The self-propelled military air defense missile system "Buk" (SA-11 "Gadfly") is designed to combat maneuvering aerodynamic targets at low and medium altitudes, in conditions of radio countermeasures, and in the future - with ballistic missiles of the "Lance" type.
The development, which began in 1972, provided for the use of cooperation between developers and manufacturers, previously involved in the creation of the Kub air defense system. At the same time, the development of the M-22 air defense system ("Uragan") for the Navy was determined using a SAM system that is common with the "Buk" complex.
The developer of the Buk air defense missile system (9K37) as a whole was determined by the Instrument Engineering Research Institute of the Fazotron Scientific and Design Association. A.A. Rastov was appointed the chief designer of the complex.
The development of missiles was entrusted to the Sverdlovsk machine-building design bureau "Novator" headed by L. V. Lyuliev. The station for detection and target designation (SOC) was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments under the leadership of the chief designer A.P. Vetoshko (then - Yu.P. Shchekotov).
Launching and charging installations (ROM) were created in the machine-building design bureau "Start" under the leadership of A. I. Yaskin.
For the complex, a set of technical support and maintenance equipment was also developed on an automobile chassis.
The completion of the development of the complex means was envisaged in 1975.
However, in 1974 it was decided to implement the creation of the Buk air defense system in two stages. It was initially proposed to develop at an accelerated pace a SAM and a self-propelled missile launcher of the Buk air defense missile system, capable of launching both 9M38 missiles and 3M9MZ missiles from the Kub-M3 complex. On this basis, using other means of the "Kub-M3" complex, it was planned to create the "Buk-1" (9K37-1) air defense missile system, ensuring its entry into joint tests in September 1974, while maintaining the previously prescribed volumes and terms of work on the "Buk »In full set composition.
For the Buk-1 air defense system, each of the five anti-aircraft missile batteries of the Kub-M3 regiment was envisaged, in addition to one self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system and four self-propelled launchers, to have one 9A38 self-propelled firing unit from the Buk air defense system ... Thus, due to the use of a self-propelled firing unit, costing about 30% of the cost of all other battery means in the Kub-MZ anti-aircraft missile regiment, the number of target channels increased from 5 to 10, and the number of combat-ready missiles - from 60 to 75.
Placed on the GM-569 tracked chassis, the 9A38 self-propelled firing unit seemed to combine the functions of a self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system and a self-propelled launcher used in the Kub-M3 air defense system. It provided search in the established sector, detection and capture of a target for auto-tracking, solution of prelaunch tasks, launch and homing of three missiles on it (9M38 or 3M9MZ), as well as three 3M9MZ missiles located on one of the 2P25MZ self-propelled launchers associated with it. "Cube-M3Z". The combat work of a self-propelled firing unit could be carried out both during control and target designation from a self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit, and autonomously.
The 9A38 self-propelled firing unit includes a 9S35 radar, a digital computing system, a launcher with a power tracking drive, a ground-based radar interrogator operating in the Password identification system, a television-optical sight, telecode communication equipment with a self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system, equipment wire communication with a self-propelled launcher, an autonomous power supply system based on a gas turbine generator, navigation, topographic and orientation equipment, a life support system.
The mass of a self-propelled firing unit with a combat crew of four is 34 tons.
Achievements in the creation of microwave devices, quartz and electromechanical filters, digital computers (CVM) have made it possible to combine the functions of detection, tracking and target illumination stations in the 9S35 radar. The station operates in the centimeter wavelength range using a single antenna and two transmitters - pulsed and continuous radiation. The first transmitter was used to detect and auto-track a target in a quasi-continuous radiation mode or, in case of difficulties with an unambiguous determination of the range, in a pulsed mode with pulse compression (using chirp), the second transmitter (continuous radiation) was used to illuminate the target and missiles. The station's antenna system conducts a sector search electromechanically, target tracking by angular coordinates and range is performed by a monopulse method, and signal processing is performed by a digital computer. The width of the antenna pattern of the target tracking channel is 1.3 ° in azimuth and 2.5 ° in elevation, the illumination channel is 1.4 ° in azimuth and 2.65 ° in elevation. The search sector survey time (120 ° in azimuth and 6-7 ° in elevation) in the stand-alone mode is 4 s, in the CU mode (10 ° in azimuth and 7 ° in elevation) - 2 s.
The average transmitter power of the target detection and tracking channel when using quasi-continuous signals is at least 1 kW, when using signals with linear-frequency modulation - at least 0.5 kW. The average power of the target illumination transmitter is at least 2 kW. The noise figure of the station's survey and directional receivers did not exceed 10 dB. The transition time of the radar from the standby mode to the combat mode is no more than 20 s. The station is capable of unambiguously determining the target speed with an accuracy of -20 ... + 10 m / s. Selection of moving targets is provided. The maximum range errors do not exceed 175 m, the root-mean-square errors of angular coordinates measurement are no more than 0.5 d.u. The radar is protected from active, passive and combined interference. The equipment of a self-propelled firing unit provides blocking the launch of missiles while escorting their aircraft or helicopter.
The 9A38 self-propelled firing unit has a launcher with replaceable guides for either three 3M9MZ missiles or three 9M38 missiles.
The 9M38 anti-aircraft missile is single-stage, has a dual-mode solid-propellant engine (total operating time is about 15 s). The rejection of the ramjet engine was explained both by the instability of its operation at high angles of attack and high resistance in the passive section of the trajectory, and by the complexity of its development, which largely determined the failure to create the "Cube" complex. Metal is used in the power structure of the engine chamber.
The general scheme of the rocket - normal, X-shaped, with a low aspect ratio wing - outwardly resembled American shipborne anti-aircraft missiles of the Tartar and Standard families, which corresponded to the strict overall restrictions when using the 9M38 missile defense system in the M-22 complex, developed for the Soviet fleet.
In front of the rocket, a semi-active homing head, autopilot equipment, power supplies and a warhead are sequentially placed. To reduce the centering spread over the flight time, the solid propellant rocket combustion chamber is located closer to the middle of the rocket, the nozzle block includes an elongated gas duct around which the steering drive elements are located.
The smaller diameter of the front compartment of the rocket (330 mm) in relation to the engine and the tail compartment is determined by the continuity of a number of elements of the 3M9 rocket. A new seeker with a combined control system was developed for the rocket. The complex implements homing missiles using the proportional navigation method.
SAM 9M38 can ensure destruction of targets at altitudes from 25 m to 18-20 km at ranges from 3.5 to 25-32 km. The missile develops a flight speed of 1000 m / s and can maneuver with overloads up to 19g.
The rocket weighs 685 kg, including the warhead - 70 kg.
The design of the 9M38 missile ensures its delivery to the troops in a transport container in a finally equipped form, as well as operation without inspections and routine maintenance for 10 years.
Tests of the Buk-1 air defense missile system took place from August 1975 to October 1976.
As a result of the tests, the detection range of the self-propelled fire launcher radar aircraft in autonomous operation was obtained from 65 to 77 km at altitudes of more than 3000 m, which at low altitudes (30-100 m) decreased to 32-41 km. Helicopters at low altitudes were detected at a distance of 21-35 km. In the centralized mode of operation, due to the limited capabilities of the issuing target designation of the self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit 1S91M2, the detection range of aircraft was reduced to 44 km for targets at altitudes of 3000-7000 m and to 21-28 km at low altitudes.
The working time of the self-propelled firing unit in the autonomous mode (from target detection to the launch of the missile defense system) was 24-27 s. The loading and unloading time of three 3M9MZ or 9M38 missiles was about 9 minutes.
When firing SAM 9M38, the defeat of aircraft flying at altitudes of more than 3 km was ensured at a distance of 3.4 to 20.5 km, and at an altitude of 30 m - from 5 to 15.4 km. The affected area in height was from 30 m to 14 km, in the course parameter - 18 km. The probability of hitting the aircraft with one 9M38 missile defense system was 0.70-0.93.
The complex was put into service in 1978. Due to the fact that the self-propelled launcher 9A38 and the 9M38 missile defense system were means only supplementing the means of the Kub-MZ air defense missile system, the complex was named Kub-M4 (2K12M4).
The "Kub-M4" complexes that appeared in the air defense forces made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the air defense of tank divisions of the ground forces of the Soviet Army.
Joint tests of the "Buk" complex in a full set of equipment were carried out from November 1977 to March 1979.
The combat assets of the Buk air defense missile system had the following characteristics.
Placed on the GM-579 chassis, the 9S470 command post provided: reception, display and processing of information about targets received from the 9S18 detection and target designation station and six 9A310 self-propelled firing units, as well as from higher command posts; selection of dangerous targets and their distribution between self-propelled firing units in manual and automatic modes, assigning their sectors of responsibility, displaying information about the presence of missiles on them and on launchers; about the letters of the transmitters of illumination of self-propelled firing installations, about their work on targets; on the operating modes of the detection and target designation station; organizing the operation of the complex in conditions of interference and the use of anti-radar missiles by the enemy; documenting the work and training the calculation of KP. The command post processed messages about 46 targets at altitudes up to 20 km in an area with a radius of 100 km per survey cycle of the detection and target designation station and issued up to 6 target designations to SPGs with an accuracy of 1 ° in azimuth and elevation, 400-700 m in range ... The mass of the command post with a combat crew of 6 people did not exceed 28 tons. The command post has anti-bullet and anti-radiation protection and is capable of speeds up to 65 km / h on the road, and up to 45 km / h on rough terrain. The power reserve is 500 km.
Detection and target designation station 9С18 ("Dome") - three-coordinate coherent pulse - operates in the centimeter wavelength range, has electronic scanning of the beam in elevation (in the 30 or 40 ° sector) and mechanical (circular or in a given sector) rotation of the antenna in azimuth (with using an electric or hydraulic drive). The station is designed to detect and identify air targets at ranges of up to 110-120 km (45 km at a flight altitude of 30 m) and transmit information about the air situation to the control panel 9S470.
The rate of space survey, depending on the set sector in elevation and the presence of interference, ranged from 4.5 to 18 s with a circular view and from 2.5 to 4.5 s with a view in a 30 ° sector. Radar information is transmitted via the telecode line to KP 9S470 in the amount of 75 marks during the survey period (4.5 s).
The root-mean-square errors (RMS) of measuring the coordinates of targets were: no more than 20 "in azimuth and elevation, no more than 130 m in range. Range resolution no worse than 300 m, azimuth and elevation - 4 °. For protection against aiming interference was used the tuning of the carrier frequency from pulse to pulse, from the response - the same and blanking of range intervals along the auto-pickup channel, from asynchronous pulse changes in the slope of linear frequency modulation and blanking of range sections. provides detection of a fighter aircraft at a distance of at least 50 km.The station provides target tracking with a probability of at least 0.5 against the background of local objects and in passive interference using a moving target selection scheme with automatic compensation of wind speed. carrier frequency for 1.3 s, transition to circular polarization of the probing signals or to the intermittent radiation (blinking) mode.
The station includes an antenna post, consisting of a reflector of a truncated parabolic profile, an irradiator in the form of a waveguide ruler that provides electronic scanning of the beam in the elevation plane, a rotary device, a device for adding the antenna to the stowed position, a transmitting device (with an average power of up to 3.5 kW) , a receiving device (with a noise figure no more than 8) and other systems. All station equipment was located on a modified self-propelled chassis of the SU 1 OOP family. The difference between the tracked base of the detection and target designation station from the chassis of other combat means of the Buk air defense system was determined by the fact that the Kupol radar was initially set to be developed outside the air defense system as a means of detecting the divisional link of the air defense of the air defense system.
The time for transferring the station from the traveling position to the combat one is no more than 5 minutes, and from the standby mode to the working one - no more than 20 s. The mass of the station with a calculation of 3 people is no more than 28.5 tons.
The 9A310 self-propelled firing unit in its purpose and design differed from the 9A38 self-propelled firing unit Kub-M4 (Buk-1) air defense missile system in that it was not mated with the 1S91MZ self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit and the P25MZ self-propelled launcher using the telecode line. and with KP 9S470 and launcher 9A39. In addition, not three, but four 9M38 missiles were located on the launcher of the 9A310 SPG. The time of its transfer from the traveling position to the combat position does not exceed 5 minutes. The time for transferring the installation from standby mode to working mode, in particular, after changing the position with the equipment switched on, is no more than 20 s. The loading of the 9A310 self-propelled firing unit with four missiles from the launcher and loader was carried out in 12 minutes, and from the transport vehicle in 16 minutes. The mass of a self-propelled firing unit with a combat crew of 4 did not exceed 32.4 tons.
The length of the SPG is 9.3 m, the width is 3.25 m (9.03 m in working position), the height is 3.8 m (7.72 m).
The 9A39 launcher, placed on the GM-577 chassis, is designed for the transportation and storage of eight missiles (4 each on the launcher and on fixed cradles), launching four missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradles, self-loading with eight missiles from a transport vehicle ( in 26 minutes), from ground cradles and from transport containers, loading and unloading a self-propelled firing unit with four missiles. Thus, the Buk missile launcher has combined the functions of a transport-loading vehicle and a self-propelled launcher of the Kub complex. In addition to a starting device with a power tracking drive, a crane and cradles, the launch-charging unit included a digital computer, navigation, topographic and orientation equipment, telecode communication, power supply and power supply units. The mass of the installation with a combat crew of 3 people does not exceed 35.5 tons.
The length of the launcher is 9.96 m, width - 3.316 m, height - 3.8 m.
The command post of the complex receives information about the air situation from the command post of the Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade (ACS Polyana-D4) and from the detection and target designation station, processes it and issues target designation to self-propelled firing units, which, according to the central control unit, search and seize on auto-tracking of targets. When targets enter the affected area, missiles are launched. The missiles are guided according to the proportional navigation method, which ensures high targeting accuracy. When approaching the target, the seeker issues a command to close cocking to the radio fuse. When approaching a target at a distance of 17 m, a warhead is detonated on command. If the radio fuse fails, the missile defense system self-destructs. If the target is not hit, a second missile defense system is launched at it.
Compared to the Kub-M3 and Kub-M4 air defense systems, the Buk complex has higher combat and operational characteristics and provides: simultaneous shelling by a division of up to six targets, and, if necessary, the performance of up to six independent combat missions with the autonomous use of self-propelled firing installations; greater reliability of target detection due to the organization of a joint survey of space by the detection and target designation station and six self-propelled firing installations; increased noise immunity due to the use of an on-board GOS computer and a special type of illumination signal; greater efficiency of hitting the target due to the increased power of the warhead of the missile defense system.
Based on the results of firing tests and simulations, it was determined that the Buk air defense missile system provides firing at non-non-non-flying targets flying at a speed of up to 800 m / s at altitudes from 25 m to 18 km, at ranges from 3 to 25 km (up to 30 km at target speed up to 300 m / s) with a course parameter up to 18 km with a probability of hitting one missile defense system equal to 0.7-0.8. When firing at targets maneuvering with overloads of up to 8g, the probability of defeat was reduced to 0.6.
Organizationally, the Buk air defense missile systems were reduced to anti-aircraft missile brigades, which included: command post (command post of the brigade from the Polyana-D4 automated control system); four anti-aircraft missile battalions with their own command post 9S470, a 9S18 detection and targeting station, a communications platoon and three anti-aircraft missile batteries with two 9A310 self-propelled gun mounts and one 9A39 launcher in each; as well as divisions of technical support and maintenance. The Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade was to be controlled from the army's air defense command post.
The Buk complex was adopted by the air defense forces of the ground forces in 1980. The Buk air defense missile system was mass-produced in the cooperation involved in the Cub-M4 complex.
Damage zones of the air defense missile system "Buk-M 1 -2"
In 1979, the Buk air defense missile system was modernized in order to increase its combat capabilities, the protection of its radio-electronic means from interference and anti-radar missiles. As a result of tests carried out in 1982, it was found that the upgraded Buk-M1 complex, in comparison with the Buk air defense missile system, provides a large engagement zone for aircraft, is capable of shooting down ALCM cruise missiles with a probability of hitting one missile defense system of at least 0.4. helicopters "Hugh-Cobra" with a probability of 0.6-0.7, as well as hovering helicopters with a probability of 0.3-0.4 at ranges from 3.5 to 6-10 km. The self-propelled gun mount uses 72 letter illumination frequencies (instead of 36), which contributes to increased protection against mutual and deliberate interference. The recognition of three classes of targets is provided: aircraft, ballistic missiles, helicopters. The 9S470M1 command post, in comparison with the 9S470 command post, provides the simultaneous reception of information from its own detection and target designation station and about six targets from the air defense control center of a motorized rifle (tank) division or from the army air defense command post, as well as comprehensive training of all calculations of the air defense missile systems. The 9A310M1 self-propelled gun mount, in comparison with the 9A310 mount, provides detection and capture of a target for auto-tracking at long ranges (by 25-30%), as well as recognition of aircraft, ballistic missiles and helicopters with a probability of at least 0.6.
The complex uses a more advanced detection and target designation station 9S18M1 (Kupol-M1), which has a flat angular HEADLIGHT and a GM567M self-propelled tracked chassis, which is the same type as the gearbox chassis, self-propelled firing unit and launch-loading unit. The length of the detection and target designation station is 9.59 m, width - 3.25 m, height - 3.25 m (8.02 m in working position), weight - 35 tons. The Buk-M1 complex provides effective organizational and technical measures to protect against anti-radar missiles. Combat assets of the "Buk-M1" complex are interchangeable with the same type of combat assets of the "Buk" air defense missile system without their modifications, the regular organization of combat formations and technical units is similar to the "Buk" complex. The technological equipment of the complex includes: 9V95M1E - machine of the automated control and test mobile station on the ZIL-131 and the trailer; 9В883, 9В884, 9В894 - repair and maintenance vehicles at Ural-43203-1012; 9V881E - Ural-43203-1012 maintenance vehicle; 9T229 - transport vehicle for 8 missiles (or six containers with missiles) on the KrAZ-255B; 9T31M - truck crane; MTO-ATG-M1 - maintenance workshop at the ZIL-131.
The Buk-M1 complex was adopted by the air defense forces of the ground forces in 1983. In the same year, the M-22 Uragan air defense system of the Navy, unified with the Buk air defense missile system for the 9M38 air defense missile, entered service. Complexes of the Buk family were offered for delivery abroad under the name Ganges.
During the Defense-92 exercise, the Buk-family SAM system successfully fired at targets based on the R-17 and Zvezda ballistic missiles and on the basis of the Smerch MLRS missile.
In December 1992, the President of the Russian Federation signed an order on further modernization of the Buk complex - the creation of an air defense system, which was repeatedly presented at various international exhibitions under the name Ural. Cooperation of enterprises, headed by NIIP them. V.V. Tikhonravov in 1994-97. work was carried out to create the Buk-M1-2 air defense system.
Due to the use of the new 9M317 missile and the modernization of other means of the complex, for the first time, it is possible to destroy tactical ballistic missiles of the Lance type and aircraft missiles at ranges of up to 20 km, elements of high-precision weapons, surface ships at ranges of up to 25 km and ground targets (aircraft at airfields, launchers installations, large command posts) at ranges up to 15 km. The effectiveness of destruction of aircraft, helicopters and roofs has been increased.
plate rockets. The boundaries of the affected areas have been increased to 45 km in range and up to 25 km in height. The new rocket provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a semi-active radar seeker with guidance according to the method of proportional navigation. The launch mass of the rocket was 710-720 kg with a warhead weight of 50-70 kg. The new 9M317 missile outwardly differed from the 9M38 in a significantly shorter wing chord length. In addition to the use of an improved missile, it is envisaged to introduce into the complex a new means of radar for target illumination and missile guidance with an antenna placed in an operating position at a height of up to 22 m using a telescopic device. With the introduction of radar for target illumination and guidance, the combat capabilities of the complex for hitting low-flying targets, in particular, modern cruise missiles, are significantly expanded.
The complex provides for the presence of a command post and firing sections of two types: four sections, each of which includes one improved self-propelled firing unit, carrying four missiles and capable of providing simultaneous shelling of up to four targets, and one launch-loading unit with eight missiles; two sections, each of which includes one radar for illumination and guidance, also capable of providing simultaneous shelling of up to four targets, and two launchers with eight missiles each.
The complex is being developed in two versions: mobile on tracked vehicles of the GM569 family of the type used in the previous modifications of the Buk complex, and also transported on road trains with semi-trailers and KrAZ vehicles. In the latter version, with a slight decrease in cost, the passability indicators deteriorate and the deployment time of the air defense missile system from the march increases from 5 to 10-15 minutes.
In particular, when carrying out work on the modernization of the Buk-M complex (Buk-M 1-2 and Buk-M2 air defense missile systems), ICB Start developed a 9P619 launcher and a 9A316 launcher on a tracked chassis, and also launcher 9A318 on a wheeled chassis. The development process of the Kub and Buk air defense systems families is an excellent example of the evolutionary development of weapons and military equipment, which ensures a continuous increase in the combat capabilities of the air defense of ground forces at relatively low costs. Unfortunately, this development path also creates the preconditions for a gradual technical lag. In particular, even in promising versions of the Buk complex, neither the safest and most reliable scheme of continuous operation of a missile in a transport and launch container, nor an all-round vertical launch of missiles, introduced in all other air defense systems of the second generation ground forces, was used. And yet, in difficult socio-economic conditions, the evolutionary path of development of weapons has to be considered as practically the only possible one, and the choice made by the customer and the developers of the Kub and Buk air defense systems as correct. SAM is in service with Finland, India, Russia, Syria, Yugoslavia.
TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The Buk-M2E medium-range air defense system belongs to the 3rd generation systems (according to the NATO codification SA-17 "Grizzly"). Due to the use of a complex of modern phased antenna arrays in this model, the number of simultaneously tracked air targets increased to 24. The introduction of an illumination and guidance radar with an antenna post, which can be raised to a height of 21 m, into the air defense complex, provided an increase in the effectiveness of the complex in the fight against low-flying targets.
The main manufacturer of this anti-aircraft missile system is OJSC Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant. The lead developer of design documentation for the main combat assets and the Buk-M2E complex as a whole is the Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (Zhukovsky). The development of design documentation for the SOC - target detection station 9S18M1-3E - was carried out by JSC "NIIIP" (Novosibirsk).
The Buk-M2E complex is a modern multipurpose medium-range air defense system, which is distinguished by high mobility. This anti-aircraft missile system is able to ensure the successful solution of combat missions in any situation, even in conditions of active radio countermeasures from the enemy. In addition to various aerodynamic targets, the air defense system is able to deal with a wide range of missiles: cruise missiles, tactical ballistic missiles, anti-radar missiles, special air-to-surface missiles. It can also be used to destroy sea surface targets of the missile boat or destroyer class. The complex is also able to provide shelling of ground-based radio-contrast targets.
The automated control of the combat operations of the Buk-M2E complex is carried out using the command post (CP), which receives the necessary information about the air situation from the target detection station (SOC) or a higher command post (VKP). The command post is engaged in the transmission of control and target designation commands to 6 batteries using technical communication lines. Each battery of the complex consists of the 1st self-propelled firing unit (SOU) with 4 missiles and the 1st launch-loading unit (ROM) attached to it, and the battery may also include 1 illumination and guidance radar (RPN).
The bombardment of air targets accompanied by a complex is carried out both with the help of single and salvo launches of anti-aircraft missiles. The Buk-M2E air defense missile system uses highly efficient anti-aircraft guided missiles with a solid-propellant rocket engine, which have combat equipment flexibly adaptable to various types of targets. The use of these missiles allows you to confidently hit air targets in the entire range of the complex: from 3 to 45 km in range, from 0.015 to 25 km in height. At the same time, the missile defense system is able to provide a flight altitude of up to 30 km, and a flight range of up to 70 km.
SAM "Buk-M2E" uses SAM 9M317. This missile uses an inertial-corrected control system, which is supplemented by a 9E420 bow semi-active Doppler radar homing head. The warhead of the rocket is pivotal, its mass is 70 kg, the radius of the affected area by the fragments is 17 m. The maximum flight speed of the rocket is up to 1230 m / s, the withstand overloads are up to 24g. The total mass of the 9M317 SAM is 715 kg. The rocket uses a dual-mode solid propellant. Its wingspan is 860 mm. The rocket has a high level of reliability. A fully equipped and assembled rocket does not require any adjustments and checks throughout its entire service life, which is 10 years.
As part of the complex, modern phased antenna arrays (PAR) are used, which have an effective command method of control, which allows the air defense system to simultaneously track up to 24 different air targets, which can be hit with a minimum time interval. The reaction time of the complex does not exceed 10 seconds, and the probability of hitting an aircraft that does not perform evasive maneuvers is 0.9-0.95. At the same time, the real effectiveness of all modern operational-tactical air defense systems is largely determined by their capabilities to carry out effective work on missiles. Buk-M2E is capable of effectively destroying such targets with an effective reflected surface (ERA) at a level of up to 0.05 m2 with a hit probability of 0.6-0.7. The maximum speed of the ballistic missiles hit is up to 1200 m / s.
The destruction of enemy cruise missiles and other targets, for example, drones flying at low and extremely low altitudes in difficult-rugged and wooded terrain, is ensured by the air defense missile system due to the presence of a special illumination and guidance radar (RPN) equipped with an antenna post, lifted to a height of 21 m.
Air temperature up to + 50 ° С, gusts of wind up to 25-27 m / s, increased dustiness of the air are not an obstacle for it. The modern hardware and software implementation of anti-jamming channels used in the complex allows the combat assets of the complex to function confidently even in conditions of strong noise suppression with the setting of barrage interference with a power of up to 1000 W / MHz. During the tests, firing was carried out both at single and at several targets simultaneously located in the affected area of the complex. At the same time, targets of various classes and purposes were fired upon. The tests became a real test of the maximum capabilities of the Russian air defense system and confirmed its high combat potential and compliance with the tactical and technical characteristics that were laid down by the designers at the development stage.
Placing the Buk-M2E air defense missile systems on high-speed self-propelled tracked chassis (wheeled ones can also be used) provides the ability to quickly fold and deploy the complex, this standard is within 5 minutes. To change position with all the equipment turned on, the complex needs no more than 20 seconds, which indicates its high mobility. On the highway, the combat vehicles of the complex can move at speeds up to 65 km / h, on dirt roads - 45 km / h. The cruising range of the combat vehicles that make up the complex is 500 km.
At the same time, the Buk-M2E air defense missile system is an all-day air defense system. The main combat means of the complex - the SAC - operates in an all-day mode due to the use of an optoelectronic system, which is built on the basis of a CCD-matrix television and sub-matrix thermal imaging channels. The use of these channels can significantly increase the survivability and noise immunity of the complex.
SAM "Buk-M2E" is able to operate in various climatic zones, at the request of the customer, the machines are equipped with air conditioners. Combat vehicles of the complex without any restrictions (distance and speed) can be transported by all types of transport: rail, water, air.
The export version of the Buk-M2E complex was delivered to Venezuela, Syria and Azerbaijan. At the same time, Syria acted as the starting customer of this complex, the contract was signed in 2007 and is estimated at $ 1 billion. All complexes under this contract have already been delivered.
Specifications
| Range of destruction of aerodynamic targets, km: | |
| maximum | 45 |
| minimal | 3 |
| Height of destruction of aerodynamic targets, km | |
| maximum | 25 |
| minimal | 0,015 |
| Range of destruction, km: | |
| 20 | |
| cruise missiles at an altitude of 100 m | 20 |
| Maximum speed of struck aerodynamic targets, m / s | 830 |
| Maximum speed of targeted ballistic missiles, m / s | 1200 |
| The number of simultaneously fired targets | up to 24 |
| The probability of hitting targets with one missile: | |
| tactical aircraft and helicopters | 0,9–0.95 |
| tactical ballistic missiles | 0,6–0,7 |
| Deployment (folding) time, min | 5 |
| Time of continuous operation (with refueling), hour. | 24 |
| Movement speed of combat assets, km / h: | |
| on the highway | 65 |
| on dirt roads | 45 |
| Cruising range of combat assets without refueling, km | 500 |
| Climatic operating conditions: | |
| temperature, ° С | ± 50 |
| humidity at a temperature of + 35 ° С,% | 98 |
| height above sea level, m | up to 3000 |
| wind speed, m / s | up to 30 |
Video
During World War II, the main enemy of tanks on the battlefield was enemy artillery or armored vehicles, but soon the situation changed dramatically and the enemy aircraft was increasingly becoming one of the main enemies of tanks. The threat from the air has especially increased with the appearance of combat helicopters over the battlefield. These machines have become real "tank hunters". In October 1973, eighteen Israeli Air Force Cobra helicopters destroyed ninety Egyptian tanks in one sortie without losing a single helicopter.
It became clear that the air defense forces should not only, as before, cover settlements and stationary objects, but also cover their troops on the march. The Soviet military very quickly came to an understanding of this fact. Work on the creation of MANPADS was intensified, and at the end of the 50s, the development of the self-propelled anti-aircraft missile system "Cube" began in the USSR. Its main task was to protect ground forces, including tank formations, from enemy aircraft and helicopters operating at medium and low altitudes. The complex was put into service in 1967. But already at the beginning of 1972, a decree was adopted, ordering to begin the development of a new self-propelled air defense system, which was supposed to replace the Cube anti-aircraft missile system. Thus began the creation of the "Buk" - one of the most effective air defense systems in the world.
The history of the creation of the air defense missile system "Buk"
The main enterprise-developer of the new air defense system was the Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (this organization was engaged in the creation of "Cuba"). At the same time, work began on the development of the Uragan anti-aircraft complex for the needs of the Navy using a single missile.
The developers had to invest in a very short time, so the commissioning of the complex was divided into two stages. Initially, all forces were thrown into the creation of a new anti-aircraft missile (SAM) 9M38 and a self-propelled firing unit (SOU). They became part of the batteries of the "Cube" complex and significantly increased its combat power. It was in this form in 1978 that the 2K12M4 "Cube-M4" air defense system was adopted by the USSR Ground Forces.
The new modernized "Cube" had much better technical characteristics: the number of target channels increased (from 5 to 10), the range and height of destruction of air targets increased, now the complex could destroy faster targets.
The second stage of creating a new air defense system involved the creation of an integral complex consisting of a 9A310 self-propelled launcher armed with new M938 anti-aircraft missiles, a 9S18 target detection station, a 9S470 command post and a 9A39 charging installation. In 1977, tests of a new air defense system began, which continued until 1979. The tests were successful, and the complex was put into service. He received the designation "Buk-1".
The new anti-aircraft missile system was intended to combat air targets at low and medium altitudes (25-18000 meters) and at ranges from 3 to 25 kilometers. The probability of hitting the target was 0.6. All elements of the complex are located on unified tracked vehicles with increased cross-country ability.
Almost immediately after the adoption of the 9K37 air defense system, in 1979, work began on its modernization. They were completed in 1982, in the same year they successfully tested and the upgraded Buk-M1 air defense system was put into service. The new anti-aircraft missile system has significantly improved a number of basic characteristics. The affected area was significantly increased, the likelihood of hitting cruise missiles and helicopters increased, and it became possible to recognize targets. In addition, the Buk-M1 has become much less vulnerable to anti-radar missiles.
The next stage of modernization of the Buk air defense missile system went through in the early 90s of the last century. A new 9M317 anti-aircraft missile was installed on the anti-aircraft complex, which had much more "advanced" characteristics than its predecessor (although the complex can be armed with the standard 9M38M1 missile for the "Buk"). This missile hit air targets at an altitude of 25 kilometers and at a range of up to 50. The new anti-aircraft missile system was designated 9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2. Work on the air defense system took place from 1993 to 1996. In 1998, the Buk-M1-2 was adopted by the Russian army. Also, the "Buk-M1-2" complex provides for the introduction of a new component - a special vehicle with a radar, which serves to illuminate targets and guide missiles. In this case, the radar antenna is located on a telescopic lift, which raises it to a height of 22 meters. This additional element significantly increases the efficiency of the air defense system, especially against low-flying, high-speed targets (cruise missiles).
Since the mid-1980s, work was in full swing on another modification of the Buk complex, which was supposed to be able to fire at 24 air targets and have a much larger radius of destruction (up to 50 kilometers). This modification was named 9K317 Buk-M2. This modification was also planned to be equipped with a 9M317 rocket. In the 90s, a new complex was tested, however, due to the difficult situation in the country and in the Russian economy, it never went into series. Only fifteen years later, "Buk-M2" was finalized and began to be supplied to the troops only in 2008.
Currently, work is underway on the next modification of the legendary air defense system - 9K317M "Buk-M3". He will be able to track and hit up to 36 targets at the same time. The complex is planned to be equipped with a new missile with a radar guidance system. The complex will be able to work successfully in conditions of strong electronic countermeasures. The new anti-aircraft missile system is planned to be put into service in 2015.
Description of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system
SAM "Buk-M1" is designed to destroy army, tactical and strategic aircraft, fire support helicopters, cruise missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles. This complex is able to effectively resist against massive attacks by enemy aircraft and reliably cover troops or military-industrial facilities. This complex can successfully operate in conditions of electronic suppression and in any weather conditions. SAM "Buk-M1" has a circular radius of destruction of targets.
One battery "Bukov" consists of six self-propelled firing units, three charging vehicles, a target detection station and a command post. The GM-569 tracked chassis is used as a base for all vehicles of the complex. It provides "Bukam" with high maneuverability, maneuverability and speed of deployment of the complex. All systems of the complex have autonomous power supply.
The command post (CP) of the "Buk" complex is designed to control the operation of the complex. It can work in conditions of active use of radio-electronic interference by the enemy. The command post can process information on 46 air targets, it provides reception and processing of data from six SDUs and a target acquisition station, as well as from other air defense units. The command post identifies air targets, determines the most dangerous of them and gives a task to each SDU.
Target detection station (SOC) is a 9S18 Kupol radar operating in the centimeter range, capable of detecting air targets at an altitude of 20 and a range of up to 120 kilometers. The station has a high level of noise immunity.
The Buk-M1 self-propelled gun mount (SOU) is equipped with four missiles and a 9S35 centimeter-range radar. SOU is designed to search, track and destroy air targets. The installation has a digital computer complex, communication and navigation equipment, a television-optical sighting device, and an autonomous life support system. The SOU can work autonomously, without being tied to the command post and target detection station. However, in this case, the affected area is reduced to 6-7 degrees in angle and 120 degrees in azimuth. The SOU can perform its functions in conditions of radio-electronic jamming.
The loading unit of the Buk complex can store, transport and load eight missiles.
The complex is armed with a 9M38 solid-propellant anti-aircraft missile. It has a semi-active radar guidance system and a high-explosive fragmentation warhead. At the initial stage of the flight, correction is carried out by radio signals, and at the final stage - due to homing.
To defeat air targets, a 70-kilogram warhead is used, which is detonated with a proximity fuse 17 meters from the target. The striking elements of the rocket are the shock wave and fragments. The missile is 5.5 meters long, its largest diameter is 860 mm, and its total weight is 685 kilograms. The rocket is equipped with a solid-propellant engine operating in two modes, with a total operating time of 15 seconds.
Specifications
| The affected area, km: - range - height - parameter |
3,32..35
0,015..20-22 up to 22 |
| Target hitting probability - fighter type - helicopter type - type cruise missile |
0,8..0,95
0,3..0,6 0,4..0,6 |
| Maximum target speed m / s | 800 |
| Reaction time, s: | 22 |
| SAM flight speed, m / s | 850 |
| Rocket weight, kg | 685 |
| Warhead weight, kg | 70 |
| Target channeling | 2 |
| Channel on missiles | 3 |
| Deployment (clotting) time, min | 5 |
| The number of missiles on a combat vehicle | 4 |
To date, more than ten countries are armed with Buk air defense systems of various modifications. Negotiations are underway with several other countries. There are several export options for the complex. Further work is underway to modernize it.
The Buk (9K37) military anti-aircraft missile system is designed to destroy aerodynamic targets flying at a speed of up to 830 meters per second, at low and medium altitudes, at ranges of up to 30,000 m, maneuvering with overloads of up to 12 units under radio countermeasures. in the future - ballistic missiles "Lance". Development began in accordance with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated 01/13/1972. it provided for the use of cooperation of manufacturers and developers, in terms of the basic composition corresponding to those previously involved in the creation of the anti-aircraft missile system "Cub". At the same time, they determined the development of the M-22 (Uragan) anti-aircraft missile system for the Navy using an anti-aircraft guided missile, the same as the Buk air defense system.
The NIIP (Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Making) NPO (Scientific and Design Association) "Phazotron" (General Director Grishin V.K.) MRP (formerly OKB-15 GKAT) was identified as the developer of the "Buk" complex as a whole. Chief designer of the 9K37 complex - A.A. Rastov, KP (command post) 9S470 - G.N. Valaev (then - Sokiran V.I.), SDU (self-propelled firing installations) 9A38 - Matyashev V.V., semi-active Doppler seeker 9E50 for anti-aircraft guided missiles - Akopyan I.G.
ROM (launcher) 9A39 were created in MKB (Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Start" MAP (formerly SKB-203 GKAT), the head is Yaskin A.I.
The unified tracked chassis for the machines of the complex was developed by OKB-40 MMZ (Mytishchi Machine Building Plant) of the Ministry of Transport Machine Building under the leadership of N.A. Astrov.
The development of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to the SMKB (Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Novator" MAP (former OKB-8) headed by LV Lyuliev, refusing to involve the design bureau of plant No. 134, which had previously developed a guided missile for the "Cube" complex.
SOC 9S18 (station for detection and target designation) ("Kupol") was developed at NIIIP (Scientific Research Institute of Measuring Instruments) of the Ministry of Radio Industry under the leadership of A.P. Vetoshko. (later - Shchekotova Yu.P.).
Also, a set of technical tools was developed for the complex. provision and service on an automobile chassis.
The completion of the development of anti-aircraft missile systems was scheduled for the II quarter of 1975.
But for the earliest possible strengthening of the air defense of the main strike force of the SV - tank divisions - with an increase in the combat capabilities of the anti-aircraft missile regiments "Kub" included in these divisions by doubling the channelization on targets (and, if possible, ensuring full autonomy of the channels during work from target detection to its destruction), the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of 05/22/1974 ordered the creation of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system in 2 stages. Initially, it was proposed to develop at an accelerated pace an anti-aircraft guided missile and a self-propelled firing unit of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, capable of launching 9M38 missiles and 3M9M3 missiles of the Kub-M3 complex. On this base, with the use of other means of the "Kub-M3" complex, the Buk-1 anti-aircraft missile system (9K37-1) was to be created, and in September 1974, it was to be released for joint tests. At the same time, the previously prescribed terms and volumes of work on the Buk air defense missile system in full set composition were retained.
For the Buk-1 complex, it was envisaged that each anti-aircraft missile battery (5 pcs.) Of the Kub-M3 regiment, in addition to one SURN and 4 self-propelled launchers, would include a 9A38 self-propelled firing unit from the Buk missile system. Thus, thanks to the use of a self-propelled firing unit, the cost of which was about 30% of the cost of the rest of the battery, the number of combat-ready anti-aircraft guided missiles in the Cub-M3 regiment increased from 60 to 75, and target channels - from 5 to 10.
The 9A38 self-propelled firing unit mounted on the GM-569 chassis, as it were, combined the functions of the SURN and the self-propelled launcher used as part of the Kub-M3 complex. The 9A38 self-propelled firing unit provided search in the established sector, detected and locked targets for automatic tracking, prelaunch tasks were solved, the launch and homing of 3 missiles (3M9M3 or 9M38) located on it, as well as 3 3M9M3 guided missiles located on the 2P25M3 self-propelled launcher, associated with it. The combat work of the firing installation was carried out both autonomously and under control and target designation from the SURN.
Self-propelled gun mount 9A38 consisted of:
- digital computing system;
- radar 9S35;
- a starting device equipped with a power tracking drive;
- television optical sight;
- ground radar interrogator operating in the "Password" identification system;
- equipment for telecode communication with RMS;
- equipment for wire communication with SPU;
- autonomous power supply systems (gas turbine generator);
- equipment for navigation, topographic reference and orientation;
- life support systems.
The weight of the self-propelled gun mount, including the mass of the four-man combat crew, was 34,000 kg.
The progress achieved in the development of ultra-high-frequency devices, electromechanical and quartz filters, digital computers, made it possible to combine the functions of detection, illumination and target tracking stations in the 9S35 radar station. The station operated in the centimeter wavelength range, it used a single antenna and two transmitters - continuous and pulsed radiation. The first transmitter was used to detect and automatically track a target in a quasi-continuous radiation mode or, in case of difficulties with unambiguous determination of range, in a pulse mode with pulse compression (chirp is used). The CW transmitter was used to illuminate the target and anti-aircraft guided missiles. The station's antenna system carried out a sector search by an electromechanical method, target tracking in range and angular coordinates was carried out by a monopulse method, and signal processing was performed by a digital computer. The width of the antenna pattern of the target tracking channel in azimuth was 1.3 degrees and in elevation - 2.5 degrees, the illumination channel - in azimuth - 1.4 degrees and in elevation - 2.65 degrees. The search sector review time (in elevation - 6-7 degrees, in azimuth - 120 degrees) in autonomous mode is 4 seconds, in control mode (in elevation - 7 degrees, in azimuth - 10 degrees) - 2 seconds. The average transmitter power of the target detection and tracking channel was equal to: in the case of using quasi-continuous signals - at least 1 kW, in the case of using signals with linear-frequency modulation - at least 0.5 kW. The average power of the target illumination transmitter is at least 2 kW. The noise figure of direction finding and survey receivers of the station is no more than 10 dB. The transition time of the radar station between standby and combat modes was less than 20 seconds. The station could unambiguously determine the speed of targets with an accuracy of -20 to +10 m / s; provide selection of moving targets. The maximum error in range is 175 meters, the root mean square error in measuring angular coordinates is 0.5 d.u. The radar was protected from passive, active and combined interference. The equipment of the self-propelled firing unit provided blocking of the launch of an anti-aircraft guided missile while escorting its helicopter or aircraft.
The 9A38 self-propelled gun mount was equipped with a launcher with replaceable guides designed for 3 3M9M3 guided missiles or 3 9M38 guided missiles.
In the 9M38 anti-aircraft missile, a dual-mode solid-propellant engine was used (the total operating time was about 15 seconds). The use of a ramjet engine was abandoned not only due to the high resistance in the passive sections of the trajectory and the instability of operation at a high angle of attack, but also because of the complexity of its development, which largely determined the failure to create the Cube air defense system. The power structure of the engine chamber was made of metal.
The general scheme of the anti-aircraft missile is X-shaped, normal, with a low aspect ratio wing. The appearance of the missile resembled the American-made Standard and Tartar anti-aircraft missiles. This corresponded to the strict size limitations when using the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles in the M-22 complex, which was developed for the USSR Navy.
The rocket was carried out according to the normal scheme and had a low aspect ratio wing. In the front part, a semi-active GMN, autopilot equipment, food and a warhead are sequentially placed. To reduce the centering spread over the flight time, the solid propellant rocket combustion chamber was placed closer to the middle, and the nozzle block was equipped with an elongated gas duct, around which the steering drive elements are located. The rocket has no parts separating in flight. The rocket had a diameter of 400 mm, a length of 5.5 m, and a rudder span of 860 mm.
The diameter of the front compartment (330 mm) of the rocket was smaller in relation to the tail compartment and the engine, which is determined by the continuity of some elements with the 3M9 family. The rocket was equipped with a new seeker with a combined control system. The complex implemented the homing of an anti-aircraft guided missile using the proportional navigation method.
The 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile ensured the destruction of targets at altitudes from 25 to 20 thousand meters at a distance of 3.5 to 32 km. The missile's flight speed was 1000 m / s and maneuvered with overloads of up to 19 units.
Rocket weight - 685 kg, including a 70-kg warhead.
The design of the rocket ensured its delivery to the troops in a finally equipped form in a 9Ya266 transport container, as well as operation without routine maintenance and inspections for 10 years.
From August 1975 to October 1976, the Buk-1 anti-aircraft missile system consisting of 1S91M3 SURN, 9A38 self-propelled firing unit, 2P25M3 self-propelled launchers, 9M38 and 3M9M3 anti-aircraft missiles, as well as MTO (maintenance vehicles) 9V881 passed state. tests at the Emben test site (head of the test site Vashchenko B.I.) under the leadership of a commission headed by P.S. Bimbash.
As a result of the tests, the detection range of aircraft was obtained by a radar station of a self-propelled firing installation operating in an autonomous mode at altitudes of more than 3 thousand m - from 65 to 77 km, at low altitudes (from 30 to 100 meters) the detection range was reduced to 32-41 kilometers. Detection of helicopters at low altitudes occurred at a distance of 21-35 km. When operating in a centralized mode, due to the limited capabilities of the SURN 1S91M2 issuing target designation, the detection range of aircraft at altitudes of 3-7 km was reduced to 44 kilometers and targets at low altitudes - to 21-28 km. In autonomous mode, the operating time of the self-propelled firing unit (from the moment the target was detected to the launch of the guided missile) was 24-27 seconds. The charging / discharging time with three 9M38 or 3M9M3 anti-aircraft guided missiles was 9 minutes.
When firing the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile, the defeat of an aircraft flying at altitudes of more than 3 thousand meters was ensured at a range of 3.4-20.5 kilometers, at an altitude of 30 meters - 5-15.4 kilometers. The affected area in height is from 30 meters to 14 kilometers, according to the course parameter - 18 kilometers. The probability of hitting the aircraft with one 9M38 guided missile is 0.70-0.93.
The complex was adopted in 1978. Since the 9A38 self-propelled gun mount and the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile were means complementary to the Kub-M3 anti-aircraft missile system, the complex was given the name Kub-M4 (2K12M4).
Self-propelled firing installations 9A38 were produced by the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant MRP, and the 9M38 anti-aircraft missiles were produced by the Dolgoprudnensk Machine-Building Plant MAP, which previously produced 3M9 missiles.
Complexes "Kub-M4", which appeared in the air defense forces of the Ground Forces, made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the air defense of the armored divisions of the Army of the SA.
Joint tests of the Buk air defense missile system in the full specified composition of means took place from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Embensky test site (chief VV Zubarev) under the leadership of the commission headed by Yu.N. Pervov.
The combat assets of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system had the following characteristics.
The 9S470 command post installed on the GM-579 chassis provided reception, display and processing of target data coming from the 9S18 station (detection and target designation station) and 6 9A310 self-propelled firing units, as well as from higher command posts; selection of dangerous targets and their distribution between self-propelled firing installations in automatic and manual modes, assigning their sectors of responsibility, displaying information about the presence of anti-aircraft guided missiles on firing and launch-loading installations, about the letters of the transmitters for the illumination of firing installations, about working on targets, about the mode work of the station of detection and target designation; organization of the complex operation in case of interference and the use of anti-radar missiles; documenting the training and the work of calculating the CP. The command post processed messages about 46 targets located at altitudes up to 20 thousand meters in a zone with a radius of 100 thousand meters per cycle of the station's survey and issued up to 6 target designations to self-propelled firing installations (accuracy in elevation and azimuth - 1 degree, in range - 400-700 meters). The mass of the command post, including a combat crew of 6 people, is not more than 28 tons.
Coherent-pulse three-coordinate station for detection and target designation "Kupol" (9С18) centimeter range with electronic scanning of the beam in elevation in the sector (set at 30 or 40 degrees) with mechanical (in a given sector or circular) rotation of the antenna in azimuth (using a hydraulic drive or electric drive). Station 9S18 was designed to detect and identify air targets at a range of up to 110-120 kilometers (at an altitude of 30 meters - 45 kilometers) and transmit information about the air situation to the 9S470 command post.
Depending on the presence of interference and the established sector in elevation, the speed of the space survey in the circular view was 4.5 - 18 seconds and when the view in the 30-degree sector was 2.5 - 4.5 seconds. Radar information was transmitted to the 9C470 command post via the telecode line in the amount of 75 marks during the review period (4.5 seconds). Root mean square errors in measuring the coordinates of targets: in elevation and azimuth - no more than 20 ", in range - no more than 130 meters, resolution in elevation and azimuth - 4 degrees, in range - no more than 300 meters.
To provide protection against aiming interference, we used the tuning of the carrier frequency between pulses, from response interference - the same plus blanking of range intervals along the automatic pickup channel, from asynchronous impulse noise - blanking of range sections and changing the slope of the linear-frequency modulation. The station for detection and target designation with noise barrage interference of self-cover and external cover of specified levels ensured the detection of a fighter at ranges of at least 50 thousand m.The station provided targeting with a probability of at least 0.5 against the background of passive interference and local objects using a selection scheme for moving targets with automatic compensation of wind speeds. The detection and targeting station was protected from proto-radar missiles by programmed tuning of the carrier frequency in 1.3 seconds, switching to circular polarization of the sounding signal or to blinking mode (intermittent radiation).
Station 9S18 consisted of an antenna post, consisting of a reflector with a truncated parabolic profile and an irradiator in the form of a waveguide ruler (it provided electronic scanning of the beam in the elevation plane), a rotary device, an antenna addition device; transmitting device (average power 3.5 kW); receiving device (noise figure up to 8) and other systems.
All station equipment was housed on a modified ob. 124 self-propelled chassis of the SU-100P family. The tracked base of the detection and target designation station differed from the chassis of other means of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, since the Kupol radar station was initially set to develop outside the anti-aircraft complex - as a means of detecting the divisional link of the air defense of the Ground Forces.
The time for transferring the station between the stowed and combat positions was up to 5 minutes, and from standby to operating mode - about 20 seconds. Station weight (including a crew of 3 people) - up to 28.5 tons.
In terms of its structure and purpose, the 9A310 self-propelled firing unit from the 9A38 self-propelled firing unit of the Kub-M4 (Buk-1) anti-aircraft missile system was distinguished by the fact that it communicated with the command paragraph 9C470 and ROM 9A39. Also, on the launcher of the 9A310 installation there were not three, but four 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles. The time for transferring the installation from the traveling to the firing position was less than 5 minutes. The time to transfer from standby to operating mode, in particular, after changing position with the equipment turned on, was up to 20 seconds. The 9A310 firing launcher was loaded with four anti-aircraft guided missiles from the launcher and loader in 12 minutes, and from the transport vehicle - 16 minutes. The mass of the self-propelled gun mount, including a combat crew of 4 people, was 32.4 tons.
The length of the self-propelled firing unit is 9.3 meters, the width is 3.25 meters (in the working position - 9.03 meters), the height is 3.8 meters (7.72 meters).
The 9A39 launcher mounted on the GM-577 chassis was intended for the transportation and storage of eight anti-aircraft guided missiles (on the launcher - 4, on fixed cradles - 4), launching 4 guided missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradles, self-loading 8- a SAM from a transport vehicle (loading time 26 minutes), from soil cradles and transport containers, unloading and on the launcher of a self-propelled firing unit with 4 anti-aircraft guided missiles. Thus, the launcher of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system combined the functions of the TZM and the self-propelled launcher of the Kub complex. The launch-charging unit consisted of a starting device with a tracking power drive, a crane, cradles, a digital computer, equipment for topographic referencing, navigation, telecode communication, orientation, power supply and power supply units. The mass of the installation, including a combat crew of 3 people, is 35.5 tons.
Dimensions of the launcher: length - 9.96 meters, width - 3.316 meters, height - 3.8 meters.
The command post of the complex received data on the air situation from the command post of the Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade (the Polyana-D4 automated control system) and from the detection and target designation station, processed them and issued instructions to self-propelled firing units that searched for and captured for automatic tracking When the target entered the affected area, anti-aircraft guided missiles were launched. For missile guidance, the proportional navigation method was used, which ensured high guidance accuracy. When approaching the target, the seeker would issue a command to the radio fuse for close cocking. When approaching at a distance of 17 meters, the command was made on command. When the radio fuse failed, the anti-aircraft guided missile self-destructed.
Compared to the Kub-M3 and Kub-M4 anti-aircraft missile systems, the Buk air defense missile system had higher operational and combat characteristics and provided:
- simultaneous shelling of up to six targets by the division, and, if necessary, the performance of up to 6 independent combat missions in the case of the autonomous use of self-propelled firing installations;
- greater reliability of detection due to the organization of a joint survey of space by 6 self-propelled firing installations and a station for detection and target designation;
- increased noise immunity due to the use of a special type of illumination signal and an on-board computer for the homing head;
- greater efficiency of hitting targets due to the increased power of the warhead of the anti-aircraft guided missile.
Based on the results of tests and simulations, it was determined that the Buk anti-aircraft missile system provides firing at non-maneuvering targets that fly at heights from 25 meters to 18 kilometers at a speed of up to 800 m / s, at ranges from 3-25 km (at a speed of up to 300 m / s - up to 30 km) with a course parameter of up to 18 kilometers with the probability of being hit by one guided missile - 0.7-0.8. When firing maneuvering targets (overload up to 8 units), the probability of defeat was 0.6.
Organizationally, Buk anti-aircraft missile systems were reduced to missile brigades, consisting of: a command post (combat control point from the Polyana-D4 automated control system), 4 anti-aircraft missile divisions with their command posts 9S470, a 9S18 detection and targeting station, a platoon communications and three anti-aircraft missile batteries (each with two self-propelled firing installations 9A310 and one launcher 9A39), maintenance and support units.
The Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade was controlled from the command post of the army's air defense.
The Buk complex was adopted by the air defense forces of the ground forces in 1980. The Buk complex was mass-produced in cooperation with the Cub-M4 air defense missile system. New means - KP 9S470, self-propelled firing installations 9A310 and detection and target designation stations 9S18 - were produced by the Ulyanovsk mechanical plant MRP, launch-charging units 9A39 - at the Sverdlovsk machine-building plant named after Kalinina MAP.
In accordance with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated 11/30/1979, the Buk anti-aircraft missile system was modernized to increase its combat capabilities, the protection of the complex's radio electronic means from anti-radar missiles and interference.
As a result of tests, which were carried out in February-December 1982 at the Embensky test site (chief - V.V. Zubarev) under the leadership of a commission headed by B.M. Gusev, it was found that the upgraded Buk-M1 compared to the anti-aircraft missile system "Buk", provides a large area of destruction of aircraft, can shoot down an ALCM cruise missile with a probability of hitting one guided missile more than 0.4, Hugh-Cobra helicopters - 0.6-0.7, hovering helicopters - 0.3-0, 4 at ranges from 3.5 to 10 kilometers.
In a self-propelled firing unit, instead of 36, 72 letter illumination frequencies are used, which contributes to an increase in protection against deliberate and mutual interference. The recognition of 3 classes of targets is provided - ballistic missiles, airplanes, helicopters.
Compared to the 9S470 command post, the 9S470M1 KP provides simultaneous reception of data from its own detection and target designation station and about 6 targets from the air defense control center of a tank (motorized rifle) division or from the army's air defense command post, as well as comprehensive training of calculations of the combat means of an anti-aircraft missile system.
Compared to the 9A310 self-propelled firing unit, the 9A310M1 launcher provides detection and target acquisition for automatic tracking at long ranges (approximately 25-30 percent), as well as the recognition of ballistic missiles, helicopters and aircraft with a probability of more than 0.6.
The complex uses a more advanced Kupol-M1 (9S18M1) detection and targeting station, which has a flat elevation phased antenna array and a GM-567M self-propelled tracked chassis. The same type of tracked chassis is used at the command post, self-propelled gun mount and launcher.
The detection and targeting station has the following dimensions: length - 9.59 meters, width - 3.25 meters, height - 3.25 meters (in working position - 8.02 meters), weight - 35 tons.
The Buk-M1 complex provides for effective technical and organizational measures to protect against anti-radar missiles.
Combat assets of the Buk-M1 air defense missile system are interchangeable with the same type of weapons of the Buk complex without their modifications. The regular organization of technical units and combat formations is similar to that of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system.
The technological equipment of the complex consists of:
- 9V95M1E - machines of an automated control and test mobile station based on ZIL-131 and a trailer;
- 9V883, 9V884, 9V894 - repair and maintenance vehicles based on Ural-43203-1012;
- 9V881E - maintenance vehicle based on Ural-43203-1012;
- 9Т229 - a transport vehicle for 8 anti-aircraft guided missiles (or six containers with guided missiles) based on the KrAZ-255B;
- 9T31M - truck crane;
- MTO-ATG-M1 - maintenance workshop based on ZIL-131.
The Buk-M1 complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces in 1983, and its serial production was established in cooperation with industrial enterprises that produced the Buk anti-aircraft missile system.
In the same year, the M-22 Uragan anti-aircraft missile system of the Navy, unified with the Buk complex for 9M38 guided missiles, entered service.
Complexes of the Buk family called "Ganges" were proposed to be supplied abroad.
During the Defense 92 exercise, Buk anti-aircraft missile systems successfully fired at targets based on the R-17, Zvezda ballistic missile and the Smerch MLRS missile.
In December 1992, the President of the Russian Federation signed an order on further modernization of the Buk air defense missile system - the creation of an anti-aircraft missile system, which was repeatedly presented at various international exhibitions under the name Ural.
In 1994-1997, the cooperation of enterprises headed by the Tikhonravov Research and Development Institute carried out work on the Buk-M1-2 anti-aircraft missile system. Thanks to the use of the new 9M317 missile and the modernization of other air defense systems, for the first time, it was possible to destroy tactical ballistic missiles "Lance" and aircraft missiles at a range of up to 20 thousand meters, elements of high-precision and surface ships at a distance of up to 25 thousand meters and ground targets (large command points, launchers, airplanes at airfields) at a range of up to 15 thousand meters. The effectiveness of destruction of cruise missiles, helicopters and airplanes has increased. The boundaries of the affected zones in range have increased to 45 kilometers and in height - up to 25 kilometers. The new missile provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a semi-active radar homing head with guidance according to the proportional navigation method. The rocket had a launch mass of 710-720 kilograms with a warhead mass of 50-70 kilograms.
Outwardly, the new 9M317 rocket differed from the 9M38 in the shorter wing chord length.
In addition to using an improved rocket, it was envisaged to introduce a new means into the air defense system - a radar station for target illumination and missile guidance with an antenna installed at a height of up to 22 meters in an operating position (a telescopic device was used). With the introduction of this radar station, the combat capabilities of the air defense system for the destruction of low-flying targets, such as modern cruise missiles, are significantly expanded.
The complex provides for a command post and two types of firing sections:
- four sections, each including one modernized self-propelled firing unit, carrying four guided missiles and capable of firing at four targets simultaneously, and a launcher-loader with 8 guided missiles;
- two sections, including one illumination and guidance radar station, which is also capable of simultaneously firing at four targets, and two launchers and loaders (eight guided missiles for each).
Two versions of the complex were developed - mobile on tracked vehicles GM-569 (used in previous modifications of the Buk air defense missile system), as well as transported by KrAZ vehicles and on road trains with semi-trailers. In the latter version, the cost decreased, but the passability worsened and the deployment time of the anti-aircraft missile system from the march increased from 5 minutes to 10-15.
In particular, the ICB "Start" during the work on the modernization of the "Buk-M" air defense missile system (complexes "Buk-M1-2", "Buk-M2") developed a 9A316 launcher and a 9P619 launcher on a tracked chassis, as well as PU 9A318 on a wheeled chassis.
The process of development of the families of anti-aircraft missile systems "Kub" and "Buk" as a whole is an excellent example of the evolutionary development of military equipment and weapons, providing a continuous increase in the capabilities of air defense ground forces at relatively low cost. This development path, unfortunately, creates the preconditions for gradual technical. lagging behind. For example, even in promising versions of the Buk air defense system, a more reliable and safe scheme of continuous operation of air defense missiles in a transport and launch container, an all-aspect vertical launch of guided missiles, introduced by other second-generation SV anti-aircraft missile systems, did not find application. But, despite this, in difficult socio-economic conditions, the evolutionary path of development has to be considered the only possible one, and the choice made by the developers of the complexes of the Buk and Kub families is correct.
For the creation of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system AA Rastov, VK Grishin, IG Akopyan, II Zlatomrezhev, AP Vetoshko, NV Chukalovsky. and others were awarded the USSR State Prize. The development of the Buk-M 1 anti-aircraft missile system was awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation. The laureates of this prize were Yu.I. Kozlov, V.P. Ektov, Yu.P. Shchekotov, V.D. Chernov, S.V. Solntsev, V.R. Unuchko. and etc.
The main tactical and technical characteristics of anti-aircraft missile systems of the "BUK" type:
Name - "Buk" / "Buk-M1";
The affected area in range is from 3.5 to 25-30 km / from 3 to 32-35 km;
The affected area in height - from 0.025 to 18-20 km / from 0.015 to 20-22 km;
The affected area by parameter - up to 18 / up to 22;
The probability of a fighter being hit by one guided missile is 0.8..0.9 / 0.8..0.95;
The probability of a helicopter being hit by one guided missile is 0.3..0.6 / 0.3..0.6;
The probability of hitting a cruise missile is 0.25..0.5 / 0.4..0.6;
Maximum speed of targets hit - 800 m / s;
Reaction time - 22 sec .;
The flight speed of the anti-aircraft guided missile is 850 m / s;
Rocket weight - 685 kg;
Warhead weight - 70 kg;
Target channel - 2;
Channeling on missiles (on target) - up to 3;
Deployment / collapse time - 5 minutes;
The number of anti-aircraft guided missiles on a combat vehicle - 4;
The year was put into service - 1980/1983.
Ctrl Enter
Spotted Osh S bku Highlight text and press Ctrl + Enter
Air defense systems of the Buk family in the seventies were recognized as one of the most effective means of air defense. Today, the Russian army is armed with several modifications of such military equipment. The article contains information on the tactical and technical characteristics and design of the Buk-M2 anti-aircraft missile system.
History of creation
On January 13, 1972, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution on the start of design work on the creation of new promising Buk anti-aircraft systems. The Soviet gunsmiths were tasked with creating a new military complex to replace the already used 2K12 "Cube". In 1979, after successful tests, this air defense system (index GRAU -9K37) was adopted by the Soviet army. Design work on its modernization began immediately. The result of this activity was the creation in 1982 of a new military complex - "Buk-M1". Unlike the basic version, it had an increased affected area. In addition, the upgraded complex could recognize three classes of targets: aircraft, helicopters and ballistic missiles. This military system was the first air defense system supplied to foreign customers. Finland received several units of such equipment. The air defense missile system entered service with the Soviet army in 1983. From 1993 to 1996, intensive improvements were carried out on the 9K37 project. The designers have created a transitional modification "Buk-M1-2".
Work on increasing the range and height of hitting targets did not stop there. It was planned to create a system that would have improved characteristics. As a result of the modernization, a new military complex, known as the Buk-M2, was designed (a photo of the installation is presented in the article). In the US, this air defense system is classified as "Grizzly-17".
Getting to know the system
The Buk-M2 is a self-propelled, highly mobile and multifunctional anti-aircraft missile system designed for a medium range. The air defense missile system was designed under the leadership of the famous designer of the Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Engineering E. Pigin. Unlike the previous modification, a new universal missile 9M317 was developed for the Buk-M2 anti-aircraft missile system.
The purpose of the military installation
The task of the Buk-M2 air defense system is as follows:
- Defend ground targets and troops from enemy air strikes, including cruise missiles.
- To strike at air targets located at low and medium altitudes (from 30 to 18 thousand meters).
Design, characteristics
For the Buk-M2, the most formidable weapon of the air defense system, the 9M317 missile, has been developed, according to military experts. It is designed for a range of up to 50 thousand meters. Length - 5.5m. The rocket weighs 715 kg. Travel speed - 1230 m / s. The wingspan is 86 cm. During the explosion of an anti-aircraft-guided missile, objects within a radius of 17 m are destroyed. The 9M317 is equipped with an inertial-corrected control system, for which a new semi-active Doppler radar seeker 9E420 was created. The equipment is equipped with a rod warhead weighing 70 kg and a dual-mode solid propellant rocket motor.
Judging by the opinions of military experts, the rocket, at the end of the complete assembly, is provided with a high level of reliability. Its operational life is not less than ten years. During this time, missiles are not checked.
Storage and transportation of the installation to the place of its combat use is carried out in special fiberglass containers. 9M317 are effective at any time of the year. The rocket is not susceptible to precipitation, humidity and temperature.
What targets do 9M317 missiles hit?
Complexes "Buk-M2," equipped with 9M317, hit the following enemy aircraft:
- Modern and promising maneuvering aircraft. The probability of defeat: 95%.
- Helicopters providing fire support. Probability of destruction of hovering helicopters: up to 40%.
- Hanging, tactical ballistic, cruise and aircraft missiles. Optimum altitude: 20 km. The probability of destroying tactical missiles is 70%, and cruise missiles: 80%.
- An anti-aircraft guided missile destroys aircraft bombs at an altitude of up to 20 km.
- Enemy surface and ground radio contrast targets.
The designers managed to expand the combat capabilities of the 9M317 by creating a new operating mode for it. If it is necessary to destroy any surface or ground targets in missiles, remote fuses are turned off.
About combat installations 9A317
In addition to anti-aircraft guided missiles, the Buk-M2 is equipped with self-propelled and towed firing installations. For self-propelled (SOU) 9A317 tracked chassis GM-569 are provided. These settings are used for detection, identification, auto tracking and recognition of the target type. In addition, with the help of the SDA, the flight task is worked out, the radio-correcting commands are transmitted to the rocket, and the firing result is assessed. 9A317 can attack an object both as part of an air defense missile system, and autonomously.
SOU is a phased array antenna with electronic beam scanning. The target detection range is 20 km. The fire launcher is capable of detecting up to 10 objects and firing simultaneously at 4 of them. An optoelectronic system and CCD-matrix television channels have been developed for the SOU. The installation is reliably protected from radio frequency interference and operates around the clock, which has a positive impact on the "survivability" of the air defense system. The SOU weighs 35 tons. Equipped with four missiles. The crew consists of 4 people.
About the starter-charging installation 9A316
ROM "Buk-M2" is used as a transport-loading vehicle and a launcher. 9A316 carries out prelaunch preparation and launch of anti-aircraft guided missiles.
This ROM is installed on the GM-577 tracked chassis. For towing, wheeled semi-trailers with tractors are provided. The launch pad is equipped with four missiles. Transport supports have the same number of missiles. The ROMs are charged within 13 minutes. The installation weighs 38 tons. Combat crew of 4 people.
About controls
The anti-aircraft missile system is equipped with:
- Command post 9С510. It is transported using a tracked chassis or a wheeled semi-trailer using a tractor. The reaction time takes no more than 2 seconds. Weighs up to 30 tons. The crew consists of 6 people.
- Radar station (radar) 9S36, which detects targets and guides missiles in wooded areas. The station is equipped with an antenna that rises to a height of 22 meters. The antenna is a phased array providing electronic scanning. The station is installed on tracked chassis or wheeled semi-trailers with tractors. The radar detects the target at a distance of up to 120 km. The station is capable of simultaneously detecting up to 10 targets, highlighting four of them with priority. On tracked chassis, the station weighs up to 36 tons, on wheeled chassis - 30 tons. There are four people in the carriage.
- Radar station 9S18M1-3, performing target detection. It is a phased waveguide-slot array. The station operates in several stages. First, the airspace is scanned in a vertical plane. Then the received data is transmitted to the command post using telecode lines. Detection range - 160 km. The vision lasts for 6 seconds. Specially for automatic protection against active interference, the station is provided with instantaneous pulse restructuring and blocking of range intervals. The station weighs up to 30 tons. To transfer it from a combat position to a traveling position and vice versa, five minutes are enough. The crew provides for the presence of three people.
Characteristics of "Buk-M2"
- The combat vehicle weighs 35.5 tons.
- Engine power is - 710 hp. with.
- Cross-country speed - 45 km / h.
- Time to deploy Buk-M2 is up to five minutes.
- Shooting is carried out at a speed of 4 seconds.
- Reaction time - up to 10 sec.
- The crew is three people.
- Fire from the Buk-M2 complexes is conducted under the control of operators and autonomously.
- The air defense missile system is capable of simultaneously firing at 24 enemy aircraft.
- Anti-aircraft missile launcher strikes approaching targets at a speed of 1100 m / s, retreating - 400 m / s.
- The complex has an operational life of up to 20 years.
Production
Due to its high performance, this air defense system was immediately approved by an expert commission and adopted by the Soviet army. However, as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the beginning of a difficult economic situation in the country, the mass production of the complexes was suspended. It was only in 2008 that the air defense of the Russian Federation began to be completed with data from the air defense system. The Russian army is currently armed with 300 Buk-M2 units. The military training grounds "Alkino" and "Kapustin Yar" became the place of their deployment. The production of the Buk-M2 anti-aircraft missile systems is carried out at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant. A number of complex works were carried out at the enterprise, designed to reorganize technological processes and re-equip equipment. The plant was supplemented with a workshop where antenna systems are manufactured. In addition, Russian and foreign specialists are trained in the training and retraining centers that have opened at the enterprise. A large amount of SAM data is produced for export. In 2011, 19 Buk-M2 units were delivered for the needs of the Syrian army. Venezuela owns two Russian complexes. The exact number of air defense systems in Iraq and Azerbaijan is unknown.
Finally
Today, in any military conflict, enemy aircraft attacks primarily air defense systems. This can be successfully countered by being armed with the most modern anti-aircraft missile systems.
“Buk-M2”, despite all the indisputable advantages of the installation, continues to be intensively refined and improved. The Bukov family already has upgraded models M2E, M3 and M4.
Loading...
