How to describe the conversational style of speech. Conversational style of speech

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Togliatti State Academy of Service

Department of "Russian and foreign languages"

Subject: "Russian language and culture of speech".

On the topic: "Features of conversational style."

Done: student

Groups T - 301

Averyanova E. V.

Checked by: Konovalova E.Yu.

Togliatti 2005

1. Features of conversational style…………………………………………… 3

2. Colloquial vocabulary………………………………………………………… 6

3. Morphology of conversational style ………………………………………….. 8

4. Syntax of conversational style……………………………………………… 10

List of used literature…………………………………………… 14

1. Features of conversational style.

Conversational style is a style that caters to the realm of oral communication or verbal communication.

Conversational style (colloquial speech) is used in a wide range of personal, i.e. informal, off-duty relationships. This style is often called colloquial-everyday, but it would be more accurate to call it colloquial-everyday, since it is not limited only to the everyday side, but is used as a means of communication in almost all areas of life - family, industrial, socio-political, educational, scientific , cultural, sports.

The function of conversational style is the function of communication in its "original" form. Speech is generated by the needs of direct communication between two or more interlocutors and acts as a means of such communication; it is created in the process of speaking and depends on the interlocutor's response - speech, facial expressions, etc.

A huge role in sounding speech is played by intonation, logical stress, tempo, pauses. In conditions of easy communication, a person, to a much greater extent than in the presence of official relations, has the opportunity to show his personal qualities - temperament, emotionality, sympathy, which saturates his speech with emotional and stylistically colored (mostly stylistically reduced) words, expressions, morphological forms and syntactic constructions.

In colloquial speech, the function of communication can be supplemented by the function of the message or the function of influence. However, both the message and the impact are manifested in direct communication, and therefore occupy a subordinate position.

The most common factors in the colloquial style are the personal, informal nature of the relationship between the participants in communication; their direct participation in communication; continuation of speech in the process of communication without prior preparation.

Although these factors are closely related to each other, their role in the formation of the actual linguistic features of the conversational style is far from homogeneous: the last two factors - direct participation in communication and unpreparedness of communication - are closely related to the oral form of speech and are generated by it, while the first factor is the personal, informal nature of the relationship also applies to written communication, for example, in personal correspondence. On the contrary, in oral communication, the relationship between its participants can be official, service, "impersonal".

Language means used during personal, everyday, informal relationships between speakers are characterized by additional shades - ease, a sharper evaluative moment, more emotionality compared to neutral or bookish equivalents, i.e. these language means are colloquial.

Such linguistic means are widely used outside of colloquial speech - in artistic and journalistic, as well as scientific texts.

The norms of colloquial-everyday style in oral form differ significantly from the norms of other functional styles, for which the written form is defining (although not the only one). The norms of colloquial-everyday style are not established and are not officially regulated, i.e., they are not subject to codification, which gives rise to the illusion, which is very common among non-specialists, that colloquial speech does not have a norm at all: whatever you say, it's okay. However, the very fact of automatic reproduction in speech of ready-made structures. Phraseological turns, various kinds of stamps, i.e. standardized language means corresponding to certain standard speech situations, indicates an imaginary or, in any case, limited "freedom" of the speaker. Conversational speech is subject to strict laws, has its own rules and norms, as evidenced by the fact that the factors of book and written speech in general are perceived in colloquial speech as alien. Strict (albeit unconsciously following ready-made standards) is the norm of unprepared oral speech.

On the other hand, the unpreparedness of the speech act, its attachment to the situation, along with the lack of a clear idea of ​​the norm, determine a very wide freedom in choosing options. The boundaries of the norm become unsteady, vague, the normativity itself sharply weakens. Casual, everyday dialogic speech consisting of short remarks allows significant deviations from generally accepted norms due to its impulsive nature.

2. Colloquial vocabulary.

Colloquial style vocabulary is divided into two large groups: 1) commonly used colloquial words; 2) colloquial words, socially or dialectally limited.

Common vocabulary, in turn, is divided into colloquial-literary (related to the norms of literary use) and colloquial-everyday (not bound by strict norms of use), colloquial speech adjoins the latter.

Colloquial vocabulary is also heterogeneous: 1) colloquial speech, which is on the verge of literary use, is not rude in its essence, somewhat familiar, everyday, for example: potatoes instead of potato, savvy instead of quick wits, become instead of happen, fail instead of to be guilty; 2) non-literary vernacular, rude, for example: drive up instead of to strive, to push instead of fall, fall instead of talk absurdly, drag around, wander around instead of walk without de la; this includes the actual vulgarisms and swear words: thorns (eyes), sting, die; faggot, slut etc. Such words are used for certain stylistic purposes - it is common when depicting the negative phenomena of life.

Colloquial vocabulary, socially or dialectally limited, includes v themselves such lexical groups as colloquial professionalisms (for example, the names of brown bear varieties: vulture, oatmeal, anteater etc.), dialectisms (talking - talk, veksha - squirrel, stubble - stubble), jargon (plaisir - pleasure, fun; plein air - nature), argotic (split - betray; lettuce, lettuce - young, inexperienced; crusts - boots). Many jargonisms arose even before the revolution in the speech of the ruling classes, some argotisms were preserved from the speech usage of the declassed elements. Slang vocabulary can also be associated with the age commonality of generations (for example, in the language of youth: cheat sheet, pair (deuce). All these categories of vocabulary have a narrow scope; in terms of expression, they are characterized by extreme reduction. The main lexical layer of the colloquial style is made up of commonly used words, both actually colloquial and colloquial. Both of these categories of words are close to each other, the line between them is unsteady and movable, and sometimes difficult to grasp; it is not for nothing that many words in different dictionaries are provided with different labels (for example, the words swear, really in the "Explanatory Dictionary" ed. D. N. Ushakov are classified as colloquial, and in the four-volume "Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language" - as colloquial; the words get rich, carminative, sour in the "Explanatory Dictionary" ed. D. N. Ushakov are rated as colloquial, but in the "Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language" they do not have marks, that is, they are classified as interstyle - stylistically neutral). In the Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. S.I. Ozhegov expanded the boundaries of colloquial vocabulary: many words marked in other dictionaries as vernacular are classified as colloquial. Some colloquial words in dictionaries have a double tag - colloquial and regional, as many common dialectisms go into the category of colloquial words. The colloquial style is characterized by the predominance of words with an emotionally expressive coloring, with the mark "affectionate", "joking", "abusive", "ironic", "diminutive", "contemptuous", etc.

In colloquial style, words with a specific meaning are usually used. (storage room, locker room) names of persons (Chatterbox, couch potato) and much less often - words with an abstract meaning (superficiality, boasting, nonsense). In addition to specific colloquial words (crokhobor, ogoro sew), there are words that are colloquial in only one of the figurative meanings, and 8 others are perceived as stylistically neutral (for example, the verb unwind e meaning "to lose the ability to restrain"). Colloquial words, as a rule, are synonymous with neutral ones and relatively rarely with book words. Sometimes there is a complete correspondence of stylistic opposites (for example: eyes - eyes - peepers).

3. Morphology of conversational style.

The distinctive features of the morphology of the colloquial-everyday style are associated with the peculiarities of the functioning of the parts of speech in it. The relative activity of morphological categories of words and individual word forms in the colloquial-everyday style is different than in other functional styles. Such forms of the verb as participle and participle are practically not used in colloquial speech. The absence of gerunds can be compensated to some extent by the second predicate, expressing the "accompanying" feature: "And I'm sitting writing"; "They have
punished, but I regret not punishing”; "I see: it is staggering."
A well-known analogy (but, of course, not an identity) with turns of the type
"Please take out the pliers that are on the shelf"(or
"lying on a shelf" constructs: "Get it, please
pliers... over there on the shelf"(or: "over there on the shelf").

In colloquial speech, the forms in -a (-ya), (-v) shi (s),
reminiscent of adverbs: “I don’t get up all Monday
lay”, “go on without turning to the store.” Such forms
are considered adverbs of the adverbial form. Forms of the same type:
“Is he a knowledgeable specialist?” - of course, are adjectives.

Different than in other styles is the ratio of full and short adjectives in colloquial-everyday style. Short forms of most quality adjectives are not used, preference is given to short adjectives like grateful, faithful, satisfied, needed, for which full forms are not typical, as well as adjectives that have the meaning of inconsistency of the measure with the quality of the type "Dress is short for you."

In colloquial-everyday style, non-significant words (pronouns, particles) became more common; significant words are used less frequently. With situational attachment of colloquial speech, pronouns with their generalized semantics are used instead of nouns and adjectives: “Be kind, get me that ... well ... that on the top shelf ... on the left” (book), “What is he like? - Yes, such ... you know ... "," Hello ... it's you ... and where is he? etc. In almost 25% of cases, non-significant words are used not so much to express some shades of meaning, but to fill pauses forced in colloquial speech: "Well... since you've come... well... be, well... consider yourself guest"; "Well... I don't know... do as you like"; “But Pavel is right… but he still ... now ... found, so ... he solved the problem here.

According to E.A. Stolyarova, there are an average of 142 nouns per 1000 words in colloquial speech, while in artistic speech - 290, in oral speech - 295, in written scientific speech - 386; adjectives, there are respectively 39-82-114-152 per 1000 words.

Among the case word forms of a noun, the nominative case is the most active, which is explained by the peculiarities of colloquial syntax, i.e. the prevalence of constructions with "nominative themes" (“buy there ... well, kefir, cheese... yes... here's another... sausage... don't forget it"; And the Palace of Congresses... did you get there?") as well as the commonness of nouns in the nominative case with various kinds of additives, clarifications (“And you go straight, straight ... there is such a house ... so you pass by”; “Well, you can’t remember everyone ... Sveta ... I know her”).

In colloquial speech, a certain group of material nouns is used in a countable form in the meaning of "portion of this substance": two milk(two bags or bottles), two sour cream two borscht etc.

The feminine form is also activated when designating a profession, position: cashier(instead of the official "cashier"), librarian(instead of "librarian"), doctor(instead of "doctor").

4. Syntax of colloquial style.

The most peculiar feature of the colloquial style is its syntax. And this is not surprising: the unpreparedness of colloquial speech is especially strongly reflected in its syntax.

The direct contact of the participants in the speech act, the instantaneous consideration of the interlocutor's extralinguistic reaction (facial expressions, gestures, etc.), communication in the form of a dialogue, attachment to the situation cause various kinds of incompleteness, reticence of the message.

In colloquial speech, in particular, are widespread
structures capable of performing the functions of the missing part
statements, - for example, the so-called main independent and subordinate independent. So, at the end of a conversation that touches on complex, conflicting issues, the solution of which turned out to be problematic, or even after a considerable time after such a conversation, a person says: "Oh, I don't know, I don't know." Due to the special intonation, this structure performs the function
not only the main, but also the unsubstituted subordinate clause: "... what will happen next (... what will come of it)". There is even more reason to talk about the main independent when the pronoun is used in the sentence such or adverb So, i.e. demonstrative words, after which, however, in this case there are no subordinate clauses: "Your clothes are not so dirty hands ... "," I'm so good at sewing ... "

Sentences are used as "subordinate clauses" only in those cases when the content of the unsubstituted main included in them finds expression in intonation and union or union word or is suggested by the very structure of the sentence: what is she, what is not(instead of "It doesn't matter if she exists, that she is not").

The colloquial-everyday style is distinguished by a variety of types of incomplete constructions or "unreplaced syntactic positions". They are studied in particular detail in the monograph "Russian Colloquial Speech".

For example, the unreplaced syntactic position of the verb-predicate in constructions like he is home. The fact that such an utterance will be correctly understood outside the situation of the context proves its systemic linguistic nature. A wide variety of categories of verbs can be unsubstituted - verbs of motion: “ Where are you going?" - "Only to the store"; verbs of speech: Not very interesting - you are shorter »; « Well, I'm in praise of you »;

verbs with meaning close to meaning "address": “We are already with this in the district committee and in the newspaper”; “do, study”: “She does gymnastics every morning. Regularly"; with a value close to the value "read, study" “Well, with my knowledge of German, I’ll probably get this book in a week”; with a value close to the value “beat”: “And they are great for him”, “It seems to me that this is his stick” etc. A verb in an indefinite form can also be unsubstituted: “We should go to the theater tomorrow”, “I couldn’t talk about it.”

It is known that colloquial speech is characterized by increased emotionality, which is achieved in various ways. Word order and intonation play an important role. So, in order to focus on that part of the message that is expressed by the adjective as a predicate, it is made the beginning of a sentence; it pulls the logical stress on itself and is separated from the unstressed noun by a bunch be: there was a small river; were excellent mushrooms. As O.A. Laptev, of particular interest are constructions in which the only purpose of the adverbial word is to fill in the empty stressed link in order to preserve the expression of speech: “I like her so much!”, “Here, try to take her, so she starts to bite!”. The use of stressed pronouns such as, some, none allows you to maintain the appearance of a constant emotional intensity of speech: “it was such a heat, terrible”; "there was such a noise"; “And we bought such flowers.”

Expressive constructions are used in colloquial speech, in which the informative center of the utterance strives for maximum formal independence from the rest of the utterance, for example, the so-called nominative theme. True, the “nominative theme” is also used in other functional styles, both in written and oral form, representing a stylistic device, the purpose of which is to attract
attention of the reader or listener to the most important, from the point of view
the speaker's point of view, part of the utterance. A.M. Peshkovsky suggested that the use of the nominative theme in
lecturer's speech "arises from the desire to single out a given idea and thereby facilitate the upcoming connection of this idea -
with another. The idea is presented in two steps:
first, an isolated object is put on display, and the listeners only know that there will be something about this object
it is also said that for the time being this object must be observed; Next
moment the thought itself is expressed.

In colloquial speech, this process of dividing the utterance into parts occurs automatically. What is done in lecture speech to facilitate the listener, in colloquial speech can be done by the speaker to facilitate himself, for example: sky / it everything is in clouds; Lecture / where will it be?; Nikolai Stepanovich / Nikolay Stepanovich will not be here today; Sausage / chop, please; She I liked the picture very much. ABOUT. Sirotina singles out "nominative themes" in "qualitative situations", which are widespread not only in oral (literary and dialect), but also in written speech. These constructions are characterized by a pronounced value of the qualitative characteristics of the subject: Grandma - she will talk to everyone(i.e. chatty).

Characteristic for colloquial speech and appendix construction (And your daughter, is she a historian?); interrogative constructions with an additional phrase boundary (It's you on purpose, right? raw log (dragged); non-union subordinating constructions (Want \ pie - did your grandmother bake?); overlay designs (This body center, and - tower, she asked); bipredicative constructions with who (Come in - who's on the procedure!).

In colloquial speech, there is no strictly fixed arrangement of the components of the phrase, therefore the main means of actual articulation is not word order, but intonation and logical stress. This does not mean at all that in colloquial speech word order does not play a role at all in the expression of actual articulation. There are certain trends here: the informatively important part of the statement is located as close as possible to the beginning of the sentence; there is a desire to preposition that part of the syntactic association that is more strongly accented (while bookish-literary speech is characterized by the opposite principle, corresponding to the rhythmic-intonational structure of bookish-literary speech - the postposition of the member that is more accentuated). For instance: I like it very much this theater(in neutral written speech, this would probably sound like this: I like this theater very much) In Sochi... no... I will not go to Sochi; It was a difficult year, difficult; Oddly enough, but a hundred meters he gets tired more than two hundred meters. Active means of actual articulation of colloquial speech are special highlighting words and repetitions: What about the teachers' council? Today will not be?; For how many years he has been resting in Gelendzhik every year ... in Gelendzhik.

Bibliography

1. Barlas L.G. Russian language. Stylistics. M.: Enlightenment, 1978. - 256 p.

2. Valgina N.S., Rosenthal D.E., Fomina M.I. Modern Russian language. M.: Logos, 2001. - 528 p.

3. Goikhman O.Ya., Goncharova L.M. etc. Russian language and culture of speech. - M.: INFRA - M, 2002. -192 p.

4. Grekov V.F., Kryuchkov S.E. A manual for classes in the Russian language. - M.: Enlightenment, 1984. - 255 p.

5. Pustovalov P.S., Senkevich M.P. A guide to the development of speech. – M.: Enlightenment, 1987. – 288 p.

There are different styles of speech in Russian. Each of them has its own characteristic features that make it possible to distinguish them from each other. One of these is the conversational style of speech. It also has its own language features and functions. What is a conversational style of speech?

The style of speech, the functions of which are so that people can exchange thoughts, knowledge, feelings, impressions, and also simply keep in touch with each other, is called colloquial.

This includes family, friendships, everyday business, informal professional relationships. Basically, this style is used in everyday life, so its second name is “household”.

The colloquial style of speech, the definition of its main features and the identification of features has been developed by ordinary people for many years. Much has changed, but the main features that are not found in other styles of speech have remained unchanged:

• Ease. A person may, in the process of communication, express his opinion about certain events, or may not do so. Therefore, such communication has an informal character.
• Spontaneity. This sign lies in the fact that the speaker is not preparing to express his opinion, but does it spontaneously during the conversation. At the same time, he thinks more about the content of his words than their correct presentation. In this regard, when people communicate, inaccuracies in phonetic and lexical terms are often noted, as well as carelessness in the construction of sentences.
• Situation. It involves dependence on the existing situation in which contact between people occurs. Due to the specific setting, time and place of communication, the speaker can shorten his statement. For example, when shopping in a store, a person can briefly say to the seller: “Please, one rifled and a carton of milk.”
• expressiveness. The characteristic of the spoken language is also different in that when people communicate, they sharply change the tone of voice, intonation, rhythm, pause, logical stress.
• The use of non-verbal means. In the course of a conversation, people very often use facial expressions and gestures that help them better express their feelings.

The conversational style of speech, the definition of its main features, allows you to understand how it differs from another style of text.

In what genres is the style used?

Spoken language characterizes how people interact with each other. In this regard, there are certain sub-styles and genres of such a language. The substyles of the colloquial style of speech are divided into colloquial-official and colloquial-everyday.

Genres of colloquial style of speech are represented by the following categories:

Genres and sub-styles of the colloquial style of speech allow you to understand how the language is used in a given situation, how it differs. After all, the text in different styles is characterized in different ways.

Linguistic features of everyday language

Features of the colloquial style of speech are primarily in pronunciation. Often people put the wrong emphasis, which is unacceptable for more strict texts, for example, written in a scientific style.

Lexical Features

Lexical features in colloquial speech speak of the ease of communication and its expressive coloring. During a conversation, people often change words in one part or another, for example, they say wicked, good fellow, tricky, sarcastic, chatter, slow down, quietly, little by little, well, and so on.

Phraseologisms are often used in colloquial everyday speech, because a certain way of thinking dominates in everyday communication in a person. Observing some phenomenon, he makes a generalization. Examples: “There is no smoke without fire”, “The humpbacked grave will fix”, “Quieter than water, lower than grass” and so on.

The linguistic features of the conversational style also lie in the fact that this style of text has its own word formation. Nouns often change their suffixes, for example, good-natured man, old man, shopkeeper, reveler, feeding, and so on.

The text of the colloquial style may also contain words that designate female persons according to their specialty, position, occupation, for example, director, secretary, doctor. In addition, there are suffixes of subjective assessment, thanks to which the message acquires the greatest color, for example, a thief, a rascal, a small house, a furious one, and others.

Colloquial adjectives can still change their suffixes like this: big-eyed, tongued. In addition, people often use the prefix “pre” with adjectives, resulting in kind, sweet, obnoxious, and so on. Verbs that speak about the everyday language of speech look like this: misbehave, wander, cheat.

Morphological features

Morphological features of the colloquial style of speech imply the use of parts of speech in the wrong case. For example, nouns in the prepositional case: he's on vacation, a plural noun in the nominative or genitive case: contracts, not contracts, a few tomatoes, not tomatoes, and so on.

Syntactic features

Characteristic features in the field of syntax in the colloquial style of speech are very peculiar. The language features of the conversational style are expressed as follows:

• most of all use the form of dialogue;
• they speak in monosyllabic sentences, and if they use complex constructions, they are mostly compound and non-union;
• often use interrogative and exclamatory sentences;
• use sentence words that express affirmation, negation, and so on;
• widely use incomplete constructions of sentences;
• interrupt communication or abruptly switch to another thought for some reason, for example, due to excitement;
• use introductory words and phrases that have different meanings;
• use insert sentences that break the main structure in order to explain something, clarify, and so on;
• often use emotional and imperative interjections;
• repeat words, such as "No, no, no, it's not like that."
• use inversion to emphasize the meaning of a particular word;
• use special forms of the predicate.

The syntactic characteristic of the colloquial style also includes the use of complex sentences in which parts are connected by lexical and syntactic means. So, in the first part there is an assessment of the act, and the second part substantiates the first, for example, "Clever girl, she did everything right."

In order to better understand what kind of language it is, an example of a conversational style of speech should be given:

“Imagine, Petrovna, I go into the barn today, but Mikey is not there! I screamed at her, screamed, but she did not respond! Then she went to all the neighbors, asked them if anyone had seen it. But alas... Then I decided to go to our district police officer, he accepted the application and promised to look into everything.”

Another example of a conversational style of speech in the form of a dialogue:

- Hello! Are there any tickets to Nizhny Novgorod for tomorrow evening?
- Good day! Yes, at 17.30.
- Fine! Please book me one for this time.
— Okay, give me your passport and wait.
- Thank you!

Having considered what a conversational style of speech is, it becomes clear that this is a simple arbitrary communication between people, which has its own characteristic features. The functions of the conversational style are to enable members of the society to interact with each other in an informal setting.

Informal communication in an informal setting is the most common description of this functional style. Examples of texts of colloquial speech style contain colloquial vocabulary, and the information in them is given mainly on everyday issues.

The oral version of the style is used in everyday speech. That is why writing is often implemented in dialogues.

This article gives an appropriate definition, describes the features, and also considers examples of texts of a colloquial style of speech.

Peculiarities

The style in which each of us expresses his thoughts, emotions and feelings is colloquial. It is characterized by the absence of language selection. This is due to the fact that for the most part people "first speak, and then think."

At the same time, the conversational style always contains shades of the speaker's personality - it allows for slang, jargon, and other things that are not inherent in such strict styles as business or scientific.

Speech example, small text:

Tried? I glanced at the cheese. - Dad said it was delicious.
- Of course, delicious, since he ate it yesterday for both cheeks!
“And now you don’t hamster like you’re having dinner for the last time,” I laughed.

It clearly highlights slang expressions that are inapplicable nowhere more than in everyday dialogue.

It should be borne in mind that non-linguistic factors also influence the conversational style to a large extent: both facial expressions and gestures, as well as the environment, etc., are of great importance.

Conversational style features:

• simplicity;
• specifics;
• saturation with emotions, sometimes excessively, expression;
• imagery.

Examples of conversational style texts can be obtained by simply recording an everyday conversation, for example, between neighbors or a buyer and a seller in a bakery.

The influence of a relaxed atmosphere of communication

The more relaxed the atmosphere, the more freedom of speech. It becomes more emotional, colloquial expressions are widely used.

It is not uncommon for this style - and simplification of word forms, omission of vowels, doubling of words, and the use of suffixes of subjective evaluation - the first two signs are especially intensified when the tempo of speech is accelerated.

A. P. Chekhov, "Revenge"

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov well illustrates the features of the style under consideration in his work "Revenge" - this is a clear example of a colloquial style of speech. A small text of a monologue can already say a lot on this topic.

The character of the story begins to speak with an expressive: "Open up, damn it!" It should be noted that no other style allows swearing. His next sentence is no less revealing: "How long will I have to freeze in this through wind?" Its construction is abrupt, the manner of transmitting information is simple and unpretentious. This is the conversational style. It was not in vain that examples of texts from literature began with Chekhov's "Revenge".

Conversational style features

"Revenge" also shows the characteristic features of the conversational style:

• preference for interrogative and exclamatory sentences over narrative ones;
• use of interjections;
• personal pronouns and verbs are reduced to the form of the first or second person.

A. S. Pushkin's letter to his wife

The letter that Alexander Sergeevich wrote on August 3, 1834 to his wife, Natalya, is also a small text of a colloquial style of speech (the examples are divided into sentences for consideration in greater detail).

The famous poet begins it with these words: "Shame on you, wife." This appeal is an obvious one that is used in everyday life. Suggestions: "What's the fun of wandering into a nasty county town to see nasty actors playing nasty old opera badly?" and: “I asked you not to travel around Kaluga, yes, it’s clear that you already have such a nature,” contain all the elements of a colloquial style of speech, such as:

• evaluative derivational suffixes (town);
• inversion of word order in sentences;
• the use of a plural form for a word that, in fact, according to the rules of the Russian language, does not contain it (Kaluga - according to Kaluga);
• most verbs are in the present tense.

Lexical means

The colloquial style of speech (short examples of texts will be discussed in the course of the article) uses the following lexical means:

• phraseological units;
• diminutive suffixes;
• expressive-emotional coloring of vocabulary;
• contraction and truncation words;
• suffixes of subjective evaluation.

Standard constructions and typed forms

Spontaneous, unprepared speech predominates in everyday life - people are used to expressing themselves without caring about word forms and without thinking about them. Therefore, often, and even often, one can hear standard constructions, certain stereotypes for each specific daily situation. If we consider a short text of a colloquial style of speech, examples from the store will be as follows: "Cookies three hundred grams ... Weigh ten. Please give me a package of butter." From public transport: “Are you getting off at the next one?

Forms of etiquette are also obligatory. After all, if a speech is unprepared and less formal, this does not mean that it is rude and extremely impolite.

"Hello, good afternoon, how are you, what's new" - these are still well-established constructions that do not lose their relevance in conversations. An example of a conversational style of speech - a small text-dialogue of comrades who have just met - in 99% of cases will contain these expressions.

Individuality

For the same reason of spontaneity described in the previous paragraph, speech acquires individuality and originality. So, even stereotypical forms and designs are countless, and at different times one or another comes into fashion in certain circles or, on the contrary, goes out of it, becomes obsolete, then, however, sometimes returns. But the informal setting of communication does not set formal boundaries - people can use or not use familiar and established expressions of their choice. Untyped means are what convey the character of the speaker's speech.

"Dragon Chronicles"

Yulia Galanina in her "Dragon Chronicles" boasts a unique atmosphere, because she used a conversational style not only in the dialogues, but throughout the book. Here are short examples of texts:

"And as always, I need more than anyone else. Except for me, not a single fool climbed the fence."
"And dragons are a dangerous thing. And harmful, and nasty, and frankly selfish, and also a dragon!"

Phonetics

The language tools that are used at the phonetic level of the language in a colloquial style include two main features:

• Simplification, truncation, compression, that is, an incomplete type of pronunciation. This is not a mandatory property that a conversational style of speech can have. Examples of texts (grade 5, by the way, in some regions studies this book according to the school curriculum) - "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets" and the rest of this series. The trait of vernacular is pronounced in the character of Hagrid. Quote from Prisoner of Azkaban: "First of all, this morning... he resigned. I can't fucking risk it if... well, it happens again." Unfortunately, the Russian translators did not fully convey all the simplified word forms, this is more evident in the original text, but even in this quote one can already distinguish "grit", which means "says".
• Intonation as a purely individual feature that emotionally colors any, even a stereotypical construction. An example of a colloquial style of speech is a small text of the story "A Hypothetical Case" by the author O "Henry: "Will you be Mr. Phineas K. Gooch?" - said the visitor, and in the tone of his voice and intonation there was immediately questioning, affirmation and condemnation.

Vocabulary and phraseology

Language means related to the lexical and phraseological level:

• The percentage of speech is clearly dominated by neutral specific commonly used vocabulary, also called interstyle. It is the base of the language. Neutral vocabulary and therefore does not have an emotional and / or expressive coloring. This makes it a universal option for use in any style: both colloquial speech and business, scientific, journalistic. Examples of texts of a colloquial style of speech in which there is neutral vocabulary (essentially, the author's language of literary texts, except, perhaps, a fairy tale and genres similar to it, for the most part only contains interstyle words) are Anton Pavlovich Chekhov's "Chameleon" and "Teddy Yuri Pavlovich Kazakov.
• Neutral colloquial vocabulary. It includes words like "doctor's wife", "understand" and others.
• Terminology: socio-political and general scientific, nomenclature.
• Emotionally evaluative colloquial vocabulary. It can be negative or positive. All words from it are divided into three groups, of which: 1) evaluation is included in the very meaning of the word; 2) in a figurative sense; 3) the composition of the word includes subjective-evaluative suffixes. The epithet "expressive" is also applicable to this vocabulary.
• Standardized figurative means. These include metaphors, phraseological units, hyperbole and litotes. "We drink from the cup of being with our eyes closed" (M. Yu. Lermontov). This is an artistic metaphor, while colloquial ones have a shade of the same vernacular. An example of a colloquial style of speech, text-dialogue: "- And what is he? - And he, as usual, says, we will break through! - For whom else would I worry, but this one will really break through. - Otherwise! Cunning like a fox! Anyone will be fooled !"
• professionalism and jargon. It is worth considering that each example of a passage of spoken language in fact often contains most of the means given here: it cannot illustrate only one property. So, the above dialogue, in addition to the metaphor "cunning as foxes", also has the jargon "swindle".

Morphology

• The nominative case is the most common.
• Personal and demonstrative pronouns predominate, as well as adverbs and particles.
• The participle is rarely used, the participle almost never.
• The boundaries of temporary forms are blurred. This means that they are freely changed and used not in their meaning.
• There are verbal interjections.

An example of a conversational style is a small dialogue text that illustrates the morphological language level of the topic under consideration:

He went there, - Petya waved his hand.
- Where is it - there? I asked him.
- Well, there's a store there. Products. Mom asked to be stingy - so I decided to run away quickly.
- That's how lope and ran away? - That's exactly how it happened.

Syntax

• In conversational style, simple sentences are used more often than compound or complex sentences. Their construction is characterized by a kind of "stringing" on each other, the specificity of the transmitted information.
• Often found in particular, they lack the main members.
• The structure is non-linear, sometimes fragmentary. Breaks in intonation and phrases rebuilt on the go are the consequences of the spontaneity of speech. The colloquial style fully allows the active use of connecting structures, expressed in introductory words and all kinds of particles.
• Interjection phrases as one of the ways of expressing thoughts in a colloquial style.
• Free word order - while the important is usually expressed in the first place (however, this is not a prerequisite).

Literary and colloquial speech

Spoken language in its original manifestation is oral. In works of art, she needs special means of imitation. The author himself can write in a speech close to colloquial, but more often he uses it in conversations between characters. Thus, each character acquires an individuality.

A small text of a colloquial style of speech (examples from Bulgakov's "Heart of a Dog"): "An obscene apartment. But how good it is. And what the hell did he need me for? Will he really leave me to live? got a dog to gasp."

We have fully considered the colloquial style of speech, examples of texts. Grade 5 of the school curriculum involves the study of functional styles of speech, but colloquial is the style that occurs constantly, everyday, both in works of art and in the environment (primarily in it).

In order to display the colloquial style of speech, examples of texts from the literature have already been given above. Just indicative proposals were made equally with them.

newspaper style

Where else can a conversational style of speech be used? Examples of texts from newspapers are a much more controversial issue. In journalism, indeed, there are features characteristic of him. Newspapers from the series "closer to the people" are completely dotted with stereotypical phrases from everyday life. But still, the newspaper style can only be called colloquial in full measure. If the conversational style of speech is considered, short examples of texts are more often taken from works of art.

Stylistics

Stylistic features of the conversational style of speech

A high culture of speaking and writing, a good knowledge and development of a sense of the native language, the ability to use its expressive means, its stylistic diversity is the best support, the surest help and the most reliable recommendation for every person in his social life and creative activity.

V.A. Vinogradov

Introduction

My work is devoted to the study of colloquial speech style.

The main goal is to identify the stylistic features of this style of speech, to figure out how colloquial differs from other styles. My task is to define the conversational style of speech, divide it into types, determine the specifics and intra-style features of the conversational style.

Language is a means of communication between people, a tool for the formation and expression of thoughts and feelings, a means of assimilating new information, new knowledge. But in order to effectively influence the mind and feelings, the native speaker of a given language must have a good command of it, i.e., have a speech culture.

M. Gorky wrote that language is the primary element, the main material of literature, i.e. that vocabulary, syntax, the entire structure of speech is the primary element, the key to understanding the ideas and images of the work. But language is also an instrument of literature: “The struggle for purity, for semantic accuracy, for the sharpness of language is a struggle for an instrument of culture. The sharper this weapon, the more accurately directed - the more victorious it is.

Stylistics (the word "style" comes from the name of the needle, or stylet with which the ancient Greeks wrote on waxed tablets) is a branch of the science of language that studies the styles of the literary language (functional styles of speech), the patterns of the functioning of the language in different areas of use, the features of the use of language means depending on the situation, content and goals of the statement, the scope and condition of communication. Stylistics introduces the stylistic system of the literary language at all its levels and the stylistic organization of correct (in compliance with the norms of the literary language), accurate, logical and expressive speech. Stylistics teaches the conscious and expedient use of the laws of language and the use of linguistic means in speech.

There are two directions in linguistic stylistics: language stylistics and speech stylistics (functional stylistics). Language stylistics explores the stylistic structure of the language, describes the stylistic means of vocabulary, phraseology and grammar. Functional stylistics studies, first of all, different types of speech, their conditionality by different goals of the utterance. M. N. Kozhina gives the following definition: “Functional stylistics is a linguistic science that studies the features and patterns of the functioning of the language in various types of speech corresponding to certain areas of human activity and communication, as well as the speech structure of the resulting functional styles and “norms "selection and combination of language means in them" 1 . At its core, style should be consistently functional. It should reveal the connection of different types of speech with the subject, the purpose of the statement, with the conditions of communication, the addressee of the speech, the attitude of the author to the subject of the speech. The most important category of stylistics is functional styles - varieties of literary speech (literary language), serving various aspects of social life. Styles are different ways of using language when communicating. Each style of speech is characterized both by the originality of the selection of language means, and by their unique combination with each other.

The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of the language, the topics determined by it and the goals of communication. The spheres of application of the language correlate with the types of human activity corresponding to the forms of social consciousness (science, law, politics, art). Traditional and socially significant areas of activity are: scientific, business (administrative-legal), socio-political, artistic. Accordingly, they also distinguish styles of official speech (bookish): scientific, official business, journalistic, literary and artistic (artistic).

Functional style ¾ is a historically developed and socially conscious variety of the literary language (its subsystem), functioning in a certain area of ​​human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of language means in this area and their specific organization.

Chapter 1

Conversational style is a functional style of speech that serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

The usual form of implementation of conversational style is dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no pre-selection of language material in it. In this style of speech, extralinguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment.

Conversational style is characterized by emotionality, figurativeness, concreteness, and simplicity of speech. For example, in a bakery, the phrase: “Please, with bran, one” does not seem strange.

The relaxed atmosphere of communication provides greater freedom in the choice of emotional words and expressions: colloquial words are more widely used ( to be stupid), colloquial ( neigh, deadhead, awful, disheveled), slang ( parents - ancestors, iron, world).

In the colloquial style of speech, especially at its fast pace, a smaller reduction of vowels is possible, up to their complete loss and simplification of consonant groups. Word-building features: subjective evaluation suffixes are widely used. To enhance expressiveness, doubling words is used.

Oral speech is a form of speech activity, including the understanding of sounding speech and the implementation of speech statements in sound form (speaking). Oral speech can be carried out with direct contact between interlocutors or can be mediated by technical means (telephone, etc.), if communication takes place at a considerable distance. Oral speech, unlike written, is characterized by:

• redundancy (the presence of repetitions, clarifications, explanations);
• use of non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions),
• economy of speech statements, ellipses (the speaker may not name, skip what is easy to guess).

Oral speech is always conditioned by the speech situation. Distinguish:

• unprepared oral speech (conversation, interview, presentation in the discussion) and prepared oral speech (lecture, report, speech, report);
• dialogic speech (a direct exchange of statements between two or more persons) and monologue speech (a type of speech addressed to one or a group of listeners, sometimes to oneself).

· Literary colloquial style

Literary language can be divided into two functional varieties - bookish and colloquial.
Calling this division of the literary language "the most general and most indisputable", D.N. Shmelev wrote about this: "At all stages of the development of the literary language, even when overcoming one way or another the alienation of the written language, when the halo of just literacy and mastery of a special bookish language is dimmed, the speakers in general never lose the feeling of difference between "how one can say" and "how to write".
The next step in the division of the literary language is the division of each of its varieties - book and spoken languages ​​- into functional styles. The colloquial variety of the literary language is an independent and self-sufficient system within the general system of the literary language, with its own set of units and rules for their combination with each other, used by native speakers of the literary language in conditions of direct, unprepared communication in informal relations between speakers.
The spoken literary language is not codified: certain norms certainly apply in it (due to which, for example, it is easy to distinguish the oral speech of a native speaker from the oral speech of a native speaker of a dialect or vernacular), but these norms have developed historically and are not consciously regulated by anyone and are not fixed in the form of any rules and recommendations.
Thus, codification - non-codification - is another, and, moreover, a very significant feature that distinguishes the bookish and colloquial varieties of the literary language. Conversational style is a special kind of language that is used by a person in everyday, everyday communication.
The main difference between the colloquial style and the book styles of the Russian language lies in the different manner of presenting information. So, in book styles, this manner is subject to the rules of the language recorded in dictionaries. Conversational style is subject to its own norms, and what is not justified in bookish speech is quite appropriate in natural communication.

· Conversational style

Colloquial-everyday style functions in the sphere of everyday communication. This style is realized in the form of a relaxed speech (monologue or dialogue) on everyday topics, as well as in the form of private, informal correspondence. The ease of communication is understood as the absence of an attitude towards a message that is of an official nature (lecture, speech, answer to an exam, etc.), informal relations between speakers and the absence of facts that violate the informality of communication, for example, strangers. Conversational speech functions only in the private sphere of communication, in everyday life, friendly, family, etc. In the field of mass communication, colloquial speech is not applicable. However, this does not mean that the colloquial style is limited to everyday topics. Colloquial speech can also touch on other topics - a conversation in the family circle or a conversation of people who are in informal relationships: about art, spider, politics, sports, etc .; conversation of friends at work related to the profession of speakers, conversations in public institutions, such as clinics, schools, etc.
The colloquial-everyday style is opposed to book styles, as they function in the same spheres of social activity. Spoken speech includes not only specific language means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of the literary language. Therefore, this style is associated with other styles that also use neutral language means.

The colloquial and everyday style is opposed to book styles, as they function in various areas of social activity. However, colloquial speech includes not only specific language means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of the literary language. 3
Within the literary language, colloquial speech is opposed to codified language. (The language is called codified, because in relation to it, work is being done to preserve its norms, its purity). But the codified literary language and colloquial speech are two subsystems within the literary language. As a rule, every native speaker of the literary language knows these two varieties of speech. With
The main features of the everyday conversational style are the already indicated relaxed and informal nature of communication, as well as the emotionally expressive coloring of speech. Therefore, in colloquial speech, all the wealth of intonation, facial expressions, and gestures are used. One of its most important features is the reliance on an extralinguistic situation, i.e. the immediate environment of speech in which communication takes place. For example: (Woman before leaving home) What should I wear? (about the coat) Is that it? Or that? (about the jacket) Won't I freeze? Listening to these statements and not knowing the specific situation, it is impossible to guess what they are talking about. Thus, in colloquial speech, the extralinguistic situation becomes an integral part of the act of communication.

3 - Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook (edited by Prof. V. I. Maksimov. - M .: Gardariki, 2002. - 89 - 93 p.

Everyday colloquial style of speech has its own lexical and grammatical features. A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is its lexical heterogeneity. The most diverse groups of vocabulary, both thematically and stylistically, are found here: common book vocabulary, terms, foreign borrowings, words of high stylistic coloring, as well as facts of vernacular, dialects, and jargons. This is explained, firstly, by the thematic diversity of colloquial speech, which is not limited to everyday topics, everyday remarks; secondly, the implementation of colloquial speech in two keys - serious and playful, and in the latter case, it is possible to use various elements.
Syntactic constructions also have their own characteristics. For colloquial speech, constructions with particles, with interjections, constructions of a phraseological nature are typical: "They tell you, they say, but everything is useless!", "But where are you going? There is dirt!" and so on.

· vernacular

Colloquial words are typical for colloquial speech. They serve as characteristics of the phenomenon in the circle of domestic relations; do not go beyond the norms of literary word usage, but impart ease to speech. Vernacular is characteristic of non-literary urban colloquial speech, which contains many recent dialect words, words of colloquial origin, new formations that arise to characterize various everyday phenomena, and word-forming variants of neutral vocabulary. The colloquial word is used in the literary language as a stylistic means to give speech a tone of playful, dismissive, ironic, rude, etc. Often these words are expressive, expressive synonyms for words of neutral vocabulary. Vernacular is one of the forms of the national language, along with dialectal, slang speech and literary language: together with folk dialects and jargons, it constitutes an oral non-codified sphere of nationwide speech communication - the vernacular language; has a supra-dialectal character. Vernacular, unlike dialects and jargons, is a speech that is generally understandable for native speakers of the national language.

This is a variety of the Russian national language, the carrier of which is the uneducated and poorly educated urban population. This is the most peculiar subsystem of the Russian language, which has no direct analogues in other national languages. Vernacular differs from territorial dialects in that it is not localized within certain geographic boundaries, and from the literary language (including colloquial speech, which is its variety) - not by its codification, but by its normativity, the mixed nature of the language means used. In terms of its functional role, in relation to the literary language, vernacular is an original speech sphere within each national language. Functionally opposed to the literary language, vernacular, like the literary language, is communicatively significant for all native speakers of the national language. Being a universal category for national languages, vernacular in each of them has specific features and its own special relationship with the literary language. In vernacular, units of all language levels are represented; Against the background of the literary language, vernacular is revealed in the area of ​​stress, pronunciation, morphology, vocabulary, phraseology, word usage (“lay” instead of “put”, “back” in the sense of “again”). The originality of vernacular is especially clearly manifested in the use of elements of the literary language (cf. “they show on TV”), in the grammatical and phonetic design of the words of the general vocabulary (“slippers”, “after”, “here” instead of “slipper”, “after”, "here"). Common speech is characterized by expressively “reduced” evaluative words with a range of shades from familiarity to rudeness, which in the literary language have neutral synonyms (cf. "). In Russian, vernacular is a historically established speech system, the formation and development of which is closely connected with the formation of the Russian national language (the word "vernacular" itself was formed from the phrase "simple speech" used in the 16-17th centuries). When colloquial speech was formed and began to function within the framework of the Russian literary language, the boundaries of colloquial speech stabilized. Forms of correlation and interaction of vernacular with the literary language have developed, as a result of which literary vernacular has formed, serving as the boundary of the literary language with the colloquial language - a special stylistic layer of words, phraseological units, forms, turns of speech, united by a bright expressive coloring of "decrease", rudeness, familiarity. The norm of their use is that they are allowed into the literary language with limited stylistic tasks: as a means of socially speech characterization of characters, for the “reduced” characterization of persons, objects, events in the expressive plan. Literary vernacular includes only those speech elements that have become entrenched in the literary language due to their long-term use in literary texts, after a long selection, semantic and stylistic processing. Along with vernacular words, dialectisms and jargons, which have lost their local and socially limited attachment, are included in literary vernacular. Literary vernacular should also include words denoting realities that have no nominations in the literary language, for example, “greenery”. Litters in explanatory dictionaries "simple." and "reg." mean that the corresponding word or phraseological unit refers to literary vernacular. The composition of literary vernacular is mobile and constantly updated; many words and expressions have acquired the status of “colloquial” and even “bookish”, for example, “everything will work out”, “study”, “bow”, “day off”, “whiner”, “comb”. Separate phenomena appear in the composition of winged words, literary quotations (“They want to show their education”, “Casino once in this place”). In general literary speech, the term "vernacular" is often used as a designation for a single word or turnover of a "reduced" rough or rudely familiar coloring.

· Extralinguistic factors that determine the specifics of the conversational style of speech

facial expressions(Greek μιμιχοζ - imitator) - expressive facial muscle movements, which are one of the forms of manifestation of certain human feelings - joy, sadness, disappointment, satisfaction, etc. Also, animals in biocommunication, for example, primates, often use facial expressions to express some feelings. Facial expressions are one of the auxiliary ways of communication between people. Accompanying speech, it contributes to its expressiveness. Since ancient times, mankind has been familiar with physiognomy. The art of face reading was especially developed in Japan and China during the Middle Ages. In these countries huge treatises on physiognomy were written, schools were created where it was patiently and carefully studied. In schools where physiognomy was studied, the human face was studied literally millimeter by millimeter, attaching importance to every bump, every redness or blanching of the skin. Based on the accumulated material, physiognomists tried to determine the character and interpret his fate. The first correct explanation of the relationship between a stable facial expression and repeated movements of mimic muscles was made by Leonardo da Vinci. For his research in the field of physiognomy, he chose old people, as their wrinkles and changes in facial features spoke of the suffering and feelings they experienced. Distinguish:

Rice. 1 Children's facial expressions - involuntary

arbitrary (conscious) facial expressions as an element of acting art, consisting of conveying the state of mind of the character with expressive movements of the muscles of the face. It helps the actor in creating a stage image, in determining the psychological characteristics, physical and mental state of the character.

Facial expressions, as well as speech, can be used by a person to convey false information (that is, in order to show the wrong emotions that a person really feels at one time or another). The face is the most important characteristic of the physical appearance of a person. “Thanks to cortical control, a person can control every single muscle of his face. Cortical control of the external components of emotions has developed especially intensively in relation to facial expressions. This is determined, as P. K. Anokhin notes, by its adaptive features and role in human communication. Social imitation, as one of the conditions for the development of facial expressions, is possible precisely due to its arbitrary regulation. In general, the socialization of facial expressions is carried out as the use of organic manifestations to influence a partner and as a transformation of emotional reactions adequately to the situation. Society can encourage the expression of some emotions and condemn others, can create a "language" of facial expressions that enriches spontaneous expressive movements. In this regard, we are talking about universal or specific mimic signs, conventional or spontaneous facial expressions. Usually facial expressions are analyzed:

• along the line of its arbitrary and involuntary components;
• on the basis of its physiological parameters (tone, strength, combination of muscle contractions, symmetry - asymmetry, dynamics, amplitude);
• in social and socio-psychological terms (intercultural types of expressions, expressions belonging to a certain culture, expressions accepted in a social group, individual style of expression);
• in phenomenological terms ("topography of the mimic field"): fragmentary, differential and holistic analysis of facial expressions;
• in terms of those mental phenomena to which the given mimic signs correspond.

You can also analyze facial expressions based on those impressions-standards that are formed in the process of human perception of facial expressions surrounding people. Actual standard images include features that not only characterize the model, but are sufficient for its identification.

Gesture(from lat. gestus- movement of the body) - some action or movement of the human body or part of it, which has a certain meaning or meaning, that is, it is a sign or symbol. Body language is rich in ways people express a wide variety of emotions and meanings, such as insults, hostility, friendliness, or approval towards others. Most people use gestures and body language in addition to words when speaking. Many gestures are used by people subconsciously.

It is believed that some ethnic groups use gestures more than others, and the culturally acceptable amount of gestures varies from one place to another. For example, the same gesture in Germany or the Scandinavian countries can be expressed with just a slight movement of the hand, while in Italy or Spain the same gesture can be expressed with a sweeping movement of the whole hand. Commonly used gestures include the action of pointing at something or someone (one of the few gestures whose meaning varies little between countries) and the use of the hands and body in sync with speech rhythms to emphasize certain words or phrases. Many outwardly similar gestures have different meanings in different countries. The same gesture may be harmless in one country and vulgar in another. In addition, even the same or similar gestures may differ slightly from country to country. For example, when a Russian counts something on his fingers, he usually bends his fingers inside his palm, while a typical American, on the contrary, unbends his fingers when counting. In the West, fingers splayed in the form of the Latin letter V mean victory (victory). But before the Second World War, fingers spread out in the form of a Latin V, thrown up over the interlocutor, meant a call to silence. In Italy, this is an offensive allusion to adultery. And in our country it is a “goat”, that is, an expression of a threat in a marginal environment. Gestures by nature and function can be divided into:

1) index;

2) pictorial;

3) symbolic;

4) emotional;

5) rhythmic;

6) mechanical. Demonstrative gestures specify the demonstrative pronouns that, that, that. Pictorial gestures are used when there are not enough words, when you want to “visually” demonstrate the shape of an object, its size, etc.

Symbolic gestures are conditional, they are associated with abstraction (for example, the bow of the artists before the audience after the performance). Emotional gestures serve as an expression of emotions and feelings. Rhythmic gestures reflect the rhythm of speech. These gestures emphasize slowing down, speeding up speech, and also highlight logical stress.

Chapter 2 Intra-style features of colloquial speech

Speech, as a means of organizing the communication of a small number of people who are nearby and well known to each other, has a number of distinctive features. This is colloquial speech, which is characterized by:

1) the personality of addressing, i.e., the individual address of the interlocutors to each other, taking into account mutual interests and possibilities for understanding the topic of the message; closer attention to the organization of feedback with partners, since the addressee of colloquial speech is always present, has the same degree of reality as the speaker, actively influences the nature of speech communication, the partner's position is continuously reflected, rethought, reacted to, anticipated and evaluate;

2) spontaneity and ease: the conditions of direct communication do not allow planning a conversation in advance, the interlocutors interfere in each other's speech, clarifying or changing the topic of conversation; the speaker can interrupt himself, remembering something, returning to what has already been said;

3) the situational nature of speech behavior - the direct contact of the speakers, the fact that the objects in question are most often visible or known to the interlocutors, allows them to use facial expressions and gestures as a way to make up for the inaccuracy of expressions, inevitable in informal speech;

4) emotionality: situational, spontaneity and ease of speech in direct communication inevitably enhance its emotional coloring, highlight the emotional-individual perception by the speakers of both the topic of conversation and the interlocutor, which is achieved with the help of words, the structural organization of sentences, intonations; the desire to be understood encourages interlocutors to privately express personal assessments, emotional preferences, opinions.

5) Uncertainty arouses INTEREST in a person. At the moment when a person is interested, he actively considers this understatement, tries to choose its continuation himself, drawing for himself a huge number of options. In his head, there are many questions and many answers. In other words, the intrigue of a person makes the other person think and ask himself.

6) Incomplete. The vocabulary of the Russian language is a single, complex system. In this case, a lexical system is an internally organized set of linguistic elements that are naturally interconnected by relatively stable relationships and constantly interacting. This definition combines two interdependent aspects of the systemic nature of the vocabulary: the lexical system as a set of nominative means, and the lexical system as a form of organization and interaction of these elements. Therefore, the concept of incomplete statements must be considered from the point of view of both vocabulary and semantics, the syntax of the language structure. Lexical incompleteness of statements is manifested mainly in colloquial speech (in incomplete and elliptical sentences). And, by definition Fomina M.I. "the abbreviation of the syntactic construction, justified by the semantic background that arose due to the integral lexical system of the dialogue." In a dialogue, as a rule, already named words are not repeated, the preceding and subsequent remarks are closely interconnected, therefore, most often in colloquial speech, the lexical incompleteness of statements is justified. But the underdevelopment of the speech apparatus in a person cannot be taken for lexical incompleteness of statements. For this case, A.V. Prudnikova introduces a new concept - the lexical inferiority of the statement, which implies the distortion of the semantic, lexical, syntactic construction of the sentence.

These features define the most important functions of speech in interpersonal communication. These include emotive and conative. emotive function connected with the subjective world of the addresser (speaker), with the expression of his experiences, his attitude to what is being said, it reflects the self-esteem of the speaker, his need to be heard, understood. conative function associated with the installation on the addressee (listener), with the desire to influence him, to form a certain nature of relationships, it reflects the needs of a person to achieve their goals, to influence other people; this function manifests itself in the structural organization of the conversation, the target orientation of speech.

As an illustration, let's cite a short excerpt from V. Shukshin's story "Boots", namely the scene of a discussion in a men's company about Sergey's purchase of women's boots.

«.. - To whom is it?

- Wife.

It was just that everyone was silent.

- To whom ? - asked Rasp

- Klavka.

-Well?

The boot went from hand to hand; everyone also kneaded the bootleg, clicked on the sole ...

- How many are there?

- Sixty five.

Everyone looked at Sergei with bewilderment. Sergei was a little taken aback.

- What are you, offhand?

Sergei took the boot from the Rasp.

- In! exclaimed Rasp. - Earring... gave! Why is she like that?

- Wear.

Sergey wanted to be calm and confident, but inside he shuddered ...

- She ordered to buy such boots?

- What did you say here? Bought and everything.

Where will she put them on? - cheerfully tortured Sergei. - Mud up to the knee, and he boots for sixty-five rubles.

- It's winter!

- And where are they in winter? ?

- Then it's on the city leg. Klavkina won’t fit in forever ... She has some size ? This OK it - on nose only.

- What is she wearing? ?

- Send you!. - got pissed off at the end. Sergei. - What are you worried about?

- Laughed

- Yes, it's a pity, Seryozha! You didn't find them, sixty-five rubles.

- I earned, and I spent where I wanted. Why bazaar something in vain?

- She probably told you to buy rubber ones?

- Rubber .. Sergey was angry with might and main ...

- How do these ... sit, whore, counting other people's money. Sergei got up. - There's nothing more to do, isn't there?

- Why are you in a bottle? Did a stupid thing, you were told. And you don't have to be so nervous...

- I'm not nervous. Why are you worried about me?! In, the survivor was found! If only he borrowed something or something..

- I'm worried because I can't calmly look at fools. I feel sorry for them.

- It's a pity - a bee in the ass. Pity him!

- A little bit more chiseling and went home ... "

The above passage not only vividly reproduces the features and techniques inherent in colloquial speech (among them - the constant change of positions speaker - listener; personal interest and activity of the speakers; the use of incomplete sentences, short phrases, a large number of pronouns, everyday vocabulary, the absence of participles and gerunds, and etc.), but the functions of speech in interpersonal communication are excellently manifested: in the process of its deployment, the conversation becomes more and more emotionally loaded, which forces the interlocutors to clarify their own attitude to the subject of the conversation, to check the stability of their own position and the positions occupied by others, thereby speech turns out to be a factor of personal self-determination of participants in conversational communication.

Conclusion

So, we learned that the colloquial style, as one of the varieties of the literary language, serves the sphere of easy communication of people in everyday life, in the family, as well as the sphere of informal relations in production, in institutions, etc. We also found out that the main form of implementation of the colloquial style is oral speech, although it can also be manifested in writing (informal friendly letters, notes on everyday topics, diary entries, replicas of characters in plays, in certain genres of fiction and journalistic literature). In such cases, the features of the oral form of speech are fixed.

The main extra-linguistic features that determine the formation of a conversational style are: ease (which is possible only in informal relations between speakers and in the absence of an attitude towards a message that has an official character), understatement, emotionality, spontaneity and unpreparedness of communication. Both the sender of speech and its recipient are directly involved in the conversation, often changing roles, the relationship between them is established in the act of speech itself. Such speech cannot be preliminarily considered, the direct participation of the addresser and the addressee determines its predominantly dialogic character, although a monologue is also possible.

A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is emotionality, expressiveness, evaluative reaction. An important role in colloquial speech is played by the environment of speech communication, the situation, as well as non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions, the nature of the relationship of the interlocutors, etc.).
The extralinguistic features of the conversational style are associated with its most common linguistic features, such as standardization, stereotypical use of language means, their incomplete structure at the syntactic, phonetic and morphological levels, discontinuity and inconsistency of speech from a logical point of view, weakening of syntactic links between parts of the statement or their lack of formality. , sentence breaks with various insertions, repetitions of words and sentences, the widespread use of linguistic means with a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring, the activity of language units of a specific meaning and the passivity of units with an abstract generalized meaning.

Literature

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5) Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for universities / Ed. IN AND. Maksimov. – M.: Gardariki, 2002. S. 246

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The definition of style is given in the works: Vinogradov V.V. The results of the discussion of stylistics // VYa. 1955. No. 1. S. 73; Golovin B.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. M., 1988. S. 261; Sirotinina O.B. Stylistics as a science of the functioning of the language // Basic concepts and categories of linguistic stylistics. Perm, 1982, p. 12; Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. M., 1983. S. 49; and etc.

Serving for direct communication between people. Its main function is communicative (exchange of information). Conversational style is presented not only in but also in writing - in the form of letters, notes. But mainly this style is used in oral speech - dialogues, polylogues.

It is characterized by ease, unpreparedness of speech (lack of thinking over the sentence before uttering and preliminary selection of the necessary language material), informality, immediacy of communication, the obligatory transfer of the author's attitude to the interlocutor or the subject of speech, saving speech efforts ("Mash", "Sash", "San Sanych" and others). An important role in the conversational style is played by the context of a certain situation and the use of non-verbal means (reaction of the interlocutor, gestures, facial expressions).

Lexical characteristics of conversational style

Language differences include the use of non-lexical means (stress, intonation, speech rate, rhythm, pauses, etc.). The linguistic features of the conversational style also include the frequent use of colloquial, colloquial and slang words (for example, "start" (start), "today" (now), etc.), words in a figurative sense (for example, "window" - in meaning "break"). Spoken language is distinguished by the fact that in it very often words not only name objects, their signs, actions, but also give them an assessment: "dodger", "well done", "careless", "be clever", "sip", "cheerful".

The colloquial style is also characterized by the use of words with magnifying or diminutive suffixes (“spoon”, “book”, “bread”, “seagull”, “pretty”, “big”, “red”), phraseological turns (“it got up a little light "," rushed at full speed"). Often, particles, interjections, and appeals are included in speech ("Masha, go get some bread!", "Oh, my God, who came to us!").

Conversational style: syntax features

The syntax of this style is characterized by the use of simple sentences (most often compound and non-union), (in dialogue), the widespread use of exclamatory and interrogative sentences, the absence of participial and participial phrases in sentences, the use of sentence words (negative, affirmative, incentive, etc.) . This style is characterized by breaks in speech, which can be caused by various reasons (the speaker's excitement, looking for the right word, unexpected jumping from one thought to another).

The use of additional structures that break the main sentence and introduce certain information, clarifications, comments, amendments, and explanations into it also characterizes the conversational style.

In colloquial speech, they can also be found in which parts are interconnected by lexical-syntactic units: the first part contains evaluative words ("clever", "well done", "fool", etc.), and the second part substantiates this assessment, for example : "Well done for helping!" or "Fool Mishka, that you obeyed!"