Kalinushka”.
Song- the most common musical genre that combines music and poetic text.
Polyphony-1. Polyphonic music with an independent meaning for each voice. 2. The science of polyphonic forms.
Semitone- the smallest distance in height between two sounds in a twelve-tone tempered scale.
Prelude- an introductory piece before the main presentation of a musical work. It occurs as an independent genre of small musical works.
Prima- an interval that contains one step; repetition of the same step. If the step is repeated without change, the prima is pure, designated part 1.
Simple Intervals- intervals not exceeding an octave in size.
Simple sizes- two- and three-beat sizes, having two or three beats with one accent (2/4,3/4,3/8)
Five step fret- see pentatonic scale.
Time signature- numbers in the form of a fraction, which are set at the beginning of the musical notation. The numerator of the fraction indicates the number of beats in a measure, and the denominator indicates the duration of these beats.
Register- part of sounds united by some characteristic, mainly timbre. Each voice or instrument has three registers: high, middle and low.
Reprise- 1. A sign of repetition of some part of a musical work. 2. Restatement of topics with some changes.
Recitative- musical recitation, representing something intermediate between colloquial speech and singing, as if chanting.
Rhythm- an organized sequence of sound durations in a piece of music.
Related keys- tones that have the largest number of common sounds. Related tonalities include: parallel tonality, dominant tonality and its parallel, subdominant tonality and its parallel, as well as the tonality of the minor (harmonic) subdominant in major and the tonality of the major (harmonic) dominant in
minor.
Romance- a piece of music for voice with accompaniment. Romances are sometimes found as the names of instrumental pieces of a melodious, melodic nature.
Rondo- a play based on one main theme that is repeated several times (refrain). Between repetitions of this main theme, other themes (episodes) are included.
Sequence- repetition of any melodic or harmonic turn from different degrees of the scale or at a certain interval.
Sixth- an interval that contains six steps. A sexta is called major if it consists of four and a half tones. A sexta is called minor if it consists of four tones. The major sixth is designated 6.6, the minor sixth - m. 6.
Sextachord- the first inversion of a triad with a tertian tone at the bottom is indicated by the number 6.
Sextet-musical ensemble of six performers.
Second- an interval that contains two steps. A second is called a great second if it consists of one tone. A second is called a small second if it consists of a semitone. The major second is designated 6.2, the minor second is m.2.
Second accord- the third inversion of a seventh chord with a seventh at the bottom, indicated by the number 2.
Seventh chord- a chord of four sounds that are located or can be located in thirds.
Septet- a musical ensemble of seven performers.
Seventh- an interval that contains seven steps. A seventh is called major if it consists of five and a half tones. A septima is called minor if it consists of five tones. The major seventh is indicated by 6.7, the minor seventh by m. 7.
Symphony- an orchestral piece of music consisting of several movements (usually four). The development of the symphony is based on the principles of sonata form.
Syncope- moving the beat accent from a strong beat to a weak one.
Scherzo- a piece of music, most often of a lively, humorous nature. A scherzo can be an independent piece of music or part of another larger work.
Treble clef- a conventional sign that indicates that the G note of the first octave is on the second line of the staff.
Complex dimensions- dimensions formed from the merging of two or more identical simple dimensions.
Random accidentals- accidental signs placed immediately before the note.
Mixed sizes- times (measures that are formed from the merger of two or more unequal simple sizes.
Solo- performance of a work (or part thereof) by one singer or musician.
Solfeggio- special classes that promote the development of musical ear.
Sonata- a large instrumental work consisting of several parts, one of which (usually the first) has a special, complex form called sonata allegro (see sonata allegro).
Sonata allegro- the form of a musical work, consisting of three main sections: 1) exposition, that is, a presentation of thematic material; 2) development, in which the themes presented in the exhibition are further developed; 3) reprise, that is, a re-statement of the main themes with some changes.
Sonatina- the sonata is small in size and relatively easy to perform.
Soprano- high female voice. The roles of Tatiana in the opera “Eugene Onegin” and Lisa in the opera “The Queen of Spades” by P. Tchaikovsky were written for soprano.
Compound Intervals- intervals wider than an octave, staccato - abrupt execution of sounds. Indicated by dots placed above or below the notes.
stage- ordinal designation of the sounds of the mode. Marked with a Roman numeral.
Subdominant- fourth degree of the fret.
Subdominant triad- a triad built on the fourth degree of the mode.
Suite- a multi-part work, consisting of several independent parts, varied in content and built on the principle of contrast.
Tact- a segment of a piece of music from one downbeat to the next.
Bar line-vertical line separating bars from each other. The bar line is placed before the downbeat of the bar.
Timbre- the character of sound characteristic of a given voice or instrument.
Tempered tuning- a system in which each octave is divided into twelve equal parts - semitones.
Pace- speed of music performance.
Tenor- high male voice. The roles of Lensky in the opera “Eugene Onegin” and Herman in the opera “The Queen of Spades” by P. Tchaikovsky were written for the tenor.
Tenor clef- one of the types of keys up. Placed on the fourth line of the staff and indicates that on this line there is a note up to the first octave. Notes are written in the tenor key for cello, bassoon, and trombone.
Tetrachord- a melodic sequence of four) sounds arranged by seconds in the volume of a quart. In scales I, II, III, IV degrees form the first or lower tetrachord, and V, VI, VII, VIII degrees form the second or upper tetrachord.
Terzdecima- an interval that contains thirteen steps (a sexta through an octave). A tercidecima is called major if it consists of ten and a half tones. A tercidecima is called minor if it consists of ten tones. The major tercidecima is designated b.13, the minor tercdecima is designated m.13,
Tercet- a piece of music for three performers, usually vocal.
Third-an interval that contains three steps. A third is called major if it consists of two tones. A third is called minor if it has one and a half tones. The major third is designated b. 3, minor third m. 3.
Third quarter chord - second inversion of a seventh chord with a fifth at the bottom, denoted 3/4
Key- fret height. Each tonality is distinguished by its key alteration signs, which determine the composition of sounds.
Tonic- the first step of the fret.
Tonic triad- a triad built on the 1st degree of the mode.
Transposition- transferring a piece of music or part of it from one key to another.
Triad- a chord of three sounds that are or can be arranged in thirds.
Trill (melisma)- uniform, rapid alternation of the main and upper auxiliary sounds.
Tremolo- rapid repetition of the same sound or study of several sounds.
Triplet- a rhythmic figure of three notes, instead of the usual group of two notes, is indicated by the number 3 above or below the notes.
Triton- the name of intervals containing three tones. Tritones include the augmented fourth and diminished fifth.
Augmented triad- a triad, which consists of two major thirds, the extreme sounds forming an augmented fifth. Occurs in harmonic minor at the third degree and in harmonic major at the sixth degree.
Overture- an introduction (to an opera, drama or any other theatrical work), concisely setting out the main idea of the entire work as a whole. There are independent orchestral overtures, usually of a programmatic nature, for example, the “1812” and “Romeo and Juliet” overtures by P. Tchaikovsky.
Diminished opening seventh chord- a seventh chord built on the VII degree of harmonic major or harmonic minor. Consists of a diminished triad and a diminished seventh or three minor thirds.
Diminished triad- a triad, which consists of two minor thirds, the extreme sounds forming a diminished fifth. Occurs in natural major at the VII degree and in harmonic major or minor at II and VII degrees.
Undecima- an interval that contains eleven steps (a fourth through an octave). An undecima is called pure if it consists of eight and a half tones. Pure undecima is designated part 11.
Unison- exact match of two sounds in height.
Stable intervals in harmony- intervals in which both sounds are stable, that is, they are included in the tonic triad.
Texture- a way of presenting the expressive means of music. Main types of texture: vocal, instrumental, choral, orchestral, piano, etc.
Fermata- a sign indicating an arbitrary increase in the duration of a sound or pause, which depends on the nature of the work, the intentions and taste of the performer.
The final- the name of the last, final part of a musical work.
Piano- a general name for instruments whose sound is produced by striking a hammer on a string when pressing a key.
The grace period is long- melisma, which consists of one sound performed before the main sound (always at its expense). The duration of a long grace note is usually equal to half the duration of the main sound.
The grace note is short- melisma, which consists of one or more very short sounds played before the main sound.
Phrasing- clear identification of musical phrases when performing musical works.
Phrygian mode- a special mode found in folk music. It differs from the natural minor II by a lower degree, which is called the Phrygian second.
Characteristic intervals of harmonic major- increased and decreased intervals resulting from a decrease in VI
degrees in harmonic major. The characteristic intervals of the harmonic major include: uv. 2 and its appeal is mind. 7, uv. 5 and its appeal is mind. 4.
Characteristic intervals of the harmonic minor- increased and decreased intervals resulting from an increase in VII
degrees in harmonic minor. The characteristic intervals of the harmonic minor include: uv. 2 and its appeal is mind. 7, uv. 5 and its appeal is mind. 4.
Choir-1. A large group of singers. There are choirs for children, women, men and mixed. 2. A piece of music for choral performance.
Chromatic signs- the same as alteration signs.
Chromatic scale- a scale consisting of halftones. The chromatic scale is formed by filling the major seconds with intermediate semitones.
Chromatic semitone- a semitone formed by adjacent sounds of the same name. For example, do-do #
, mi-mi b .
Chromatic tone- a tone formed by adjacent sounds of the same name. For example, do-do X, mi-mi.
Caesura- the moment of dismemberment in music; a short, barely noticeable pause between phrases.
Whole tone scale- six-step scale built on whole tones: do-re-mi-fa #
-la b-cu b-before. In this mode, all triads, including the tonic, are augmented.
Elementary Music Theory- an academic discipline that studies musical notation and the basic elements of music: modes, scales, intervals, meter, rhythm, chords, etc.
Enharmonically equal sounds- sounds are the same in height, but different in name (for example, do - si #
)
Enharmonically equal intervals- intervals are the same in sound and in the number of tones they contain, but different in name and in the number of steps they contain (for example, do - mi b=do - re #
, do - fa #
=do - salt b) .
Enharmonically equal tonalities- tonalities are the same in sound, but different in name. Of the tonalities up to seven signs in the key that occur in musical practice, there are three cases of enharmonic equality in major (B major = C major, F # major = G b major, C # major = D major) and three cases in minor (G # minor = A b minor, D # minor = E b minor, A # minor = b minor).
Loading...
