Vladimir Alliluyev Stalin - Alliluyevs. Chronicle of one family. Women whom Stalin loved The husband of Nadezhda Alliluyeva

Leader's Hope

Almost everyone in our country knows the story of Nadezhda Alliluyeva, Stalin’s second wife. Articles, books, films have told many times how the 16-year-old daughter of professional revolutionaries Olga Fedorenko and Sergei Alliluyev fell in love with Joseph Dzhugashvili, married him at 18, gave birth to two children - Vasily and Svetlana, and shot herself on November 9, 1932 (or was killed) in her own bedroom.
A few versions of the Kremlin tragedy have also been circulated. Therefore, there is no point in repeating them. It is much more interesting to understand the internal background of events and ask the question: why did everything happen this way? Psychologist Lyudmila Melnik will help you do this.

Darlings scold - only amuse themselves
The marriage of Stalin and Alliluyeva was not ideal. The couple often and violently quarreled, they say they even fought. Stalin treated his wife extremely rudely and insulted her in public. Vyacheslav Molotov noted that the cause of the quarrels was jealousy: “In my opinion, completely unfounded... Alliluyeva was, in my opinion, a bit of a psychopath at that time...”
Later, politics became a bone of contention.
It is known that Nadezhda left her husband several times, taking their children. Shortly before her death, she was planning to once again move from the Kremlin to live with relatives.
It is customary to place the blame for family troubles on Stalin. He, spoiled by power and flattery, is considered a tyrant in the family duet. Nadezhda, the quietest, kindest creature, a recluse of the Kremlin, was, by all accounts, a victim.
But is it?

Mother's daughter
Take, for example, the same jealousy.
Little is known about Stalin's love affairs. This does not mean, of course, that there were none. But even ardent opponents did not question Koba’s “shape of morality.” Therefore, the leader of all nations did not do any special “leftists” and, despite the wide range of opportunities (hundreds of women wrote to him and offered themselves), he kept within the bounds of decency.
Nevertheless, the better half was so jealous of her husband that she became “a little psychopathic.”
But... Nadezhda could not react differently. In her parents' family, scandals and jealousy were the norm. People are hostages of their childhood. And as they grow up, they repeat the behavioral scenarios of their parents in their own families. Alliluyeva was no exception and “played” her mother in a duet with her husband. Like many girls.
Nadya’s mother was a very, very colorful lady.
Olga Fedorenko, according to her granddaughter, the famous Svetlana Alliluyeva, had a stormy temperament, which manifested itself in “tears of joy and grief, with lamentations, with verbose expressions of love, tenderness, and dissatisfaction.” In addition, Olga Fedorenko was “incredibly seductive... there was no end to the fans... I must say that she tended to get carried away, and sometimes she rushed into adventures with some Pole, then with a Hungarian, then with a Bulgarian, then even with Turk - she loved southerners and sometimes affirmed in her hearts that “Russian men are boors!”
In the house, according to Svetlana Alliluyeva, “adventures” were treated with understanding and the fugitive was always warmly received when, having had enough fun, she returned to her four children and her husband.
By the way, one of the southerners seemed to be Joseph Dzhugashvili.

I look at you like a mirror
So, Nadya, of course, in her own way, repeated her mother’s life scenario.
But what is a life script? Psychologists call this the unconscious information received in early childhood about how to live and behave.
Nadya lived and behaved like a mother.
She, like a mother, recognized men early. The daughter of an artisan, Olga Fedorenko, got married at the age of 14. High school student Nadezhda met her future husband at 16.
Both mother and daughter had poor self-control and created constant scandals at home. The reasons, however, were different. But these are minor things. The essence of psychological incontinence and violent manifestation of emotions was the common “bad heredity on the part of my grandmother’s sisters: a tendency to schizophrenia.” This is what Svetlana Alliluyeva wrote.
And most importantly, both women played the same role of victim in the family.
There is such a common social “fun”: to be a Victim, a Tyrant or a Rescuer. Now is not the time or place to talk in detail about the choice of this or that behavioral standard, but something should still be noted: almost all Lyuli play this “game”, the choice of role occurs unconsciously and each has its own motivation.
For example, Victims are excellent manipulators. Expending a minimum of energy effort, they manage to get the maximum. With their suffering they
as if they oblige others to sympathy and support, therefore they remain in the center of attention;
they justify their inaction, so they don’t change anything in their life;
awaken a feeling of guilt in the “Tyrant” and, taking advantage of this, allow themselves to demand compensation.
Olga Fedorenko was a classic victim. She constantly reproached Sergei Alliluyev for ruining her life. And outwardly this was confirmed. Olga married Sergei when both were socially equal: from simple families, young, not rich. Almost simultaneously, the couple “left” for the revolution. But over time, Sergei Alliluyev made a career in his chosen field, and Olga was content with household chores and raising children. For anyone else this would be enough. But for an expressive and temperamental nature, the mission of a wife and mother was clearly “narrow in the shoulders.” Therefore, as a victim of house-building, Olga tormented her husband with loud scandals. And she rewarded herself with outright betrayals as compensation.
The same pattern (principle) can be seen in the pair Stalin-Nadezhda Alliluyeva. At the beginning of the novel in 1917, a beautiful girl from a good (well-known in party circles) family and an elderly revolutionary from the second, or maybe third division, despite the difference in age, were practically worth each other. Both have no stake, no yard, and all hope for a new life, in which Nadenka could succeed, relying on her father’s connections, and Joseph could succeed thanks to his personal qualities. The misalliance arose later, when a few years later Stalin became the leader of the country, and Nadya remained the same girl from the Alliluyev clan, with connections, but without merits or achievements.
Alliluyeva could compensate for her unsatisfied ambitions in two ways. Rise up and become someone. Or, as the mother did, “put down” her husband, accusing him of all mortal sins.

My own psychologist
Here we should digress a little and make a few statements.
The first is for the sake of political correctness. The sins and achievements of Joseph Vissarionovich are not the topic of this article. We are talking about the relationship between Stalin and Alliluyeva as “cleansed” of politics as possible.
Secondly, the article does not whitewash or denigrate Svetlana Alliluyeva. All people play roles. And one role differs from another only by a set of stereotypes, which are simply designed to save a person’s efforts. After all, trying to see reality as it is, without generalizations, is very tiring and requires a certain maturity. Which Nadya did not possess.
As a girl, she observed only one model of relationships. In her family, the mother was in opposition to her man. Therefore, in her own marriage, Nadezhda took a position that was understandable to herself: an opponent. And if her husband were not the leader, but an ordinary man in the street Vasya Pupkin, she would have done exactly the same. Because those were her stereotypes.
Therefore, it does not matter what sins were blamed on Comrade Stalin and how justified the claims were. The main thing is that there was no peace in the family. Nadezhda, outwardly the quietest and most gentle creature, was in fact waging her own irreconcilable war, and was not going to give up.

War on two fronts
Thus, forcing her husband to fight a war on two fronts. Moreover, at the most important and difficult moment of his life. After all, it was in the 20s and 30s that Stalin crushed his comrades and the country. And I experienced an incredible personal transformation.
After the revolution, he was an ordinary party functionary, forgotten by the leaders of the RSDLP during his exile, and suddenly, unexpectedly for himself and unexpectedly for others, turned into No. 1, into a leader. But this transformation was not a gift from heaven. Stalin snatched his victory with his teeth. He spent a lot of energy and nerves to twist his opponents and opponents into a ram's horn. He was alone against everyone and really needed support. Not as a politician. Like an ordinary man, like a person performing his own personal feat.
Total unconditional acceptance is what Nadezhda could give her husband at this most important moment of his life. But Nadezhda Alliluyeva is not Nadezhda Krupskaya. She did not dissolve in her husband. Therefore, Stalin waged his war for power in the country without a strong rear at home, wasting his energy on “battles of local significance,” into which Nadezhda drew him.
It is quite possible that because of this, Stalin, considering Nadezhda a “traitor,” subsequently punished her with rude antics.
In an interview, Svetlana Alliluyeva said: “My father considered all women to be traitors.” He also considered his second wife a traitor. True, Svetlana did not explain when Stalin developed this opinion. Before or after Nadezhda's death.

To be fair
However, Nadezhda’s “betrayal” cannot be called conscious. The young woman tried to be a good wife. She told her husband the secrets she heard in Lenin’s secretariat (Nadezhda worked there). She gave birth to two children, ran a house, was a modest person... This is probably how Olga Fedorenko behaved during her “home” periods.
But the victims don't give up. They suffer with incredible tenacity. And with the same tenacity they punish their tyrants. Therefore, peace in the family did not last long. As soon as a reason was found, “military actions” began. But unlike her mother, Nadezhda did not run away to another lover, but started violent scandals and “annoyed” her with comments. At first because of everyday life. Afterwards, politics became a stumbling block. Stalin already had plenty of that in his life. And from which he dreamed of taking a break, at least at home.
Where there! Nadezhda “discovered” the USSR for herself and did not leave her husband alone.
What does "opened" mean? Oh, everything is quite banal...
Having moved from the Tsar’s gymnasium to Lenin’s secretariat, and then to Stalin’s Kremlin apartment, by the age of 30, Alliluyeva had no idea how the country lived. She thought: the whole people, in a single impulse, are building socialism in a friendly and cheerful manner. It turned out that socialism “builds” everyone.
A terrible discovery occurred at the Industrial Academy, where Nadezhda entered against the will of her husband. She hid her status, so they spoke openly in front of her. Alliluyeva listened to stories about Soviet realities and was horrified. Her picture of the world was collapsing. Her idol fell on his face.
Having experienced a real shock, offended in the best of feelings, Nadezhda rushed to her husband. She wanted to open Stalin’s eyes to what was happening... But a new blow awaited her! Joseph was aware and, it turns out, deliberately ruled the country THIS way, and not otherwise.
The revealed truth became not only a blow for Alliluyeva, but also a test of maturity.
And she did not pass this exam. Nadezhda did not have the strength and character to leave her husband and, thereby, “disown” his bloody sins. She didn’t have enough love to accept her man’s peace, albeit not a righteous one. She stayed and, out of old habit, continued to torment her husband with new barbs.
There was such a case. One day little Vasya was being capricious at the table. Trying to calm her son down, Nadezhda shouted: “How dare you not eat when millions of children are starving?!” Stalin left the table in a fury.
Someone will object: indeed, millions were starving in the country and terrible things were happening. Therefore, Alliluyeva’s reaction is justified. She had her own social position and was not afraid of the person before whom everyone was in awe. It's hard to argue with that. But Alliluyeva had nothing to fear. She was Stalin's wife. Beloved wife. “It’s impossible to live with you,” he said. “But it’s also impossible to live without you.”
Therefore, it is unlikely that this was a real civic position. More like revenge...

November shot
The illusory world collapsed, Nadezhda could not accept the real one. She repeated that she was tired of everything, disgusted, nothing made her happy. “Well, what about the children?” - friends asked. “And the children too,” answered the one whose mother abandoned her, leaving for another lover.
On November 9, 1932, the crisis came. At a festive feast in honor of the 15th anniversary of the October Revolution, Stalin said a taunt to his wife. She answered sharply. Then she went into the room and shot herself.
Then there were funerals and many years of gossip. Everyone was wondering: did Alliluyeva commit suicide, or was killed by Stalin, or was she removed on the orders of her husband.
Stalin was crushed by what happened.
Later, Svetlana Alliluyeva testified: “My father was shocked... because he didn’t understand: why? Why was he stabbed so horribly in the back? He was too smart not to understand - a suicide is always thinking of “punishing” someone - here, they say, here you go, you’ll know! He understood this, but he could not understand why? Why was he punished like that? And he asked those around him: was he inattentive? Didn't he love and respect her as a wife, as a person? Is it really so important that he couldn’t go to the theater with her one more time? Is it really important?
The first days he said that he himself did not want to live anymore... This was explained by the fact that his mother left him a letter... It was terrible. It was full of accusations and reproaches. This was not just a personal letter: it was partly a political letter. And, after reading it, my father might have thought that my mother was only with him for appearances, but in fact she was walking somewhere next to the opposition of those years.”

Strength in weakness
This is how this love story ended. And now something needs to be said in conclusion. What? Perhaps the next thing...
No matter how anyone treats Stalin, no one will belittle the scale of this personality. Hero or villain - he is still great, because the history of a huge country was created with the hands of this man.
Therefore, his wife probably should have taken a clearer position in life. And either stand behind your husband. Or step aside.
Nadezhda chose the second path. But she moved away, just as she lived, like a Victim, receiving another portion of dividends. She is still remembered, although Alliluyeva did not do anything useful (or loud). She made her Tyrant unhappy forever. Stalin never married again. “After Nadya’s death, of course, my personal life was difficult. But, never mind, a courageous person must always remain courageous,” Joseph Vissarionovich wrote to his mother in the spring of 1934.
She won her war with Koba.
The victims only seem weak...

Prepared by Elena Muravyova,
based on materials from “Wikipedia”, “Secrets of the Ages”, “Stalin’s Case”

Name: Nadezhda Allilueva

Age: 31 year

Place of Birth: Baku; A place of death: Moscow

Activity: Joseph Stalin's wife. Member of the CPSU(b)

Marital status: married to Joseph Stalin

Nadezhda Alliluyeva - biography

Alliluyeva Nadezhda Sergeevna is the second wife of Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Central Committee. Her life is eventful, but at the same time tragic.

Childhood, family

Nadezhda Alliluyeva was born on September 9, 1901. Her biography began in the sunny Azerbaijani city of Baku. She was born into the family of a simple worker. It is known that Svetlana’s father, Sergei Yakovlevich Alliluyev, was a revolutionary. As the girl herself stated, he also had gypsy roots. There is almost no information left about the girl’s mother, Olga Evgenievna Fedorenko. In her memoirs, the girl claimed that her mother was of German origin.

It is interesting that her godfather was the famous party leader of the Soviet Union A.S. Enukidze. In addition to Nadezhda herself, there was another child in the family - Pavel.

Nadezhda Alliluyeva - Education

After high school education, Nadezhda Alliluyeva entered the Industrial Academy in 1929, choosing the faculty of textile industry. Khrushchev also studied on the same course. It is known that it was Nadezhda Alliluyeva who introduced Stalin and Khrushchev.

Nadezhda Alliluyeva could always show her character. It is known that when her classmates were arrested, she was not afraid and called Yagoda herself, who at that time was the head of the OGPU. She demanded that her eight friends be released again. But it turned out that this was impossible to do, since suddenly all eight girls in prison became infected with some kind of infectious disease and suddenly died from it.

Career of Nadezhda Alliluyeva

Alliluyeva Nadezhda Sergeevna worked in the People's Commissariat for Nationalities Affairs. For some time she served in the Vladimir Lenin Secretariat. She also collaborated for a long time with the editors of the then-famous magazine “Revolution and Culture”, as well as in the popular newspaper “Pravda”. But the girl’s biography changed greatly and dramatically after the purge in December 1921, when she was expelled from the party, and reinstated four days later.

Nadezhda Alliluyeva - biography of personal life

Death

Nadezhda Alliluyeva died on November 9, 1932. It was suicide, although there are several versions of this death. It is known that on November 7, Nadezhda Sergeevna had a fight with her husband. This happened at a banquet on the fifteenth anniversary of October. One of the versions was that someone stood behind the curtains during a quarrel between the spouses and shot the woman. But there was no evidence for this version.

There were other versions. For example, that the murder of Stalin's wife was necessary because she became his political enemy. And this murder was the work of his assistants. There is a third version that Stalin himself killed her out of jealousy. There is also a version that Nadezhda Sergeevna shot herself after she learned that Stalin had a mistress and an illegitimate son. But they are all far from the real truth.

Svetlana Alliluyeva, in her memoirs, said that the quarrel that occurred that evening between the parents was small, but after Nadezhda’s death, Stalin constantly found no place for himself and tried to understand what she wanted to prove to him by this.

The first days after Nadezhda Sergeevna, locked in her room after a quarrel with her husband, shot herself directly in the heart with a Walter pistol, Stalin himself did not want to live. They were even afraid to leave him alone.

There was also a letter that was partly not only personal, but also political. Because of this message, Stalin did not even want to come to her funeral. The cause of Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva’s suicide was a brain disease that she had suffered for a long time. She even went abroad for treatment, but nothing helped, and the pain only became stronger every year. Doctors at that time were unable to change the incorrect fusion of the skull bones, so it was impossible to change anything. In addition, quarrels with Stalin had a negative impact on the progression of the disease, which ultimately led to such an end.

The funeral of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin’s second wife, Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva, took place on November 11 at the famous Novodevichy cemetery. Stalin himself often visited his wife's grave and could sit for hours on the marble bench that stands opposite his wife's grave.

The name of Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva became known to the Soviet people only after her death. On those cold November days of 1932, people who knew this young woman intimately said goodbye to her. They did not want to make a circus out of the funeral, but Stalin ordered otherwise. The funeral procession, which passed through the central streets of Moscow, attracted a crowd of thousands. Everyone wanted to see off the wife of the “Father of Nations” on her last journey. These funerals could only be compared with the mourning ceremonies previously held for the death of Russian empresses.

The unexpected death of a thirty-year-old woman, and the first lady of the state, could not but raise a lot of questions. Since foreign journalists who were in Moscow at that time were unable to obtain information of interest from the official authorities, the foreign press was full of reports about a variety of reasons for the untimely death of Stalin’s wife.

Citizens of the USSR, who also wanted to know what caused this sudden death, remained in the dark for a long time. Various rumors spread around Moscow, according to which Nadezhda Alliluyeva died in a car accident, died from an acute attack of appendicitis. A number of other assumptions have also been made.

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin’s version turned out to be completely different. He officially stated that his wife, who had been ill for several weeks, got out of bed too early, this caused serious complications, resulting in death.

Stalin could not say that Nadezhda Sergeevna was seriously ill, since a few hours before her death she was seen alive and well at a concert in the Kremlin dedicated to the fifteenth anniversary of the Great October Revolution. Alliluyeva chatted cheerfully with high-ranking government and party officials and their wives.

What was the real reason for the early death of this young woman?

There are three versions: according to the first of them, Nadezhda Alliluyeva committed suicide; supporters of the second version (these were mainly OGPU employees) argued that the first lady of the state was killed by Stalin himself; according to the third version, Nadezhda Sergeevna was shot dead on the orders of her husband. To understand this complicated matter, it is necessary to recall the entire history of the relationship between the Secretary General and his wife.

Nadezhda Alliluyeva

They got married in 1919, Stalin was then 40 years old, and his young wife was only a little over 17. An experienced man who knew the taste of family life (Alliluyeva was his second wife), and a young girl, almost a child... Could their marriage have become happy?

Nadezhda Sergeevna was, so to speak, a hereditary revolutionary. Her father, Sergei Yakovlevich, was one of the first among Russian workers to join the ranks of the Russian Social Democratic Party; he took an active part in three Russian revolutions and the Civil War. Nadezhda's mother also took part in the revolutionary actions of Russian workers.

The girl was born in 1901 in Baku; her childhood years occurred during the Caucasian period of the Alliluyev family’s life. Here in 1903 Sergei Yakovlevich met Joseph Dzhugashvili.

According to family legend, the future dictator saved two-year-old Nadya when she fell into the water while playing on the Baku embankment.

After 14 years, Joseph Stalin and Nadezhda Alliluyeva met again, this time in St. Petersburg. Nadya was studying at the gymnasium at that time, and thirty-eight-year-old Joseph Vissarionovich had recently returned from Siberia.

The sixteen-year-old girl was very far from politics. She was more interested in pressing questions about food and shelter than in the global problems of the world revolution.

In her diary of those years, Nadezhda noted: “We have no plans to leave St. Petersburg. Provisions are good so far. Eggs, milk, bread, meat can be obtained, although expensive. In general, we can live, although we (and everyone in general) are in a terrible mood... it’s boring, you can’t go anywhere.”

Nadezhda Sergeevna rejected rumors about a Bolshevik attack in the last days of October 1917 as completely groundless. But the revolution was accomplished.

In January 1918, together with other high school students, Nadya attended the All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies several times. “Quite interesting,” she wrote down the impressions of those days in her diary. “Especially when Trotsky or Lenin speak, the rest speak very sluggishly and meaninglessly.”

Nevertheless, Nadezhda, who considered all other politicians uninteresting, agreed to marry Joseph Stalin. The newlyweds settled in Moscow, Alliluyeva went to work in Lenin's secretariat under Fotieva (a few months earlier she had become a member of the RCP(b)).

In 1921, the family welcomed its first child, who was named Vasily. Nadezhda Sergeevna, who devoted all her strength to social work, could not pay due attention to the child. Joseph Vissarionovich was also very busy. Alliluyeva’s parents took care of raising little Vasily, and the servants also provided all possible assistance.

In 1926, a second child was born. The girl was named Svetlana. This time Nadezhda decided to raise the child on her own.

Together with a nanny who helped care for her daughter, she lived for some time at a dacha near Moscow.

However, matters required Alliluyeva’s presence in Moscow. Around the same time, she began collaborating with the magazine “Revolution and Culture”; she often had to go on business trips.

Nadezhda Sergeevna tried not to forget about her beloved daughter: the girl had all the best - clothes, toys, food. Son Vasya also did not go unnoticed.

Nadezhda Alliluyeva was a good friend to her daughter. Even without being next to Svetlana, she gave her practical advice.

Unfortunately, only one letter from Nadezhda Sergeevna to her daughter has survived, asking her to be smart and reasonable: “Vasya wrote to me, a girl is playing pranks. It's terribly boring to receive letters like this about a girl.

I thought that I left her big and sensible, but it turns out that she is very small and does not know how to live like an adult... Be sure to answer me how you decided to live further, seriously or somehow...”

In the memory of Svetlana, who lost her dearest person early, her mother remained “very beautiful, smooth, smelling of perfume.”

Later, Stalin's daughter said that the first years of her life were the happiest.

The same cannot be said about the marriage of Alliluyeva and Stalin. Relations between them became more and more chilly every year.

Joseph Vissarionovich often went overnight to his dacha in Zubalovo. Sometimes alone, sometimes with friends, but most often accompanied by actresses, whom all high-ranking Kremlin figures loved very much.

Some contemporaries claimed that even during Alliluyeva’s life, Stalin began dating Lazar Kaganovich’s sister Rosa. The woman often visited the leader’s Kremlin chambers, as well as Stalin’s dacha.

Nadezhda Sergeevna knew very well about her husband’s love affairs and was very jealous of him. Apparently, she really loved this man, who could not find any other words for her except “fool” and other rude words.

Stalin showed his discontent and contempt in the most offensive way, and Nadezhda endured all this. She repeatedly attempted to leave her husband with her children, but each time she was forced to return.

According to some eyewitnesses, a few days before her death, Alliluyeva made an important decision - to finally move in with her relatives and end all relations with her husband.

It is worth noting that Joseph Vissarionovich was a despot not only in relation to the people of his country. His family members also felt a lot of pressure, perhaps even more than anyone else.

Stalin liked his decisions not to be discussed and to be carried out unquestioningly, but Nadezhda Sergeevna was an intelligent woman with a strong character, she knew how to defend her opinion. This is evidenced by the following fact.

In 1929, Alliluyeva expressed a desire to begin her studies at the institute. Stalin resisted this for a long time; he rejected all arguments as insignificant. Avel Enukidze and Sergo Ordzhonikidze came to the woman’s aid, and together they managed to convince the leader of the need for Nadezhda to receive an education.

Soon she became a student at one of the Moscow universities. Only one director knew that Stalin’s wife was studying at the institute.

With his consent, two secret agents of the OGPU were admitted to the faculty under the guise of students, whose duty was to ensure the safety of Nadezhda Alliluyeva.

The secretary general's wife came to the institute by car. The driver who took her to classes stopped a few blocks before the institute; Nadezhda covered the remaining distance on foot. Later, when she was given a new GAZ car, she learned to drive on her own.

Stalin made a big mistake by allowing his wife to enter the world of ordinary citizens. Communication with fellow students opened Nadezhda’s eyes to what was happening in the country. Previously, she knew about government policy only from newspapers and official speeches, which reported that everything was fine in the Land of the Soviets.

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin

In reality, everything turned out to be completely different: the beautiful pictures of the life of Soviet people were darkened by forced collectivization and unjust expulsions of peasants, mass repressions and famine in Ukraine and the Volga region.

Naively believing that her husband did not know what was going on in the state, Alliluyeva told him and Enukidze about the institute conversations. Stalin tried to avoid this topic, accusing his wife of collecting gossip spread by Trotskyists everywhere. However, left alone, he cursed Nadezhda with the worst words and threatened to ban her from attending classes at the institute.

Soon after this, fierce purges began in all universities and technical schools. OGPU employees and members of the party control commission carefully checked the students' trustworthiness.

Stalin carried out his threat, and two months of student life disappeared from Nadezhda Alliluyeva’s life. Thanks to the support of Enukidze, who convinced the “father of nations” that his decision was wrong, she was able to graduate from college.

Studying at a university contributed to expanding not only my circle of interests, but also my circle of friends. Nadezhda made many friends and acquaintances. Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin became one of her closest comrades in those years.

Under the influence of communication with this man and fellow students, Alliluyeva soon developed independent judgments, which she openly expressed to her power-hungry husband.

Stalin's dissatisfaction grew every day, he needed an obedient like-minded woman, and Nadezhda Sergeevna began to allow herself critical remarks about party and government officials who carried out the party's policy in life under the strict guidance of the Secretary General. The desire to learn as much as possible about the life of her native people at this stage of their history forced Nadezhda Sergeevna to pay special attention to such problems of national importance as famine in the Volga region and Ukraine, and the repressive policies of the authorities. The case of Ryutin, who dared to speak out against Stalin, did not escape her notice.

The policy pursued by her husband no longer seemed correct to Alliluyeva. The differences between her and Stalin gradually intensified, eventually developing into severe contradictions.

“Betrayal” - this is how Joseph Vissarionovich described the behavior of his wife.

It seemed to him that Nadezhda Sergeevna’s communication with Bukharin was to blame, but he could not openly object to their relationship.

Only once, silently approaching Nadya and Nikolai Ivanovich, who were walking along the paths of the park, Stalin dropped the terrible word “I’ll kill.” Bukharin took these words as a joke, but Nadezhda Sergeevna, who knew her husband’s character very well, was frightened. Tragedy occurred shortly after this incident.

On November 7, 1932, widespread celebrations were planned for the fifteenth anniversary of the Great October Revolution. After the parade, which took place on Red Square, all high-ranking party and government officials with their wives went to a reception at the Bolshoi Theater.

However, one day was not enough to celebrate such a significant date. The next day, November 8, another reception was held in the huge banquet hall, which was attended by Stalin and Alliluyeva.

According to eyewitnesses, the Secretary General sat opposite his wife and threw balls rolled from bread pulp at her. According to another version, he threw tangerine peels at Alliluyeva.

For Nadezhda Sergeevna, who experienced such humiliation in front of several hundred people, the holiday was hopelessly ruined. After leaving the banquet hall, she headed home. Polina Zhemchuzhina, Molotov’s wife, also left with her.

Some argue that Ordzhonikidze’s wife Zinaida, with whom the first lady had friendly relations, acted as a comforter. However, Alliluyeva had practically no real friends, except for Alexandra Yulianovna Kanel, the head physician of the Kremlin hospital.

On the night of the same day, Nadezhda Sergeevna passed away. Her lifeless body was discovered on the floor in a pool of blood by Carolina Vasilievna Til, who worked as a housekeeper in the house of the Secretary General.

Svetlana Alliluyeva later recalled: “Shaking with fear, she ran to our nursery and called the nanny with her, she could not say anything. They went together. Mom was lying covered in blood next to her bed, in her hand was a small Walther pistol. Two years before the terrible tragedy, this lady’s weapon was given to Nadezhda by her brother Pavel, who worked in the Soviet trade mission in Germany in the 1930s.

There is no exact information about whether Stalin was at home on the night of November 8–9, 1932. According to one version, he went to the dacha, Alliluyeva called him there several times, but he left her calls unanswered.

According to supporters of the second version, Joseph Vissarionovich was at home, his bedroom was located opposite his wife’s room, so he could not hear the shots.

Molotov claimed that on that terrible night, Stalin, heavily fueled by alcohol at the banquet, was fast asleep in his bedroom. He was allegedly upset by the news of his wife’s death, he even cried. In addition, Molotov added that Alliluyeva “was a bit of a psychopath at that time.”

Fearing information leaks, Stalin personally controlled all messages received by the press. It was important to demonstrate that the head of the Soviet state was not involved in what happened, hence the talk that he was at the dacha and did not see anything.

However, from the testimony of one of the guards the opposite follows. That night he was at work and dozed off when his sleep was interrupted by a sound similar to the knock of a door closing.

Opening his eyes, the man saw Stalin leaving his wife’s room. Thus, the guard could hear both the sound of a door slamming and a pistol shot.

People who study data on the Alliluyeva case argue that Stalin did not necessarily shoot himself. He could provoke his wife, and she committed suicide in his presence.

It is known that Nadezhda Alliluyeva left a suicide letter, but Stalin destroyed it immediately after reading it. The Secretary General could not allow anyone else to find out the contents of this message.

Other facts indicate that Alliluyeva did not commit suicide, but was killed. Thus, Dr. Kazakov, who was on duty at the Kremlin hospital on the night of November 8-9, 1932, and was invited to examine the death of the first lady, refused to sign the suicide report drawn up earlier.

According to the doctor, the shot was fired from a distance of 3–4 m, and the deceased could not independently shoot herself in the left temple, since she was not left-handed.

Alexandra Kanel, invited to the Kremlin apartment of Alliluyeva and Stalin on November 9, also refused to sign a medical report according to which the secretary general’s wife died suddenly from an acute attack of appendicitis.

Other doctors at the Kremlin Hospital, including Dr. Levin and Professor Pletnev, also did not sign this document. The latter were arrested during the purges of 1937 and executed.

Alexandra Canel was removed from office a little earlier, in 1935. Soon she died, allegedly from meningitis. This is how Stalin dealt with people who opposed his will.

Years of life: 1901 - 1932
The ancestors of Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva, the second wife of I.V. Stalin, came from serfs, and her parents were professional revolutionaries. Their marriage turned out to be happy, it was not overshadowed even by the fact that Olga Evgenievna Alliluyeva, having a very expansive nature, was sometimes carried away by some man: sometimes a Hungarian, sometimes a Pole, sometimes a Bulgarian, sometimes a Turk. When her next hobby passed, peace and tranquility returned to the family again.

Nadezhda was born in Baku and spent her childhood in the Caucasus. According to family legend, in 1903 Joseph Stalin saved two-year-old Nadya when she fell into the water while playing on the embankment. Fourteen years later they met again - a sixteen-year-old high school student and a thirty-eight-year-old exiled revolutionary who returned from Siberia. Soon they got married...

In 1921, Nadezhda and Stalin had their first child, who was named Vasily. The boy was mainly cared for by his grandparents and servants. In 1926, Svetlana was born.

Nadezhda at this time actively participated in social work, and the main responsibilities for caring for the girl lay with the teacher. After the death of V.I. Lenin, Alliluyeva, his former secretary, began working in the magazine “Revolution and Culture”. Having no education other than six classes at the gymnasium, she was ready to do any work, just so as not to sit with children within the Kremlin walls.

From the memoirs of Svetlana Alliluyeva: “She was very beautiful and wore good perfume. In the evenings, my mother came to my bed, kissed me, touched me with her hands and left, but the smell remained, and I fell asleep in a fragrant cloud.”

Meanwhile, having truly unlimited possibilities, Nadezhda Sergeevna by nature remained a modest and thrifty woman. Her grandson, director A.V. Burdonsky (son of Vasily), in one interview gave a very characteristic example: “Once in the fifties, my grandmother’s sister, Anna Sergeevna Alliluyeva, gave us a chest where Nadezhda Sergeevna’s things were kept. I was struck by the modesty of her dresses. An old jacket with patches under the arms, a worn skirt made of dark wool, covered in patches on the inside. And it was worn by a young woman who was said to love beautiful clothes.”
“Stalin’s marriage with Alliluyeva cannot be called happy,” writes historian Alexander Kolesnik in the book “Truth and Myths about Stalin’s Family.” - He was most often busy with work. He spent most of his time in the Kremlin. His wife clearly missed his attention. She left him several times along with her children Vasily and Svetlana, and shortly before her death she even talked about moving in with relatives after graduating from the Industrial Academy, where she studied.”

With daughter Svetlana

More and more often, Nadezhda Sergeevna turned to God (despite revolutionary ideas, she was a believer). Maybe this saved her for a while. But it still didn’t save me from the fatal step...

The year 1926 turned out to be difficult for the leader’s family... Svetlana Alliluyeva writes: “Somehow back in 1926, when I was six months old, my parents quarreled, and my mother, taking me, my brother and the nanny, went to Leningrad to visit my grandfather, never to return. She intended to start working there and gradually create an independent life for herself. The quarrel arose because of rudeness; the reason was small, but obviously it was a long-standing, accumulated irritation. However, the resentment passed. My nanny told me that my father called from Moscow and wanted to come “to make peace” and take everyone home. But my mother answered the phone, not without evil wit: “Why do you need to go, it will cost the state too much! I’ll come myself.” And everyone returned home..."

I.V. Stalin, N.S. Allilueva, E.D. Voroshilova, K.E. Voroshilov. Sochi, 1932

Everyone who knew Nadezhda well spoke of her as an extremely nervous, excitable person. In this respect, the spouses were similar to each other, although Stalin himself knew how to hide his feelings. One of the women who knew Nadezhda Sergeevna said: “In general, it was noticeable that she was a little “that one.” As they say now, with violets in your head.” Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonny, remembering her, also admitted that “she was a little mentally ill, in the presence of others she sawed and humiliated him (Stalin).”

Mentally unwell... Researchers agree on one thing: Nadezhda Sergeevna went to Berlin for consultation about severe headaches. And the doctors allegedly refused to operate on her. Although the disease was more than serious - fusion of the cranial sutures.

“What his wife Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva discovered about Stalin and what she knew about him that made her life impossible will probably never be known,” suggests A. Kolesnik. “Her psyche could not stand it, and on the night of November 8-9, 1932, N. S. Alliluyeva passed away.”

Larisa Vasilyeva gives an interesting version of the death of Nadezhda Sergeevna in her book: “Once, it was about a week before November 7, Alliluyeva told her friend that something terrible would soon happen to her. She is cursed from birth because she is Stalin’s daughter and his wife at the same time... Stalin allegedly told her this himself at the time of a quarrel. And when she was dumbfounded, he tried to improve the situation: he joked, they say. She pressed her mother against the wall, who had had a good time in her youth, and she admitted that she was really close to Stalin and her husband at the same time... and, to be honest, she doesn’t know which of them gave birth to Nadya...”

J.V. Stalin did not go to the funeral of the mother of his children. Her family and friends buried her. Following the coffin were Avel Enukidze and Alexander Svanidze, each of whom Muscovites mistook for Stalin. There is also a version that J.V. Stalin himself shot his wife. But to date there is no evidence of this.

According to eyewitnesses, Alliluyeva was jealous of Stalin’s wives of his associates and even the hairdresser who had Joseph Vissarionovich shaved. Maybe there really were reasons for jealousy. At one time, the book “Confession of Stalin’s Mistress” about the opera singer Vera Davydova, with whom the leader allegedly often visited Sochi, became a sensation.

“We can assume that Alliluyeva knew about their relationship,” says Sochi historian Yuri Alexandrov. - Stalin met Davydova in the spring of 1932, and judging by the active participation he took in her move from Leningrad to Moscow, Davydova made a great impression on Stalin. When I talked to old workers at Stalin’s Sochi dacha, none of them could remember Davydov. But my sister-hostess and librarian Elizaveta Popkova told me that his second cousin, an opera singer named Mchedlidze, often came to see Stalin. I searched for information about Mchedlidze for a long time and found it in... The Soviet Encyclopedia: “Vera Davydova (Mchedlidze), opera singer, People’s Artist of the USSR.”

Stalin regarded his wife's suicide as a betrayal. In the diary of Nadezhda Alliluyeva’s friend, Maria Svanidze, who was shot as an “enemy of the people” in 1942, there is an entry dated April 1935: “...And then Joseph said: How is it that Nadya... could shoot herself. She did something very bad." Sashiko inserted a remark - how could she leave two children. “What children, they forgot about her in a few days, but she crippled me for life. Let's drink to Nadya! - said Joseph. And we all drank to the health of dear Nadya, who left us so cruelly..."

Joseph Stalin with his wife Nadezhda Alliluyeva in a Rolls-Royce car. Pavel Udalov is driving. Moscow Kremlin. 1923. RGALI

“The first days he was shocked,” Svetlana wrote. - He said that he himself didn’t want to live anymore... They were afraid to leave their father alone, he was in such a state. At times he felt some kind of anger and rage. This was explained by the fact that his mother left him a letter.
Apparently she wrote it at night. I never saw him, of course. It was probably destroyed right there, but it was there, those who saw it told me about it. It was terrible. It was full of accusations and reproaches. This was not just a personal letter: it was partly a political letter. And, after reading it, my father might have thought that my mother was only with him for appearances, but in fact she was walking somewhere next to the opposition of those years.

Stalin - actor Duta Skhirtladze, Nadezhda Alliluyeva - actress Olga Budina

He was shocked and angry by this, and when he came to say goodbye to the civil memorial service, he approached the coffin for a minute, suddenly pushed it away from him with his hands and, turning, walked away. And he didn’t go to the funeral.”

Angered by his wife's suicide, Stalin imprisoned and executed many of her relatives. Even the harmless sisters, far from politics, were arrested: “They know too much and talk too much.”

Vladimir Alliluyev in his book “Chronicle of a Family” cites an eyewitness account that in October 1941, “when the fate of Moscow hung in the balance and the evacuation of the government to Kuibyshev was expected, Stalin came to Novodevichye to say goodbye to Nadezhda. Security officer of the Secretary General A.T. Rybin claims that Stalin came to Novodevichye several times at night and sat silently for a long time on a marble bench installed opposite the monument.”

Former assistant commandant of Stalin's dacha Pyotr Lozgachev said that in the last year of his life, Joseph Vissarionovich began to remember Nadezhda Alliluyeva more and more often. In the dining room, a portrait of her appeared on the wall from somewhere (obviously, the same one that, on the orders of the leader, was painted by the artist Gerasimov in the morgue). Stalin used to stand in front of him for a long time and think about something...

Text by E. N. Oboymina and O. V. Tatkova

The mysterious death of Nadezhda Alliluyeva

What was the real reason for the early death of this young woman?

Nadezhda Alliluyeva