Key problems of the current national bibliography: interpretation of their solutions at the International Congress on National Bibliography (1977). National bibliography of Hungary National bibliography of foreign countries

The International Congress on National Bibliography, organized by UNESCO in collaboration with the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA), played an important role in 1977 in Paris. The Congress was conceived as a working meeting of bibliographic specialists making decisions on the basis of a common agreement. The work of the congress was based on the discussion of the document "National Bibliographies" prepared in advance and sent to all interested bodies.

The first section of a long-term program aimed at creating a “Worldwide System for the Registration and Exchange of Bibliographic Information” with the goal of “making basic bibliographic data on all publications published in all countries universally and quickly available, in an internationally accepted form.”

The second section defines the dual task of the National Library, which, on the one hand, is a reflection of the level of development of the country’s economy, science and culture, and on the other hand, it is a practical tool in the activities of libraries, information services and individual information consumers.

The functions of the national bibliographic agency are also defined here:

A comprehensive record of all printed works in the country; - presentation of bibliographic records in the form of NB publications and catalog cards, machine-readable tapes and other physical forms that may appear in the future; - methodological work on creating rules for centralized cataloging and bibliographic description, maintaining union catalogs of the national collection of publications.

The third section notes that new forms of information media have emerged, which are also used to create bibliographic indexes. This creates additional difficulties for national bibliographic agencies.

The fourth section on legal deposit emphasized that the completeness and efficiency of bibliographic records directly depend on how accurately legal deposit laws are formulated. In many countries, legislation does not meet the requirements of national bibliographic registration, which indicates an urgent need to revise existing laws or develop new legislation.

The fifth section is based on the document “National Bibliographies: An Overview of Their Contents,” which is devoted to an analysis of the selection principles that are determined by each national bibliographic agency, taking into account various characteristics (method of reproduction, circulation, volume, price of publication, value of content).

The sixth section contains the basic requirements for printed publications of the National Library

The seventh section is devoted to other physical forms of information used in the library - index cards and magnetic tapes. It is noted that the introduction of computer technology leads to certain changes

The eighth section was prepared on the basis of the document “Standardization activities related to libraries and national bibliography.” Based on this task, the national bibliographic agency adopts the International Standard of Bibliographic Description (ISBD), applies ISBN and ISSN, and decides on the creation of a national ISBN and ISSN center.

The ninth section is devoted simultaneously to several issues: the cataloging-in-publication program (CIP); accounting for publications of international organizations; the relationship between the national library and international information systems;

The significance of the International Congress on NB is extremely great. Many vital issues facing the National Library were considered and, to one degree or another, resolved: the principles of selecting printed works, the coverage of documents, the legal deposit law, the structure of the National Library's manuals, the functions of national bibliographic agencies, international information systems, etc. were determined.

19. National bibliography in Western Europe and the USA. Characteristics of the development of the current state.

The current level of development of NB Western. Europe and the USA are quite large, and this is due to the fact that in these countries there is a fairly high level of automation of library and bibliographic processes.

Great Britain.

The first bibliographic indexes - J. Leland prepared in 1545 “Comments on British Writers”, in which he reflected handwritten and printed books of English authors, presented in the form of bio-bibliographical essays. The continuation of the “Comments...” was the “List of famous writers of Great Britain, that is, England. Cumbria (Wales) and Scotland, divided into several series with the difference of their teachings and the correct calculation of years for all the centuries from Japheth, the son of the most holy Noah, to 1548...”, compiled by J. Bale. A fairly detailed biographical article is devoted to each of the writers, which also includes the titles of his works. J. Bale arranged all the material in a single chronological order. The first purely bibliographic work is usually called the “Catalog of English Printed Books,” prepared in 1595 by the bookseller and typographer E. Monsell in the interests of the “average reader” and the booksellers serving him. The bookselling nature of bibliographic indexes throughout subsequent centuries determined the development of the National Library of Great Britain. In the 17th-19th centuries, a number of indexes were published: “Bent’s Catalogues”, “Clewell’s Catalogs”, “English Book Catalog”.

In 1663, the first legal deposit law was passed, according to which printers and publishers were required to send three copies of their editions to the Bodleian, Queen's and Cambridge libraries.

USA. The first printed book in the United States was published in 1639, and until the beginning of the 19th century, the total volume of book publishing was insignificant. This left its mark on the development of the US National Bank.

The first bibliographic works, which appeared in the 50-70s, were compiled by booksellers and were retrospective in nature. Orville Ruhrbach compiled the four-volume American Library, covering US book production from 1820 to 1860. It was continued by the two-volume American Catalog by James Kelly, which included books from 1861-1870. Already at the beginning of the 20th century, the first volumes of Charles Evans’ “American Bibliography” began to appear. Current bibliographic accounting also appears in the United States in the second half of the 19th century and is associated with the names and activities of booksellers.

“The Chronicle of American Book Publishing,” published monthly since January 1960 and which has become a “turning point” in the history of current bibliographic accounting of the United States, contains bibliographic information about published publications regardless of their presence in the book trade, the material for the creation of which was the bibliographic records of the “Weekly” section messages" (“Weekly Record”) of the “Publishing Weekly” magazine, from which the history of the company began.

Since September 1974, the section has been published independently and reflects books released during the week by most American publishers. It contains bibliographic information about published publications, regardless of their availability in the book trade. Each issue of ABPR contains a short introductory article with a brief description of the volume and structure of the weekly. In the main part, bibliographic records are arranged in accordance with the Dewey Decimal Classification, in addition to the subject headings of which the sections “Fiction”, “Young People’s Fiction” and “Mass Market Paperbacks” are placed. Thus, R.R. Bowker Co." is the publisher of the current national bibliographic indexes of the United States.

In France, the first legal deposit law was adopted (1537), and the world's first TNB organ was issued on the basis of state law. During the Great French Revolution, the first instructions on book description were approved, which was supposed to become a methodological basis for the preparation of bibliographic records of the planned national catalog of the collections of all libraries (university, monastery, private, etc.).

In the second half of the 19th century, volumes of the “General Catalog of the French Book Trade” began to be published by the bookseller Otto Lorenz, which was subsequently continued by his friends and colleagues and brought to 1925. The catalog was published regularly and was retrospective in nature.

Until 1856 inclusive, the entire content of the “Bibliography of France” consisted of bibliographic descriptions of books, copies of which entered the “Official Reserve” of the Ministry of the Interior.

Since 1857, “Bibliography of France” began to be published in three parts.

Since 1933, the publishing company Hachette began publishing its bibliographic journal Biblio, which became the second most important body for current bibliographic registration in France. This situation remained until 1971, when the company ceded the rights to publication of the magazine for the Association of Booksellers. And from the next year the magazine was published under a double title - “Bibliography of France - Biblio”. In 1975, the structure of the publication changed again. The “Official Part” began to be published as an independent publication, and the other two - “Chronicle” and “Announcements” - were combined into one publication called “Biblio”.

The last step towards the formation of a full-fledged and comprehensive TNB was the adoption in 1992 of a new law on legal deposit and the corresponding Decree in 1993, according to which the “Official Reserve” was reorganized into the National Bibliographic Agency of France with subordination to the Directorate of Scientific Development and Networks. The Bibliography of France ceased to be the property of the Association of Booksellers and became known as the National Bibliography of France (Bibliographic Nationale Francaise).

As in other countries, the National Bibliography of France is published in two versions - book and machine-readable.

20. National bibliography in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Characteristics of development and current state.

The countries to be studied are examples of different historical paths of development: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and Slovakia were under national oppression and did not always represent a single state in the modern understanding of its borders: the German peoples were in a state of state fragmentation for several centuries, while never experiencing national enslavement. Their main socio-historical commonality is determined by a single method of government after the Second World War and in the 90s. - after the collapse of the USSR and the socialist camp.

BULGARIA

The later development of bibliographic activity is explained by the complex socio-cultural situation in the country. The first printed books in the Bulgarian language were published at the end of the 16th - 17th centuries. and Italy, in the 18th century. they are printed in Odessa; and only at the beginning of the 19th century a book was published in Bulgarian in Western Bulgaria. Only in the 30s. XIX century was created - but in Constantinople! - the first Bulgarian printing house. The book trade in Bulgaria began in the 50s, and its distribution prompted the creation of the first bibliographic lists of printed Bulgarian books of a retrospective nature only at the end of the 19th century. However, they were published in Constantinople and Vienna. The Bulgarians themselves call the second half of the 19th century. Renaissance in Bulgaria, which was facilitated by its liberation from Turkish rule in 1878. In the same year, the Bulgarian National Library was created. The current national bibliography of Bulgarian books and periodicals dates back to 1897, when the first legal deposit law was adopted. The TNB index, which received the name “Bulgarian Bibliography” in 1929, was published until 1940.

After the formation of the National Republic of Bulgaria, activities in the field of technical library were centralized, first at the Elin Pelin Bibliographic Institute (1943-1963), then at the National Library named after Cyril and Methodius, which became the national bibliographic center of the country. Adopted for the first time in the National Republic of Belarus in 1945, the legal deposit law has undergone a number of modifications, the last of which dates back to the late seventies; The law has now been extended to non-traditional documents.

In the field of TNB, the People's Republic of Bulgaria is an example of the implementation of the idea of creating a differentiated system of signs, which developed in the country by the mid-60s.

After the collapse of the socialist camp, in new conditions, systematic work in the field of TNB continues in Bulgaria. The index system is created using computer technology (automation of bibliographic processes in the country began in the 70s), a complex of series with general supertitle data is published - "National Bibliography of Bulgaria":

Series 1. Bulgarian book writer. Books, music, graphic and cartographic publications. - Sofia, 1987, 2. Series 2. Bulgarian book writer. Service books ed. and diss.-Sofia, 1962-Bulgarian bibliography. Official publications and dissertations., 3. Series 3. Bulgarian gramophone plots. 1972-. - Sofia, 1974-.Bulgarian gramophone records.etc. (well, for example)

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

The originality of the National Library of Germany, the birthplace of book printing, which gave the world the first experiments in bookselling bibliography, determines the absence of a single state for many centuries. With the fragmentation of the German lands, the factor uniting all German peoples was the German language; this predetermined the formation of national bibliographic activity based on the linguistic principle. The first significant works in the field of RNL date back to the 16th century, but the real heyday came in the 19th century. and it is connected with the activities of bibliographers H. Kaiser, K. Georg, and book publisher W. Heinzius. The lower limit of coverage of German literature in their works was 1700, the upper limit - 1912. The beginning of current bibliography occurred in the depths of the book trade - in 1825, when a weekly index of German book production began to be published. Since 1843, the publication of this weekly was taken over by the Hinrichs company, which has a special place in the development of German TNB. It can be said that I. Hinrichs has priority in publishing a regular index of German printed products - since 1798, his company began publishing a catalog of semi-annual periodicity. After its formation in 1825, the Exchange Union of Booksellers took full control of the work of compiling and publishing the German TNB. In 1912, the Exchange Union established a national library in Leipzig (Deutsche Bucherei); this library became the depository of all publications in German, regardless of their place of publication.

Taking advantage of all the previous experience of the German book trade bibliography, the Exchange Union began registering books and periodicals in German using a four-stage system of indexes of varying frequency, from daily to five-yearly. The weekly index in 1931 received the name “German National Bibliography” (Deutsche Nationalbibliographie) and began to be published in two series, reflecting new publications entering and not entering the book trade. This fact marks a move beyond narrow bookselling interests in the development of German booksellers.

The division of Germany at the end of World War II led to a disruption of cultural traditions in both states.

After the creation of the GDR in 1949 (in parallel with the Federal Republic of Germany), Deutsche Bücherei in Leipzig received the status of the national bibliographic center of the GDR; in 1955, the law on environmental protection was adopted; in subsequent years, modifications took place.

In post-war Germany, the MA Law was adopted only in 1969, and the German Library in Frankfurt am Main became the national bibliographic center. The adoption of laws on environmental protection in both Germany led already at the end of the 60s. to a gradual move away in German TNB from compiling indexes on a linguistic basis. In addition, a characteristic feature of modern Germany in the field of legislation on environmental protection is acquisition at the federal and regional levels.

The current state of the German TNB is determined by the creation of a unified state of the Federal Republic of Germany, which entailed the unification of efforts in this area. Since October 1990, the national library of Germany - Deutsche Bibliothek - structurally consists of 3 parts: the German Library (Deutsche Bibliotek) in Frankfurt am Main, the Deutsche Bucherei in Leipzig and the German Music Archive (Deutsche Musikarchiv) in Berlin. The National Library (together) is the national bibliographic center of the country, and its components are depositories and bibliographic centers for certain types of documents.

Since the beginning of 1991, a unified TNB system began to function in Germany, which has the general title “German National Bibliography” (“Deutsche Nationalbibliographie”) and is a complex of series where all German-language documents produced both in Germany and abroad are bibliographed.

CZECH REPUBLIC. THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC

The formation of national bibliographic activity in Czechoslovakia was predetermined by the historical destinies of the Czech and Slovak peoples. The presence of early statehood among the Czechs led to the appearance of the first book in the Czech language already in 1468, while in Slovakia the first printing house was opened only in 1573. The movement for the preservation of the national culture of both peoples intensified in the 19th century, which was reflected in the creation of prerequisites to begin bibliography of the national book. In the Czech Republic, in 1807, a law on legal deposit was adopted; in Slovakia (which was part of the Austrian Empire at that time), Austrian legislation was in force, introduced in 1862. Matica, as a center that contributed to the emergence of bibliographic activity, was created in the Czech Republic in 1831 ., in Slovakia - in 1863

The largest Czech work on the Russian National Library was “The History of Czech Literature...” by I. Jungman, published in Prague in 1825 and reflecting, together with an addition, handwritten and printed books, as well as articles from periodicals - from the beginning of Czech literature to 1847. A significant event of the NLR was the publication in 1865 of the “Czechoslovak bibliographical book” compiled by F. Doukha, which reflected not only in Czech, but also in the Slovak languages, in addition to books, also notes. The most significant work on the Slovak NLR L. Risner’s work “Bibliography of Slovak Literature” appeared, which was published only in the 20th century.

The first attempts to create a current account of Czech books date back to the 70-90s. XIX century, however, these publications arose in the mainstream of the book trade, not relying on legal deposit. The prototype of the true current bibliography of Czech book production was the yearbook "Czech Bibliography", which was compiled by Z. Tobolka on the basis of legal deposit: they were published before the First World War. The beginning of the Slovak TNB is associated with the organization of the Slovak matitsa; in its “Chronicles”, from 1864, a reflection of the newly published

Slovak book production. After the formation of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918, the development of TNB in the country entered a new phase. The Bibliographic Institute in the bourgeois republic, created back in 1917, was transformed into the Czechoslovak Bibliographic Institute; Since 1922, the institute began publishing the weekly “Bibliographic Catalog” as a continuation of the pre-war “Czech Bibliography”, but on a nationwide scale. In 1933, the publication of the “Bibliographic Catalog of the Czechoslovak Republic” began, two years later it received a legal deposit at its disposal due to new national legislation.

In the field of National Security after the formation of a unified state, lively work also took place: in the 1920s. The publication of an index of Czech and Slovak handwritten and printed literature began, headed by Z. Tobolka.

After 1945, in accordance with the principle of national equality, work in the field of TNB in the country was carried out in two independent streams - in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

The current state of the TNB of the Czech Republic and Slovakia is determined by the fact of the formation in 1993 of two independent states: the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic.

CZECH REPUBLIC. The national bibliographic center of the Czech Republic is the National Library in Prague, which publishes TNB indexes on a legal deposit basis in accordance with the 1962 law.

The turning point year for the country's TNB was 1994. From this year, the TNB indexes were freed from the previous title (Bibliographic Catalog of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic) and received the general title "Czech National Bibliography" and were published in a new printing design. (Ceska narodntf bibliografia). The TNB system currently in the Czech Republic consists of the following signs:

Foreign bohemia (exterior).

Since 1994, the TNB of the Czech Republic began to be published on floppy disks, in addition, the cumulation of the bibliographic index of books for 1983-1993. exists on CD-ROM. Since that time, the country began to use a new technological system - ALEPH; joined the UNIMARC program; applying new rules of bibliographic description - AACR-2.

THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC. Having received the status of a national library after the reorganization in 1945, the Slovak Matica in Martin after 1993 began to be called the Slovak National Library (Slovenska narodnd knilnica). Being the national bibliographic center of the country, it published TNB on the basis of legal deposit.

Until the end of the 60s. Current bibliography in Slovakia took place, with few exceptions, in a parallel flow to the Czech Republic, also bearing the supertitle “Bibliographic Catalog of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic”. Since 1970, the structure of the Slovak TNB began to change, receiving the supertitle “Slovak National Bibliography” (“SlovenskS narodn£ bibliografia”). But the main changes concerned automation processes: having begun in 1976, it brought significant results in 1985, “when it was already possible to talk about the functioning of the AIS of the Slovak National Bibliography (AISSNB). In subsequent years (1986-90), significant changes occurred in the interpretation of TNB, which was given cultural and historical functions, which affected, in particular, the bibliography of exterior materials.

In 1991, freed from ideological, economic, and other restrictions, Slovakia designed a new book and information system for the country, IKIS.

21. National bibliography in Asian countries. Africa and Latin America.

One of the most important tasks facing young states is the implementation of a program of universal literacy, since the overwhelming majority of the population of some of them cannot read or write.

Another no less important problem of the modern stage was the formation of a national publishing industry and overcoming those phenomena and factors that determined book publishing in the colonial period, when its own publishing industry did not develop, and the national book market was formed only through book exports by the former metropolises. The modern development of national book publishing is quite slow: according to UNESCO, only one fourth of the world's book production is produced in the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

The emergence of national security in some countries of Latin America dates back to the end of the 19th century, in most countries of Asia and Africa - to the 50-80s of our century, in some countries this process is just beginning.

NB in Latin American countries arose in the 19th century, when colonial Spain and Portugal gained independence. Poorly developed economy => poorly developed publishing industry => creation of national bibliographies. pointers for these countries are unprofitable + insignificant. number of NB consumers, in particular libraries, which are often unable to purchase national printed products.

The first signs of the National Library of Russia appeared at the beginning of the 19th century. José Toribio Medina's "Hispanic American Library", (7 volumes) - a bibliographic record of books published in and about Latin America. Detailed descriptions are arranged chronologically and annotated.

The states of South and Southeast Asia won the right to independence immediately after the Second World War. They are multinational, have long-standing, thousand-year-old cultural traditions and at the same time are economically underdeveloped (albeit to varying degrees).

Modern development of book publishing is hampered by low levels of literacy and reading skills, as well as the complex calligraphy of local languages. For many countries, English continues to occupy a leading position as the language of publication. In India alone, 40% of book production is published in English.

Most countries in this region began to develop national libraries and create national bibliographic centers only after gaining political independence. National security plays a huge role in the social life of these countries, as it not only reflects national achievements in all spheres of society, but also influences their development.

Currently, national security in the countries of South and Southeast Asia is, as a rule, of a national nature, which is confirmed by the presence of the necessary legislation and financial assistance from the government. General trends:

Although legal deposit laws have been adopted in all countries, it is also necessary to create conditions for control to ensure their effective functioning, which is absent in a number of countries.

In most countries, national libraries are also national bibliographic agencies. Due to the insufficient material base and the low level of information and bibliographic activities (in particular, lack of experience), there has been a tendency to create unified regional bibliographic centers, which should be considered a positive fact.

Africa. However, there are still many, many problems facing the National Bank. Of the 34 countries on the continent, only 20 have national bibliographic records based on relevant legal norms, some of which have been preserved since the colonial regime and do not meet modern requirements.

The most prosperous state is distinguished by the National Library of Kenya, where the functions of the national bibliographic agency are performed by two institutions at once: the National Library Service of Kenya and the National Reference and Bibliographic Department. The annual publications of TNB reflect various types of documents: books, first issues of new serial publications, dissertations, proceedings of scientific and professional conferences, standards, patents, exhibition catalogs, posters, audiovisual materials. The principle of document reflection is territorial; in addition, publications about Kenya and publications of works by Kenyan authors published abroad are registered. Bibliographic descriptions are compiled on the basis of Anglo-American cataloging rules and ISBD.

The emergence of a national bibliography was due to a number of reasons. The most important of them was the formation of nations, the formation of bourgeois states, the formation of national identity and the resulting need to identify and summarize national cultural achievements. Of significant importance was the increasing distribution of books in living vernacular languages (German, French, English, etc.) and the gradual displacement of the previously unchallenged international language of the Middle Ages - Latin. The intensive development of book printing also played a significant role (by 1500, about 30 thousand book titles were published in Europe, and by 1600 - over 285 thousand).

At the end of the 18th century. The term “national bibliography” arose. It was used by French bibliographers G.-F. Debure and J. C. Brunet to designate works of a very different nature - lists of works by Latin and Greek authors, biobibliographic dictionaries, indexes of works of authors united by religion, etc. The German bibliographer J. Petzholdt in the “Bibliographic Library” highlighted a section “National Bibliography”, where he arranged the material by continent and country.

The difficulty in defining the term “national bibliography” is due to the fact that the emergence of national bibliographies (NB), both in the past and now, occurs in accordance with specific historical conditions, sometimes based on the principle of analogy. Therefore, a unified idea about the essence of the phenomenon, functions and tasks has not yet emerged.

The “National Bibliography” (NB) consists of the current national bibliography (TNB) and the retrospective national bibliography (RNB). And despite their interconnectedness, complementarity and commonality, it is necessary to separately consider these phenomena.

At the International Bibliographical Congress in 1897, the need to create national bibliographic institutes was mentioned, the main function of which was to organize the library. It was even noted that the latter should include, along with works of the past, individual works published every day (books and brochures), periodicals, private publications and publications of public and departmental organizations. And the resolutions of the International Bibliographical Congress in 1900 indicated the advisability of using legal deposit in the preparation of editions of the national bibliography. However, at that time these ideas did not receive development, much less practical implementation, and were forgotten.

Currently, the term “national bibliography” combines actually existing forms of accounting for literature:

1. Accounting on a territorial basis (works published within a given state in all languages are reflected);

2. Accounting according to the language principle (works in a certain language are reflected, regardless of the place of their publication);

3. Accounting for all materials associated with a given country, territory, language, authorship and content.

There are debates around the concept of “national bibliography”: what it should be, which form is optimal and is capable of most effectively carrying out the recording, communicative and summarizing functions of the national bibliography, which the Bulgarian scientist Todor Borov successfully called the inventory of national culture, its “calling card”.

Indeed, if we assume that linguistic or complex accounting for one reason or another is the most appropriate for the TNB of a given country, its implementation requires well-established accounting on a territorial basis in other countries. Where can I get reliable information about new publications published in French outside France? Only from the bodies of the current national bibliography of other countries and only on the condition that they keep records of printed materials published within their borders in all languages - including French. Otherwise, the accounting of world literature in French will be largely random. This provision fully applies to countries that build their national bibliography on an integrated basis. The essence of the matter is that both “linguistic” and “comprehensive” editions of the national bibliography are secondary in nature (i.e., they are based on the already recorded records in the primary bibliographic bodies), while the TNB editions, according to their tasks, must be primary, i.e., rely on a real array of documents being described. When deciding how to build a TNB, this consideration should play a decisive role.

Only the territorial principle of coverage can ensure the completeness of primary registration in the TNB bodies, since in this case there is a reliable basis in the form of a legal deposit provided by law. In 1961, at a meeting of the UNESCO International Advisory Committee on Bibliography, Documentation and Terminology, the recommendations of the 1950 conference were fully approved and some clarifications and additions were made - for example, it was considered advisable to use legal deposit as a TNB base.

TNB, built on a territorial principle, can provide reliable material for official statistics of the national press and for the development of other types of bibliography in the country.

Recognition of the territorial principle as the most appropriate for the TNB as a primary accounting body does not at all discredit the accounting of bibliographic materials collected according to linguistic or complex principles and does not detract from their importance. These materials (current and retrospective) are of considerable interest and have legitimate popularity in a number of countries.

In the 19th century the only subject matter of the current national bibliography was books. Gradually, in some countries, it began to include periodicals and other types of printed materials, as well as articles from periodicals.

For the development of the TLB concept, the 39th session of the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) held in 1973 in Grenoble, meetings of bibliographers of socialist countries and the Paris UNESCO conference in 1977 were of significant importance.

The 39th session of IFLA was dedicated to the international project “Universal Bibliographic Accounting” (UBR), the program of which includes a set of measures aimed at creating an international system for the exchange of bibliographic information about publications appearing in the world.

In general terms, the contours of the optimal model of modern TNB are as follows:

TNB publications are built on the territorial-state principle, which ensures the necessary completeness and accuracy of the reflection of national documents, since it makes it possible to rely on legal deposit. However, this does not mean that all materials presented in legal deposit are recorded by the TNB bodies. They are selected according to predetermined criteria of a formal and qualitative nature. Selection criteria are becoming more stringent due to the sharp increase in the number of publications produced using new duplication technology (to some extent, the latter circumstance also explains the emergence in a number of countries of bodies for recording publications that do not go on sale).

On the other hand, in order for all the material required for reflection in the TNB bodies to be received as legal deposit, the legislative act must provide for the deposit of not only printed materials, but also other types of documents, including on non-traditional media. Therefore, the legal deposit law itself must be systematically revised and maintained at the level of modern requirements from the point of view of the interests of TNB. There was a need to create an international standard for legal deposit law.

The objects of accounting in the TNB should be all types of printed materials and some audiovisual materials - films, recordings, microforms.

Fixation of materials in TNB can be done on printed cards, in printed organs and on magnetic tapes. The printed card is playing an increasingly important role - since printed cards for articles appeared, it has gone beyond the boundaries of centralized cataloging. Magnetic tapes are irreplaceable carriers of bibliographic information for domestic and international data exchange. But for TNB, print media - primary publications and their summaries - are of decisive importance.

The current national bibliography originated in the 19th century. Its first organ appeared in France in 1811. In 1825, current information about German books appeared, in 1829 - about Swedish ones, in 1833 - about Dutch ones. Since 1835, literature has been registered in Italy, since 1837 in Russia and England, since 1843 in Denmark, 1871 marks the formation of the current national bibliography in Switzerland, 1872 in the USA, 1875 - in Belgium, 1878 - in Poland, 1897 - in Bulgaria. In the 20th century the current national bibliography is being developed everywhere and is becoming increasingly important.

The task of the current national bibliography is the most complete, prompt and systematic information about printed works and some other materials to inform potential consumers about new national achievements in the field of science, culture, production and public life, reflected in documentary form.

TNB is the only reliable source for statistics of national printed products and creates the necessary basis for the development of other types of bibliography in the country and for bibliographic activities with international coverage.

Documents are recorded using a multifaceted and branched system of organs. These include indexes: books and brochures, periodicals, sheet music, printed graphics, maps, official publications, dissertations, standards, patents, industrial catalogues, films, records, micro-publications, articles from magazines, newspapers and collections, reviews, bibliographic materials. Exterior materials should also be registered in isolation, in an independent body, if they are included in the TNB system.

The functions of the current bibliography are as follows:

Bibliographic registration, accounting of printed works of all types and in all branches of knowledge published in the country, as well as other replicated products (audio and video materials, disks, etc.) in all languages;

Release of a system of current information bibliographic indexes;

Acquisition of library collections based on the legal deposit system.

Despite this, the theoretical understanding of the concept of national bibliography was born with difficulty, and until very recently there has been controversy surrounding it.

The term “national bibliography” was widely used at international bibliographic congresses in the 19th century, but no definition of the concept was given. One of the first to try to do this was the French historian and bibliographer Sh.-W. Langlois. He wrote in the “Guide to Historical Bibliography” (Paris, 1901): “Universal bibliographies are opposed to national bibliographies, the scope of which is local: these are repertoires of books on all topics, united on the basis that they were published on the territory of a particular modern nation: Germany, France, Italy, etc. But this definition is also quite suitable for the repertoires of national literary history, which are repertoires of works (printed or handwritten), united by the fact that they were written by natives of one country or in the language of this country . Let us add to this that the repertoires in which works about a given country are registered (about Germany, about France, about Italy, etc.) could equally be called national bibliographies.”

In the first half of the 20th century. work to clarify the term and concept of “national bibliography” has not made significant progress. Apart from the unclear definitions of the English bibliographers R. Peddie (“Official, semi-official and book trade bibliographies of a country”) and E. Coulter (“National or book trade bibliographies are the basis of all bibliographic work”), it can be said that foreign authors basically repeated the definition given by Langlois. At the same time, some of them, recognizing the diversity of the national bibliography, identified its main, leading, “real” form. Some saw it in the accounting of literature published within the boundaries of any state, any country. Others considered it most important to identify works in the language of a particular nation. Thus, the German bibliographer Georg Schneider wrote in 1930: “National bibliographies themselves, on the contrary, attach the greatest value to linguistic rather than political boundaries; the former lag behind the latter or, more often, pass over them.” Finally, there were those bibliographers who saw the main purpose of the national bibliography in a broad reflection of the entire complex of literature, one way or another connected with a given people - both published in the territory they occupy and published abroad:

a) in the language of the people, b) written by its representatives in any language, or even c) dedicated to this people or country - regardless of language or authorship.

Some authors called this method of accounting for national literature “spiritual” (G. Schneider) or “subject-ethnic” (Polish bibliographer E. Gleb-Kosanska).

In many countries, practically in most countries, publications of the national bibliography, both current and retrospective, when they appeared, were spontaneously built on a territorial principle, reflecting the literary production of their state. This happened in Russia, the United States of America and many others. But in a number of countries the application of the territorial principle was not possible, in particular in Germany. As is known, the unification of the German states under the auspices of Prussia and the formation of the German Empire occurred in 1871 after the Franco-Prussian War. However, the consciousness of national unity forced the Germans, according to K. R. Simon, to consider the fragmentation of the country “as a national evil that must be overcome.” Publishing and the book trade fought against this by publishing and distributing books in German, regardless of existing borders and creating pan-German cultural centers and bookselling organizations. In such conditions, the national bibliography, the urgent need for the creation of which was dictated by the urgent needs of the book trade, could be built according to only one principle—linguistic. Finally, a special category consists of countries that are a collection of national groups connected by language and culture with other states (English-French Canada, Franco-German-Italian Switzerland, etc.), or countries with very little printed output (a number of Latin American countries , many of the developing countries of Asia and Africa), or artificially created states (Israel). In these cases, as well as in those when we are talking about countries that were forcibly fragmented and were in a state of national oppression in the past, not only territorial but also linguistic boundaries are close, and there is a need for additional information about foreign works written by natives of the country or dedicated to her.

In modern bibliographic science, there are different points of view on defining the functions of the national bibliography. Thus, in the USSR there was an opinion that the national (state) bibliography performs a registration, informational and cultural-historical function.

The concept of “national bibliography” literally means that it is a type of bibliographic activity of some ethnic community.

The main task that national bibliographic services should solve when creating current and especially retrospective NBs is the creation of authoritative databases about individual and collective authors of each country. This work is very complex and time-consuming, but without it it is impossible to clearly distinguish between the arrays of documents created and being created in the national language both in the country itself and abroad.

The concept of “national bibliography” is situational in nature. It can be used for different taxonomic levels of ethnic communities using polytonyms, ethnonyms, linguonyms, and in some cases a combination of ethnonyms with toponyms.

The national bibliography, which is the main subdivision (type) of the general bibliography, is characterized primarily by internal (system-wide) functions: search and communication. These functions are characteristic of bibliographic information in general. The third system-wide function, also characteristic of the National Library, is the summarizing (cultural-historical) function. Its specificity lies in the fact that it summarizes at a universal documentary level and with the greatest possible completeness. This allows scientists to say that the national bibliography is a “mirror” of the culture of a particular people, the historical memory of a nation.

Topic 3. National bibliography in Central and Eastern European countries

History of the development of national bibliography in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The end of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century - the period of the emergence of national bibliographic registration. The main directions and features of the development of national bibliographic accounting during the period of socialist development. The high theoretical and methodological level and the state nature of the national bibliography are the main resulting features of this period.

General characteristics of the national bibliography of Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, the Republic of Yugoslavia, Serbia, Croatia, Poland. Features of the development and current state of the national bibliography of these countries.

Topic 4. World bibliography

The concepts of “world bibliography” and “international bibliography”. The history of the creation of bibliographic indexes with worldwide coverage of documents. The emergence of international cooperation in the field of bibliography (late 19th - early 20th centuries) in connection with the emergence of national library and bibliographic societies and the internationalization of science. Main stages in the development of international bibliographic cooperation. The role of the International Scientific, Cultural and Educational Organization of the United Nations (UNESCO), the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA), the International Federation for Documentation (FID), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and other international non-governmental organizations in the solution problems of international bibliographic cooperation.

Universal Bibliographic Accounting (UBR) is the first international bibliographic program. The current stage of its implementation is associated with unification with another international program MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging). The scientific and technological revolution and the creation of the global information system UNISIST (World System of Scientific and Technical Information) and the need to develop the concept of the NATIS (National Information Systems) program. International program CIP (Cataloging in Publication) as the basis for creating an international data bank of promising bibliographic information.

International bibliographic cooperation of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe during the period of socialist construction. Creation of MSTTI (International System of Scientific and Technical Information) and ICSTI (International Center for Scientific and Technical Information).

World book indexes. Use of printed catalogs from the largest libraries in the UK, USA, France and Germany. World bibliographic indexes of periodicals. Creation of the International Center for Automated Serial Publishing System in Paris. International bibliographic accounting of journal publications. World Bibliography of Bibliography.

Modern information technologies and problems of forming electronic bibliographic data bases: archiving and bibliographic reflection of electronic resources of local and remote access. OCLC (Online Computer Library Center): goals and structure of bibliographic activities.

Topic 5. Foreign reference publications

National universal encyclopedias and their place in the system of reference publications in foreign countries. National encyclopedic publications as a level of reflection of the development of a nation.

“Encyclopedia or Explanatory Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts” by Diderot and D'Alembert as the first national universal encyclopedia. The main encyclopedic publications of Great Britain, France, USA, Italy, Germany, Canada. History and traditions of their publication. The current stage in the preparation of encyclopedic publications, associated with the use of non-traditional media and the creation of electronic versions.

Encyclopedic publications of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Historical features and main trends in their preparation and release.

Preparation of multimedia encyclopedic publications on electronic media and on the INTERNET is the modern stage of encyclopedic book publishing.

The importance of biobibliographic publications and their place in the system of reference publications. Retrospective and current biobibliographic publications. Biobibliographic publications such as “Who is Who” as the main type of current biobibliographic reference books. Features of their formation and structure. Characteristics of the main national biobibliographic publications in the UK, USA, France, Germany, Canada, Italy and Spain. Methodology for their use in reference work.

Project “World Biographical Archive” of the German publishing company “K.G.Saur”: principles of formation and organizational structure.

Topic 6. Publishing and bookselling bibliography in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe

General characteristics of publishing and bookselling bibliography in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe at the present stage. The period of socialist construction is an important stage in the formation and development of the system of publishing and bookselling bibliographic information in these countries, its positive features.

Characteristics of the publishing and bookselling bibliography system

Bulgaria, Hungary, Eastern Germany, Poland, Romania, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Yugoslavia. Questions of the theory of publishing and bookselling bibliography in the works of Bulgarian, Polish and German authors. Problems of the modern stage.

Topic 7. Publishing and bookselling bibliography in Western Europe and North America

General characteristics of modern publishing and bookselling bibliography in developed capitalist countries. Classification of publishing and bookselling bibliographic aids of foreign companies. Commodity-thematic attribute as one of the species-forming factors in the classification of bibliographic aids. Two levels of reflection of the bookselling assortment: national and branded.

Publishing and bookselling bibliography of the United States. The system of bibliographic aids of the company “R.Bowker LLC” and its national significance. Publishing and bookselling bibliography of Great Britain and the activities of Whitaker & Sons Ltd. Publishing and bookselling bibliography of France and Germany. New information technologies in the preparation and release of bibliographic materials, creation of national databases of publishing and bookselling bibliographic information.

General characteristics of publishing and bookselling bibliography in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Topic 8. Bibliographic services at international book fairs

The history of book fairs in medieval Europe and the emergence of the first international fair centers. International book exhibitions and fairs as an important and developing form of international cooperation in the field of book publishing and book distribution.

Organization of the activities of Information Centers and creation of fair bibliographic materials in book and electronic form.

Conclusion

A brief overview of the material studied, its use in the study of other disciplines and prospects for applying the acquired knowledge in practice - in the conditions of the activities of library and bibliographic institutions, publishing and bookselling enterprises. Modern problems and directions for studying the history of world bibliography. Formation of a unified international information space at the present stage.

2.5. Organization of independent work

Name of topics

sections

Types and forms of independent work *

(distribution by hours, by forms of study)

Preparation for practical (seminar, laboratory work)

Preparation

abstracts

(reports, messages and information materials, etc.)

Doing homework

control

and other tasks)

Preparation for intermediate certification work (including colloquium, testing, etc.)

Preparation

(exam)

Full-time

Part-time

Correspondence

Full-time

Part-time

Correspondence

Full-time

Part-time

Correspondence

Full-time

Part-time

Correspondence

Full-time

Part-time

Correspondence

Introduction Topic 1.

* other forms of CPC may be offered

3. EDUCATIONAL AND METHODICAL MATERIALS ON DISCIPLINE3.1. Main literature

1. Bagrova I.Yu. National libraries and problems of the development of librarianship abroad at the end - beginning of the century. M.: Pashkov House, 2004. 500 p.

2/ Wiggins B. Selection of materials for national bibliographies in the digital era // Bibliography. 2008. No. 4. pp. 147-149.

3. Issues of national bibliography: 1X International meeting of experts / NGO “All-Union Book Chamber”. M., 1991. 168 p.

4. Gruzinova L.B. Bibliography. Section 2: Foreign bibliography: textbook. M., 2003. 284 p.

5. Gruzinova L.B. Foreign bibliography: lecture notes. M.: Publishing house MGAP “World of Books”, 1995. 64 p.

6. Gruzinova L.B. Foreign bibliography: textbook. allowance. M.: Publishing house MGAP “World of Books”, 1997. 164 p.

7. Gudovshchikova I.V. General foreign bibliography: textbook. manual / Gudovshchikova I.V., Lyutova K.V. M.: Book, 1978. 224 p.

8. Dzhigo A.A. At the 72nd IFLA Congress / A.A. Jigo, K.M. Sukhorukov, A.V. Teplitskaya // Bibliography. 2007. No. 1. P. 146-158. 10. Dzhigo A.A. IFLA World Congress of Librarians and Information Workers / A.A. Jigo, E.M. Sukhorukova // Bibliography. 2008. No. 2. P. 145-152. 11. Knutsen U. Electronic national bibliographies: a review of the current state // Scientific. and tech. b-ki. 2004. No. 4. P. 88-95.

12. National bibliography, publishing in Asia and Africa / resp. ed. K.V. Lyutova; BKA USSR Academy of Sciences. L., 1985. 119 p.

13. Problems of national bibliography: collection of scientific works. / BKA USSR Academy of Sciences. L., 1990. 183 p.

15. Semenovker B.A. Bibliographic monuments of Byzantium. M.: Archaeogr. Center, 1995. 222 p.

16. Semenovker B.A. National bibliography in Latin American countries: (emergence, development, current state) / VGBIL. M., 1974. 251 p.

17. Simon K.R. Favorites. M.: Book, 1984. - 240 p.

18. Simon K.R. History of foreign bibliography. M.: Publishing House of the All-Union Book. Chambers, 1963. 763 p.

19. Trends in the development of world bibliography – international and national / St. Petersburg. state Academy of Culture; scientific ed. I.L.Polotovskaya. - St. Petersburg, 1995. – 124 p. 20. UNIMARC MANUAL: Guide to UNIMARC: Guide to the use of the UNIMARC communication format / ed. B.P. Holta et al. - M., 1992. – 319 p. 21. UNIMARC manual: Bibliographic format: UNIMARC manual for bibliographic format. data: per. from English / under general ed. Y.L.Shreiberg. - 2nd ed., rev. and additional - M., 1999. - 147 p.

3.2.Additional literature

22. Verevkina A.N. General biographical and biobibliographical dictionaries of foreign countries: textbook / Moscow. int culture. M., 1970. 70 p.

23. Verevkina A.N. Ways of development of biobibliographic information // Library science and bibliogr. abroad. 1989. Sat.121. pp. 37-55.

24. Volkova T.B. Past and present of German encyclopedias // Bibliogr. 2008. No. 3. P. 151-159.

25. Gudovshchikova I.V. General foreign encyclopedias: textbook. allowance / LGIK. L., 1963. 88 p.

26. Semenovker B.A. Information culture: from papyrus to compact disks // Bibliogr. 1994. No. 1. P. 11-14.

27. Semenovker B.A. National or state? / Semenovker B.A., Muratov A.M. // Sov. bibliogr. 1990. No. 4. pp. 33-36.

28. Sukhorukov K.M. Publications of the company R.R.Bowker and information support for the book business // Scientific-technical. achievements and best experience in the region. ed. affairs, printing industry and book trade / Informpechat. 1991. Issue 5. pp. 7-19.

29. Shomrakova I.A. Book publishing in developing countries of Africa: textbook. allowance. St. Petersburg: State Institute of Culture, 1991. 79 p.

3.2.List of visual and other aids, methodological instructions for conducting specific types of training sessions, as well as methodological materials for technical means used in the educational process

Presentation complex for the discipline: electronic format, national bibliographic indexes of foreign countries, publishing and bookselling bibliographic materials of foreign countries.

Internet access options

International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions - IFLA: [Electronic resource]. Available at: .
Library of the US Congress: [Electronic resource]. Available at: www. lc.gov.
Automated library center with interactive access: [Electronic resource]. Available at: www.oclc.org.
Britannica: encyclopedia: [Electronic resource]. Available at: www..
Information base of the company “R.R.Bowker LLC”: [Electronic resource]. Available at: www.bowker. com.
Book trade in Germany: [Electronic resource]. Available at: www.buchhandel. de.

National bibliographic indexes of foreign countries (from the department’s funds)

National universal encyclopedias of foreign countries (from the department’s funds)

Bibliographic materials of foreign publishing and bookselling companies (from the department’s funds)

Foreign periodicals (magazines) on book publishing (from the department’s funds)

Bibliography. Section 1. General bibliography. Section 2. Foreign bibliography: tasks and method. instructions for independent work for 2nd year students in specialty 520700 / E.M. Sukhorukova, L.B. Gruzinova. M., 2001. 46 pp.

Foreign bibliography: assignments for practical purposes. classes and independent work on special. 021600 / L.B. Gruzinova. M., 1999. 22 p.

PROTOCOL

COORDINATION OF THE WORK PROGRAM WITH OTHER DISCIPLINES OF THE SPECIALTY

FOR THE 2008/09 SCHOOL YEAR

Name of disciplines, the study of which is based on this discipline	Department	Proposals for changes in the proportions of the material, the order of presentation, etc.	Decision made (protocol No. date) by the department that developed the program

ADDITIONS AND CHANGES IN THE WORK PROGRAM

FOR 2008/2009 ACADEMIC YEAR

The following changes are being made to the work program:

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The work program was revised and approved at the meeting

Head of the Department of Book Studies and Book Propaganda

______________________/ A.A. Belovitskaya/

I approve the changes made

Vice Rector for Academic Affairs

T.V. Markelova

<<______>>___________2008

Chapter 2. NATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES

National bibliography in Western Europe and the USA

The current level of development of national bibliography in Western European countries is determined by many factors, among which two main ones can be distinguished. The first of them is determined by the historical conditions of the development of the NB, the prerequisites for the emergence of which and the main forms of existence were determined over several centuries by the book trade. This historical connection still exists and is manifested in the fact that the book trade, either through private firms or through professional associations of publishers and booksellers, is directly related to the production of national bibliographic indexes. And in the United States of America they are not only published, but also prepared by a private publishing company.

The second important point characterizing the current state of the library in the countries of this region is the high level of automation of library and bibliographic processes, which is carried out in the following directions: the creation of bibliographic databases on machine-readable media in libraries and private companies; automated search in information arrays;

automated publication of information and bibliographic publications; creation of international library and bibliographic automated systems and conditions for the international exchange of bibliographic information.

Great Britain . The history of the national bibliography of England dates back to the bibliographic indexes of J. Leland and J. Bale. The first of them, the “royal antiquary,” prepared in 1545 “Comments on British Writers,” in which he reflected handwritten and printed books of English authors, presented in the form of bio-bibliographical essays. The continuation of the “Comments...” was the “List of famous writers of Great Britain, that is, England. Cumbria (Wales) and Scotland, divided into several series with the difference of their teachings and the correct calculation of years for all the centuries from Japheth, the son of the most holy Noah, to 1548...”, compiled by J. Bale. A fairly detailed biographical article is devoted to each of the writers, which also includes the titles of his works. J. Bale arranged all the material in a single chronological order.

The first purely bibliographic work is usually called the “Catalog of English Printed Books,” prepared in 1595 by the bookseller and printer E. Monsell in the interests of the “average reader” and the booksellers serving him. The bookselling nature of bibliographic indexes throughout subsequent centuries determined the development of the National Library of Great Britain. In the 17th-19th centuries, a number of indexes were published, of which the Bent Catalogs, the Clewell Catalogs, and the English Catalog of Books deserve special attention. Some of them were published as periodicals. Thus, “Cleveland Catalogs” were published for each book fair, held four times a year, so they can be considered quarterly.

In 1663, the first legal deposit law was passed, according to which printers and publishers were required to send three copies of their editions to the Bodleian, Queen's and Cambridge libraries.

A special place in the development and formation of NB belongs to Sampson Low (S. Low) and Joseph Whitaker (J. Whitaker). Book publisher and bookseller S. Low in 1837 founded the magazine “The Publishers" circular...), which was published initially every two weeks, and since 1891 - every week. The contents of the magazine are publishing and bookselling chronicles , and the permanent bibliographic section is “Books for two weeks”, then “Books for a week”, the material of which was accumulated in monthly and annual summaries.

In 1858, the first issue of the Bookseller magazine, published by book publisher J. Whitaker, was published, first monthly, and from 1909 - weekly. The “Books of the Week” section became a permanent section of the magazine, informing about new products on the UK book market. In 1874, J. Whitaker published the first edition of the subsequently published every few years "Reference Catalog of Current Literature", containing bibliographic data on books printed in Great Britain and currently available for sale, regardless of the year of publication. Since 1965, the index has been published annually under the title “Books in print”. The current name of the catalogue: “Whitaker Books for Sale.” Thus, J. Whitaker's company and S. Lowe's company organized a bibliographic record of national printed products, issuing current weekly indexes and annual summaries.

This situation remained until the creation and publication of the British National Bibliography in 1950. Its appearance was preceded by the following events. In July 1949, the Council of the British National Bibliography was registered, which included representatives of interested libraries, book publishing and book trade associations. British Museum. Royal Society and National Commission of UNESCO. Council members were later joined by representatives from the National Book League. Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaus. National Central Library. Joint Committee of the Four Libraries Receiving Printed Works under the Copyright Registration Act (1911). A special commission of the council, having studied the experience of foreign countries, developed its own methodology for preparing a new publication, reflecting English printed products as fully as possible. Thus, ““for the first time in the history of the English Library, an index has appeared, compiled on the basis of materials from the Copyright Office of the British Museum Library, which received legal deposits of various publications (books, brochures, first issues of new and renamed journals, works of scientific societies, some official publications , the most important standards).

The existence of three bibliographic systems - the British National Bibliography, publications of the J. Whitaker and Sons Ltd.", as well as the "Publishers' Circular" and the "English Catalog of Books" of the Publishers' Association, which to a certain extent duplicated each other, was logically unjustified. Therefore, in 1969, the Association of Publishers stopped publishing its bibliographic publications, and two systems remained on the information market, clearly dividing their spheres of action. J. Whitaker's company provides bibliographic information to all publishers and booksellers, creating the system of the English "national bookseller's bibliography", as K.R. called it. Simon. In other words, this system reflects by bibliographic means only those publications and documents that have a nominal value and are sold through the bookselling network. And the British National Bibliography Council became the country's national bibliographic agency with all its inherent functions. And, therefore, its main task is the current accounting of all printed products and other types of documents published in the country, regardless of the method of distribution and sale.

Currently, the British National Bibliography is published by one of the three main divisions of the British Library - the Bibliographic Services. BNB's weekly releases reflect books and serials. The first part of the index presents bibliographic descriptions of not only published documents, but also those scheduled for publication according to the CIP program. The records themselves are arranged according to the Dewey Decimal Classification, and in the descriptions of the latter, CIP is given after the price. In the second part, the descriptions are arranged in alphabetical order by the names of the authors, titles and subject headings. The last issue of each month contains the “Compass Index” - a subject index of all documents officially registered by the Bibliographic Services for the past period. Three cumulative indexes are published throughout the year, the last of which is annual. Since 1971, the production of BNB has been fully automated and its information forms the basis of the British Library Automated Information Service (BIAISE), which operates online and searches a database containing information not only on the holdings of the British Library, but also other major libraries peace. Since one of the library’s tasks is to keep track of all printed materials published in English in the world, it exchanges bibliographic information on machine-readable media with the national libraries of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and US libraries. On this basis, an index on microfiche “Books in English” is being prepared, reflecting up to 500 thousand new books published all over the world in English.

The General Catalog of Printed Books of the British Library published before 1975 has been released in two versions. The book version consists of 360 volumes and contains 5.7 million records, the machine-readable version contains three optical disks with the same information.

The first bibliographic works, which appeared in the 50-70s, were compiled by booksellers and were retrospective in nature. Orville Ruhrbach compiled the four-volume American Library, covering US book production from 1820 to 1860. It was continued by the two-volume American Catalog by James Kelly, which included books from 1861-1870. Already at the beginning of the 20th century, the first volumes of Charles Evans’ “American Bibliography” began to appear, which presented bibliographic information about books, pamphlets and periodicals published from 1639 to 1820. The twelve-volume book was published from 1903 to 1934 and was completed by the author until 1799. It was completed already in the 50s by Ralph Shaw and Richard Shoemaker, who compiled the American Bibliography index for 1801-1820.

Current bibliographic accounting also appears in the United States in the second half of the 19th century and is associated with the names and activities of booksellers.

In 1872, Frederick Leipoldt, the owner of a small bookstore, published the first issue of the Publisher's Weekly magazine. (“Publishers" Weekly” - PW), which is still published. Each issue of the magazine contained a bibliographic section “Information for the week” - (“Weekly record”), the materials of which were accumulated into monthly, semi-annual and annual reports. The following publications of the company "F . Leipoldt and G. Holt" became the "Publishers" trade list annual - PTLA, also published today, and the "American catalog of books", 1880-1911. All these publications laid the foundation for the activities of one of the most famous publishing companies in the United States - the company R.R. Bowker Co." Richard Rogers Bowker, having joined the company in 1875, subsequently became its co-owner, and since 1911 it has bore his name.

The founder of another publishing company that determined the development of NB in the United States, Halsey Wilson began his activities as a co-owner of a small bookstore. In 1898, he published his first bibliographic journal, Cumulative Book Index (CBI), using a dictionary grouping of material in which bibliographic entries are arranged in a single alphabetical order of author names, titles, and subject headings, which made it possible to quickly find this or that publication. The main target audience for the CBI was libraries, the number of which increased dramatically at the turn of the century. The success of the index prompted H. Wilson to expand the scope of the material, and since 1929 the index began to be published with the subtitle “World Index of Books in English.”

According to the authors of the textbook “General Foreign Bibliography,” throughout the history of existence, firms competed with each other for the right to be a leader in the US bibliographic market. Of course, rivalry took place, but from a modern point of view it was aimed at finding one’s own field of activity, one’s own consumer and forming one’s own system of bibliographic information. As a result, while continuing to produce CBI, H.W. Wilson Co. has become a leading company providing bibliographic information primarily to the country's librarianship. It produces various indexes of a universal, sectoral and thematic nature, both current and retrospective. It publishes recommendatory bibliographic aids. standard catalogs for libraries of various types, reference books and monographs on librarianship, bio-bibliographic publications. And the company "R.R. Bowker Co." provides information needs in the field of book publishing and book distribution in the United States, while simultaneously performing the functions of national bibliographic accounting, creating a system of current indexes.

The first step towards the formation of national bibliographic indexes was the appearance in 1960 of the “American book publishing record” (ABPR), the material for the creation of which was the bibliographic records of the “Weekly Record” section of the magazine “ Publishing weekly”, from which the history of the company began.

Since September 1974, the section has been published independently and reflects books released during the week by most American publishers. This index does not include government publications, brochures (with the exception of children's literature, poetic and dramatic works), advertising materials, educational literature, dissertations, reprints, and subscription publications. The basis of the bibliographic descriptions are records prepared by the Library of Congress. Those publications whose bibliographic descriptions were compiled by the editorial staff are marked with a special sign. Bibliographic descriptions contain the names of the authors, title, information about responsibility, information about replication, quantity, price, binding, ISBN, Dewey Classification and Library of Congress indexes. The book's section headings and Library of Congress subject heading number are then given. The arrangement of the material is alphabetical.

The Chronicle of American Book Publishing, published monthly since January 1960 and becoming a “watershed” in the history of current bibliographic records in the United States, contains bibliographic information about published titles regardless of their availability in the book trade.

Each issue of ABPR contains a short introductory article with a brief description of the volume and structure of the weekly. In the main part, bibliographic records are arranged in accordance with the Dewey Decimal Classification, in addition to the subject headings of which there are sections for “Fiction,” “Young People’s Fiction,” and “Mass Market Paperbacks.”

Bibliographic descriptions are compiled in accordance with the International Standard for Bibliographic Description (ISBD) and have seven areas: title and statement of responsibility area, publication area, imprint area, quantity area, series area, notes area, ISBN area, binding, price and circulation area. . Dewey and Library of Congress classification indexes are provided at the end.

Each ABPR issue is approximately 160 pages long. At the end of the year, the company releases a subsequent cumulation - a yearbook under the same name, which already contains a preface and table of contents. And once every five years, the company publishes a five-year summary. With the preparation and publication of bibliographic indexes of this group, the company R.R. Bowker. Co.” took over the function of organizing national bibliographic records in the United States, significantly strengthening its position in competition with H.W. Wilson Co." and its Cumulative Book Index (CBI).

Thus, the company "R.R. Bowker Co." is the publisher of the current national bibliographic indexes of the United States. This situation is explained by the absence of legal deposit legislation and equally by the absence of a national bibliographic agency. To a certain extent, the role of EPZ is played by copyright law. In 3891, the Copyright Office was opened at the Library of Congress, which issues registration certificates for all documents received. But not all printed publications and other documents published in the USA are subject to registration in this department. In addition, the Bureau issues copyright certificates for some foreign publications.

The founding of the Library of Congress (BC) dates back to 1800, when one of the first acts of Congress was signed, according to which a library was established in the Capitol building for the needs of Congress. It is currently the largest library in the United States and one of the largest libraries in the world. The main task of BC is to serve members of Congress and other government bodies. The activities of a special department, the Congressional Research Service, are subordinated to this goal. Although, by all accounts, the library is the national library of the country, this status is not legally assigned to it. It reports to the Joint Committee on the Library of Congress within Congress itself.

BC became, perhaps, the first library where work began on automating library and bibliographic activities. In 1968, the experiment on introducing the MARC (Machine readable cataloging) format into the practice of processing bibliographic information was completed. According to it, each catalog description is compiled and recorded on a machine-readable medium in a strictly unified form (format). Subsequently, the MARC format became the basis of the Machine Readable Cataloging System, adopted and approved by IFLA as the International Universal Automated Information System. Based on the MARC format, national versions have been developed and are being created, taking into account the specifics and transliteration of various languages of the world.

The Library of Congress was one of the first to begin work on creating a National Union Catalog (NUC), four series of which have now been completed:

Union catalog of printed publications published before 1956, located in libraries of the USA and Canada... - 754 tons;

Union catalog of printed publications published in 1956 - 1967. ... - 125 t.;

Consolidated catalog of printed publications published in 1968 - 1972. ... - 119 t.:

Consolidated catalog of printed publications published in 1973 - 1977. ... - 195 t.

Work on creating a catalog of printed publications for subsequent years continues. The BC has approved a program for transferring funds to machine-readable media. Already in 1982, the library stopped maintaining the traditional card catalog and carries out all processing of bibliographic information in an automated mode. To make it easier for readers to work with computers, BC organizes classes in regular groups.

France. Many of the undertakings of the French national bibliography are accompanied by the epithet “first”. In France, the first legal deposit law was adopted (1537), the world's first TNB organ was issued on the basis of a state law, and the experiments of the 16th century in the field of TNB are also among the first. During the Great French Revolution, the first instructions on book description were approved, which was supposed to become a methodological basis for the preparation of bibliographic records of the planned national catalog of the collections of all libraries (university, monastery, private, etc.).

In the first half of the 19th century, the first volumes of the catalog appeared in France, which to this day is called by the name of its compiler, J.-M. Kerara. He owns the twelve-volume “Literary France” - an index reflecting French literature of the 18th -19th centuries. Kerard paid special attention to fiction and socio-political literature, so “Literary France” cannot be considered an exhaustive bibliography. Kerar accompanied the names of all the most outstanding writers from his point of view with brief biographical information.

Napoleon Bonaparte, as Emperor of France, paid special attention to printing and book trade and on February 5, 1810, signed a Decree establishing the General Directorate for Printing and Book Trade, which was to be in charge of everything “that relates to printing and book trade.” trade." According to the Decree, the publisher had to report any manuscript to the authorities, who could ban it, seeing it as freethinking. Thus, publishers and printers were required to provide evidence of “good morals” and “attachments to the fatherland and the sovereign.” In order to organize control over the publication and distribution of books, the weekly “Typographical and Bibliographical Journal” published since 1797 by Pierre Roux was transformed into the “Bibliography of France”, the first issue of which was published in 1811.

Until 1856 inclusive, the entire content of the “Bibliography of France” consisted of bibliographic descriptions of books, copies of which were deposited in the “Official Reserve” (D?p?t l?gal) of the Ministry of the Interior, where since 1812 the OE of all books that passed through preliminary censorship, and after the abolition of the latter - all books that were not banned by court and which were subject to the state’s obligation to protect publishing rights. From this “reserve” a set of publications went to the Imperial (then National) Library.

A new stage in the history of the National Library of France began in 1857, when the “Bibliography of France” was transferred by appropriate decree to the Association of Booksellers of France (Cercle de la librairie). Structurally, the publication began to be published in three parts: “Official Part” - a bibliographic index of books, legal copies of which were included in the “Official Reserve”; “Chronicle” - texts of legislative acts and government regulations, articles on publishing and book trade issues, statistical materials, etc.; “Ads” are advertisements from publishers and booksellers. Thus, the last two parts had a clearly expressed bookselling character.

1. Books. Published every 15 days.

2. Serial publications. Monthly publication.

3. Official publications. Published once every two months.

4. Music. Published three times a year.

5. Atlases, diagrams, maps. Published twice a year.

As in other countries, the National Bibliography of France is published in two versions - book and machine-readable.

The transition to new methods of publishing and distributing TNB in France is associated with the formation in the National Library in the second half of the 80s of two automated systems OPALE (Automated system of information about printed publications stored in the library) and OPALINE (Information multifunctional library database), operating in interactive mode. They made it possible to prepare new and improve traditional sources of information, in particular to compile national files of authoritative data, as well as organize automated processing of legal deposit. To record bibliographic information on machine-readable media, a national format, MONOCLE, was developed based on the MARC format.

Germany. The entire history of the German national bibliography is connected with the bookselling business. The first bibliographic indexes were “fair catalogues”, published with a certain periodicity and having wide international significance. They first appeared at the Frankfurt Fair, which became one of the international centers of book trade in medieval Europe. The initiative to publish catalogs belonged to the Augsburg bookseller Georg Willer (G.Wilier), who released the first catalog in 1564. They were published annually until 1627 and after the death of G.Wilier they were prepared by his heirs.

The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) weakened the importance of the Frankfurt Fair, and the fair held in Leipzig took the leading position. For a long time, the Leipzig catalogs were only reprints of the Frankfurt ones. And even when the Leipzig booksellers were forced to compile their own catalogues, they followed the methods of the former in both description and systematization.

Thus, in Germany, already in the Middle Ages, the first periodically published lists of new books appeared, which for more than two centuries were issued in the form of fair catalogues, which can be considered the beginning of the German library.

The further development of the German National Library was also associated with the names of publishers and booksellers. In 1793, the Leipzig bookseller Wilhelm Heinsius published a “General Book Dictionary, or a complete index of all new books published in the years 1700-1793,” and a few years later - an addition for 1794-1810. The popularity of the index among booksellers prompted W. Heinsius to prepare in 1812-1813. new, expanded and corrected edition of the Dictionary. This marked the beginning of the creation of a national bibliographic repertoire of German books, which, however, was not without errors and inaccuracies, since the bibliographic descriptions in the Dictionary were compiled from descriptions of fair catalogues.

Subsequent consolidated indexes prepared by W. Heinsius and his successors reflected the books for 1811-1892. An interesting fact is that in the first four volumes of the Dictionary, the names of the authors of fiction and drama were often omitted, and a complete bibliographic description could be found in two corresponding alphabets, built according to the characteristic words of the title. This technique is an example of how bookselling bibliography adapted to the needs of buyers, believing that the author's last name was less likely to be retained in memory compared to the title of the book.

Starting from the fifth volume of the Dictionary, the source of their compilation was the “Semi-Annual Catalogs” by J. Hinrichs. The German national bibliography owes the most to this bookseller and his company, since it was they who created a system of interconnected bibliographic indexes of various periodicities, which in turn determines the features of the further development of the German NB.

The very first link in their chain was the “Semi-Annual Catalog of Books and Maps Appearing in the German Book Trade,” published with exemplary regularity from 1798 to 1915. Unlike previous editions, all bibliographic descriptions were compiled only on the basis of direct acquaintance with the book . Another important undertaking of the company was the publication of the “Hinrichs Five-Year Catalogue,” which was published every five years from 1851 to 1912. Five-year bibliographic summaries have retained their importance and place in the German National Library system to the present day.

J. Hinrichs's "semi-annual catalogs" were the source for another, no less significant enterprise of the 19th century in the field of NB - Christian Gottlieb Kaiser's "Complete Book Dictionary", published from 1834 to 1911 and containing bibliographic data on books, maps and plans for 1750 -1910 The Dictionary began as a retrospective index but later evolved into a current bibliographic summary of several years. The peculiarity of this index, like others, is that it is focused exclusively on the needs of booksellers.

As a result, already at the beginning of the 19th century in Germany, thanks to the activities of W. Heinsius, J. Hinrichs and H. Kaiser, there were bibliographic indexes with semi-annual and multi-year periodicities that reflected the national book production. However, there was no index of more frequent periodicity, the need for which was felt by all publishers and booksellers. The creation of such a body was the work of the Exchange Union of German Booksellers (Borsen-verein den deutschen Buchhandel), founded in 1825 in Leipzig and uniting publishers and booksellers of the German states, representatives of the book trade in Austria and the German cantons of Switzerland. Of particular importance for the German National Library was the publication in 1834 of the “Bourse sheet of the German book trade” (“Borsen-blatt fur den deutschen Bucnnandel” - BBB). At first, after its founding, the magazine was published once a month, then quarterly, from 1837 - twice a week, from 1852 - three times a week, and from 1867 - on all working days. From the fifth issue, the magazine began publishing an “Index of news appearing in the German book trade.” Initially, the index was compiled by Rost, a relative of J. Hinrichs, and then by the J. Hinrichs company itself, which later became the official bibliographer of the Exchange Union. Adapted to the needs of the book trade, the “Index” was systematized by publishing house, which made it extremely easy for booksellers to make inquiries.

The “News Index” prompted J. Hinrichs to publish another publication - the weekly “General Bibliography of Germany,” which first appeared in 1842. And four years later, his “Quarterly catalog of all news in the field of literature in Germany” was published. The sources for both indexes were the bibliographic section of the Stock Exchange Leaflet. But unlike it, the arrangement of material in the weekly index was alphabetical, and in the quarterly index it was systematic (according to “sciences”).

In 1856, J. Hinrichs launched another publication similar to the long-term reports of Heinsius and Kaiser - the “Book Catalog”, which reflected books for 1851-1855. It was published under different names (“Hinrichs Five Year Catalogue”, “Hinrichs Five Years Catalog”, “Hinrichs Catalog”) until 1913.

At the end of the 80s, another publication appeared - the consolidated “Catalog of Stressed Words” by Karl Georg, also published until 1913. Bibliographic records were arranged according to broad subject headings. Comparing all the consolidated indexes, K.R. Simon notes the most complete accounting of books in Hinrichs, a more advanced bibliographic description in Kaiser, and successful systematization by subject headings in Georg's catalogs. However, such an abundance of bibliographic indexes for the book trade was unnecessary and a reduction in their number became inevitable.

The further development of German bibliography was associated with the founding of the German Library (Deutsche Bucherei) by the Exchange Union, the government of the Kingdom of Saxony and the city government of Leipzig in 1912. The purpose of the library is to record, collect and store all book products published in German and foreign languages in the country and in German outside the country. The grand opening of the library building took place on September 2, 1916. The library became a center that concentrated German book production. All publishing houses - members of the Exchange Union, that is, commercial publishing houses of the German Empire, Austria and the German cantons of Switzerland, were obliged to send one copy of their publications (books, periodicals, sheet music) to the library. Library staff were required to ensure compliance with the supply of legal deposits. Violation of the rules entailed unfavorable consequences for publishing firms. Thus, the library became a reliable foundation for the bibliographic activities of the Exchange Union, which concentrated in its hands the national current bibliographic record. The Union acquired the rights to bibliographic publications from the companies of Hinrichs, Kaiser, and Georg. A unified system of bibliographic indexes was created: “Daily Index”, “Weekly Index” and “Semi-Annual Index”. Instead of several multi-year summaries, a new publication was created with a five-year periodicity - the “German Book Index”.

Until 1931, the “Weekly Index” registered only publications entering the book trade, and from that year, having changed its name to the “German National Bibliography” (Deutsche National Bibliographic - DNB), it began to be published in two series: series “A”. New publications entering the book trade and the “B” series. New publications not entering the book trade. The appearance of the “B” series is interpreted by many researchers as a fact of paramount importance, which meant that the German national bibliography went beyond the scope of purely bookselling purposes. In turn, lists of new products in the book trade were no longer published on the pages of the Exchange Sheet, since booksellers had at their disposal the perfectly organized information of the “A” series.

The establishment of the Hitler dictatorship affected the state of the entire book business in the country and had a detrimental effect on the activities of the German Library, which was subordinate to the Ministry of Propaganda and was used as a bibliographic center for compiling “black lists.” Since 1936, the registration of many publications was prohibited, and the bibliographic publications themselves were taken under Gestapo control. In 1944-1945 The publication of both series of the German National Bibliography was completely stopped.

World War II divided Germany into two states: the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany. The existence of two states, two diametrically opposed ideologies for forty years determined the development of bibliography in Germany.

The leading library and bibliographic institution of the GDR remained the German Library in Leipzig, performing all the functions of both the national library and the national bibliographic agency. The results of the national bibliographic record were recorded in the index “German National Bibliography and Bibliography of Publications Published Abroad in German,” which was published in three series:

Series "A". New publications entering the book trade;

Series "B". New publications distributed outside the book trade;

Series "C". Candidate and doctoral dissertations.

In West Germany, in 1946, its own National Library was founded in Frankfurt am Main, permission to open which was issued by the American military leadership. The main bibliographic index was called “German Bibliography”, was formed on the same principle of selection - linguistic, was structured in the same series and differed from the Eastern one in other principles of systematization of material.

Until 1991, the DNB was issued in both German states and in parallel took into account various types of documents issued in German in the GDR, FRG, Austria and Switzerland. Subsequently, the linguistic principle of recording documents began to be gradually replaced by the territorial principle, which was facilitated by the improvement of legal deposit laws.

Currently, the national bibliography of Germany has entered a new stage of development associated with the unification of the two German states. In 1990, a single National Library was created, uniting the Leipzig, Frankfurt libraries and the Music Archive in Leipzig. And since January 1991, a unified national bibliographic index has been published - the “German National Bibliography”, consisting of the following series:

Series "A". Monographs and periodicals entering the book trade: Weekly Index;

Series "B". Monographs and periodicals distributed outside the book trade: Weekly Index;

Series "C". Maps: Quarterly Index;

Series "D". Monographs and periodicals: Semi-annual index;

Series "E". Monographs and periodicals: Five-year catalogue;

Series "F". Periodicals: Five-year catalogue.

Series "G". Germanica and foreign publications of German works: Quarterly Index;

Series "N". Textbooks and works for higher education: Monthly index;

Series "M". Music and Musical Compositions: Monthly Index;

Series "N". Monographs and periodicals scheduled for release -CIP: Weekly Index;

Series "T". Audio recordings: Monthly index.

Bibliographic records of series “A”, “B”, “N” and “H” are systematized into 65 thematic sections instead of the 24 traditionally used over the past decades. The change in the classification series followed the International Congress on National Bibliography (1977), which recommended the use of UDC as the most common classification scheme. The main principle of document selection continues to be linguistic, as indicated by the subtitle - “German National Bibliography and Bibliography of German-language publications published abroad.”

The bibliographic description contains information about the authors, title and related information, imprint, quantitative characteristics, block height information, ISBN and price. The main bibliographic series is supplemented by auxiliary indexes of authors, titles and subject headings.

For the purpose of automated processing of bibliographic information, the Frankfurt Library created its own national communication format MAVI, and the Leipzig Library created DB-EC, as well as its own national standards for bibliographic description. Even before the merger, libraries began to study the issue of compatibility of both formats, as well as the transfer and exchange of bibliographic information in machine-readable form. The standards in force in the territory of the former GDR (Technische Normen, Gutevor-schriften und Lieferbedingungen - TGL), in accordance with a mutual decision, were painlessly replaced by the standards of the Federal Republic of Germany (Deutsche Industrie Normen - DIN), since the differences in content turned out to be insignificant.

The German National Bibliography currently has a unique retrospective “General Index to the German-language Press,” consisting of two series: the first covers publications from 1911 to 1965 and has 138 volumes, the second 1700-1910. and consists of 160 volumes.

National bibliography in Central and Eastern Europe

The fate of the peoples inhabiting the countries of Eastern and some countries of Central Europe, despite differences in historical development, has much in common. Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and the peoples of the Balkan Peninsula were colonial dependent for many centuries, experiencing all the hardships of foreign domination and national oppression. They gained national independence relatively recently - at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. In conditions of national oppression, the National Library had a special social significance, since the bibliographic record of national literature and printed works became a means of national self-expression, “playing a direct role in the development of national culture.

After the Second World War, the socialist system was established in these states, which also had a huge impact on the development and formation of the National Security.

In the first post-war years, most countries solved the problem of restoring national bibliographic records interrupted by the war. And for some countries (for example, Romania) this period can be called the period of formation of the national security system. During the 60-80s, national libraries and national bibliographic agencies were created in all states, legal deposit laws were improved, instructive and regulatory documents were developed in the field of bibliographic activities, a system of TNB bodies was created, and work began on the creation of national information systems. Of particular importance was the cooperation of bibliographic activities, expressed in the creation of international centers (for example, the International Center for Scientific and Technical Information - ICSTI) and the development of international programs. A distinctive feature of this period was the regularly held meetings of expert bibliographers and staff of national libraries and national bibliographic centers. The last, ninth meeting took place in October 1989 in Moscow,

The main result of the development of TNB in the countries of this region and one of its main advantages compared to TNB in other countries is the creation of a system of national bibliographic indexes at a high methodological level. Currently, the TNB index system includes the following groups of publications: indexes reflecting the main flow of documents published in the country; additional issues reflecting publications with a narrow distribution area;

analytical and cumulative indexes. In addition, agencies also publish special indexes of exteriors, thematic and sectoral, which are not indexes of the national bibliography, but are created on its basis.

Bulgaria. The appearance of the first bibliographic indexes in Bulgaria dates back to the second half of the 19th century: in 1852, the “List of Bulgarian books published to this day” by I.V. was published in Constantinople. Shonova. Before this, mentions of Bulgarian books could be found in foreign indexes (in particular, in the publications of P.I. Keppen, N. Murzakevich, indexes of Odessa and Kyiv booksellers). After the liberation of the Bulgarian people from almost five centuries of Turkish yoke in 1878, a genuine upsurge in the development of culture began, which, in turn, affected the development of book printing and bibliography.

A prominent place in the history of Bulgarian bibliography belongs to the historian, philologist, literary critic, bibliographer Alexander Stoyanov Teodorov-Balan (1859-1959). During his hundred-year life, he wrote about 900 works, about 200 of which were devoted to literary criticism and bibliography. Among the latest is “Bulgarian bibliography for a hundred years. 1806-1905”, which reflects more than 15 thousand titles of Bulgarian books and periodicals.

Current bibliographic records date back to 1897, when the People's Assembly adopted the first law in the history of Bulgaria on legal deposit and on the publication of the first bibliographic index on its basis. In the same year, the publication of the “Bibliographic Bulletin” began (since 1929, “Bulgarian Bibliography” - “Volgar Book Writer”). The task of preparing and publishing the bulletin was entrusted to the National Library, which, due to a number of circumstances, failed to cope with this work. On the eve of military operations on the territory of Bulgaria in 1941 f. a law was adopted on the organization of the Bibliographic Institute, created at the expense of A.S. Teodorova-Balan.

After the end of the war, the National Library resumed its activities and continued to publish the Bulgarian Bibliography. The Bibliographic Institute was transformed into a research institution, and in 1963 it was completely liquidated.

The Bulgarian National Library of the 60-80s is characterized by the desire for constant development and improvement of all its main areas: completeness of legal deposit receipts; improving storage conditions for the Bulgarian book archive; expanding the scope of use of bibliographic information; improvement of bibliographic processing methods; systematic development of scientific problems.

In the 80s, Bulgarian specialists developed a whole set of bibliographic standards: BDS 15419-82 “Bibliographic description of a book”, BDS 15687-83 “Bibliographic description of periodicals”, BDS 15934-84 “Bibliographic description of cartographic publications”, BDS 15935-84 “Bibliographic description of musical publications”, BDS 16764-88 “Bibliographic description of graphic publications”, BDS 2497-87 “Bibliographic data in books”. BDS 14569-88 “Bibliographic data in periodicals.” Standards are being prepared for the description of other types of documents. All of them, taking into account national practice and experience, are as close as possible to international rules.

Created within the structure of the People's Library named after. St. Cyril and Methodius back in 1975. The Center for National Bibliography prepares and publishes national bibliographic indexes represented by the following series:

Series 1. Bulgarian bibliography. Books, music, graphic and cartographic publications. Bi-weekly index with annual summary:

Series 2. Bulgarian bibliography. Official publications and dissertations. Monthly newsletter with annual summaries of official publications and Bulgarian dissertations:

Series 3. Bulgarian gramophone records. Annual Index;

Series 4. Bulgarian periodicals. Newspapers, magazines, newsletters and periodicals. Annual Index;

Series 5. Chronicle of articles from Bulgarian magazines and collections. Fortnightly Index;

Series 6. Chronicle of articles from Bulgarian newspapers. Monthly newsletter;

Series 7. Bulgaria in foreign literature. (Bulgarica). Annual index.;

Series 8. Bibliography of Bulgarian bibliography. Annual index.

Hungary. Outstanding Hungarian educators Karol Szabó (1824-1890) and Geza Petrik (1845-1925) played a huge role in the formation of the NLR. K. Szabó, a professor and librarian in the city of Cluj, owns a three-volume index “Old Hungarian Library”, reflecting Hungarian books for 1473-1711. Book scholar and bibliographer G. Petrik, with his multi-volume work “Hungarian Bibliography,” continued the work of K. Szabo and took into account Hungarian books for 1712-1875, 1886-1890 and 1901-1910. As a result, by the beginning of the 20th century, the Hungarian National Library had a unified national code of Hungarian books from the beginning of printing.

The fate of the current bibliographic record was less successful. The enlightener Ferenc Szechenyi did a lot for the development of the National Library; in 1802 he transferred his personal library to public use, which later became the National Library of the country. In the same year, the first Hungarian legal deposit law was adopted. But, despite this, the further development of TNB was directly related to the book trade. In 1878, in the magazine of the Union of Hungarian Booksellers and Publishers “Corvina” (named after the famous book lover King Matthew Corvinus), a section “New Books” appeared, which later became an independent supplement. His materials were accumulated in the yearbooks “Hungarian Bibliography” until 1918, although there were omissions: for some years the yearbooks were never prepared. The publication of the “Hungarian Bibliography” in the same form was resumed only in 1931 by the State Library. F. Szechenyi. Current indexes of more frequent frequency began to be issued only after the Second World War.

Over the entire post-war period of development of the Hungarian National Library, a clear structure of current bibliographic registration and its bodies was formed, much attention was paid to the introduction of electronic computer technology into the practice of processing bibliographic information and the creation of a national automated database. In the 80s, a set of national standards for bibliographic design was also developed and approved, the main of which is MSZ 3424/1 “Bibliographic description. Books."

The functions of the national bibliographic agency are performed by the State Library named after. F. Széchenyi, who prepares and publishes the “Hungarian National Bibliography” (“Maguar nemzety bibliografia”), presented in the following series:

Bibliography of books. Published once every two weeks;

Repertoire of periodicals: Social sciences. Natural Sciences. Published once a month;

Bibliography of periodicals. Published annually;

Bibliography of musical publications. Published quarterly.

The Hungarian Book series (“Maguar Konyveszet”) presents the following series:

Bibliography of books published in Hungary. Yearbook;

Textbooks. Comes out irregularly;

Catalog of titles of works of graphics, posters and engravings published in Hungary. Comes out irregularly.

In addition, outside the series, the State Library publishes indexes:

Bibliography of Hungarian bibliography. Published every two years;

Literary review "Hungarika": Selected bibliography of books and magazines in foreign languages, published abroad and related to Hungary;

Foreign publications in Hungarian: Selected bibliography of books and magazines published in Hungarian abroad.

Poland. The appearance of the first bibliographic indexes in Poland is usually attributed to the 17th century. In the 18th century, the famous Polish statesman Józef Andrzej Załuski (1702-1774) founded the first public library in Poland, to which he donated his personal unique collection of books and manuscripts. Yu.A. Załuski also became the author of the first major bibliographic work - “The Great Polish General Bibliography”, ten handwritten volumes of which reflected national literature from the beginning of Polish writing to 1700. Unfortunately, the manuscript was lost during the Second World War.

Since the end of the 18th century, Poland as an independent state disappeared from the map of Europe - its territory was divided between Russia. Austria and Prussia. Under these conditions, Polish bibliography, in the formation of which many outstanding figures of national culture took part, faced a huge and noble task - to identify and consolidate the achievements of Polish culture, which continued to develop and preserved its unity. Bibliographers paid special attention to creating a collection of Polish books. The largest work in this area was the 22-volume Polish Bibliography by Karol Oestreicher (1827-1908), Ph.D., one of the founders of the Academy of Sciences and director of the Jagiellonian Library in Krakow. K. Estreicher's work reflects Polish books from 1455 to 1889. The material is structured into four parts or series, each of which has its own chronological boundaries and principles of systematization. His work was continued first by his son, Stanislav Oestreicher, and then by his grandson, Karol Oestreicher Jr., bringing the total boundaries of the accounting to 1900 and preparing continuations of some series. As a result, the Oestreichers' work totals 33 volumes.

The beginning of the organization of current bibliographic records was laid by the librarian of the library of the Jagiellonian University, Władysław Wisłocki (1841-1900), who became the editor of the “Bibliographic Guide” (“Przewodnik bibllograficzny”), which appeared in 1878 and was published in various editions until 1933.

A new stage in the development of the Polish National Library began in 1918, when the country gained independence. In 1928, the Bibliographic Institute was created within the National Library (Biblioteca Narodowa) with a broad program of activities, including, in particular, the preparation and publication of current bibliographic indexes on the basis of legal deposit. The first publication of the institute was the “Official Index of Printed Works Published in the Polish Republic.”

One of the primary tasks in the field of bibliography after the end of the Second World War was the organization of current bibliographic records. Already in 1945, the National Library in Warsaw and the Bibliographic Institute, which is currently the country's national bibliographic agency, resumed their activities. Despite all the socio-economic and political transformations and the difficulties they cause. The Bibliographic Institute continues to publish TNB indexes and improve their methodological preparation. One of the most important events of the late 80s was the approval of two terminological standards belonging to the group of four standards developed by the institute for the terminology of librarianship and bibliographic activities. The first of them, PN-89/N - 01224 “Librarianship and bibliography. Creation of arrays of information about documents. Terminology” contains 52 basic terms, including “bibliographic description” and its elements, “title of bibliographic record” and others. In the second standard, PN-89/N - 01225 “Librarianship and bibliography. Terminology”, presents 39 terms denoting types of bibliographic aids, and 24 terms related to the components of bibliographic aids, such as auxiliary indexes, abstracts and annotations. It should also be noted that Polish specialists do not abandon the two meanings of the term “bibliography”, considering the latter both as a bibliographic activity and as a bibliographic aid.

The system of modern TNB bodies prepared and published by the Bibliographic Institute is represented by the following publications:

Bibliographic Guide: Official index of printed works published in Poland. Published weekly;

Bibliographic Guide: Official index of printed works published in Poland. Additional series. Printed works for internal use;

Bibliography of journals and collections. Yearbook;

Bibliography of journal contents. Published monthly;

Bibliography of bibliography and book science. Yearbook;

Foreign “polonica”: Bibliography. Yearbook.

Romania. The Romanian National Library dates back to the 30s of the 19th century. Much later, the first fundamental indicators of a retrospective nature appeared. In 1865, the Romanian Bibliographic Annals were published. A chronological repertoire or general catalog of books printed since the advent of printing in the half of the 16th century. to the present day, 1550-1865 exclusively”, compiled by Demeter Iarcu (1817-1879). The material in this unique index was arranged in the chronology of publications, thereby reflecting the history of Romanian literature. In 1888, the index “Bibliography of periodicals, both Romanian and published in foreign languages in Romania or abroad, about the Romanians for the years 1817-1887” by A. Popa was published.

Of particular importance for the development of the National Library in Romania were the activities of the Library of the Romanian Academy of Sciences, created in 1867, and the “Plan of National Bibliography” developed by it. The founder and director of the Library, I. Ioan Bianu, together with employees Nerva Chodos and Dan Simonescu, prepared a major three-volume index “Ancient Romanian Bibliography 1508-1830”, which was part of the developed plan. The index reflects books published in Romania, as well as books about Romania published abroad. Descriptions of many books are provided with excerpts from the prefaces, facsimile reproductions of title pages, and illustrations.

Since the middle of the 19th century, attempts have been made to organize current bibliographic records, carried out, as a rule, by publishers and booksellers. Information from publishing and bookseller catalogs was random, incomplete and irregular. The periodicals of the Library of the Romanian Academy, reflecting new Romanian books on the basis of the legal deposit law, were also short-lived.

The national bibliography began in 1949 with the adoption of the “legal deposit law.” And in 1952, the Book Chamber of Romania was created, which began publishing bibliographic bulletins. In 3955, the Central State Library was first approved, which currently performs the functions of the country's national bibliographic agency. The library's bibliographic index system is called “Romanian National Bibliography” (“Bibliografia Natlonala Romana”) and consists of the following series:

Books. Albums. Cards. Published once every two weeks and; has an annual summary;

Serial publications. Semi-Annual Index;

Official publications. Semi-Annual Index;

Notes. Audio cassettes. Quarterly Index;

"Romanica". Yearbook.

Czech Republic and Slovakia. Until the end of the First World War, the Czech and Slovak peoples developed independently of each other, being part of other states and empires. The unified state of Czechoslovakia existed from 1918 to 1992 inclusive. The history of this period is divided into two stages, determined by the dominant political system: bourgeois - in the period between the two world wars and socialist - after the Second World War and until 1992. Since January 3993, the Czech Republic and Slovakia became independent states. But, despite this, the national bibliography of both republics has largely retained those features that were acquired in the process of development of the National Library in the 20th century and especially in recent decades. Therefore, it still makes sense to consider the history of the emergence and formation of the National Library of the Czech Republic and Slovakia in a single context.

The lack of political independence and their own statehood left an imprint on the development of culture, economics, science, and, consequently, the book industry among the Czech and Slovak peoples. Throughout the history of the Czechs and Slovaks, the constant struggle to preserve and popularize their national culture has been characteristic. The largest representatives of Czech and Slovak science, culture and education took part in this movement.

The first major bibliographic work is considered to be the work of the prominent Czech philologist and educator, literary historian and creator of the Czech poetic language Joseph Jungmann (1773-1847). In 1825, his “History of Czech Literature or a Systematic Review of Czech Writings with a Brief History of the People, Education and Language” was published in Prague, which reflected handwritten and printed documents from the beginning of Czech literature to 1824, arranged in chronological order. The continuation of the index was prepared by J. Jungmann's student Joseph Michl (1810-1856) and was called “A complete literary chronicle or image of Slavic literature in the Czechs (in Bohemia), in the Morava, in Hungary and beyond, from 1825 to 1837 1/4.”

Book publishing during the Czech Renaissance was reflected in the “Czechoslovak bibliographic dictionary of books, brochures, maps, notes published in the language of the Czechoslovak people from 1774 to modern times,” compiled by Frantisek Douha (1810-1884), also a follower and student of J. Jungmann, and published in 1865. For the first time, information about Czech and Slovak publications was presented in one index.

Attempts to organize current bibliographic records arose in publishing and bookselling circles: in 1870-1883. on the pages of the Bibliographic Bulletin magazine, 1890-1907. - in the yearbook “Czech Bibliographic Catalog”. The University Library in Prague, which had received legal deposit since 1807, did not prepare bibliographic materials. At the beginning of the 20th century, the first issues of the yearbook “Czech Bibliography” appeared, compiled by book scholar and bibliographer Zdenek Tobolka (1874 -1951). Yearbooks were prepared on the basis of legal deposit, descriptions were compiled according to scientifically developed rules. They were published from 1903 to 1914. And, as the authors of the textbook “General Foreign Bibliography” rightly note, “Czech Bibliography” laid the foundations for pre-war current bibliographic records in the Czech Republic.

The Slovaks, unlike the Czechs, failed to maintain their independence. In the 11th century, Slovakia became part of the Kingdom of Hungary, and from the 16th century, southern Slovakia was captured by the Ottoman Empire, the rest became part of the Habsburg Empire. All this affected the development of Slovakia, which for a long time remained an agricultural country, deprived of any self-government.

The problem of language was of great importance in the formation of the national self-awareness of the Slovaks. From the end of the 15th to the 19th centuries, the literary language of the Slovaks was Czech; the creation of the Slovak literary language dates back to the 40s of the 19th century and is associated with the name of the scientist, poet and revolutionary Ludovit Štúr (1815-1856).

The first independent bibliographic list in the Slovak language was the “Review of Slovak Literature of Modern Times,” published in 1851 by Josef Gurban (1817-1888). The real development of the National Library in Slovakia is associated with the formation in 1863 of the Slovak Matica in Martin (Matica Slovenska). In the 19th century, matitsa appeared among many Slavic peoples, whose national independence was trampled upon, and they represented cultural, educational, scientific and literary societies.

On the initiative of Secretary Matica M. Hrastek, information about Slovak books for the years 1860-1864 was placed in the first volume of the annual “Chronicle”. which marked the beginning of national accounting. But in 1875 Matica was closed and this ended the first stage of its existence.

The subsequent period in the history of the National Library of Slovakia is called “Riznerian” after the children's writer and literary historian Ludovit Rizner (1849-1933), who developed a plan for creating a body of Slovak literature from its origins. L. Risner published the collected and processed bibliographic information throughout his life in the form of sectoral and thematic indexes on the pages of periodicals.

Even before the formation of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918, the famous bibliologist Ladislav Zivny (1872-1949) founded the Bibliographic Institute as part of the bibliographic department of the Educational Union, which turned into the Czechoslovak Bibliographic Institute in the new republic. In 1925, its functions were transferred to a newly formed department of the University Library, called the National Library. Since 1922, the institute began publishing the weekly Bibliographic Catalog, which became a yearbook in 3930. In a modified form, this publication existed until the early 90s.

In the 20s, under the leadership of Z. Tobolka, work began on creating a body of Czech and Slovak literature: “Bibliography of the Czech and Slovak press from ancient times to 1800,” three volumes of which were published before the war.

In 1948, Czechoslovakia was proclaimed a people's democratic republic of Czechs and Slovaks, and since 3969 it has become a socialist state consisting of two equal republics: the Czech Republic with its capital in Prague and Slovakia with its capital in Bratislava. From this time on, the National Bank officially began to develop in two streams, forming a single state system.

In the Czech Republic, the National Library in Prague (Narodna knihovna) became the national bibliographic agency. It was established in 3958 on the basis of several large libraries: the library of Charles University (founded in 3348), the Slavic Library (3924) and the Central Economic Library (3952). The functions of national bibliographic registration in Slovakia are performed by the Slovak National Library, which, in accordance with the Statute of the Slovak Matica, was established on the basis of its own library. Both libraries carry out all the work on the preparation and publication of indexes of the National Library and National Library, implement automation tools, develop national classification schemes and rules for bibliographic description, and form national databases.

Until 1993, all TNB publications published in the Czech Republic and Slovakia were united under the common heading “Bibliographic Catalog of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic” (since 1989 - Czechoslovakia) and each had its own structure.

The State Library in Prague prepared the following indexes under the general title “Czech National Bibliography”.

Czech books. Monthly Index;

Newspapers and magazines in the Czech lands. Biennial Index;

Czech sheet music and records. Quarterly Index;

Czech graphics and maps. Yearbook;

Articles in Czech periodicals. Monthly Index:

Index of Czech bibliographies. Yearbook;

Czechoslovak dissertations. Yearbook;

Foreign Bohemians and Slovaks. Works of Czech authors translated into foreign languages, and works of foreign authors on Czech topics received by the State Library. Yearbook.

The last two series were common to the national bibliographies of both republics.

Automated preparation of the monthly Czech Books has been carried out since 1983.

The modern model of the Slovak TNB began to take shape in the first half of the 70s, when new equipment and technology made it possible to present the Slovak HE as an automated national information system, which began operating in 1976 and gradually developed into the modern form of complex automated document processing.

The results of modern national bibliographic registration are presented in the indexes of the “Slovak National Bibliography” produced by Slovak Matica, which form three series: census (registering), painted (analytical) and selective (special). The census series subsystem is represented by the following series:

B. Periodicals.

D. Dissertations.

E. Special editions.

F. Company Literature.

G. Graphics.

N. Sheet music. Music publications.

I. Official documents.

J. Audiovisual Documents.

Materials from these series are published in the form of two indexes: the monthly series A “Books” and the quarterly index, which includes descriptions of series B-J.

The indexes of the painted series reflect articles from scientific and professional periodicals of Slovakia, as well as from central, local and other magazines of general Slovak importance.

The selection series contains bibliographic information about documents on certain topics, compiled on the basis of materials from previous series (for example, “Slovak library literature”, “Bibliography of Slovak museological literature”, etc.).

Particularly noteworthy is the work ongoing in Slovak Matica to create a fundamental database of the National Library: “General Index of Publications of the 16th Century.” and “General Catalog of Slovaks of the 18th and 19th Centuries.”

After the formation in 1993 of the two independent states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the general title disappeared from the names of the TNB indexes and the last two series published by the National Library in Prague lost their national significance. Currently, the indexes of the TNB of the Czech Republic are called “Czech National Bibliography” (“Ceská národní bibliografie”), and the indexes of Slovakia are called “Slovak National Bibliography” (“Slovenská národnábibliografia”), maintaining the same structure.

In 1995, the Prague National Library developed a draft program called CASLIN (Czech and Slovak Library Information Network), which allows, through the creation of a unified information library network, to provide access to library collections for all categories of users.

Yugoslavia and the republics of the former Yugoslavia. The political history of the Yugoslav state is extremely complex: for several centuries, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Montenegrins and other peoples experienced the brunt of national oppression. From the XIV-XV centuries. one part of the peoples of the Balkan Peninsula was part of the Habsburg Empire, the other was under Turkish yoke. After Turkey's defeat in the Russian-Turkish War in 1877-1878. Serbia and Montenegro gained independence, and the rest of the South Slavic peoples gained freedom only after the collapse of Austria-Hungary after the First World War. On December 1, 1918, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was formed, uniting the peoples of Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, which since 1929 has been called Yugoslavia.

All these circumstances complicated the development of printing, and therefore bibliography. Yugoslav bibliography dates back only to the formation of the Yugoslav state. However, it was preceded by bibliographic works created by representatives of the South Slavs in the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Retrospective bibliographic indexes include the works of the Serbian diplomat, historian and bibliographer Stojan Novakovic (“Bibliography of new Serbian literature for 1741-1867,” 1869), Croatian historian Ivan Kukulevich-Sakcinski (“Croatian bibliography”, reflecting Croatian books from the beginning printing until 1860 and published in three volumes in 1860-1863), Slovenian bibliographer Frank Simonich (“Slovenian bibliography” containing information about books, maps and music published in 1550-1900 in Slovenia, written by Slovenes and in Slovenian).

The organization of current bibliographic records is associated with the name of Janko Schlebinger, who took the initiative to publish Slovenian Bibliography yearbooks in Slovenska Matica for the years 1907-1912, which became the first and only attempt to create a TNB on the Balkan Peninsula.

In July 1919, the legal deposit law was issued, and in 1920, the Bibliographical Institute was established at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Belgrade, with a broad program of activities. But, having existed until the Second World War, the institute was unable to realize any of the tasks assigned to it.

On November 29, 1945, the Constituent Assembly proclaimed the formation of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, later in 1963 called the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which included six republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia (it included two socialist autonomous regions - Vojvodina and Kosovo), Slovenia, Croatia and Montenegro. From that moment on, the development of the National Library in Yugoslavia was carried out in two directions: the first was the organization of nationwide current accounting, the second was the creation of retrospective collections of national books and literature in individual republics.

After the end of the war, on the initiative of the Committee on Scientific Institutions, University and Higher Education Institutions, the Bibliographic Institute of the People's Republic of Serbia was founded in Belgrade in 1948. A year later it received the status of national significance and for all subsequent decades it was a special type of national library, performing direct library function for the whole of Yugoslavia, and at the same time - a national bibliographic agency. The main task of the Bibliographic Institute was the organization of national current accounting. The University Libraries of Croatia and Slovenia and the National Libraries of Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia were entrusted with the preparation of retrospective national compilations. Later, republican centers also began to prepare the TNB of their republics and autonomous regions, expressing the cultural, historical and linguistic needs of the peoples inhabiting them. Unlike national publications, republican ones were based not only on the territorial principle, but also included works by national authors and authors writing in the language of a given republic, regardless of the place of publication. The criteria for selecting material were different in different republics.

The system of TNB publications published by the Yugoslav Bibliographical Institute was represented by the following series:

Bibliography of Yugoslavia. Books, brochures and music publications.

Bibliography of Yugoslavia. Collections and monographic series.

Bibliography of rotaprint and comics.

Bibliography of Yugoslavia. Articles and applications in serial publications: Series A. Social Sciences; Series B. Natural, medical and technical sciences; Series C. Art, philology, literature.

Bibliography of Yugoslavia. Serial publications.

Bibliography of translations in the SFRY.

Bibliography of official publications.

On the title pages, the names of all indexes were given in four languages: Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian and Macedonian.

The implementation of the project to computerize the activities of the institute was part of the program for creating the Scientific and Technical Information System of Yugoslavia, which in turn included the organization of the automated information system ATLASS, which, among other things, ensures the creation of databases of the national bibliography and the Central Catalog.

In 1991, the SFRY broke up into five independent states: Bosnia, Macedonia, Slovenia, Croatia and Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro remained within it). It was only at the beginning of 1996 that hostilities ceased on the territory of some of these states. And this circumstance again affects the development of the National Library, which faces new challenges. They retained their status as national bibliographic centers and national libraries. National and University Library of Croatia in Zagreb. National and University Library of Slovenia in Ljubljana, National Library of Macedonia in Skopje. National Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo. The national bibliographic agency of Yugoslavia continues to be the Yugoslav Bibliographic Institute, which since 1991 has been called the Yugoslav Bibliographic and Information Institute. The main bibliographic publication remains “Bibliography of Yugoslavia. Books, brochures and notes”, the title of which is now given on the title page in two languages: Croatian and Serbian.

National bibliography in Asia, Africa and Latin America

One of the distinctive features of the political life of the second half of the 20th century was the entry of previously enslaved peoples onto the path of independent development, as well as the emergence of dozens of new states and an increase in their share in world politics and economics. Already, many liberated countries in Asia, Africa, Oceania, and Latin America make up more than a third of all UN members. The consequences of long-term colonial oppression, the national liberation movement and the achievement of independence by the peoples of the former colonies have a huge impact on all processes of socio-economic, political and cultural life. Naturally. the level of development of the states of these regions is not the same, which is again due to their historical development. For example, along with such industrialized powers as Japan and South Korea, there are states in the Asian region with extremely low living standards. And it is the latter that determine the characteristic features of the modern situation of the majority of Asian peoples. The same applies to the countries of Africa and Latin America. Therefore, when considering such vast regions, it is necessary to make rough generalizations in some cases.

One of the most important tasks facing young states is the implementation of a program of universal literacy, since the overwhelming majority of the population of some of them cannot read or write.

And yet, the growth of national self-awareness and the conquest of political and economic independence became the main incentive for the development of their own publishing infrastructure, the creation of national bibliographic centers and national libraries, for the development of information and bibliographic activities.

Conditions of historical development, overcoming political and economic backwardness, problems of education and culture - all these factors determine the distinctive features of the National Library of this region. However, despite the different levels of development of national security in individual countries, general trends can be identified:

Although legal deposit laws have been adopted in all countries, it is also necessary to create conditions for control to ensure their effective functioning, which is absent in a number of countries.

In all countries, TNB publications are being published, the coverage of the materials taken into account is gradually expanding, and international rules for bibliographic description (ISBD) and international formats (UNIMARC) are beginning to be used. The basis of systematization, as a rule, is the Universal Decimal Classification. Automation tools have been introduced into the practice of preparing and issuing TNB bodies (since 1979 in Singapore, since 1977 in the Philippines).

National libraries face great difficulties in preparing retrospective bibliographic materials, which is explained by the state of library collections and the lack of a complete national book collection in them.

Most African countries gained independence in the late 50s. The consequences of the cultural policies of the metropolitan countries, which in every possible way hampered national development, still affect all spheres of social, economic and cultural life of the vast majority of African states, which are divided into at least five regions differing in economic, social and cultural traditions. In the north these are Arab countries, English-speaking states in the west, east, Central and Southern Africa, French-speaking and Portuguese-speaking states and, finally, the Republic of South Africa with its dependent territories. Currently, African countries make up almost a third of UN member states.

Over the past two decades, the peoples of African states have been actively integrating into international cooperation in all areas of human activity. At their expense, the International Federation of Library Associations was replenished with new members. They became participants in many information and bibliographic programs of IFLA and UNESCO. However, there are still many, many problems facing the National Bank. Of the 34 countries on the continent, only 20 have national bibliographic records based on relevant legal norms, some of which have been preserved since the colonial regime and do not meet modern requirements. Thus, in Mozambique, which became independent in 1975, there is a law on the national library, adopted in 1961 by the Governor General of this province of Portugal and considering the national library only as a repository of all publications published in the metropolis.

Seven African countries (Guinea, Zambia, Lesotho, Seychelles, Togo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia) have national libraries, but there is no legislation about them. Seven countries (Burkina Faso, Ghana, Djibouti, Cape Verde, Mauritius, Niger, Sudan) do not have a national library at all. A feature of the national bibliography of the Maghreb countries (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco) is the reflection of documents in both Arabic and French, since the ties between the peoples of these countries and French culture are still strong. This also explains the partial use by the Algerian bibliographic agency of the old French standard for bibliographic description. All national bibliographic agencies in this region use the Arabic version of the ISBD and the Universal Decimal Classification in their practice. All types of printed publications, photographs and sound recordings (except Morocco) are subject to registration in the current indexes.

Among the countries of the West African region, states with a relatively high development of TNB stand out. These are Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Cote d'Ivoire and Senegal. The official languages in these countries are English and French, although local African languages are also common. In Nigeria alone, more than a hundred ethnic-linguistic groups use 350-400 languages and dialects. Despite this circumstance and all the ensuing difficulties. The National Library of Nigeria successfully performs the functions of the national bibliographic agency, preparing monthly issues of the “National Bibliography of Nigeria” with semi-annual and annual cumulation. In addition, it publishes sets of printed cards, assigns ISBNs to all book publications, and prepares forward-looking bibliographic information in accordance with the CIP program. The publications of TNB Nigeria reflect a wide range of documents: publications published in the country, including publications in all languages: foreign publications about Nigeria; foreign publications by Nigerian authors; cards; notes;

dissertations defended at universities in Nigeria: audiovisual materials. Bibliographic agencies of other states in this region also prepare and publish TNB publications, but without cumulation and with less coverage of reflected documents. They do not have CIP services. It is also characteristic that in English-speaking countries the Dewey Decimal Classification is used for systematization, and in French-speaking countries the UDC is used.

The countries of East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, Mozambique) differ significantly both in the level of development of cultural and educational institutions and in the linguistic situation. In general, the degree of library development in this region is lower than in Northern and Western Africa. The most prosperous state is distinguished by the Kenyan Library, where the functions of the national bibliographic agency are performed by two institutions: the National Library Service of Kenya and the National Reference and Bibliographic Department. The annual publications of TNB reflect various types of documents: books, first issues of new serial publications, dissertations, proceedings of scientific and professional conferences, standards, patents, exhibition catalogs, posters, audiovisual materials. The principle of document reflection is territorial; in addition, publications about Kenya and publications of works by Kenyan authors published abroad are registered. Bibliographic descriptions are compiled on the basis of Anglo-American cataloging rules and ISBD.

The National Library of Tanzania is at approximately the same level, whose national agency is also represented by two institutions:

National Central Library and Tanzania National Bibliographic Agency. TNB indexes are published monthly, have annual summaries and are based on the territorial principle of document selection.

In Ethiopia and Sudan, TNB indexes are issued irregularly, and national standards for bibliographic descriptions are just beginning to use the main provisions of the ISBD. Uganda, Somalia and Mozambique have national libraries and legal deposit laws. But at the same time, TNB publications are not published.

The general characteristics of the development of national security in the countries of Central Africa reveal similar phenomena and trends. The emerging trends “towards the expansion of accounting objects, the extension of legal deposit laws to non-traditional information media, the creation of national bibliographic services (in some cases these are specially created centers, in others - national or university libraries, national archives) should be considered positive.” The frequency of TNB publications varies; the most common are yearbooks.

Realizing the need for further development of NB, African countries in 1980 began to create the Pan-African documentation and information system (PADIS), which also includes NB problems. At present, the directions for improving the TNB have been determined: the creation of a legal framework and the adoption of relevant legislation, strengthening the material base of national bibliographic agencies, strengthening control over compliance with OZ laws, unification and standardization of bibliographic methodology, gradual liberation from the influence of expansionist activities of foreign news agencies, the desire of specialists to comprehensive problem solving, taking into account global and national experience, training and education of qualified specialists.

National bibliography in Latin American countries arose quite a long time ago, dating back to the 19th century. developed within the framework of little changing state borders. For 300 years, Latin American peoples were colonially dependent on Spain and Portugal. At the beginning of the 19th century. As a result of the national liberation struggle, most of them gained independence and new sovereign states emerged on the continent. However, a number of reasons, primarily economic, have placed Latin American states in a position of dependence on the largest companies of highly developed countries. This circumstance continues to determine the current level of development of their economy. In particular, the economically underdeveloped publishing industry of Latin American countries has led to the fact that foreign media concerns have become a determining factor in national book markets. The export of Spanish book products almost completely satisfies the reading needs of residents of Latin American countries, which their own publishing industries cannot do.

It is natural that MFN arose in Latin American countries before current bibliographic records appeared. The first signs of the National Library of Russia appeared at the beginning of the 19th century. In the entire retrospective bibliography of the Latin American republics, according to K.R. Simon, lies the seal of one, the largest and most productive bibliographer of all these countries, José Toribio Medina (1852-1931). He devoted his entire life to studying the history of Spanish-American culture of the colonial period, and in particular the history of printing, being a passionate bibliophile. He owns a number of bibliographic works reflecting the printed products of various Latin American states and individual cities - centers of book printing. The method of his historical research was based on the fact that in order to concretize the state of the book culture of the Spanish colonies, it is necessary to take into account everything printed in them at the time they gained independence. Therefore, all his bibliographic works are brought up to the appropriate date and have different chronological boundaries: until 1821 - for Bogota (Colombia), until 1818 - for Quito (Ecuador), until 1824 - for Lima (Peru), etc. d. The bibliographic index of his homeland (Chile) was brought up to February 1817, when the rebel Chileans defeated the Spanish troops and liberated the capital Santiago.

Medina's largest work is The Hispanic American Library, which contains 8,731 bibliographic records of books published in and about Latin America in seven volumes. Detailed descriptions are arranged chronologically and annotated. The total number of bibliographic works compiled by Medina reaches four hundred.

Current bibliographic records appeared in these countries in the middle of the 19th century, and acquired a more stable and professional character only in the 20th century, mainly after the First World War (and in some cases later). In a number of countries, the TNB still retains such a negative feature as the appearance of more and more current indicators, which indicates the absence of a solid basis for current accounting in general. Legal deposit laws were adopted in most countries in the mid-20th century, and their effectiveness is low. The creation of national bibliographic indexes is unprofitable for some countries, since publishing activity and the number of NB consumers, in particular libraries, are insignificant, which are often not able to purchase national printed products.

The role in the development of TNB and national libraries, many of which were founded in the 19th century, is small. Therefore, other institutions, including universities, which have more favorable conditions, are involved in the preparation of TNB publications.

In recent decades, in Latin America there has been an increasing desire for regional cooperation, implemented in the form of projects KATAZEN, MARCAL and LILIBU, aimed at developing NB and supported by UNESCO. In the field of books, the Regional Center for the Promotion of Books in Latin America and the Caribbean (CERLALC), created in 1971, also with the support of UNESCO, plays an important role.

The history of national bibliography in individual countries and regions demonstrates and confirms the fact that the National Library in its emergence is largely due to the book trade, and in its development it has always been conditioned by political and cultural-historical processes. From book trade accounting of books sold to complete national accounting of “various types of documents, including machine-readable media, from national traditions and methods to the development of national legislation* on legal deposit and the development of international bibliographic rules, from single publications of the National Library to the creation of a system of national bibliographic accounting in book and machine-readable versions - this is the history of the national bibliography. The current stage of its development is characterized primarily by the creation of international bibliographic information systems, the integrated participants of which are the national bibliographic services of almost all countries of the world.

Bibliography

The direction of bibliography bibliography was structurally formed in the Russian National Library (then GPB) back in the 1930s, when the Consulting and Bibliographic Department (KBD) was created, which began work on the series "Bibliography of Russian bibliography". The plan for the series and the main stages of preparing bibliographic indexes were outlined at one time by the project manager, Yu. A. Mezhenko. As a practical implementation of the concept of the series “Bibliography of Russian Bibliography” in the 1940-1950s, the works of M. V. Sokurova “General bibliographies of books of the civil press, 1708-1955” were published (1st edition for the period 1710-1937 - in 1944, the second - in 1956), M.V. Mashkova and M.V. Sokurova "General bibliographies of Russian periodicals 1703-1954 and materials on the statistics of Russian periodicals." These works, which contained information about a significant number of bibliographic indexes, filled the gaps in the national repertoire of bibliographic aids (although they were not a repertoire in form) and at the same time were serious historical and bibliographic studies. In the 1950-1980s, a large number of industry indexes of bibliographic aids appeared. These are works compiled by V.V. Gnucheva, L.V. Zilbermints, B.L. Kandel, E.V. Yenish, I.I. Frolova, G.P. Pochepko, O.S. Ostroy, I.Kh. Saksonova, V.V. Antonov, Z.D. Titova, N.V. Nitkina, M.A. Mamontov and others. They characterized the bibliographic equipment of such fields of knowledge as history, ethnography, art history, legal sciences, technology, medicine, foreign and Russian fiction and literary criticism, etc.

In the 1960-1980s, the Library held five All-Union meetings on problems of bibliography. Having established contacts with foreign scientific bibliographic centers and the largest libraries in Eastern Europe, in 1979-1986 she organized several international bilateral scientific and theoretical seminars. In order to generalize the experience and summarize the results of the work, the Library published collections, on the pages of which articles by Library staff and third-party authors, including foreign ones, were published on the theory and practice of bibliography, and methodological materials were placed; a total of 37 collections were published (the last one was published in 1995).

Due to the fact that the predominant development of the branch bibliography of bibliography could not replace the national repertoire of bibliographic aids, from the beginning of the 1990s, the Russian National Library again began to create the series “Bibliography of Russian Bibliography,” the plan of which differs from that proposed in the 1930s. The upcoming series aims to reflect the repertoire of bibliographic aids for the period 1917-1945, since the subsequent period is covered by the current national bibliography. Currently, work has been completed on an array of bibliographic records for 1917-1927. The first issue (1917-1921) was published in 2000. The second issue (1922-1927) will be published in 2004. The post-revolutionary period - one of the most difficult in the history of Russia - still needs to be studied and rethought, That is why the factual, documentary basis of such a study is so important, which, undoubtedly, is formed by the bibliography. Work on the series continues.

The 1990s were no less difficult than the 1920s in Russian history. In the period preceding them, when the law on legal deposit was strictly observed in the USSR, fairly representative information was provided by state (national) bibliographic bodies. Currently, according to existing expert estimates, on average, about 30% of bibliographic products published in the country do not end up in the Russian Book Chamber and, accordingly, are not reflected in the national bibliography, primarily in the yearbook “Bibliography of Russian Bibliography.” The Russian National Library has completed work on the preparation of an annotated bibliographic index "Bibliography bibliography of Russia...", which takes into account material for 1992-1996. The purpose of this work, like the previous one, is a retrospective accounting of the national bibliographic products of Russia. Detailed annotations make it possible to increase the information content of the material presented in the index. This is a fairly complete and reliable source for a universal bibliography of bibliography. If published, the work may become the basis for analyzing the state of information and bibliographic support for all branches of knowledge and will allow us to outline ways to optimize bibliographic activities in Russia.

The creation of sectoral indexes of bibliographic aids also continues. A manual was published in 1997 "History of the USSR. Materials for a bibliography of foreign bibliography (1699-1991)" M.A. Mamontov and V.V. Antonova. This is the first attempt in Russian bibliography to create a second-degree index dedicated to foreign literature on the history of our country. It describes over three thousand bibliographic materials of a historical and local history nature.
A bibliographic index was published in 2002 "Fine and applied arts. Russian reference publications of the mid-18th - late 20th centuries.", which included the previous issue, published in 1972. The subject matter of this work covers the entire range of issues relating to the history, theory and technology of world fine and applied art. The manual not only includes additions for 25 years (1971-1996), but is also significantly supplemented with material for previous periods. Of great value is the index of the names of artists mentioned in bibliographed publications (more than 30 thousand names).
Currently, work on the index of bibliographic aids is being completed. "Russian fiction and literary criticism, 1974-2000.", chronologically continuing similar work by M. A. Benina, L. M. Fedyushina and B. L. Kandel, which covered the period from the 18th century.
In 2004, the work of M.A. was published. Mamontov "History of foreign countries: index of bibliographic aids published in the USSR and the Russian Federation in Russian (1986-1995)". It continues the series of works on the bibliography of the domestic bibliography of the history of foreign countries, published since 1966. Unlike previous books, it also reflects manuals on the history of the former Soviet republics (with the exception of the periods of their being part of Russia or the USSR).

Another area of work is the bibliography of indexes of the contents of Russian magazines and ongoing publications. In 1998, the reference book was published "Russian periodicals. Content indexes, 1728-1995". This is a cumulative publication, including previous issues - the work of Yu.I. Masanov, N.V. Nitkina, Z.D. Titova “Index of the contents of Russian magazines and ongoing publications, 1755-1970”, published in 1975, and its chronological continuation for 1971-1985, published in 1987. In 1993, the Nova Science publishing house in the USA, combining both issues, published the work in transliterated form. In preparing the 1998 edition, much of the material had to be presented anew. For example, clarification was required for a number of periodicals that have ceased to exist recently or continue to be published, but under different names. The history of Russian journalism is going through a new stage of development, which is reflected in this work, which is a kind of “key” to Russian periodicals for almost a 270-year period, a bibliographic and reference guide that provides information about 3,500 indexes of the contents of Russian magazines, almanacs, collections, works, bulletins, scientific notes, etc. Thus, while offering the reader the most complete set of content indexes, the authors simultaneously created a work on the history of the Russian press, Russian journalism, a work of historical-bookish and historical-bibliographical nature. The directory received an award from the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation for scientific research in the field of culture and art in 1999.

In recent years, the need for an integrated approach to national bibliography has been realized, according to which the bibliography of Russians abroad and “Russians” are considered as its integral part. The Russian National Library began to create a series of bibliography manuals for the bibliography of "Rossika". In the upcoming first issue - index "Foreign reference publications about Russia" it will be possible to find information about encyclopedias and encyclopedic dictionaries, biographical dictionaries of public and political figures, writers, artists, reference books on organizations and institutions, statistical reference books and cartographic publications, including historical atlases in which readers will be able to find materials about Russia. After completing this work, it is planned to prepare a similar universal work, which will take into account bibliographic aids.

Thus, in the direction of bibliography, which is an integral part of the retrospective national bibliography of the Russian Federation, the department produces both universal and sectoral bibliographic manuals, varying the methodology and form of presentation depending on the specifics of the material being bibliographed.

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