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Political map of the world: history and modernity. Geography teacher, Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 5”, Shelekhova Elena Vasilievna PetrovaSlide 2
The process of forming a modern political map of the world has been going on for many millennia, starting with the emergence of the first state formations. It can be divided into several stages, and their chronology and name do not coincide with the names of the stages adopted in the textbook, since political and economic development are not always adequate.
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1. Political map of the era of the ancient world (before the 5th century AD) About 10 thousand years ago in the history of mankind, the greatest event took place, which received the worthy name of revolution. This “gray-haired” revolution had two important features. Firstly, a person has turned from a simple consumer into a producer. Secondly, the duration of the revolution itself is unusual. It lasted for several thousand years!
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Where did the first centers of agriculture arise? Centers of origin of cultivated plants Areas of origin of cultivated plants and domestic animals
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It is clearly seen that all the first centers were located in the foothills and mountains, and only a few thousand years later the river valleys were covered by “agricultural civilization.” Further, also at intervals of several thousand years, agriculture “stepped” onto the coasts of inland seas, and even later, the oceans.
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A particularly important role belongs to the so-called great river civilizations that arose several thousand years BC.
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2. Political map of the Middle Ages (V – XVI centuries) In parallel with the development of agriculture, there was also the formation of such a type of economic activity as craft. Gradually, the main directions were formed: the manufacture of tools, the production of textiles, smelting and processing of metals. By the beginning of the 16th century, the first manufactories appeared, which gradually replaced crafts. The development of crafts and manufacturing gave rise to trade.
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By the middle of the 15th century, all the necessary prerequisites for future geographical discoveries had “ripened.”
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3. Political map of the era of modern history. (from the 17th to the 19th centuries) The main content of this era from the point of view of the political map is associated with great geographical discoveries. The discovery of the New World and the formation of colonial empires constitute the essence of changes on the political map.
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4. Political map of the era of modern history (first half of the 20th century). This period included many historical events that were directly reflected on the political map. Suffice it to say about the world's first socialist state - Soviet Russia, two world wars, the formation of the world system of socialism, and the beginning of the collapse of the colonial system. And all this happened in just half a century.
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5. Political map of the modern era (mid-20th century – present). The collapse of the colonial system occurred (by the end of the century only a few colonies remained, and even then most of them acquired a different status). By the end of the 80s, it became clear that world socialism was experiencing a severe crisis. By the 90s, the world system of socialism collapsed, accompanied by the collapse of federal states - the USSR, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia.
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The most important form of organization of the state is the state system. GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM Monarchy is a form of government in which supreme state power belongs to one person and is inherited. A republic is a form of government in which all the highest bodies of government are either elected or formed. Parliamentary Presidential Mixed Absolute Constitutional Theocratic SPECIAL FORM OF GOVERNMENT States within the Commonwealth - an association between Great Britain and its former colonies, unites 50 countries, in 16 of them the British Queen is recognized, in place her power is represented by the Governor General or Prime Minister Confederation - a union of Canons
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Political map of the world Pishchaeva L.V., teacher of special disciplines at State Budgetary Educational Institution NTVT
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1. Political map of the world The place of countries in the modern world, their form of government and government structure is reflected by a political map. Moreover, the concept of “political map” is very capacious. The study of all its aspects in dynamics, in historical sequence, is of particular interest to historians, political scientists, geographers and other specialists. The political map of the world is characterized by high dynamism. It reflects the main political and geographical changes, including: the formation of new independent states, a change in their political status, the merger of some states with others, the loss or acquisition of statehood (political sovereignty) by countries and territories, changes in the area of states, their borders, replacement capitals, changing the names of states and their capitals, changing forms of government, etc. Most of these elements make up the main content of a geographical map called “Political Map of the World”.
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2. Changes on the political map of the world Changes on the political map are quantitative (typical to a greater extent in the early stages of the formation of the modern political map) and qualitative. Changes on the political map of the world Quantitative changes: the annexation of newly discovered lands (in the past - colonies) to the state; territorial gains or losses after wars; unification or disintegration of states; voluntary concessions (exchange) by countries of land plots, etc. Qualitative changes: the country’s acquisition of political sovereignty; the introduction of different forms of government and government from the previously existing ones; formation of interstate associations and political unions, etc. Quantitative changes in recent years have been accompanied by qualitative ones and are increasingly giving way to them. This is the essence of modern processes.
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3. Stages of formation of the political map of the world I Ancient period (before the 5th century AD) Existence of ancient states: Egypt, Carthage, Greece, Rome II Medieval period (V-XIV centuries) Emergence of new large states: Byzantium, England, France, Spain, Holy Roman Empire, Kievan Rus III Modern times (XV-XIX centuries) Age of Discovery, European colonial expansion IV Modern period (XX-early XXI centuries)
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2. Stages of formation of the political map of the world IV The newest period (XX-early XXI centuries) 1) 1900 - 1938: 1918 - the end of the First World War 1922 - the formation of the USSR, the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, the formation of Poland, Finland, the emergence of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the expansion of the colonial possessions of Great Britain, France, Belgium, Japan; 2) 1939 – 1980s: 1945 – the end of the Second World War and the emergence of socialist states; 1949 – division of Germany, emergence of the Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR; 1945-48 - collapse of the colonial system in Asia; 1950-60s - collapse of the colonial system in Africa; 1960 – “year of Africa”: 17 African states gained independence (Chad, Congo, Cameroon, Mauritania, Gabon, etc.);
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2. Stages of formation of the political map of the world IV Recent period (XX-early XXI centuries) 3) 1989 – present: 1989-90 - “velvet” revolutions in Eastern Europe; 1990 - Namibia gained independence, the unification of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, the collapse of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia); 1991 - collapse of the USSR, formation of the CIS, cessation of the activities of the Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO), the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA); 1993 - collapse of Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic, Slovakia), formation of the state of Eritrea, restoration of the monarchy in Cambodia 1997 - return of Hong Kong (Hong Kong) to the jurisdiction of China; 2000 - return of Macau (Aomen) to the jurisdiction of China; 2002 - Gaining sovereignty by the state of East Timor, Switzerland joining the UN; March 18, 2014 - signing of an interstate agreement on the admission of the Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation and the establishment of two new entities within Russia - the federal city of Sevastopol and the Republic of Crimea.
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3. Typology of countries Currently, there are 230 countries on the political map. With such a huge number, there is a need for their differentiation, which can be done on the basis of various indicators. All countries of the world differ in: geographical location; size of the territory; the size and national composition of the population; by form of government; according to government structure; by level of socio-economic development. Of the 230 countries in the world, 190 are sovereign - politically independent states with independence in internal and external affairs. The rest are non-self-governing territories, such as colonies, protectorates, and so-called overseas departments.
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3. Typology of countries 1. According to geographical location, they are distinguished: island (Indonesia, Japan, Cuba); mainland (Union of Australia, Canada, China); having access to the sea (Norway, Republic of Korea, Venezuela); landlocked (Mongolia, Chad, Kazakhstan); 2. By size of territory: very large (Russia, Canada, China); large; average; small; “microstate” (Andorra, Liechtenstein, San Marino).
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The largest countries in the world by territory No. Country Area, km2 1 Russia 17,102,345 2 Canada 9,976,139 3 China 9,640,821 4 USA 9,522,057 5 Brazil 8,511,965 6 Australia 7,686,850 7 India 3,287,590 8 Argentina 2 766,890 9 Kazakhstan 2,724,900 10 Algeria 2,381,740
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No. Country Area, km2 11 DR Congo 2,345,410 12 Saudi Arabia 2,218,000 13 Mexico 1,972,550 14 Indonesia 1,904,556 15 Sudan 1,886,068 16 Libya 1,759,540 17 Iran 1,648,000 18 Mongolia 1 564 116 19 Peru 1 285 220 20 Chad 1,284,000
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3. Typology of countries 3. By national composition of the population: single-national (Japan), multinational (Russia, USA, China). 4. By form of government: constitutional monarchies - Norway, Sweden, Great Britain; absolute - Japan, Saudi Arabia theocratic - Vatican. presidential republics - Egypt, Türkiye, France; parliamentary - most countries of Western Europe. 5. By population: From the largest with a population of more than 100 million people to small ones with a population of less than 1 million.
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The largest countries in the world by population No. Country Population, people 1 China 1,355,692,576 2 India 1,236,344,631 3 USA 318,892,103 4 Indonesia 253,609,643 5 Brazil 202,656,788 6 Pakistan 196,174,380 7 Nigeria 177 15 5 754 8 Bangladesh 166,280,712 9 Russia 146,270,033 10 Japan 127,103,388
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The largest countries in the world by population No. Country Population, people 11 Mexico 120,286,655 12 Philippines 107,668,231 13 Ethiopia 96,633,458 14 Vietnam 93,421,835 15 Egypt 86,895,099 16 Turkey 81,619,392 17 Germany 80 99 6 685 18 Iran 80 840 713 19 DR Congo 77 433 744 20 Thailand 67 741 401
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6. By government structure: federal - India, Russia; unitary - Hungary, France. 7. By level of socio-economic development: economically developed countries: “Big Seven” (GDP per capita 20-30 thousand dollars) - Japan, USA, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada; Western European countries; Countries of settler capitalism - Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel. developing countries: key countries (have enormous potential, but GDP per capita is $350) - India, Brazil, Mexico. Latin American countries - Argentina, Chile, Venezuela. new industrial countries - “Asian Tigers” - Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong. oil-exporting countries of the Persian Gulf (GDP from 10 to 20 thousand dollars) - Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Iran, Iraq.
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Countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, where GDP is less than $1,000 per year per person. Countries with GDP from 100 to 300 dollars per year. This group includes a total of 40 countries with a population of 600 million people. Countries with economies in transition. By many indicators, this includes former socialist countries. At the same time, the so-called “newly industrialized countries” are also highlighted: Singapore, Taiwan and the Republic of Korea, as well as the “second wave” NIS - Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia. Their economic indicators generally correspond to those of industrialized countries, but there are also features common to all developing countries. Between these two very different subgroups lies a core but very diverse group of developing states. On the one hand, it includes: India, Brazil, Mexico, which have a high status even in the world frame of reference, as well as rich “oil exporting countries” (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE). On the other hand, countries such as Angola, Ghana, Zambia are lower in level of development to the “least developed” group.
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The main objects of the political map of the world The main objects of the political map of the world are the sovereign states of the world and non-self-governing territories. Thus, in 1900 there were only 55 sovereign states on the globe. At the same time, there was a huge British colonial empire and a smaller French one. They retained their possessions after the First World War. Other states also had colonies - Japan, the USA, the Netherlands, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, Spain. The collapse of the colonial system of imperialism after the Second World War and the rapid growth of national liberation movements (the struggle of peoples for independence) radically changed the political map of the world. Thus, on the eve of the Second World War there were 71 sovereign states in the world, in 1947 there were 81, and by 1995 about 190 countries already had sovereignty.
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State sovereignty is the fullness of the legislative, executive and judicial power of the state on its territory, excluding any foreign power; non-subordination of the state to the authorities of foreign states in the sphere of international communication, except in cases of explicit and voluntary consent on the part of the state to limit its sovereignty. In principle, the sovereignty of a state is always complete and exclusive. This is one of the inalienable properties of the state. The concept of state sovereignty underlies such generally recognized principles of international law as the principle of sovereign equality of states, the principle of mutual respect for state sovereignty, the principle of non-interference of states in each other’s internal affairs, etc. Along with sovereign states, there are more than 30 non-self-governing territories in the modern world. They can be divided into two groups: colonies officially included in the UN list (a list of territories that are specifically subject to the UN requirement for independence); territories, in fact colonies, but not included in the UN list, since, according to the states governing them, they are: “overseas departments”, “overseas territories”, “freely associated states”, etc.
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Reference materials (terms): Colony - (from Latin colonia - settlement) a country or territory under the authority of a foreign state (mother country), deprived of political and economic independence and governed on the basis of a special regime. A protectorate is one of the forms of colonial dependence, in which the protected state retains only some independence in internal affairs, and its external relations, defense, etc. are carried out at its own discretion by the metropolitan state. Dominion - (English dominion - possession, power), states within the British Empire that recognized the English king as head (Canada since 1867, Commonwealth of Australia since 1901, New Zealand since 1907, Union of South Africa since 1910 .). After the formation of the British Commonwealth (Commonwealth), the term "dominion" fell out of use.
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Mandate territories are the general name for the former colonies of Germany and some possessions of the Ottoman Empire, transferred after World War I by the League of Nations to be administered by the victorious countries on the basis of a mandate. After World War II, the mandate system was replaced by the UN trusteeship system. Trust territories are dependent territories, the management of which has been transferred by the UN to a state (“international trusteeship” - a system of governance carried out on behalf and under the leadership of the UN). Examples: before these territories gained independence - the Caroline and Marshall Islands - were under the guardianship of the United States, part of the Caroline Islands - the Palau Islands were under the trusteeship of the UN. Condominium - co-ownership, joint exercise of supreme power over the same territory by two or more states (from 1899 to 1956 - Sudan was the Anglo-Egyptian co-ownership).
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Lesson topic: Countries on the political map of the world. Purpose: To get acquainted with the classification of states.
Topic: Countries on the political map of the world. A state is a sovereign entity that has supreme power on its territory and independence in relations with other states. There are 230 states in the world, of which 194 have sovereignty, the rest are “fragments” of the former colonial empires of Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, and the USA.
Classification of states: I. According to S: A. Giant states (S> 3 million km²): Russia S =17075 thousand km² Canada S =9976 thousand km² China S =9572 thousand km² USA S =9328 thousand km² Brazil S =8512 thousand km² Australia S =7687 thousand km² India S =3288 thousand km²
Classification of states: I. By S: B. Average (S
Classification of states: I. According to S: D. Dwarf states: Vatican – “city state”. S =0.44 km²; Population=932 people The language of official documents is Latin. Center of the Catholic Church., Empire of the Pope. Form of government - TM. Army – 100 people. The monetary unit is the euro. Andorra is “the gate through which the wind blows.” S =468 km²; Population=71 thousand people. The capital is Andorra la Vella. Official languages are Spanish, French, Catalan. Form of government - KM (principality). The monetary unit is the euro.
Classification of states: I. By S: D. Dwarf states: Malta. S =316 km²; Population=400 thousand people The capital is Valletta. The official language is English, Maltese. Since 1800 - a colony of Great Britain, now a British naval base. Form of government - R. (part of the Commonwealth of States headed by Great Britain). The monetary unit is the Maltese lira. San Marino. S =60.6 km²; Population=27 thousand people The capital is San Marino. The date of foundation is September 3, 301, the status of the state has been since 1670. The official language is Italian. Form of government - R. Monetary unit - Maltese lira.
Classification of states: I. By S: D. Dwarf states: Monaco. S =1.6 km²; Population=32 thousand people. The capital is Monaco. The official language is French. Form of government - KM (principality). The monetary unit is the euro. Liechtenstein. S =158 km²; Population=33 thousand people. The capital is Vaduz. The official language is German. Form of government - KM (principality). Does not have an Army. Represented on the world stage by Switzerland. The monetary unit is the Swiss mark.
Classification of states: I. According to S: D. Dwarf states: Singapore – “port city”. S =60 km²; Population = 4492 thousand people. The capital is Singapore. Since 1965, the form of government has been R. The official languages are Malay, English, Chinese. The currency is the Singapore dollar.
Classification of states: II. By population: 1. China – 13 38 million people. 2. India – 1,156 million people. 3. USA – 307 million people. 4. Indonesia – 24 0 million people. 5. Brazil – 1.98 million people. 6. Pakistan – 1 74 million people. 7. Bangladesh – 1.56 million people. 8. Nigeria – 149 million people. 9. Russia 10. Japan – 127 million people. 11. Mexico – 111 million people.
Classification of states: III. By geographical location Coastal Peninsular Island Archipelagic countries Landlocked (42)
Level of socio-economic development of the state. It is based on the GDP indicator. Gross domestic product is an indicator characterizing the value of all final products produced in a given country in one year. HDI (human development index) – level of per capita income of people, life expectancy, level of education. According to the level of socio-economic development, all states can be divided into developed and developing.
Developed countries: “Big Seven” - USA, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain, Canada (countries account for about 50% of world GDP and industrial production, over 25% of agricultural products. GDP per capita ranges from 20 to 40 thousand dollars or more). Smaller countries of Western Europe. Non-European countries - Australia, New Zealand and South Africa (former settler colonies of Great Britain) and Israel.
Developing countries: “Key countries” - India, Brazil, Mexico, China. Developing countries that have reached a relatively high level of socio-economic development and have a per capita GDP of 10 to 15 thousand dollars (Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Venezuela, Algeria...) New industrial countries. Oil-exporting countries (GDP thanks to the “petrodollar” reaches from 10 to 20 thousand dollars) - Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Libya, Brunei. Economically lagging countries (GDP
Countries with economies in transition: Post-socialist countries. 12 former socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Mongolia.
V. According to the form of government. Form of government Monarchy Republic of Jamahiriya Commonwealth of states led by Great Britain Absolute monarchy Constitutional monarchy Theocratic monarchy Presidential Parliamentary
V. According to the form of government. Monarchy is a form of government in which the head of state is considered to be an emperor, king, duke, prince, sultan, etc. This supreme power is inherited. In a constitutional monarchy, legislative power belongs to parliament, and executive power to the government, while the monarch himself, one might say, “reigns but does not rule.” The monarchical system is preserved in them as millennia, a tradition reminiscent of the former greatness of the “crown”. AM: Brunei (sultanate), UAE (federation of emirates, head of state - sheikh), Qatar (emirate), Kuwait (emirate), Saudi Arabia (king and head of local Muslims), Oman (sultanate). KM: Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Japan, Spain...). TM: Vatican (Benedict XVI).
V. According to the form of government. A republic is a form of government in which the highest legislative power belongs to the elected representative body - the parliament, and the executive power - to the government. The birthplace of the republican system is Europe (San Marino). Parliamentary republic: Germany, Italy, India... Presidential republic - Russian Federation, USA, France... Jamahiriya (from Arabic "state of the masses") - a regime of people's power in the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Muammar Gaddafi). Commonwealth of States, led by Great Britain: Canada, Australia, New Zealand...).
VI. According to the form of administrative-territorial structure. Form of administrative-territorial structure Unitary state Federation Confederation
VI. According to the form of administrative-territorial structure. A unitary state (translated from Latin as “unity”) has a form of administrative-territorial structure in which the country has a single legislative and executive power (Belarus, France, Great Britain, Egypt...). A federal state (from the Latin “union”) has a form of administrative-territorial structure in which, along with unified (federal) laws and authorities, there are separate self-governing territorial units (republics, provinces, lands, states, etc.) own legislative, executive and judicial authorities (RF, USA, Canada, Nigeria...). A confederation is a union of sovereigns that create common legislative bodies to solve a number of common problems (mutual defense, foreign relations, state security, financing, etc.).
Modern political map of the world Completed by: Bardina Anna teacher Naidenkova S.A Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 1
Stages of formation of the political map of the world Ancient (before the 5th century AD) the emergence and collapse of the first states. Medieval (V - X VI centuries) - the emergence of large feudal states in Europe and Asia New (X VI - XI X centuries) - the formation of a colonial empire. Newest (first half of the 20th century) – formation of socialist countries, collapse of the colonial system Modern (second half of the 20th century – modern period)
Changes on the map Quantitative Qualitative Territorial acquisitions, losses, voluntary concessions change of formations conquest of sovereignty introduction of a new state structure
Level of socio-economic development. Expressed through the indicator of GDP and HDI Economically developed countries G7 countries (GDP - 20 - 30 thousand dollars) Smaller countries of Western Europe (GDP, as in the G7 countries) Countries of settler capitalism (dominions of Great Britain)
Countries with economies in transition Former socialist countries: 1. Eastern Europe (Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Bulgaria...) They can be classified as economically developed countries 2. Post-socialist and socialist countries (Laos, Vietnam..). They can be classified as developing countries
Developing countries Key countries – have great natural, human and economic potential. GDP $350. Countries of Latin America, Asia, North Africa. GDP 1000 dollars. NIS – new industrial countries – “Asian tigers” Oil-exporting countries of the Persian Gulf. GDP 20 - 30 thousand dollars. “Classical” developing countries lagging behind in their development, with a per capita GDP of less than 1 thousand dollars per year. Most countries in Africa, as well as Asia and Latin America. Least developed countries "fourth world" 47 countries with a GDP of 100 - 300 dollars per year. Ethiopia, Haiti, Bangladesh...
There are more than 200 countries and territories on the PKM, of which more than 190 are sovereign states, among them the following can be distinguished: - BY TERRITORY SIZE Countries are giants, with an area of more than 3 million. km 2 (Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India) “Large countries”, their area is more than 500 thousand km 2 (France, Spain..), an area of more than 1 million. km 2 (Sudan, Algeria, Libya..) Microstates – having a small San Marino, Liechtenstein area (Vatican City, Singapore..)
BY POPULATION Giant countries with a population of over 100 million people (China, India, USA, Brazil, Indonesia, Russia...) Medium-sized countries (Algeria, Mexico...) 3. Small countries, microstates, with a population of 10 - 30 thousand people or less (Vatican, San Marino, Monaco...)
BY GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION With a coastal location (Mexico, Argentina, Congo, Saudi Arabia, Poland, Russia..) 2. Peninsular (Italy, India, Portugal, Korea, Denmark..) 3. Island (Great Britain, Cuba, Iceland, Madagascar, ..) 4. Inland countries (42 states are deprived of access to the ocean: Mongolia, Austria, Czech Republic, Chad, Rwanda...)
By form of government 1. Republic – ¾ of all countries in the world Presidential Parliamentary Mixed USA, Argentina, Brazil, Russia, Venezuela, Costa Rica Germany, Italy, Israel, India, Ireland France, Portugal, Finland
2. Monarchies There are 30 of them in the world: Oceania 2 Asia 13 Africa 3 Europe 12 Constitutional “reigns” but does not rule Absolute “reigns” and rules Theocratic “theos” given from God Great Britain, Belgium, Norway, Spain Saudi Arabia, Oman, Kuwait , UAE Vatican,
3. States within the Commonwealth of 15 countries, former dominions of Great Britain, formally the head of state is the Queen of Great Britain, represented by the Governor General
4. Represented by Libya alone Officially Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamaheria (state of the masses)
According to the characteristics of the territorial government structure Unitary Unified legislative and executive power Federal Along with uniform laws, there are separate self-governing units Confederation Temporary Union Great Britain, Italy, Japan Russia, India, Nigeria 22 states in total Switzerland - a union of sovereign states, a union of independent cantons
Political geography Formation of the political map of the world and its individual regions Changes in political boundaries Features of the state system Political parties, groupings and blocs Territorial aspects of mass election campaigns GEOPOLITICS - expresses state policy primarily in relation to the borders of the country and its interaction with others, primarily neighboring countries
Complete the task: According to the form of government system, countries are: A) monarchies B) democracies C) federations D) republics According to the form of state territorial structure, countries are divided into: A) theocratic B) totalitarian C) federal D) unitary The Commonwealth of Nations is an interstate association headed by : A) Russia B) Great Britain C) France D) USA
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Formation of the political map of the world Belyaeva L.E. Geography teacher MBOU Lyceum No. 15 PYATIGORSK GEOGRAPHY
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Plan Introduction to the lesson topic. Stages of formation of a political map. Modern changes on the political map. Changes on the political map: quantitative, qualitative.
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Many have wondered - how many countries are there in the world? There are (2014) 194 (Vatican and UN members) independent states in the world. Despite the fact that the UN has recognized the Vatican, it is not part of it. There are more countries in the world than states, since the concept of “country” is broader and larger than the concept of “state”. There are now 262 countries in the world. Many countries do not want to recognize other states as “independent”. Such states are called “unrecognized”; now there are 12 of them. There are also many territories in the world with an uncertain status. There are also 62 dependent territories. Despite the fact that they do not have state status, unrecognized states, dependent territories and territories with an uncertain status are countries.
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Stages of formation of the political map I Ancient period (before the 5th century AD) Existence of ancient states: Egypt, Carthage, Greece, Rome II Medieval period (V-XIV centuries) Emergence of new large states: Byzantium, England, France, Spain, Holy Roman Empire, Kievan Rus III Modern times (XV-XIX centuries) Age of Great Geographical Discovery, European colonial expansion. By the beginning of the 20th century. The division of territories was completely completed, only violent redistribution became possible.
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IV Modern period (XX-beginning of the XXI century) 1) 1900 - 1938: 1918 - end of the First World War 1922 - formation of the USSR, collapse of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, formation of Poland, Finland, emergence of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, expansion of the colonial possessions of Great Britain, France, Belgium, Japan Stages of formation of the political map
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2) 1939 - 1980s: 1945 - the end of the Second World War and the emergence of socialist states 1949 - the division of Germany, the emergence of the Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR 1945-48 - the collapse of the colonial system in Asia 1950-60s - the collapse colonial system in Africa 1960 - “year of Africa”: 17 African states gained independence (Chad, Congo, Cameroon, Mauritania, Gabon, etc.) IV Modern period (XX-early XXI centuries) Stages of formation of the political map
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3) 1989 - present: 1989-90 - “velvet” revolutions in Eastern Europe 1990 independence of Namibia, unification of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, collapse of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia) 1991: collapse USSR, formation of the CIS, termination of the activities of the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO), Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) Stages of formation of the political map
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4) In 1991-1992, four of the six union republics (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia) separated from the SFRY. At the same time, UN peacekeeping forces were introduced into the territory of first Bosnia and Herzegovina, and then the autonomous region of Kosovo Stages of formation of the political map
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The Collapse of Yugoslavia is the general name for the events of 1991-2008, as a result of which the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was divided into six independent countries and one partially recognized state. On February 17, 2008, the independence of the Republic of Kosovo from Serbia was unilaterally declared.
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5) 1993: collapse of Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic, Slovakia) formation of the state of Eritrea restoration of the monarchy in Cambodia 1997: return of Hong Kong (Hong Kong) to the jurisdiction of China 2000: return of Macau (Aomen) to the jurisdiction of China 2002: Obtaining sovereignty state East Timor Switzerland's accession to the UN Stages of the formation of a political map
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Stages of formation of the political map The Supreme Council of the Republic of South Ossetia (RSO) declared the independence of the republic on May 29, 1992, during the armed conflict with Georgia. Abkhazia declared independence after the 1992-1993 war with Georgia. Its constitution, in which the republic was declared a sovereign state and a subject of international law, was adopted by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Abkhazia on November 26, 1994. The declaration of independence of the republics did not cause a wide international response; until the second half of the 2000s, these states were not recognized by anyone. In 2006, Abkhazia and South Ossetia recognized each other's independence; in addition, their independence was recognized by the unrecognized Transnistria. The situation with international recognition changed after the war in South Ossetia in August 2008. After the conflict, the independence of both republics was recognized by Russia. In response, the Georgian parliament adopted a resolution “On the occupation of the territories of Georgia by the Russian Federation.” After these events, there was a reaction from other countries and international organizations recognizing the independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. 6). SOUTH OSSETIA. ABKHAZIA
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Annexation (return) of Crimea Annexation of Crimea to Russia (2014) - inclusion in the Russian Federation of most of the territory of the Crimean peninsula, which after the collapse of the USSR became part of independent Ukraine and was controlled by it until 2014, with the formation of two new subjects of the Federation - the Republic of Crimea and the federal city meanings of Sevastopol.
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