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Meaning of the word budding

budding in the crossword dictionary

Dictionary of medical terms

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

budding

budding, pl. no, cf. (biol.). Asexual reproduction through buds (see bud 1 in 2) or gradually increasing cell outgrowths.

New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

budding

Wed Asexual reproduction through buds (1*2) or a gradual increase in the number of cells.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

budding

a type of asexual reproduction in which daughter individuals are formed from outgrowths of the body of the mother’s body (kidneys). Budding is characteristic of many fungi, liver mosses and animals (protozoa, sponges, coelenterates, some worms, bryozoans, pterobranchs, tunicates). In some cases, budding leads to the formation of colonies.

Budding

one of the methods of asexual (vegetative) reproduction of animals and plants. P. is carried out by the formation of a bud on the mother’s body—an outgrowth from which a new individual develops. Among plants, some marsupial fungi are capable of reproduction (for example, yeasts, for which reproduction is the main method of reproduction), a number of basidiomycetes, and liverwort mosses (they reproduce by so-called brood buds). Protozoans (some flagellates, ciliates, and sporozoans), sponges, coelenterates, some worms, bryozoans, pterobranchs, and tunicates reproduce among P.'s animals. In animals, P. is external and internal; the first is divided into parietal, in which buds are formed on the mother’s body, and stolonial P., when buds are formed on special outgrowths - stolons (some coelenterates and tunicates). With internal P., a new individual develops from a separate internal part of the mother’s body; These are the gemmules of sponges and the statoblasts of bryozoans, which have protective shells and serve primarily for survival in winter or dry conditions, when the maternal organism dies. In a number of animals, P. does not reach the end; young individuals remain connected to the mother’s body; as a result, colonies arise, consisting of many individuals (see Colonial organisms). Sometimes P. can be caused artificially by various influences on the mother's body, for example, burns or cuts.

A. V. Ivanov.

Wikipedia

Budding

Budding- a type of asexual or vegetative reproduction of animals and plants, in which daughter individuals are formed from outgrowths of the body of the mother organism. Budding is characteristic of many fungi, liver mosses and animals (protozoa, sponges, coelenterates, some worms, tunicates, some flagellates, ciliates, sporozoans). In a number of animals, budding does not reach completion; young individuals remain connected to the mother’s body. In some cases, this leads to the formation of colonies. For example, when yeast budding, a thickening forms on the cell, which gradually turns into a full-fledged daughter yeast cell.

Examples of the use of the word budding in literature.

Katya had to see a lot of these wretched VIR-dramas, both in the form of plot-thematic pictures and scenes that required her direct personal participation, and all of them represented the resulting budding genics in the form of polarly different characters from one or another fairy tale.

Of course, many geneticists were born as a result budding, but this could only mean that they had the same set of DNA in the nuclei of their cells, but did not imply a complete coincidence of thoughts, goals or ideas.

A colony results from reproduction budding one polyp.

Since, however, the cult of her perfection dominated, they even tried to extol such automorphic distortions - they say, the tireless budding and spreading out best expresses the nature of Proteus man.

They also reproduce in different ways - by rubbing, pollination, budding, and sometimes, although unheard of rarely, by the so-called tongue-and-groove, to which on Enzia, a completely normal planet, the matter, thank God, did not reach.

To answer the question of which mushrooms reproduce by budding, it is necessary to understand the essence of this process. After all, at first glance, mushrooms do not have such a reproductive organ as a kidney. This is a living organism that has properties characteristic of both plants and animals. For most fungi, division by spores or parts of the mycelium is important, although sexual reproduction is more typical in the animal world. But there is a lower class of mushrooms, which are characterized by budding. Also exceptions are some types of higher mushrooms. This process is also called vegetative propagation.

For most mushrooms, division by spores or parts of mycelium is important, although sexual reproduction is more typical for the animal world

This process is typical for many species of protozoan animals and plants. Budding is the name given to vegetative, or asexual, reproduction of fungi, which consists of the formation of a daughter organism from the mother individual in the form of a protrusion of the cell body. Such living beings come in microscopic sizes. This process of asexual reproduction begins with nuclear division. The resulting center of the cell moves into an outgrowth that appears on the mother’s body. Then the formation of a constriction occurs. And after that this fragment is separated. This process takes about two hours on average. The daughter cells are initially tiny and will take time to grow and acquire the appearance of a mature specimen. Budding occurs in some higher fungi and many lower species.

In rare cases, when conditions are unfavorable, the process slows down or stops altogether, which is impossible if reproduction is sexual.

This process is typical for many species of protozoa animals and plants.

Misconceptions about them are due precisely to the fact that their lives cannot be examined. And yet, without them, humanity would not be able to make wine, beer, and most importantly, antibiotics. Mushroom cultivation was of great importance for the course of evolution. Thanks to them, plants spread across the continents. Without them, forests in the form familiar to humans, and perhaps their inhabitants, would not exist. The importance of mushrooms for the environment is great. The life of these creatures passes without visible movement, they do not have organs of smell, touch, and others. In general, nothing to make them look like animals. Therefore, for a long time they were classified as part of the kingdom of flora. But they also do not have the organs characteristic of plants that contain chlorophyll - this is a green pigment that facilitates the absorption of sunlight and its transformation. This process is not typical for mushrooms. Therefore, like animals, they feed on organic matter. Thus, they are allocated to a separate kingdom.

Sexual reproduction of mushrooms (video)

Living things that reproduce by budding

When fungi reproduce, budding of hyphae or individual cells occurs. This division option is inherent in yeast - these are single-celled fungi that are round or oval in shape. They live in substrates of liquid or semi-liquid consistency, which consist of a large amount of organic substances. About 1,500 specimens are classified as yeasts, which belong to the classes of basidiomycetes and ascomycetes. They are very common in wildlife and feed on flower nectar and plant sap. These species survive in water and soil, and in the intestines of animals. Yeast can grow and reproduce very quickly, changing its environment in the process. Sometimes the sexual process of reproduction of such fungi occurs, but more often they divide by budding.

When fungi reproduce, budding of hyphae or individual cells occurs

Smut fungi infect all parts of the plant and cause hypertrophy of plant tissues. They are especially dangerous for cereals. The resulting buds gradually separate, grow, and eventually begin to bud themselves.

Vegetative propagation

Vegetative propagation of fungi occurs due to mycelium. This division is carried out by separate pieces of cells, which, when exposed to favorable conditions, germinate and give rise to a new fungus. This distribution is typical for house mushrooms, honey mushrooms and other species. A more specialized method is vegetative reproduction, in which the mycelium, due to the peculiarities of its structure, is easily separated into individual cells or spores, each of which subsequently grows into a new mycelium.

Such spores include chlamydospores, oidia, gemma and other modifications of the mycelium.

Thus, budding is characteristic in rare cases for higher fungi and more often for lower species. Division is inherent in the simplest animals - sponges, some types of worms, the flagellar family, tunicates, ciliates and sporozoans. Many types of mosses (for example, liver type) and some types of ferns reproduce through the formation of buds.

Estimate

BUNDING, one of the methods of asexual (vegetative) reproduction of animals and plants. P. is carried out by the formation of a bud on the mother's body - an outgrowth, from which a new individual develops. Among plants, certain marsupial fungi are capable of P. (for example, yeast, for which P. - main. method of reproduction), a number of basidiomycetes, as well as liverwort mosses (they reproduce by so-called brood buds). Protozoa (certain flagellates, ciliates, sporozoans), sponges, coelenterates, certain worms, bryozoans, pterobranchs, and tunicates reproduce among P.'s animals. In animals, P. is external and internal; the first is divided into parietal, in which the kidneys are formed on the mother’s body, and stolonial P., when the kidneys are formed on a special. outgrowths - stolons (certain coelenterates and tunicates). With internal P. a new individual develops from a separate internal. area of ​​the mother's body; These are the gemmules of sponges and the statoblasts of bryozoans, which have protective shells and serve primarily. for survival in winter or dry conditions when the mother's body dies. In a number of animals, P. does not reach the end; young individuals remain connected to the mother’s body; as a result, colonies appear consisting of many individuals (see. Colonial organisms). Sometimes P. can be caused artificially by various influences on the mother’s body, for example, burns or cuts. A. V. Ivanov

Reproduction- the ability of living organisms to reproduce their own kind. There are two main reproduction method- asexual and sexual.

Asexual reproduction occurs with the participation of only one parent and occurs without the formation of gametes. The daughter generation in some species arises from one or a group of cells of the mother’s body, in other species - in specialized organs. The following are distinguished: methods of asexual reproduction: division, budding, fragmentation, polyembryony, sporulation, vegetative propagation.

Division- a method of asexual reproduction characteristic of unicellular organisms, in which the mother is divided into two or more daughter cells. We can distinguish: a) simple binary fission (prokaryotes), b) mitotic binary fission (protozoa, unicellular algae), c) multiple fission, or schizogony (malarial plasmodium, trypanosomes). During the division of the paramecium (1), the micronucleus is divided by mitosis, the macronucleus by amitosis. During schizogony (2), the nucleus is first divided repeatedly by mitosis, then each of the daughter nuclei is surrounded by cytoplasm, and several independent organisms are formed.

Budding- a method of asexual reproduction in which new individuals are formed in the form of outgrowths on the body of the parent individual (3). Daughter individuals can separate from the mother and move on to an independent lifestyle (hydra, yeast), or they can remain attached to it, in this case forming colonies (coral polyps).

Fragmentation(4) - a method of asexual reproduction, in which new individuals are formed from fragments (parts) into which the maternal individual breaks up (anneli, starfish, spirogyra, elodea). Fragmentation is based on the ability of organisms to regenerate.

Polyembryony- a method of asexual reproduction in which new individuals are formed from fragments (parts) into which the embryo breaks up (monozygotic twins).

Vegetative propagation- a method of asexual reproduction in which new individuals are formed either from parts of the vegetative body of the mother individual, or from special structures (rhizome, tuber, etc.) specifically designed for this form of reproduction. Vegetative propagation is typical for many groups of plants and is used in gardening, vegetable gardening, and plant breeding (artificial vegetative propagation).

Sporulation(6) - reproduction through spores. Controversy- specialized cells, in most species they are formed in special organs - sporangia. In higher plants, spore formation is preceded by meiosis.

Cloning- a set of methods used by humans to obtain genetically identical copies of cells or individuals. Clone- a collection of cells or individuals descended from a common ancestor through asexual reproduction. The basis for obtaining a clone is mitosis (in bacteria - simple division).

Sexual reproduction is carried out with the participation of two parent individuals (male and female), in which specialized cells are formed in special organs - gametes. The process of gamete formation is called gametogenesis, the main stage of gametogenesis is meiosis. The daughter generation develops from zygotes- a cell formed as a result of the fusion of male and female gametes. The process of fusion of male and female gametes is called fertilization. An obligatory consequence of sexual reproduction is the recombination of genetic material in the daughter generation.

Depending on the structural features of the gametes, the following can be distinguished: forms of sexual reproduction: isogamy, heterogamy and oogamy.

Isogamy(1) - a form of sexual reproduction in which gametes (conditionally female and conditionally male) are mobile and have the same morphology and size.

Heterogamy(2) - a form of sexual reproduction in which female and male gametes are motile, but female gametes are larger than male ones and less mobile.

Oogamy(3) - a form of sexual reproduction in which female gametes are immobile and larger than male gametes. In this case, female gametes are called eggs, male gametes, if they have flagella, - spermatozoa, if they don’t have it, - sperm.

Oogamy is characteristic of most species of animals and plants. Isogamy and heterogamy occur in some primitive organisms (algae). In addition to the above, some algae and fungi have forms of reproduction in which sex cells are not formed: hologamy and conjugation. At hologamia single-celled haploid organisms merge with each other, which in this case act as gametes. The resulting diploid zygote then divides by meiosis to produce four haploid organisms. At conjugation(4) the contents of individual haploid cells of filamentous thalli merge. Through specially formed channels, the contents of one cell flow into another, a diploid zygote is formed, which usually, after a period of rest, also divides by meiosis.

Go to lectures No. 13“Methods of division of eukaryotic cells: mitosis, meiosis, amitosis”

Go to lectures No. 15"Sexual reproduction in angiosperms"

In nature, there are several ways of reproduction of organisms, which ensures the existence of life on the planet. Each of them is determined by the peculiarities of structure, habitat and classification. In our article we will take a closer look at what budding is and for which organisms this method of reproduction is typical.

Methods of reproduction of organisms

There are two main methods of reproduction. Sexual reproduction occurs with the help of specialized cells - gametes. In this case, the chromosomal material of two organisms is combined or gene recombination occurs. As a result, gametes are not involved in asexual reproduction. It is typical for representatives of all kingdoms of living nature, except for viruses, which reproduce in a special way - self-assembly.

Asexual reproduction: budding and more

This type of self-reproduction can also occur in several ways. For example, some plants and fungi produce asexual reproduction cells called spores. In algae, such formations are mobile because they have flagella. They are called zoospores. In higher plants, asexual reproduction occurs through the separation of multicellular parts - vegetatively. But what budding is and how it is carried out must be considered for each kingdom of living nature separately.

Budding in plants

Budding in plant organisms is not so common. Most often, new individuals arise vegetatively or sexually - in cones or flowers. What budding is in plants can be seen using the example of the indoor medicinal plant Kalanchoe. Small tubercles form along the edge of its leaf blade, which over time acquire all the features of an adult plant. Despite their miniature size, they are quite viable, since they already consist of a root and a shoot. This means that young plants are able to independently photosynthesize and absorb water from the substrate. Having reached a certain size, such buds fall into the soil, where they germinate and turn into adult plants.

Budding in animals

Reproduction by budding occurs in animals. Namely - which has a freshwater hydra. She leads an attached lifestyle. Periodically, a protrusion forms on her body - a small tubercle. It grows, acquiring all the features of an adult organism. After this, the bud splits off and it begins to exist independently. This process occurs somewhat differently in other representatives of the coelenterates - coral polyps. Their buds also grow and become similar to adult individuals, but the process of splitting off does not occur. As a result, an organism of a bizarre shape is formed. Their accumulations in the oceans form entire coral reefs.

Mushroom budding

What budding is can also be considered using the example of mushrooms. Each of us has observed that if yeast is sprinkled with sugar and left in a warm place, then its quantity increases significantly after some time. This is an example of budding which is used in cooking and baking. During this process, a small protrusion forms on the yeast cell, which gradually increases in size. Then a septum appears between the mother and daughter cells, which narrows the channel between them. After this, the young cell is able to live independently. The budding process in yeast fungi takes about two hours.

Budding in bacteria

It is traditionally believed that bacteria are characterized by only one primitive method of reproduction - division in two. However, there are certain species of these organisms that are capable of budding. They move using several flagella. But this is an exception to the general rule. Stem bacteria also bud, which thus branch dichotomously, forming new individuals.

The significance of this method of asexual reproduction in nature is quite great. During budding, cells divide through mitosis. This means that as a result, genetically identical individuals are formed, and hereditary information is transmitted from generation to generation unchanged, ensuring the continuity of generations of representatives of almost all groups of living organisms.