Exercise 1. Construct an electrical circuit diagram (Figure 4.1) and create a list of elements in automatic mode (Figure 4.2).
4.1 Create a project “Course work 4”.
4.2 Create a new scheme.
4.3 Create a sheet “Electrical circuit diagram”.
4.4 Arrange conventional graphic symbols (UGO).
4.5 Determine (change) the properties of the UGO.
4.6 Connect the UGO with communication lines.
4.7 Mark communication lines.
4.8 Create a list of circuit elements.
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.2
4.1. Execute Libraries ® KOMPAS-ELECTRIC Express ® Project Manager . In the window that appears " » press the button « Create a project "(Figure 4.3).
Figure 4.3
In the dialog box that opens Request enter the name of the project “Course work 4”*, click OK(Figure 4.4).
Figure 4.4
4.2. To create a new scheme, you need to LMB select a level in the project tree Documentation , then press the button Create a diagram (Figure 4.5).
Figure 4.5
4.3. The sheet “Electrical circuit diagram” is created automatically with the name E3.1 (Figure 4.6).
Figure 4.6
To continue working on drawing the diagram, the “ KOMPAS-ELECTRIC Express. Project Manager "needs to be folded.
If you need to change the sheet format, do the following: Service ® Options ® Current drawing ® First sheet parameters ® Format . Click OK, changing the sheet format and orientation.
4.4. To insert a UGO into a circuit drawing, you must do the following: Libraries ® KOMPAS-ELECTRIC Express ® UGO (Figure 4.7).
Figure 4.7
To speed up work, you can customize the interface. To do this, run View ® Toolbars ® KOMPAS-ELECTRIC Express . A new toolbar will appear, in which select the button UGO (Figure 4.8).
Figure 4.8
In the window that opens Selection of UGO select the directory in which the required schema element is supposed to be stored. Select the desired designation from the list of UGOs.
For example, you need to enter the designation of resistor R1. To do this, select the tab Resistors ® Resistor is constant . Set the required angle of rotation of the UGO (Figure 4.9). Click OK.
Figure 4.9
Indicate the resistor insertion point on the circuit drawing (Figure 4.10).
Figure 4.10
In the automatically appeared window Properties of UGO on the tab Alphanumeric designation (BCO ) enter the position designation of the resistor - R1 (Figure 4.11).
Figure 4.11
9.5. UGO properties are determined in the corresponding window Properties of UGO , which appears immediately after fixing the UGO insertion point in the circuit drawing, or by forcing a call by double-clicking the LMB on the designation in the circuit drawing.
The properties of the UGO include: type, BCO, clamps, technical characteristics and cross-references.
UGO type. The type assigned to the UGO is entered in the list of elements. The type can be assigned in one of two ways: selected from the database or described manually.
To select a type from the database you need to open the tab Specification (Figure 4.12), press the button Select from database , select the type of device required (for example, resistor, Figure 4.13), press OK .
Figure 4.12
Figure 4.13
If the required type of device (for example, a resistor) is not in the database, then it is described manually:
Open tab Specification ;
Click the Change button;
In chapter Type of electrical apparatus enter values in the fields: Group, Name, GOST;
Click OK.
Repeat the operations described in paragraphs. 4.4, 4.5 for all symbols included in the electrical circuit.
4.6. To build a communication line, you must specify the starting point, and then subsequent construction points. Construction of a communication line at an angle can only be carried out in increments of 45º. After constructing a communication line, its angle can be changed using KOMPAS-GRAPHIC to any value.
To build an electrical communication line, you must complete Libraries ® KOMPAS-ELECTRIC Express ® Communication lines ® Electrical communication line (or press the button).
By clicking on the field of the diagram drawing, fix the starting point of the line (Figure 4.14).
Figure 4.14
Move the cursor to indicate the next point on the line and click to fix it. After constructing the line route, press the [ Esc].
Connection points appear automatically if you select the appropriate option: Libraries ® KOMPAS-ELECTRIC Express (or by pressing the button ) ® Current project ® Graphic document ® Connectors ® Group lines ® Display connection point at T-intersection .
If communication points at the intersection of electrical communication lines do not appear automatically, they must be entered manually.
To do this you need:
Execute Libraries ® KOMPAS-ELECTRIC Express ® Symbols ® Communication point (or press the button);
Place the cursor at the intersection of the lines and click the mouse;
Abort the command by pressing [ Esc].
4.7. Marking of communication lines. To place markings automatically you need to:
Select the communication lines on which you need to install markings;
Run command Libraries ® KOMPAS-ELECTRICExpress ® Operations ® Automatic labeling (or press the button );
In the window that appears Automatic marking placement select tab Labeling options enter marking values for the first potential node;
Press the button Arrange (Figure 4.15).
Figure 4.15
Before creating a list of elements, it is recommended to define its form and filling parameters in the project settings ( Libraries ® KOMPAS-ELECTRIC Express (or press the button ) ® Current project ® Tabular text document ® List of elements ).
To create a list of elements for a specific circuit you need to:
Open Libraries ® KOMPAS-ELECTRIC Express ® Project Manager ;
Place the cursor in the project tree at the document level for which the list of elements will be generated;
Press the button Create a list of items (Figure 4.16).
Figure 4.16
The list of elements is created automatically.
When developing power and lighting networks and automatic control systems, various types and types of electrical equipment, wiring, instruments and automation equipment are used, connected to the control object and to each other according to certain schemes. Depending on the equipment used. instruments and automation equipment (electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic, etc.), various schemes for their connections are being developed.
In accordance with GOST 2.701-76, schemes are divided into the following types and types:
Types of schemes:
Electrical – E;
Hydraulic – G;
Pneumatic – P;
Kinematic – K;
Combined – S.
Types of schemes:
Structural – 1;
Functional – 2;
Fundamental – 3;
Connections – 4;
Connections – 5;
General – 6;
Locations – 7.
Electrical A diagram is a simplified visual representation of the connections between individual elements of an electrical circuit, made using conventional graphic symbols and allowing one to understand the principle of operation of an electrical installation.
Structural – reflect the enlarged structure of the management system and the relationship between control and management points of objects. The main elements are depicted as rectangles, the connections between the elements are shown by arrows directed from the influencing element to the affected one.
Functional diagram - reflects the functional block structure of individual units of automatic control, signaling, control and regulation of the technological process and determining the equipment of the control object with instruments and automation equipment.
Fundamental diagrams - reflect with sufficient completeness the composition of the elements, auxiliary equipment and connections between them included in a separate automation unit and giving a detailed idea of the principle of its operation. Based on the schematic diagrams, external and internal connection diagrams are developed.
Connection diagrams – shows information about the internal connections of the product.
Connection diagram – contains information about connections between individual elements of electrical installations and working mechanisms.
General schemes– contain general and specific information on the project.
Layout diagram – explains the location of devices in space, contains information about the routes and methods of laying electrical wiring.
Of the 7 types of electrical circuits, the main ones are circuit diagrams , reflecting with sufficient completeness and clarity the mutual connections between the individual elements that make up the installation and providing comprehensive information about the principle of its operation.
Schematic diagrams serve as the basis for the development of connection diagrams and connections, drawing up specifications and applications for equipment, instruments and devices at the stage of preparation for installation. At the stage of installation, commissioning and operation of the installation, the schematic diagram is the main guiding technical document.
According to their purpose, circuit diagrams are divided into power circuit diagrams (main current circuits), auxiliary circuit diagrams (control, monitoring, alarm circuits), and combined circuits. When the diagrams are drawn together, the main current circuits are highlighted with bolder lines.
Circuit diagrams can be carried out combined And spaced ways. Combined images (Fig. 2.3, a) are used in diagrams, with all parts of each device located in close proximity and usually enclosed in a rectangular and round outline made with a thin line. Most often, circuit diagrams are made in a spaced manner (Fig. 2.3, b), in which the conventional graphic symbols of the component parts of the devices are placed in different places, but in such a way that the individual circuits are depicted most clearly. The belonging of different parts to the same apparatus is established by a positional designation. Individual elements of equipment (switches, fuses, electromagnetic starters, relays, resistors, capacitors, etc.) are connected to each other by wires and cables using connection diagrams , which are a document attached by the manufacturer of an electrical installation or device, containing information about internal product connections. On connection diagrams, devices and devices are depicted in a simplified form in the form of rectangles, above which there is a circle divided by a horizontal line. The numbers in the numerator indicate the serial number of the product, the denominator contains the alphanumeric designation of the element in accordance with GOST 2.710-81 (see Fig. 2.4).
Figure 2.3. Basic electrical circuits for controlling electrical wires: a) combined; b) spaced apart.
Figure2.4. Electrical connection diagram.
Electrical, as well as technological equipment, is installed on supporting bases (for example, in workshops), using the diagrams shown on the plans of buildings and structures and drawings, called in this case layout diagrams . The layout diagram explains the location of the devices in space and contains information about the routes and methods of laying wires (Fig. 2.5)
Figure 2.5. Layout diagram.
Information on connections between individual devices (cabinets, consoles, control panels, terminals of electrical installation elements) and the specifics of making such connections is contained in connection diagrams (Fig. 2.6).
Figure 2.6. Connection diagram.
Switching devices in the diagrams are shown in a switched-off state (i.e., in the absence of current in the windings of relays, contactors, electromagnetic starters, etc. and external forced forces acting on individual devices).
To identify circuit sections and draw up connection diagrams, circuits in circuit diagrams are marked. AC power circuits are marked with phase letters and sequential numbers. Thus, three-phase alternating current circuits are marked with the letters A, B, C, N, two-phase current circuits - A, B; B, C; C, A - and single-phase current - A, N; B,N; C,N.
In DC circuits, sections of circuits with positive polarity are assigned odd numbers, and those with negative polarity are assigned even numbers. The input and output sections of the circuit are marked with polarity: plus (+) and minus (-), and the middle conductor is marked with the letter N or M. DC circuits can be marked with sequential numbers.
Control, protection, alarm, automation, and measurement circuits are marked with sequential numbers within the product.
On the diagrams, markings are placed at the ends or in the middle of the chain section, to the left of the image of the vertical chain and above the image of the horizontal chain.
Connection diagrams can have either graphic method drawings, when wires, harnesses and cables connecting the terminals of devices are shown on the diagram as separate lines (similar to how a circuit diagram is performed in a combined way (see Fig. 2.3, a), lines of one direction can be depicted as one thickened one, which branches off at the connection points on separate lines, or, if it is difficult to read them, address method , in which the lines representing wires, harnesses and cables are broken near the connection points (Fig. 2.4). At the terminals of the devices, only pieces of wire are shown, on the shelves of which they are written in the form of a fraction, in which the numerator is the serial number of the product or its alphanumeric designation; the denominator is the contact number, for example 1/3 or IM/3.
In the places where the cores of wires and cables are connected to the devices, the connection diagrams show the output terminals in the form of circles, inside which their markings (factory or specially assigned) are affixed.
With a high level of automation and a large number of equipment in the circuit, installation of electrical wiring is carried out according to connection diagrams, which are compiled in the form of tables where information about the wires and connection addresses are recorded, Table 2.3.
1) symbols defined by GOST 2.751-73, GOST 2.755-74, GOST 2.756-76;
2) the principle of operation of individual devices included in the installation;
3) properties of serial and parallel connection of contacts and other circuit elements.
When reading the diagrams, you should follow a certain sequence:
Determine the power source and the main energy paths from source to consumer;
Divide the circuit into simple circuits;
Understand the role of each element included in individual simple chains;
Consider the conditions for the interaction of devices included in the electrical installation.
Table 2.3 Wiring connections.
|
Conductor |
Where does it come from? |
Where does it go? |
Wire data |
Note |
|
Front wall |
||||
|
60 K 4/8 K 5/17 PV 1x1 |
||||
|
58 K 4/17 K 5/8 |
||||
|
59 K 4/ HT/ 3 |
||||
|
21 I/5 HT/ 7 |
||||
We must start by considering the circuit of the main apparatus that controls the operation of the consumer. Then determine which devices’ contacts are included in this circuit and how they affect the operation of the main device. Then you should consider the circuits of the devices that control these contacts, etc.
Let us consider as an example the operation of the circuit shown in Fig. 2.3. The greatest clarity in reading (individual circuits are better traced) is provided by a circuit made in a spaced manner (Fig. 2.3, b). The diagram shows that the electric motor (M) is powered from a 380/220 V network with a frequency of 50 Hz. The electrical circuit is protected from short circuit by the QF circuit breaker. Remote start and stop - an electromagnetic starter (KM), equipped with an electrothermal relay (KK) to protect it from overloads. The electric motor is controlled by the “start” and “stop” buttons (SB).
When you press SB (the "start" button with a closing contact) and the circuit breaker QF is on, a closed electrical circuit is formed: clamp C1-break contact with self-reset SB ("stop" button), normally open contact SB, coil of the electromagnetic starter KM, break contact of the electrothermal relay KK, neutral wire networksN. A magnetic field is created in the electromagnet KM. The anchor, being attracted to the core, drags the traverse on which the movable main and blocking contacts are fixed. The power contacts of the KM close the main current circuit (the electric motor turns on), and the blocking contact of the KM bypasses the “start” button, since it is spring-loaded and is closed only when pressed (therefore, the blocking contact of the KM is often called the self-power contact).
To stop the electric motor, press the button SВ with normally open contacts ("stop"). In this case, the KM coil is de-energized, the main contacts of the electromagnetic starter will open and turn off the electric motor. The electric motor is protected from overloads by a thermal relay KK, which operates as follows. If the specified value of the electric current in the electric motor power circuit is exceeded, the thermal relay KK will operate and, with its opening contact, will open the power circuit of the electromagnetic starter coil, which in turn will lead to the opening of its main contacts and the electric motor will turn off.
The circuit also provides light signaling for the operation of the electric motor. When the electric motor is not running, the warning lamp HL2 is on, and when the motor is running, HLI is on.
Sequence of reading block diagrams:
On the drawing in question we read all the inscriptions;
We find out the meaning of all unfamiliar symbols and images;
Consistently review unit control and production panels, dispatch panels and consoles;
Determine the types and directions of operational communication between control and management points.
Find out the connections between the management structure in question and other levels of management.
Conventional alphabetic and graphic designations on electrical circuit diagrams
When executing the diagrams, the following graphic symbols are used:
1) conventional graphic symbols established in the standards of the Unified System of Design Documentation, as well as those built on their basis;
2) rectangles;
3) simplified external outlines (including axonometric ones).
If necessary, non-standardized graphic symbols are used.
When using non-standardized conventional graphic symbols and simplified external outlines on the diagram, appropriate explanations are given.
Conventional graphic symbols, for which several acceptable (alternative) embodiments have been established, differing in geometric shape or degree of detail, should be used based on the type and type of the diagram being developed, depending on the information that needs to be conveyed on the diagram by graphic means. In this case, on all diagrams of the same type included in the documentation set, one selected designation option must be used.
The use of certain graphic symbols on diagrams is determined by the rules for executing diagrams of a certain type and type.
Conventional graphic symbols of elements are depicted in the sizes established in the standards for conventional graphic symbols.
The dimensions of the conventional graphic symbols, as well as the thickness of their lines, must be the same on all diagrams for a given product (installation).
Notes :
1. All sizes of graphic symbols can be changed proportionally.
2. Conventional graphic symbols of elements used as components of the symbols of other elements (devices) may be depicted smaller in comparison with other elements (for example, a resistor in a rhombic antenna, valves in a dividing panel).
Graphic symbols on diagrams should be made with lines of the same thickness as the communication lines.
Symbolic graphic symbols of elements are shown on the diagram in the position in which they are given in the relevant standards, or rotated by an angle multiple of 90°, if there are no special instructions in the relevant standards. It is allowed to rotate conventional graphic symbols by an angle that is a multiple of 45, or depict them as mirror images.
If, when rotating or mirroring conventional graphic symbols, the meaning or readability of the symbol may be impaired, then such symbols must be depicted in the position in which they are given in the relevant standards.
Communication lines are made with a thickness of 0.2 to 1.0 mm, depending on the format of the diagram and the size of the graphic symbols. Recommended line thickness is from 0.3 to 0.4 mm.
Communication lines should consist of horizontal and vertical segments and have the least number of kinks and mutual intersections.
In some cases, it is possible to use inclined sections of the communication line, the length of which should be limited as much as possible.
3. Communication lines passing from one sheet or one document to another should be broken outside the diagram image without arrows.
Next to the communication line break, the designation or name assigned to this line should be indicated (for example, wire number, pipeline number, signal name or its abbreviated designation, etc.), and in parentheses the sheet number of the circuit and zone, if any. when the diagram is executed on several sheets, for example, sheet 5, zone A6 (5, A6), or the designation of the document, when the diagrams are executed as independent documents, to which the communication line passes.
Communication lines should usually be shown in full. Communication lines within one sheet, if they make it difficult to read the diagram, can be cut off. Broken communication lines are ended with arrows. Near the arrows indicate the locations of broken lines, for example, connections, and (or) the necessary characteristics of the circuits, for example, polarity, potential, pressure, fluid flow, etc.
Elements (devices, functional groups) included in the product and shown in the diagram must have designations in accordance with the standards for the rules for implementing specific types of circuits.
Designations can be alphabetic, alphanumeric and numeric. Designations of elements (devices, functional groups) specific to certain branches of technology must be established by industry standards.
Equipment and installations on power and lighting network plans are presented in accordance with GOST 21.614-84 “Conventional graphic images of electrical equipment and wiring on plans.” The main conventional graphic images on the power and lighting network plans are presented in Table 2.4, and the symbols of electrical devices in Table 2.4.
The dimensions of the images are given in the drawings on a scale of 1:100. When making images on other scales, the size of the images should be changed in proportion to the size of the drawing, and the size (diameter or side) of the conventional image of the electrical equipment should be at least 1.5 mm. The dimensions of images of switchboards, cabinets, consoles, boxes, electrical devices and electrical equipment of open distribution devices should be taken according to their actual dimensions on the scale of the drawing. It is allowed to increase their size to be able to depict all the pipes with wiring suitable for them.
Table 2.4. Conventional graphic images on plans of power and lighting networks.
|
Name |
Image | ||
|
I. Electrical wiring. |
|||
|
1. Designation of electrical wiring lines. |
|||
|
General image | |||
|
Three wire line |
|
||
|
36 V line | |||
|
Grounding line | |||
|
2. Open wiring. |
|||
|
Open cable routing |
|
|
|
|
Cable wiring |
| ||
|
Wiring in the tray |
| ||
|
Wiring in the box |
| ||
|
Laying wiring under the baseboard | |||
|
3. Wiring in pipes. |
|||
|
General designation |
| ||
|
Open gasket |
| ||
|
Hidden gasket |
| ||
|
The posting goes to a higher level or comes from a high |
| ||
|
The posting goes to a lower level or comes from a low |
| ||
|
II. Equipment. |
|||
|
Branch box |
| ||
|
Introductory box |
|
|
|
|
Box, drawer |
|
||
|
Box, drawer with clamps |
| ||
|
Main panel for working lighting |
| ||
|
Panel of group working lighting |
| ||
|
Cabinet, panel with one-sided service |
| ||
|
Cabinet, panel with double-sided service |
| ||
|
Switch, general designation |
| ||
|
Switch for surface installation with IP 20, IP23: Single pole Bipolar Three-pole |
| ||
|
Switch for hidden wiring: Single pole Bipolar Three-pole |
| ||
|
Switch for surface installation with IP 44, IP55: Single pole Bipolar Three-pole |
| ||
|
Switches with IP 20, IP23 |
| ||
|
Open two-pole socket with IP 20, IP23 |
| ||
|
Open two-pole double socket with IP 20, IP23 |
| ||
|
Hidden socket, two-pole |
| ||
|
Plug socket open two-pole double |
| ||
|
Open two-pole socket with IP 44, IP55 | |||
|
Socket with protective contact with IP 44, IP55 | |||
|
Incandescent lamp | |||
|
Lamp with incandescent lamp on a cable |
| ||
|
Lamp with incandescent lamp on bracket |
| ||
|
Lamp with GLND |
| ||
|
Lamp with GLVD | |||
|
Spotlight |
| ||
|
Wall cartridge | |||
|
Suspended chuck |
| ||
|
Magnetic switch | |||
GOST 2.702-75 “Rules for the execution of electrical circuits” establishes the rules for the execution of structural, functional, fundamental, connection, connection, general, arrangement, combined and combined electrical circuits of products from all industries. If the general requirements (GOST 2.701-84) are met, additional rules are clarified or established taking into account the specifics of the type of circuit. We indicate the most important rules for electrical circuit diagrams.
· Schemes are drawn for products in the off position.
· Elements in the diagram are depicted in the form of UGO, the dimensions and line thickness of which are given in GOST 2.747-68 or in other relevant GOSTs. If necessary, all symbols can be proportionally increased or decreased (the distance between two adjacent lines must be at least 1 mm).
The location of UGO elements on the diagram should be determined by the ease of reading the diagram, as well as the need to depict the connections between the elements with the shortest lines with a minimum number of intersections. UGO is performed using combined or spaced methods. With the combined method, the components of the elements are shown on the diagram in close proximity to each other. With the spaced method, the UGO components of the elements are placed in different places of the circuit so that the individual circuits of the product are depicted most clearly. Using the spaced method, it is possible to draw both the entire diagram and individual elements.
· When drawing diagrams, the types of lines established by GOST 2.303-68 are used. A solid main line with a thickness of 0.5...1.0 mm depicts UGO, electrical communication lines, frame lines, main inscription, list of elements. A solid thin line is used to emphasize inscriptions, a dashed line is used to depict mechanical connection lines, a conventional image of identical elements connected in series.
· Each electrical element of the product shown in the diagram must be assigned an alphanumeric positional designation in accordance with the requirements of GOST 2.710-81. According to the specified GOST, resistors are designated - R, capacitors - C, semiconductor devices - V, switches - S, etc. Serial numbers are assigned to elements, starting from one within a group of elements that have the same letter designations on the diagram, for example, R 1, R 2, R 3... (resistors), S 1, S 2... (switches). Numerical designations are not assigned if the diagram contains only one element of a given name.
The alphanumeric designation of elements is done in 3.5 or 5 font, and the height of letters and numbers must be the same. Serial numbers are assigned to the elements in accordance with the sequence of arrangement of the elements on the diagram from top to bottom in the direction from left to right. Positional designations are placed next to the symbolic graphic designations of the elements on the right side or above them. Alphanumeric symbols can only be printed horizontally.
· It is recommended to indicate on the diagram the characteristics of the input and output circuits of the product (frequency, voltage, current, etc.). Therefore, instead of conventional graphic symbols of connectors, a table of input or output data is performed. Each table is assigned a positional designation of the element, instead of the conventional graphic designation with which it is placed.
The first column of the table indicates the connector contact number. In the “Circuit” column, the characteristics of the product’s electrical circuits (frequency, voltage, etc.) are recorded. In Fig. 1a shows the sizes of the input and output data tables and an example of filling. For the convenience of depicting the diagram, the table can be mirrored, as shown in Fig. 1b.
The table is filled out in 3.5 or 5 font. The table of input or output data should be placed only horizontally.
Rice. 1. Sample of input and output data
Rice. 2. Example of a circuit diagram
The circuit is drawn for the device in the disabled state.
Elements of electrical devices are depicted on the diagram in the form of conventional alphabetic and graphic designations, which, if they are repeatedly used in the circuit, are also given a digital positional designation (for example, C2).
The dimensions of the conventional graphic symbols of the circuit elements are given in GOSTs 2.710 - 2.751., 2.755 - 68, where their dimensions are also given.
The thickness of the lines of conventional graphic images of elements (S) is selected in the range from 0.2 to 0.6 mm (when drawn on a natural scale).
The alphanumeric designation of the circuit element (GOST 2.710-81) is placed above its graphic designation, or to the right of it. The font height for letter and positional designations is the same.
The thickness of the outline of all elements of the circuit (including electrical circuits) is exactly the same throughout the entire drawing within the limits of the dimensions indicated earlier.
A sample of the task is shown in Fig. 2.
· the list of elements included in the diagram is made in the form of a table (Fig. 3) and placed on the first sheet of the diagram or executed in the form of an independent document in A4 format. In the latter case, the code for the list of elements must consist of the letter P and the code for the diagram for which the list is issued, for example, the code for the list of elements for the hydraulic circuit diagram - PGZ. At the same time, in the main inscription (column 1) indicate the name of the product, as well as the name of the document - “List of elements”; When making a list of elements on the first sheet of the diagram, it is usually placed above the main inscription. The distance between the list of elements and the main inscription must be at least 12 mm. The continuation of the list of elements is placed to the left of the main inscription, repeating the table header;
Rice. 3. Sample list of elements
· the table of the list of elements is filled in from top to bottom in groups in alphabetical order of letter positional designations: in the column “Pos. Designation" - positional designations of elements, devices and functional groups, in the "Name" column - for the element the name in accordance with the document on the basis of which this element is applied, and the designation of this document, for example, resistor MLT-0, 5-300 kOhm ± 5% GOST 7113-77, in the “Note” column it is recommended to indicate the technical data of the element that is not contained in its name;
Within each group, which has the same letter positional designations, the elements are arranged in ascending order of serial numbers. Elements of the same type with the same parameters, having sequential serial numbers on the diagram, can be written in the list in one line indicating the smallest and largest number, for example, C 8 ... C 12, and in the “Quantity” column - the total number of elements .
When writing elements of the same type, it is allowed not to repeat the name of the element in each line, but to write it in the form of a common name for the corresponding group of elements. The general name records the name, type and designation of the document on the basis of which these elements are applied.
Elements included in independent devices or functional groups are written down in the list of elements separately, starting with the name of the device or functional group, which is written in the “Name” column and underlined, and one free line should be left below the name of the device (functional group), above - at least one free line.
Connection diagram (E4)
The connection diagram (installation) determines the design of the electrical connections of the elements in the product. The diagram shows all the devices and elements included in the product, their input and output elements (connectors, boards, clamps, etc.) and the connections between them. Devices are designated in the form of rectangles or simplified external combinations, elements in the form of conventional graphic symbols established in ESCO standards, rectangles or simplified external combinations.
Input and output elements are represented by conventional graphic symbols. The location of images of input and output or pins inside the graphical symbols of devices and elements should approximately correspond to their actual location in the device or element.
The connection diagram of the radio receiver (Fig. 4, a), in contrast to the circuit diagram (Fig. 4, b), shows the following elements necessary for installation and operation of the product:
XS1 socket for connecting an antenna;
Socket XS1;
Connectors XT1, XT2 for connecting batteries;
Mounting stand X1.
Near the conventional graphic symbols of devices and elements, indicate the positional designations assigned to them on the circuit diagram.
Rice. 4. Examples of diagrams: a – connection diagram,
b – electrical circuit diagram
Layout (E7)
The layout determines the relative location of the component parts of the product, and, if necessary, also harnesses, wires, and cables. The diagram shows the component parts of the product and, if necessary, connections between them, as well as the structure, room or area on which these parts are located. The component parts of the product are depicted in the form of simplified external outlines or conventional graphic symbols, which are placed in accordance with the actual (!) placement of the product parts in the structure or on the ground.
Wires, harnesses and cables are depicted as separate lines, or simplified external outlines.
Near the images of devices and elements their names and types and (or) the designation of the document on the basis of which they are used are placed. If there are a large number of components, this information is recorded in the list of elements. In this case, the component parts of the product are assigned positional designations.
Layout diagrams can be made on sections of the structure, on sections or plans of buildings, or in axonometry.
In Fig. Figure 3 shows an electrical diagram of the location of the welding station, shown in axonometry. The welding station is shown in the interior of the office space.
A layout diagram is a calculation and graphic work performed by students independently in order to consolidate and deepen knowledge and develop the ability to apply the theoretical principles of the discipline being studied and the achievements of science and technology to solve specific practical problems.
The electrical engineering part of the project includes calculation and selection of an electric drive, selection of control and protection equipment, lighting calculations and selection of irradiation installations, calculation of electrical loads, selection of power sources and calculations of external and internal electrical networks.
The project should be based on the production premises and technology from currently existing standard projects. Using the data from these projects, the student is asked to draw up a table of the main technological equipment, in which it is necessary to indicate the serial number of the equipment according to the technological scheme, its name and brand, technical data, data on the electrical equipment of these machines and mechanisms.
Then, on the building plan (you can use the architectural and construction drawings of a standard project) it is necessary to show the location of the electrified technological equipment.
Rice. 5.Electrical equipment layout diagram
For example, electric motors are depicted in circles, with a positional designation next to them (Ml; M2; MZ, etc.), written in the numerator; and the denominator indicates the power in kilowatts (4.0; 7.5; 10, etc.).
In addition to the plan, the drawing contains a specification for the equipment, which is placed above the main inscription; a list (explication) of premises in the form of a table containing, for example, the following columns: “plan number”, “room”, “area, m2”, “category and class of premises according to the nature of the environment”; calculation and installation tables for power and lighting networks, notes, decoding of symbols for wiring routes, lamps, cabinets, etc.
When designing internal electrical wiring, we are guided by the industry standard OST 70.004.0013-81 “Electrical wiring of agricultural production facilities” and PUE.
First, you need to develop a power supply circuit for internal networks and provide a drawing of this circuit in the explanatory note. Then, depending on the nature of the environment, power electrical equipment is placed on the plan: electrical networks for powering electrical receivers and control devices for electric drives.
Familiarization with the implementation of layout diagrams in the course and diploma design process is necessary for students in a number of specialties.
9. Methodological support for the work “Design of electrical
diagram (circuit diagram, connections, location, etc.)”
When performing this work, students are given the following tasks:
1.Familiarize yourself with the rules for graphic design of design documents:
- “Electrical circuit diagram”;
- “Electrical connection diagram”;
- “Electrical layout diagram”.
2. Instill skills in graphic design of diagrams.
3. Instill skills in using regulatory, technical and reference information (GOSTs, OSTs, reference books).
In accordance with the assigned tasks, the student must:
1. Create a diagram with the least number of kinks and intersections of electrical communication lines.
2. Identify electrical and other elements included in the product using GOST ESKD specified earlier.
3. Label the circuit, circuit elements, input and output circuits.
4.Denote identical elements connected in series or parallel.
5. Complete the list of elements.
The task of completing coursework and diploma works on the design of diagrams is relevant, because In connection with complex automation, the proportion of design documents in the form of various diagrams is increasing, and knowledge of the conventions and rules of their design is an integral part of the general training of specialists in the specialty 110302 - Electrification and automation of agriculture.
Bibliography
1. GOST 2.701-84. Scheme. Types and types.
2. GOST 2.702-75. Rules for executing electrical circuits.
3. GOST 2.710-81. Alphanumeric designations in electrical circuits.
4. GOST 2.722-68; GOST 2.723-68; GOST 2.725-68; GOST 2.727-68; GOST 2.747-68; GOST 2.755-84 Symbols in diagrams.
5. Usatenko S.T. Execution of electrical circuits according to ESKD. Directory / S.T. Usatenko, T.K. Kachenyuk, M.V. Terekhova - M., 1989.
6. Kamnev V.N. Reading diagrams and drawings of electrical installations. - M.: Higher. school, 1990.
Applications
List of standards used when implementing schemes
GOST 2.701-84. Scheme. Types and types. General requirements for implementation.
GOST 2.702-75. Rules for executing electrical circuits.
GOST 2.703-68. Rules for executing kinematic schemes.
GOST 2.704-76. Rules for the implementation of hydraulic and pneumatic circuits.
GOST 2.708-81. Rules for the implementation of electrical circuits of digital computer technology.
GOST 2.710-81. Alphanumeric symbols used on electrical circuits.
GOST 2.721-74. Designations for general use.
GOST 2.722-68. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Electric cars.
GOST 2.723-68. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Inductors, chokes, transformers, autotransformers and magnetic amplifiers.
GOST 2.725-68. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Switching devices.
GOST 2.727-68. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Arresters; circuit breakers
GOST 2.728-74. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Resistors; capacitors
GOST 2.729-68. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Electrical measuring instruments.
GOST 2.730-73. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Semiconductor devices.
GOST 2.732-68. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Sources of light.
GOST 2.742-68. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Electric current sources.
GOST 2.743-91. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Elements of digital technology.
GOST 2.747-68. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Dimensions of conventional graphic symbols.
GOST 2.751-73. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Electrical connections, wires, cables and buses.
GOST 2.755-87. Conventional graphic symbols in electrical diagrams. Switching and contact connection devices.
GOST 2.756-76. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Sensing part of electromechanical devices.
GOST 12.1.114-82. Symbols are conventional graphic. Fire engines and equipment.
ST SEV 158-75. Electrical diagrams. General requirements for implementation
ST SEV 527-77. Electrical diagrams. Classification, terms and definitions.
Table P-1
Dimensions of conventional graphic symbols. All geometric elements should be made with lines of the same thickness as the electrical communication lines GOST 2.728-74.
| Name | Designation |
| 1. Constant resistor | |
| 2. A constant resistor with additional taps: a) one | |
| b) two | |
| 3. Variable resistor | |
| 4. Variable resistor with two moving contacts |  |
| 5. Trimmer resistor |  |
| 6. Functional potentiometer |  |
| 7. Functional ring closed potentiometer: a) single-winding |  |
| b) multi-winding, for example, two-winding |  |
| 8. Functional ring closed potentiometer with isolated section | |
| 9. Fixed capacitor | |
| 10. Electrolytic capacitor | |
| 11. Reference capacitor |  |
| 12. Variable capacitor |  |
| 13. Pass-through capacitor | |
| 14. Photoresistor: a) general designation | |
| b) differential | |
| 15. Photodiode | |
| 16. Photothyristor | |
| 17. Phototransistor: a) PNP type | |
| b) NPN type | |
| 18. Photocell | |
| 19. Photo battery |  |
| Table P-2 Dimensions (in a modular grid) of the main graphic symbols | |
| Name | Designation |
| 1. Diode | |
| 2. Thyristor diode | |
| 3. Triode thyristor | |
| 4. Transistor | |
| 5. Field effect transistor | |
| 6. Field effect transistor with insulated gate |
Table P-3
Designations of elements in electrical circuit diagrams
| code | element name | designation | |
| A | busbars of high voltage switchgears | or | |
| G GC | generator synchronous compensator | ||
| F.V. | arrester | ||
Table P-4
Letters and symbolic graphic designations of electrical circuit elements
| Switching and contact connection devices GOST 2.755 - 74 | |||||||||||||
| Single-pole switch with normally open contact | SA SB | Button | |||||||||||
| Single-pole switch with normally open contact | SA SB | Button | |||||||||||
| Two-pole automatic switch | S.A. | ||||||||||||
| Relay coil | TO | ||||||||||||
| Relay NO contact | TO | Dimensions see item 1 | |||||||||||
| Relay NC contact | TO | Dimensions see paragraph 2 | |||||||||||
| Detachable connection contact (pin) | X | ||||||||||||
| Detachable connection contact (socket) | X | ||||||||||||
| Inductors, transformers GOST 2.723-68 | |||||||||||||
| Inductor | L | ||||||||||||
| Transformer with core | T | See dimensions item 1 | |||||||||||
| Coreless transformer | T | See dimensions item 1 | |||||||||||
| Resistors, capacitors, fuses GOST 2.728-74 | |||||||||||||
| Resistor | R | ||||||||||||
| Variable resistor | R | See dimensions item 1 | |||||||||||
| Capacitor | WITH | ||||||||||||
| Electrolytic capacitor | WITH | See dimensions item 3 | |||||||||||
| Variable capacitor | WITH | See dimensions item 3 | |||||||||||
| fuse | F | See dimensions item 1 | |||||||||||
| Electrochemical current sources GOST 2.742-68 | |||||||||||||
| Galvanic or battery cell | G | ||||||||||||
| Battery made of galvanic or rechargeable cells | G.B. | See dimensions item 1 | |||||||||||
| Light sources GOST 2.732-68 | |||||||||||||
| Incandescent lighting | EL | ||||||||||||
| Incandescent signal lamp | H.L. | See dimensions item 1 | |||||||||||
| Photosensitive and light-emitting semiconductor devices GOST 2.730-73 | |||||||||||||
| Photoresistor | IN | See dimensions in item 4 and GOST 2.728-74 | |||||||||||
| Photodiode | VD | ||||||||||||
| Light-emitting diode | VD | See dimensions in item 4 and table in item 2 | |||||||||||
| Luminous flux (symbol dimensions) | |||||||||||||
GOST 2.702-2011
Group T52
INTERSTATE STANDARD
Unified system of design documentation
RULES FOR EXECUTION OF ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS
Unified system of design documentation. Rules for presentation of electric schemes
ISS 01.100
OKSTU 0002
Date of introduction 2012-01-01
Preface
The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by GOST 1.0-92 "Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-2009 "Interstate standardization system. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. Rules for development, adoption, application, renewal and cancellation"
Standard information
1 DEVELOPED by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Standardization and Certification in Mechanical Engineering" (FSUE "VNIINMASH"), the Autonomous Non-Profit Organization "Research Center for CALS Technologies "Applied Logistics" (ANO Scientific Research Center for CALS Technologies "Applied Logistics" )
2 INTRODUCED by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology
3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (protocol dated May 12, 2011 N 39)
The following voted for the adoption of the standard:
Short name of the country according to MK (ISO 3166) 004-97 | Abbreviated name of the national standardization body |
|
Azerbaijan | Azstandard |
|
Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Armenia |
||
Belarus | State Standard of the Republic of Belarus |
|
Kazakhstan | Gosstandart of the Republic of Kazakhstan |
|
Kyrgyzstan | Kyrgyzstandard |
|
Moldova-Standard |
||
Russian Federation | Rosstandart |
|
Tajikistan | Tajikstandard |
|
Uzbekistan | Uzstandard |
|
Gospotrebstandart of Ukraine |
4 By Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated August 3, 2011 N 211-st, the interstate standard GOST 2.702-2011 was put into effect as a national standard of the Russian Federation on January 1, 2012.
5 INSTEAD GOST 2.702-75
Information on the entry into force (termination) of this standard is published in the “National Standards” index.
Information about changes to this standard is published in the “National Standards” index, and the text of the changes is published in the “National Standards” information indexes. In case of revision or cancellation of this standard, the relevant information will be published in the information index "National Standards"
1 area of use
1 area of use
This standard applies to electrical circuits of products from all industries, as well as electrical circuits of energy structures and establishes rules for their implementation.
Based on this standard, it is allowed, if necessary, to develop standards for the implementation of electrical circuits for products of specific types of equipment, taking into account their specifics.
2 Normative references
This standard uses normative references to the following interstate standards:
GOST 2.051-2006 Unified system of design documentation. Electronic documents. General provisions
GOST 2.053-2006 Unified system of design documentation. Electronic structure of the product. General provisions
GOST 2.104-2006 Unified system of design documentation. Basic inscriptions
GOST 2.701-2008 Unified system of design documentation. Scheme. Types and types. General requirements for implementation
GOST 2.709-89 Unified system of design documentation. Conventional designations of wires and contact connections of electrical elements, equipment and sections of circuits in electrical circuits
GOST 2.710-81 Unified system of design documentation. Alphanumeric designations in electrical circuits
GOST 2.721-74 Unified system of design documentation. Conditional graphic designations in schemes. Designations for general use
GOST 2.755-87 Unified system of design documentation. Conventional graphic symbols in electrical diagrams. Switching and contact devices
Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of the reference standards in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or according to the annually published information index "National Standards", which was published as of January 1 of the current year , and according to the corresponding monthly information indexes published in the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (changed), then when using this standard you should be guided by the replacing (changed) standard. If the reference standard is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which a reference is made to it is applied in the part that does not affect this reference.
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations
3.1 The following terms with corresponding definitions are used in this standard:
3.2 The following abbreviations are used in this standard:
ESKD - Unified System of Design Documentation;
UGO - conventional graphic symbols;
ESI - electronic structure of the product;
KD - design document.
4 Basic provisions
4.1 Electrical diagram - a document containing, in the form of conventional images or symbols, the components of a product that operate using electrical energy, and their interconnections.
4.2 Electrical diagrams can be made as paper and (or) electronic design documentation.
4.3 General requirements for implementation, types and types of circuits - in accordance with GOST 2.701.
Rules for constructing conventional alphanumeric designations of elements, devices and functional groups in electrical diagrams - according to GOST 2.710.
Note - If the electrical circuit is designed as an electronic design, you should additionally follow GOST 2.051.
4.4 Electrical circuits, depending on their main purpose, are divided into the following types:
- structural;
- functional;
- principled;
- connections;
- connections;
- are common;
- location.
4.5 It is allowed to place explanatory inscriptions, diagrams or tables on the diagram that determine the sequence of processes in time, as well as indicate parameters at characteristic points (current values, voltages, pulse shapes and sizes, mathematical dependencies, etc.).
5 Rules for executing schemes
5.1 Rules for executing block diagrams
5.1.1 The block diagram shows all the main functional parts of the product (elements, devices and functional groups) and the main relationships between them.
5.1.2 Functional parts in the diagram are depicted in the form of rectangles or UGO.
5.1.3 The graphical construction of the diagram should provide the best idea of the sequence of interaction of functional parts in the product.
On the interconnection lines, it is recommended to use arrows to indicate the direction of the processes occurring in the product.
5.1.4 The diagram must indicate the names of each functional part of the product if a rectangle is used to designate it.
The diagram may indicate the type of element (device) and (or) the designation of the document (main design document, standard, technical specifications) on the basis of which this element (device) is applied.
When depicting functional parts in the form of rectangles, it is recommended to write names, types and designations inside the rectangles.
5.1.5 If there are a large number of functional parts, it is allowed, instead of names, types and designations, to put serial numbers to the right of the image or above it, as a rule, from top to bottom in the direction from left to right. In this case, names, types and designations are indicated in a table placed on the diagram field.
5.2 Rules for executing functional diagrams
5.2.1 The functional diagram shows the functional parts of the product (elements, devices and functional groups) participating in the process illustrated by the diagram, and the connections between these parts.
5.2.2 The functional parts and the relationships between them are depicted in the diagram in the form of UGOs established in the ESKD standards. Individual functional parts may be depicted in the form of rectangles.
5.2.3 The graphical construction of the diagram should give the most visual representation of the sequence of processes illustrated by the diagram.
5.2.4 Elements and devices are depicted on diagrams in a combined or separated manner.
5.2.5 With the combined method, the components of elements or devices are depicted on the diagram in close proximity to each other.
5.2.6 With the spaced method, the components of elements and devices or individual elements of devices are depicted on the diagram in different places so that the individual circuits of the product are depicted most clearly.
It is allowed to depict all and individual elements or devices in an exploded manner.
When executing diagrams, it is recommended to use the line method. In this case, the UGO elements or their components included in one chain are depicted sequentially one after another in a straight line, and individual chains are depicted side by side, forming parallel (horizontal or vertical) lines.
When executing the diagram in a line-by-line manner, it is possible to number the lines with Arabic numerals (see Figure 1).
Picture 1
5.2.7 When depicting elements or devices in a spaced manner, it is allowed to place on the free field of the diagram the UGO of elements or devices made in a combined manner. In this case, elements or devices partially used in the product are depicted in full, indicating the used and unused parts or elements (for example, all contacts of a multi-contact relay).
The terminals (contacts) of unused elements (parts) are shown shorter than the terminals (contacts) of used elements (parts) (see Figure 2).
Figure 2
5.2.8 Schemes are made in a multi-linear or single-line image.
5.2.9 With a multilinear image, each circuit is depicted as a separate line, and the elements contained in these circuits are depicted as separate UGOs (see Figure 3 A).
A- multi-line image | b- single line image |
Figure 3
5.2.10 With a single-line drawing, circuits that perform identical functions are depicted with one line, and identical elements of these circuits are depicted with one UGO (see Figure 3 b).
5.2.11 If necessary, electrical circuits are indicated on the diagram. These designations must comply with the requirements of GOST 2.709.
5.2.12 When depicting different functional circuits on the same diagram, it is allowed to distinguish them by line thickness. It is recommended to use no more than three line thicknesses on one diagram. If necessary, appropriate explanations are placed in the diagram field.
5.2.13 To simplify the diagram, it is possible to merge several electrically unconnected interconnection lines into a group interconnection line, but when approaching contacts (elements), each interconnection line is depicted as a separate line.
When merging interconnection lines, each line is marked at the junction, and, if necessary, at both ends with symbols (numbers, letters or a combination of letters and numbers) or symbols adopted for electrical circuits (see 5.2.11).
Line designations are set in accordance with the requirements given in GOST 2.721.
Electrical interconnection lines merged into a group interconnection line, as a rule, should not have branches, i.e. Each conditional number must appear on the group interconnection line twice. If branches are necessary, their number is indicated after the serial number of the line through a fractional line (see Figure 4).
Figure 4
5.2.14 It is allowed, if this does not complicate the diagram, to connect separately depicted parts of elements with a line of mechanical interconnection, indicating that they belong to one element.
In this case, the positional designations of the elements are placed at one or both ends of the mechanical interconnection line.
5.2.15 The diagram should indicate:
- for each functional group - the designation assigned to it on the circuit diagram and (or) its name; if a functional group is depicted as a UGO, then its name is not indicated;
- for each device shown in the form of a rectangle - the position designation assigned to it on the circuit diagram, its name and type and (or) designation of the document (main design document, standard, technical specifications) on the basis of which this device is used;
- for each device depicted as a UGO - the position designation assigned to it on the circuit diagram, its type and (or) document designation;
- for each element - the position designation assigned to it on the circuit diagram, and (or) its type.
The designation of the document on the basis of which the device is used and the type of element may not be indicated.
It is recommended to write names, types and designations in rectangles.
5.3 Rules for implementing circuit diagrams
5.3.1 The schematic diagram shows all electrical elements or devices necessary for the implementation and control of established electrical processes in the product, all electrical connections between them, as well as electrical elements (connectors, clamps, etc.) that terminate the input and output chains.
5.3.2 The diagram may depict connecting and mounting elements installed in the product for structural reasons.
5.3.3 The diagrams are performed for products in the off position.
In technically justified cases, it is allowed to depict individual elements of the diagram in the selected operating position, indicating in the diagram field the mode for which these elements are depicted.
5.3.4 Elements and devices, the UGOs of which are established in the ESKD standards, are depicted on the diagram in the form of these UGOs.
Note - If the UGO is not established by the standards, then the developer performs the UGO in the margins of the diagram and gives explanations.
5.3.5 Elements or devices partially used in the product may be shown incompletely on the diagram, limited to depicting only the parts or elements used.
5.3.6 When implementing the circuit diagram, it is allowed to use the provisions specified in 5.2.4-5.2.14.
5.3.7 Each element and (or) device that has an independent circuit diagram and is considered as an element included in the product and shown in the diagram must have a designation (position designation) in accordance with GOST 2.710.
It is recommended that devices that do not have independent circuit diagrams and functional groups be assigned designations in accordance with GOST 2.710.
5.3.8 Position designations should be assigned to elements (devices) within the product (installation).
5.3.9 Sequence numbers for elements (devices) should be assigned, starting from one, within a group of elements (devices) that are assigned the same letter position designation in the diagram, for example, , , etc., , , etc.
5.3.10 Sequence numbers should be assigned in accordance with the sequence of arrangement of elements or devices on the diagram from top to bottom in the direction from left to right.
If necessary, it is possible to change the sequence of assigning serial numbers depending on the placement of elements in the product, the direction of signal flow or the functional sequence of the process.
When changes are made to the scheme, the sequence of assigning serial numbers can be changed.
5.3.11 Position designations are placed on the diagram next to the UGO of elements and (or) devices on the right side or above them.
It is allowed to place the position designation inside the UGO rectangle.
5.3.12 On a diagram of a product that includes devices that do not have independent circuit diagrams, it is allowed to assign positional designations to elements within each device.
If the product includes several identical devices, then position designations should be assigned to the elements within these devices.
Serial numbers should be assigned to elements according to the rules established in 5.3.9.
Elements not included in the devices are assigned positional designations starting from one, according to the rules established in 5.3.8-5.3.10.
5.3.13 On a diagram of a product that includes functional groups, positional designations are assigned to elements according to the rules established in 5.3.8-5.3.10, and first, positional designations are assigned to elements not included in the functional groups, and then to elements included into functional groups.
If a product contains several identical functional groups, the position designations of elements assigned in one of these groups should be repeated in all subsequent groups.
The designation of the functional group, assigned in accordance with GOST 2.710, is indicated near the image of the functional group (top or right).
5.3.14 When depicting an element or device on a diagram in an exploded manner, the position designation of the element or device is placed near each component (see Figure 5).
Combined method of displaying a device | Exploded device display method |
Figure 5
If the diagram field is divided into zones or the diagram is made in a line-by-line manner, then to the right of the positional designation or under the positional designation of each component part of an element or device, it is allowed to indicate in brackets the zone designations or line numbers in which all other components of this element or device are shown (see Figure 6).
Figure 6
When depicting an element or device on a diagram in an exploded manner, it is allowed to place the positional designation of each component part of the element or device, as in the combined method, but indicating the pin designations (contacts) for each part.
5.3.15 When depicting individual elements of devices in different places, the positional designations of these elements must include the positional designation of the device they are included in, for example =A3-C5 - capacitor C5 included in device A3.
5.3.16 When using a spaced method of depicting a functional group (if necessary, a combined method), the positional designations of the elements included in this group must include the designation of the functional group, for example T1-C5 - capacitor C5, part of the T1 functional group.
5.3.17 With a single-line image, near one UGO, replacing several UGO of identical elements or devices, indicate the positional designations of all these elements or devices.
If the same elements or devices are not located in all circuits depicted single-line, then to the right of the reference designation or below it in square brackets indicate the designations of the circuits in which these elements or devices are located (see Figure 3).
5.3.18 The schematic diagram must clearly identify all elements and devices included in the product and shown in the diagram.
Data on elements should be recorded in a list of elements, drawn up in the form of a table in accordance with GOST 2.701. In this case, the connection of the list with the UGO elements should be carried out through positional designations.
For electronic documents, the list of elements is drawn up as a separate document.
When including circuit elements in ESI (GOST 2.053), a list of elements drawn up in accordance with GOST 2.701 is recommended to be obtained from it in the form of a report.
In some cases, established by the standards, it is allowed to place all information about the elements near the UGO.
5.3.19 In case of a complex entry, for example, when a device that does not have an independent circuit diagram includes one or more devices that have independent circuit diagrams and (or) functional groups, or if a functional group includes one or more devices, etc. etc., then in the list of elements in the “Name” column, before the names of devices that do not have independent circuit diagrams and functional groups, it is allowed to put down serial numbers (i.e., similar to the designation of sections, subsections, etc.) within the entire product diagram (see Figure 7). Functional units or devices (including those made on a separate board) are highlighted with dashed lines. If in the diagram the position designation of an element includes the position designation of the device or the designation of the functional group, then in the list of elements in the column “Position designation” the position designation of the element is indicated without the position designation of the device or the designation of the functional group.
Figure 7
5.3.20 When indicating the values of resistors and capacitors near the UGO (see Figure 8), it is allowed to use a simplified method of designating units of quantities:
- for resistors:
from 0 to 999 Ohm - without specifying units,
from 1·10 to 999·10 Ohm - in kilo-ohms with the unit denoted by a lowercase letter k,
from 1·10 to 999·10 Ohm - in megaohms with the unit denoted by the capital letter M,
over 1·10 ohms - in gigaohms with the unit denoted by the capital letter G;
- for capacitors:
from 0 to 9999·12 F* - in picofarads without indicating the unit of value,
________________
* The text of the document corresponds to the original. - Database manufacturer's note.
from 1·10 to 9999·10 F - in microfarads with the unit of magnitude designated in lowercase letters mk.
Figure 8
5.3.21 The diagram should indicate the designations of the terminals (contacts) of the elements (devices) printed on the product or installed in their documentation.
If the design of the element (device) and its documentation do not indicate the designations of the pins (contacts), then it is allowed to conditionally assign designations to them on the diagram, repeating them later in the corresponding design documents.
When conditionally assigning designations to pins (contacts), a corresponding explanation is placed in the diagram field.
When depicting several identical elements (devices) on a diagram, the designations of pins (contacts) are allowed to be indicated on one of them.
In the spaced method of depicting identical elements (devices), the pin designations (contacts) are indicated on each component part of the element (device).
To distinguish the terminal (contact) designations on the diagram from other designations (circuit designations, etc.), it is allowed to write the terminal (contact) designations with a qualifying symbol in accordance with the requirements of GOST 2.710.
5.3.22 When depicting an element or device in a spaced manner, an explanatory inscription is placed near one component of the product or in the diagram field near the image of an element or device made in a combined method.
5.3.23 It is recommended to indicate on the diagram the characteristics of the input and output circuits of the product (frequency, voltage, current, resistance, inductance, etc.), as well as parameters to be measured at control contacts, sockets, etc.
If it is impossible to indicate the characteristics or parameters of the input and output circuits of the product, then it is recommended to indicate the name of the circuits or controlled quantities.
5.3.24 If a product is obviously intended to operate only in a specific product (installation), then the diagram may indicate the addresses of external connections of the input and output circuits of this product. The address must ensure unambiguous connection, for example, if the output contact of the product must be connected to the fifth contact of the third connector of the device, then the address should be written as follows: =3:5.
It is allowed to indicate the address in a general form if the unambiguous connection is ensured, for example, “Device A”.
5.3.25 It is recommended to record the characteristics of the input and output circuits of the product, as well as the addresses of their external connections, in tables placed instead of the UGO input and output elements - connectors, boards, etc. (see Figure 9).
Figure 9
Above the table it is allowed to indicate the UGO of the contact - socket or pin.
Tables can be executed in a spaced manner.
The order of the contacts in the table is determined by the convenience of constructing the circuit.
It is allowed to place tables with the characteristics of circuits if there are input and output elements on the UGO diagram - connectors, boards, etc. (see Figure 10).
Figure 10
It is recommended to place similar tables on lines depicting input and output circuits and not ending with connectors, boards, etc. on the diagram. In this case, positional designations are not assigned to the tables.
Notes
1 If there are several tables in the diagram, it is allowed to show the head of the table in only one of them.
2 If there are no characteristics of the input and output circuits or addresses of their external connection, the table does not provide a column with this data.
If necessary, additional columns can be entered into the table.
3 Allowed to be entered in the "Contact" column. several consecutive contact numbers if they are connected to each other. Contact numbers are separated by a comma.
5.3.26 When depicting multi-contact connectors on a diagram, it is allowed to use UGOs that do not show individual contacts (GOST 2.755).
Information about the connection of connector contacts is indicated in one of the following ways:
- near the image of the connectors, on the free field of the diagram or on subsequent sheets of the diagram, place tables in which the connection address is indicated [circuit designation (see Figure 11 A) and (or) position designation of elements connected to this contact (see Figure 11 b)].
A- a table placed on a free field of the diagram or on subsequent sheets of the diagram | b- a table placed next to the connector image |
Figure 11
If necessary, the table indicates the characteristics of the circuits and the addresses of external connections (see Figure 11 A).
If tables are placed on the diagram field or on subsequent sheets, then they are assigned positional designations of the connectors to which they are compiled.
in the column "Cont." - connector contact number. Contact numbers are written in ascending order,
in the "Address" column - designation of the circuit and (or) position designation of the elements connected to the contacts,
in the "Chain" column - the characteristics of the circuit,
in the "External address" column - the address of the external connection;
- connections with connector contacts are depicted in a spaced manner (see Figure 12).
Figure 12
Notes
1 Dots connected by a dashed line to a connector indicate connections to the corresponding pins of that connector.
2 If necessary, the characteristics of the circuits are placed on the free field of the diagram above the continuation of the interconnection lines.
5.3.27 When depicting elements on a diagram whose parameters are selected during regulation, asterisks are placed near the positional designations of these elements on the diagram and in the list of elements (for example *), and a footnote is placed in the diagram field: “*Selected during regulation.”
The list should include elements whose parameters are closest to the calculated ones.
The limiting values of element parameters allowed during selection are indicated in the list in the “Note” column.
If the parameter selected during regulation is provided by elements of various types, then these elements are listed in the technical requirements in the field of the diagram, and the following data is indicated in the columns of the list of elements:
in the "Name" column - the name of the element and the parameter closest to the calculated one;
in the "Note" column - a link to the corresponding paragraph of the technical requirements and the maximum parameter values allowed for selection.
5.3.28 If a parallel or serial connection is made to obtain a certain parameter value (capacitance or resistance of a certain value), then in the list of elements in the “Notes” column indicate the general (total) parameter of the elements (for example, 151 kOhm).
5.3.29 When depicting a device (or devices) in the form of a rectangle, it is allowed to place tables with the characteristics of input and output circuits in the rectangle instead of the UGO input and output elements (see Figure 13), and outside the rectangle it is allowed to place tables indicating the addresses of external connections (see Figure 14).
Figure 13
Figure 14
If necessary, additional columns can be entered into the tables.
Each table is assigned a positional designation of the element in place of which it is placed.
In the table, instead of the word "Cont." It is allowed to place a conventional graphic designation of the connector contact (see Figure 14).
On the product diagram, it is allowed to place structural or functional diagrams of devices in rectangles representing devices, or to repeat their circuit diagrams in whole or in part.
The elements of these devices are not included in the list of elements.
If the product includes several identical devices, then it is recommended to place the device diagram in a free field of the product diagram (and not in a rectangle) with an appropriate inscription, for example, “Block diagram A1-A4”, or when such a block appears for the first time, open its diagram, and then designate similar blocks with rectangles with the corresponding letter designation.
5.3.30 In the diagram field, it is allowed to place instructions on the brands, sections and colors of wires and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) that must be used to connect the elements, as well as instructions on the specific requirements for the electrical installation of this product.
5.4 Rules for executing connection diagrams
5.4.1 The connection diagram should show all devices and elements included in the product, their input and output elements (connectors, boards, clamps, etc.), as well as connections between these devices and elements.
5.4.2 Devices and elements in the diagram depict:
- devices - in the form of rectangles or simplified external outlines;
- elements - in the form of UGO, rectangles or simplified external outlines.
When depicting elements in the form of rectangles or simplified external outlines, it is allowed to place the UGO elements inside them.
Input and output elements are depicted as UGO.
It is allowed to display input and output elements according to the rules established in 5.3.25, 5.3.26 and 5.3.29.
5.4.3 The location of graphic symbols of devices and elements on the diagram should approximately correspond to the actual placement of elements and devices in the product.
The arrangement of images of input and output elements or terminals within graphic symbols and devices or elements should approximately correspond to their actual placement in the device or element.
It is allowed on the diagram not to reflect the location of devices and elements in the product if the diagram is made on several sheets or the placement of devices and elements at the site of operation is unknown.
5.4.4 Elements that are partially used in the product may be shown incompletely on the diagram, limiting the image to only the parts used.
5.4.5 On the diagram, next to the graphic designations of devices and elements, indicate the position designations assigned to them on the circuit diagram.
Near or inside the graphic designation of the device, it is allowed to indicate its name, type and (or) designation of the document on the basis of which the device was used.
5.4.6 The diagram should indicate the designations of the terminals (contacts) of the elements (devices) printed on the product or installed in their documentation.
If the design of a device or element and its documentation do not indicate the designations of input and output elements (outputs), then it is allowed to conditionally assign designations to them on the diagram, repeating them later in the corresponding design documents.
When conditionally assigning designations to input and output elements (outputs), a corresponding explanation is placed in the diagram field.
When depicting several identical devices on a diagram, it is allowed to indicate the terminals on one of them (for example, the pinout of electric vacuum devices).
5.4.7 Devices and elements with the same external connections may be depicted on a diagram indicating the connection for only one device or element.
5.4.8 Devices that have independent connection diagrams may be depicted on the product diagram without showing the connection of wires and cable cores (multi-core wires, electrical cords) to the input and output elements.
5.4.9 When depicting connectors on a diagram, it is allowed to use UGOs that do not show individual contacts (GOST 2.755).
In this case, near the image of the connector, on the diagram field or on subsequent sheets of the diagram, tables are placed indicating the connection of the contacts (see Figure 15).
Figure 15
When placing tables on the diagram field or on subsequent sheets, they are assigned positional designations of the connectors in addition to which they are compiled.
It is allowed to enter additional columns into the table (for example, wire data).
If a harness (cable - stranded wire, electrical cord, group of wires) connects connector contacts of the same name, then it is permissible to place a table near one end of the image of the bundle (cable - stranded wire, electrical cord, group of wires).
If information about connecting contacts is given in the connection table, then tables indicating the connection of contacts may not be placed on the diagram.
5.4.10 On the product diagram, it is allowed to depict their structural, functional or circuit diagrams inside rectangles or simplified external outlines depicting devices.
5.4.11 If there is no schematic diagram of the product on the connection diagram, assign positional designations to devices, as well as elements that are not included in the schematic diagrams of the component parts of the product, according to the rules established in 5.3.7-5.3.11, and write them down in the list of elements.
5.4.12 On the product connection diagram it is allowed to show external connections of the product according to the rules established in 5.5.8, 5.5.9.
5.4.13 Wires, groups of wires, bundles and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) must be shown in the diagram as separate lines. The thickness of the lines representing wires, harnesses and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) on the diagrams should be from 0.4 to 1 mm.
To simplify the drawing of the diagram, it is allowed to twist individual wires or cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) running in one direction on the diagram into a common line.
When approaching the contacts, each wire and core of the cable (stranded wire, electrical cord) is depicted as a separate line.
It is allowed that lines depicting wires, groups of wires, bundles and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) are not drawn or cut off near the connection points if their image makes it difficult to read the diagram.
In these cases, on the diagram near the connection points (see Figure 16) or in the table in the free field of the diagram (see Figure 17), information is placed in a volume sufficient to ensure an unambiguous connection.
Figure 16 Figure 17
5.4.14 On a diagram of a product that includes multi-contact elements, lines representing bundles (cables - stranded wires, electrical cords, groups of wires) may only be extended to the outline of the graphic designation of the element, without showing connections to the contacts.
Instructions for connecting wires or cable cores (stranded wire, electrical cord) to the contacts are given in this case in one of the following ways:
- at the contacts, the ends of the lines representing the wires or cores of the cable (stranded wire, electrical cord) are shown, and their designations are indicated. The ends of the lines are directed towards the corresponding harness, cable (stranded wire, electrical cord), group of wires (see Figure 18);
- near the image of the multi-contact element there is a table indicating the connection of the contacts. The table is connected by a leader line with the corresponding harness, cable (stranded wire, electrical cord), or group of wires (see Figure 19).
Figure 18
Figure 19
5.4.15 The input elements through which the wires pass (group of wires, bundles, cables - stranded wires, electrical cords) are depicted in the form of UGOs established in the ESKD standards.
Bushings, sealed leads, seals, contacts and holders soldered into a printed circuit board are depicted as UGOs shown in Figure 20.
A- a line representing a wire (group of wires, harness, cable - stranded wire, electrical cord)
Figure 20
5.4.16 The diagram should indicate the designations of the input elements marked on the product.
If the designations of the input elements are not indicated in the product design, then it is allowed to conditionally assign them designations on the connection diagram, repeating them in the corresponding design documentation. In this case, the necessary explanations are placed in the diagram field.
5.4.17 Single-core wires, bundles, cables (multi-core wires, electrical cords) must be designated by serial numbers within the product.
Wires, bundles, cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) should be numbered separately. In this case, the wires included in the bundle are numbered within the bundle, and the cores of the cable (stranded wire, electrical cord) are numbered within the cable (stranded wire, electrical cord).
Notes
1 Continuous numbering of all wires and cable cores (multi-core wires, electrical cords) within the product is allowed.
2 Continuous numbering of individual wires, bundles and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) within the product is allowed. In this case, the wires included in the bundle are numbered within the bundle, and the cores of the cable (stranded wire, electrical cord) are numbered within the cable (stranded wire, electrical cord).
3 It is allowed not to designate bundles, cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) and individual wires if the product for which the diagram is being drawn up is included in the complex and the designations for the bundles, cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) and wires will be assigned within the entire complex.
4 It is allowed to assign designations to groups of wires.
5.4.18 If on the circuit diagram the electrical circuits are assigned designations in accordance with GOST 2.709, then all single-core wires, cable cores (multi-core wires, electrical cords) and harness wires are assigned the same designations. In this case, harnesses and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) are designated in accordance with the requirements of 5.4.17.
5.4.19 On the diagram, using an alphanumeric designation, it is possible to determine the functional affiliation of a wire, harness or cable (stranded wire, electrical cord) to a specific complex, room or functional circuit.
An alphanumeric designation is placed before the designation of each wire, harness, cable (stranded wire, electrical cord), separating it with a hyphen. In this case, the letter (alphanumeric) designation is included in the designation of each wire, harness and cable (stranded wire, electrical cord).
A hyphen may be omitted from the designation if this does not make the diagram unclear.
If all the wires, harnesses, cables (multi-core wires, electrical cords) shown in the diagram belong to the same complex, room or functional circuit, then the letter (alphanumeric) designation is not put down, but a corresponding explanation is placed in the diagram field.
5.4.20 The numbers of wires and cable cores (multi-core wires, electrical cords) on the diagram are usually placed near both ends of the images.
The numbers of cables (multi-core wires, electrical cords) are placed in circles placed in the breaks in the images of cables (multi-core wires, electrical cords) near the points where the conductors branch.
The harness numbers are placed on the shelves of leader lines near the places where the wires branch.
The numbers of wire groups are placed next to the leader lines.
Notes
1 When designating cables (multi-core wires, electrical cords) in accordance with the requirements of 5.4.19, as well as when there is a large number of cables (multi-core wires, electrical cords) running in the same direction in the diagram, numbers of cables (multi-core wires, electrical cords) are allowed. insert lines without a circle in the gap.
2 When depicting wires, harnesses and cables (multi-core wires, electrical cords) of a large length on the diagram, numbers are placed at intervals determined by the ease of use of the diagram.
5.4.21 The diagram should indicate:
- for cables (multi-core wires, electrical cords) recorded in the specification as material, - brand, number and cross-section of cores and, if necessary, the number of occupied cores. The number of occupied cores is indicated in a rectangle placed to the right of the cable data designation (stranded wire, electrical cord);
- for harnesses, cables and wires manufactured separately - designation of the main design document.
The diagram shows the characteristics of the input and output circuits of devices and elements or other initial data necessary for selecting specific wires and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords), if, when developing a circuit diagram of the complex, data on wires and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) cannot be determined.
It is recommended to indicate the characteristics of input and output circuits in the form of tables (see 5.3.25), placed instead of conventional graphic symbols of input and output elements.
5.4.22 Data (brand, cross-section, etc.) about wires and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) are indicated near the lines depicting wires and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords).
In this case, it is permissible not to assign designations to wires and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords).
When indicating data on wires and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) in the form of symbols, these symbols are deciphered on the diagram field.
The same brand, cross-section and other data on all or most wires and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) may be indicated in the diagram field.
5.4.23 If the diagram does not indicate the connection points (for example, individual contacts are not shown in the image of the connectors) or it is difficult to find the connection points of wires and cable cores (stranded wire, electrical cord), then data on wires, harnesses and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) and the addresses of their connections are summarized in a table called the “Connection Table”. The connection table should be placed on the first sheet of the diagram or executed as a separate document.
The connection table, placed on the first sheet of the diagram, is usually placed above the main inscription. The distance between the table and the main inscription must be at least 12 mm.
The continuation of the connection table is placed to the left of the main inscription, repeating the head of the table.
The connection table in the form of an independent document is carried out in A4 format. The main inscription and additional columns to it are carried out in accordance with GOST 2.104 (forms 2 and 2a).
5.4.24 The form of the connection table is chosen by the circuit designer depending on the information that needs to be placed on the circuit (see Figure 21).
Figure 21
The following data is indicated in the columns of the tables:
in the column “Wire designation” - designation of a single-core wire, cable core (multi-core wire, electrical cord) or wire harness;
in the columns “Where it comes from”, “Where it goes” - conventional alphanumeric designations of the connected elements or devices;
in the “Connections” column - conventional alphanumeric designations of the elements or devices being connected, separated by a comma;
in the "Wire Data" column:
- for a single-core wire - brand, cross-section and, if necessary, color in accordance with the document on the basis of which it is used;
- for a cable (stranded wire, electrical cord), recorded in the specification as a material, - brand, cross-section and number of cores in accordance with the document on the basis of which the cable (stranded wire, electrical cord) is used;
in the "Note" column - additional clarifying data.
Notes
2 It is allowed to divide graphs into subgraphs.
5.4.25 When filling out the connection table, you should adhere to the following order:
- when making connections with separate wires, the wires are recorded in the table in ascending order of the numbers assigned to them;
- when making connections with wire harnesses or cable cores (stranded wires, electrical cords), before recording the wires of each bundle or cores of each cable (stranded wire, electrical cord), place a heading, for example: “Harness 1” or “Harness ABVG.ХХХХХ.032” ; "Cable 3" or "Cable ABVG.ХХХХХХ.042"; "Wire 5". The wires of a cable harness or core (stranded wire, electrical cord) are recorded in ascending order of the numbers assigned to the wires or cores;
- when making connections with individual wires, wire harnesses and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords), individual wires (without headings) are first recorded in the connection table, and then (with appropriate headings) wire harnesses and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords).
If insulating tubes, shielding braids, etc. must be placed on individual wires, then the corresponding instructions are placed in the “Note” column. It is allowed to place these instructions on the diagram field.
Note - When using a wiring diagram for electrical installations only, a different writing order is permitted if it is established in industry standards.
5.4.26 On the connection diagram, near both ends of the lines depicting individual wires, wires of bundles and cable cores (multi-core wires, electrical cords), it is allowed to indicate the address of the connections. In this case, the connection table is not created. Designations may not be assigned to wires.
5.4.27 It is allowed to place the necessary technical instructions in the diagram field above the main inscription, for example:
- requirements for the inadmissibility of joint installation of certain wires, harnesses and cables (multi-core wires, electrical cords);
- minimum permissible distances between wires, harnesses and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords); data on the specificity of laying and protecting wires, harnesses and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords), etc.
5.5 Rules for executing connection diagrams
5.5.1 The connection diagram must show the product, its input and output elements (connectors, clamps, etc.) and the ends of wires and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) connected to them for external installation, near which connection information is placed products [characteristics of external circuits and (or) addresses].
5.5.2 The product in the diagram is depicted as a rectangle, and its input and output elements are represented as UGO.
It is allowed to depict the product in the form of simplified external outlines. In this case, the input and output elements are depicted in the form of simplified external outlines.
5.5.3 The placement of images of input and output elements inside the graphic designation of the product should approximately correspond to their actual placement in the product.
5.5.4 The diagram should indicate the positional designations of the input and output elements assigned to them on the circuit diagram of the product.
5.5.5 Input elements (for example, glands, sealed leads, bushings, contacts and holders soldered into a printed circuit board) through which wires or cables pass (stranded wires, electrical cords, coaxial cables) are depicted on the diagram according to the rules established in 5.4.15.
5.5.6 The diagram should indicate the designations of input, output or output elements printed on the product.
If the designations of the input, output and output elements are not indicated in the product design, then it is allowed to conditionally assign them designations on the diagram, repeating them in the corresponding design documentation. In this case, the necessary explanations are placed in the diagram field.
5.5.7 On the diagram near the UGO connectors to which wires and cables are connected (stranded wires, electrical cords), it is allowed to indicate the names of these connectors and (or) the designations of the documents on the basis of which they are used.
5.5.8 Wires and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) must be shown on the diagram as separate lines.
5.5.9 If necessary, the diagram indicates the brands, cross-sections, colors of wires, as well as the brands of cables (multi-core wires, electrical cords), the number, cross-section and occupancy of cores.
When indicating the brands, sections and colors of wires in the form of symbols on the diagram field, these symbols are deciphered.
5.6 Rules for executing general schemes
5.6.1 The general diagram shows the devices and elements included in the complex, as well as the wires, harnesses and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) connecting these devices and elements.
5.6.2 Devices and elements on the diagram are depicted in the form of rectangles. It is allowed to depict elements in the form of UGO or simplified external outlines, and devices - in the form of simplified external outlines.
The location of graphic symbols of devices and elements on the diagram should approximately correspond to the actual placement of elements and devices in the product.
It is allowed on the diagram not to reflect the location of devices and elements in the product if their location at the site of operation is unknown.
In these cases, graphic symbols of devices and elements must be arranged in such a way as to ensure simplicity and clarity of display of electrical connections between them.
5.6.3 On graphic designations of devices and elements, input, output and input elements are depicted according to the rules established in 5.4.9, 5.4.15.
The location of the UGO input, output and input elements inside the images of devices and elements should approximately correspond to their actual placement in the product. If, to ensure clarity of the display of connections, the location of the graphic symbols of these elements does not correspond to their actual placement in the product, then an appropriate explanation must be placed in the diagram field.
5.6.4 The diagram must indicate:
- for each device or element depicted in the form of a rectangle or a simplified external outline - their name and type and (or) designation of the document on the basis of which they are applied;
- for each element depicted as a UGO - its type and (or) document designation.
5.6.5 It is recommended that devices and elements grouped into posts and (or) premises be recorded in a list by post and (or) premises.
5.6.6 The diagram should indicate the designations of input, output and input elements marked on the product.
If the designations of input, output and input elements are not indicated in the product design, then it is allowed to conditionally assign designations to these elements in the diagram, repeating them in the corresponding design documentation. In this case, the necessary explanations are placed in the diagram field.
5.6.7 On the diagram it is allowed to indicate the designations of connector documents on the shelves of leader lines, as well as the number of connector contacts, using their next UGO (see Figure 22).
Figure 22
5.6.8 Wires, harnesses and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) must be shown on the diagram as separate lines and designated separately by serial numbers within the product.
Continuous numbering of wires, bundles and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) within the product is allowed if the wires included in the bundles are numbered within each bundle.
If on the circuit diagram electrical circuits are assigned designations in accordance with GOST 2.709, then all single-core wires, cable cores (multi-core wires, electrical cords) and harness wires are assigned the same designations.
5.6.9 If the product for which the circuit is being developed includes several complexes, then single-core wires, cables (multi-core wires, electrical cords) and bundles should be numbered within each complex.
The belonging of a single-core wire, bundle, cable (stranded wire, electrical cord) to a specific complex is determined using an alphanumeric designation placed before the number of each single-core wire, bundle and cable (stranded wire, electrical cord) and separated by a hyphen.
5.6.10 It is allowed on the diagram, using an alphanumeric designation, to determine the belonging of a wire, harness or cable (stranded wire, electrical cord) to certain rooms or functional circuits according to the rules established in 5.4.19.
5.6.11 The numbers of single-core wires in the diagram are placed near the ends of the images; numbers of single-core short wires, which are clearly visible in the diagram, can be placed near the middle of the images.
5.6.12 The numbers of cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) are indicated in circles placed in the breaks in the images of cables (stranded wires, electrical cords).
Note - When designating cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) in accordance with the requirements of 5.6.9, 5.6.10, the designations are not included in the circle.
5.6.13 Harness numbers are placed on the shelves of leader lines.
5.6.14 On the diagram near the image of single-core wires, harnesses and cables (multi-core wires, electrical cords), the following data is indicated:
- for single-core wires - brand, cross-section and, if necessary, color;
- for cables (multi-core wires, electrical cords), recorded in the specification as material, - brand, number and cross-section of cores;
- for wires, cables and harnesses made according to drawings - designation of the main design document.
If, when developing a diagram, data on wires and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) laid during installation cannot be determined, then the diagram provides appropriate explanations indicating the initial data necessary for selecting specific wires and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) ).
If there are a large number of connections, it is recommended to write down the specified information in the list of wires, harnesses and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords).
5.6.15 The list of wires, harnesses and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) (see Figure 23) is placed on the first sheet of the diagram, as a rule, above the main inscription or made in the form of subsequent sheets.
Figure 23
The list columns indicate the following data:
in the "Designation" column - designation of the main design document of the wire, cable (stranded wire, electrical cord), harness, manufactured according to the drawings;
in the "Note" column - cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) supplied with the complex or laid during its installation.
Cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) laid during installation may not be included in the list.
5.6.16 The general diagram, if possible, should be completed on one sheet. If the diagram cannot be completed on one sheet due to the complexity of the product, then:
- on the first sheet, the product as a whole is drawn, depicting posts and (or) premises with conventional outlines and showing connections between posts and (or) premises;
- inside the conventional outlines of posts and (or) premises, only those devices and elements are depicted to which wires and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) connecting posts and (or) premises are supplied;
- on other sheets, diagrams of individual posts and (or) premises or groups of posts and (or) premises are completely drawn;
- the general diagram of each complex is performed on a separate sheet if the product includes several complexes.
5.7 Rules for executing layout diagrams
5.7.1 The layout diagram shows the component parts of the product, and, if necessary, connections between them, the structure, room or area on which these components will be located.
5.7.2 The components of the product are depicted in the form of simplified external outlines or conventional graphic symbols.
5.7.3 Wires, groups of wires, bundles and cables (stranded wires, electrical cords) are depicted as separate lines or simplified external outlines.
5.7.4 The location of graphic symbols of the component parts of the product on the diagram should approximately correspond to the actual placement in the structure, room, or area.
5.7.5 When making a layout diagram, it is allowed to use various construction methods (axonometry, plan, conditional development, section of the structure, etc.).
5.7.6 The diagram should indicate:
- for each device or element depicted in the form of a simplified external outline - their name and type and (or) designation of the document on the basis of which they are applied;
- for each element depicted in the form of a conventional graphic symbol, its type and (or) document designation.
If there are a large number of devices and elements, it is recommended to record this information in the list of elements.
In this case, positional designations are placed next to the graphic designations of devices and elements.
Electronic document text
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:
official publication
M.: Standartinform, 2011
Each electrical circuit consists of many elements, which, in turn, also include various parts in their design. The most striking example is household appliances. Even a regular iron consists of a heating element, temperature regulator, pilot light, fuse, wire and plug. Other electrical appliances have an even more complex design, complemented by various relays, circuit breakers, electric motors, transformers and many other parts. An electrical connection is created between them, ensuring full interaction of all elements and each device fulfilling its purpose.
In this regard, the question very often arises of how to learn to read electrical diagrams, where all components are displayed in the form of conventional graphic symbols. This problem is of great importance for those who regularly deal with electrical installations. Correct reading of diagrams makes it possible to understand how the elements interact with each other and how all work processes proceed.
Types of electrical circuits
In order to correctly use electrical circuits, you need to familiarize yourself in advance with the basic concepts and definitions affecting this area.
Any diagram is made in the form of a graphic image or drawing, on which, together with the equipment, all the connecting links of the electrical circuit are displayed. There are different types of electrical circuits that differ in their intended purpose. Their list includes primary and secondary circuits, alarm systems, protection, control and others. In addition, there are and are widely used principled and fully linear and expanded. Each of them has its own specific features.
Primary circuits include circuits through which the main process voltages are supplied directly from sources to consumers or receivers of electricity. Primary circuits generate, convert, transmit and distribute electrical energy. They consist of a main circuit and circuits that provide their own needs. The main circuit circuits generate, convert and distribute the main flow of electricity. Self-service circuits ensure the operation of essential electrical equipment. Through them, voltage is supplied to the electric motors of the installations, to the lighting system and to other areas.
Secondary circuits are considered to be those in which the applied voltage does not exceed 1 kilowatt. They provide automation, control, protection, and dispatch functions. Through secondary circuits, control, measurement and metering of electricity are carried out. Knowing these properties will help you learn to read electrical circuits.
Full-linear circuits are used in three-phase circuits. They display electrical equipment connected to all three phases. Single-line diagrams show equipment located on only one middle phase. This difference must be indicated on the diagram.
Schematic diagrams do not indicate minor elements that do not perform primary functions. Due to this, the image becomes simpler, allowing you to better understand the principle of operation of all equipment. Installation diagrams, on the contrary, are carried out in more detail, since they are used for the practical installation of all elements of the electrical network. These include single-line diagrams displayed directly on the construction plan of the facility, as well as diagrams of cable routes along with transformer substations and distribution points plotted on a simplified general plan.
During the installation and commissioning process, extensive circuits with secondary circuits have become widespread. They highlight additional functional subgroups of circuits related to switching on and off, individual protection of any section, and others.
Symbols in electrical diagrams
Every electrical circuit contains devices, elements, and parts that together form a path for electrical current. They are distinguished by the presence of electromagnetic processes associated with electromotive force, current and voltage, and described in physical laws.
In electrical circuits, all components can be divided into several groups:
- The first group includes devices that generate electricity or power sources.
- The second group of elements converts electricity into other types of energy. They perform the function of receivers or consumers.
- The components of the third group ensure the transfer of electricity from one element to another, that is, from the power source to electrical receivers. This also includes transformers, stabilizers and other devices that provide the required quality and voltage level.
Each device, element or part corresponds to a symbol used in graphic representations of electrical circuits, called electrical diagrams. In addition to the main symbols, they display the power lines connecting all these elements. The sections of the circuit along which the same currents flow are called branches. The places of their connections are nodes, indicated on electrical diagrams in the form of dots. There are closed current paths that cover several branches at once and are called electrical circuit circuits. The simplest electrical circuit diagram is single-circuit, while complex circuits consist of several circuits.
Most circuits consist of various electrical devices that differ in different operating modes, depending on the value of current and voltage. In idle mode, there is no current in the circuit at all. Sometimes such situations arise when connections are broken. In nominal mode, all elements operate with the current, voltage and power specified in the device passport.
All components and symbols of the elements of the electrical circuit are displayed graphically. The figures show that each element or device has its own symbol. For example, electrical machines may be depicted in a simplified or expanded manner. Depending on this, conditional graphic diagrams are also constructed. Single-line and multi-line images are used to show winding terminals. The number of lines depends on the number of pins, which will be different for different types of machines. In some cases, for ease of reading diagrams, mixed images can be used, when the stator winding is shown in expanded form, and the rotor winding is shown in a simplified form. Others are performed in the same way.
They are also carried out in simplified and expanded, single-line and multi-line methods. The way of displaying the devices themselves, their terminals, winding connections and other components depends on this. For example, in current transformers, a thick line, highlighted with dots, is used to depict the primary winding. For the secondary winding, a circle can be used in the simplified method or two semicircles in the expanded image method.
Graphic representations of other elements:
- Contacts. They are used in switching devices and contact connections, mainly in switches, contactors and relays. They are divided into closing, breaking and switching, each of which has its own graphic design. If necessary, it is allowed to depict the contacts in a mirror-inverted form. The base of the moving part is marked with a special unshaded dot.
- . They can be single-pole or multi-pole. The base of the moving contact is marked with a dot. For circuit breakers, the type of release is indicated in the image. Switches differ in the type of action; they can be push-button or track, with normally open and closed contacts.
- Fuses, resistors, capacitors. Each of them corresponds to certain icons. Fuses are depicted as a rectangle with taps. For permanent resistors, the icon may have taps or no taps. The moving contact of a variable resistor is indicated by an arrow. The pictures of capacitors show constant and variable capacitance. There are separate images for polar and non-polar electrolytic capacitors.
- Semiconductor devices. The simplest of them are pn junction diodes with one-way conduction. Therefore, they are depicted in the form of a triangle and an electrical connection line crossing it. The triangle is the anode, and the dash is the cathode. For other types of semiconductors, there are their own designations defined by the standard. Knowing these graphical drawings makes reading electrical circuits for dummies much easier.
- Sources of light. Available on almost all electrical circuits. Depending on their purpose, they are displayed as lighting and warning lamps with corresponding icons. When depicting signal lamps, it is possible to shade a certain sector, corresponding to low power and low luminous flux. In alarm systems, along with light bulbs, acoustic devices are used - electric sirens, electric bells, electric horns and other similar devices.
How to read electrical diagrams correctly
A schematic diagram is a graphical representation of all the elements, parts and components between which an electronic connection is made using live conductors. It is the basis for the development of any electronic devices and electrical circuits. Therefore, every novice electrician must first master the ability to read a variety of circuit diagrams.
It is the correct reading of electrical diagrams for beginners that allows you to understand well how to connect all the parts to get the expected end result. That is, the device or circuit must fully perform its intended functions. To correctly read a circuit diagram, it is necessary, first of all, to familiarize yourself with the symbols of all its components. Each part is marked with its own graphic designation - UGO. Typically, such symbols reflect the general design, characteristic features and purpose of a particular element. The most striking examples are capacitors, resistors, speakers and other simple parts.
It is much more difficult to work with components represented by transistors, triacs, microcircuits, etc. The complex design of such elements also implies a more complex display of them on electrical circuits.
For example, each bipolar transistor has at least three terminals - base, collector and emitter. Therefore, their conventional representation requires special graphic symbols. This helps distinguish between parts with individual basic properties and characteristics. Each symbol carries certain encrypted information. For example, bipolar transistors may have completely different structures - p-p-p or p-p-p, so the images on the circuits will also be noticeably different. It is recommended that you carefully read all the elements before reading the electrical circuit diagrams.
Conditional images are often supplemented with clarifying information. Upon closer examination, you can see Latin alphabetic symbols next to each icon. This way, this or that detail is designated. This is important to know, especially when we are just learning to read electrical diagrams. There are also numbers next to the letter designations. They indicate the corresponding numbering or technical characteristics of the elements.
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