The Sprut-SD self-propelled anti-tank gun is quite complex, so we will limit ourselves to mentioning only its main stages. In the 1970s Research and development work was carried out to create a new generation self-propelled anti-tank gun (SPTG). The airborne troops, in particular, showed interest in a self-propelled armored vehicle with a powerful anti-tank gun. An analysis of trends in the development of foreign armored vehicles, carried out at the 3rd Central Research Institute of the USSR Ministry of Defense, showed that the effectiveness of the anti-tank weapons available in the Airborne Forces is no longer sufficient to combat enemy tanks, which he will inevitably use to combat airborne assaults. While the Ground Forces can use main battle tanks to combat enemy armored vehicles, this is impossible in parachute landings. The capabilities of military transport aviation and landing equipment allow the use of vehicles with a maximum weight of about 18 tons as part of a parachute landing.
By that time, R&D had already been completed to create a light tank (code “Judge”), armed with a 100-mm rifled cannon and adapted for airborne landings; work was underway at VgTZ on a light tank on the “Yacht” theme. But the project of a light amphibious tank, as is known, was stopped at the same time when R&D for the Bakhcha BMD was set.
Meanwhile, research conducted by TsNIITOCHMASH specialists showed the fundamental possibility of moving from a 100 mm anti-tank gun caliber (based on the ballistics and ammunition of the serial T-12 smoothbore gun) to a 125 mm caliber. Experiments with a prototype on the BMP-2 chassis confirmed that a gun with the ballistics of the 125-mm D-81 smoothbore tank gun can be installed on a light carrier, subject to certain modifications to the artillery unit. Since 1982, TsNIITOCHMASH has conducted research into the possibility of creating an airborne self-propelled anti-tank gun, maximally unified in terms of artillery with an easel gun. Based on these results, the protocol of the Commission of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated July 29, 1983 ordered preliminary studies to determine the possibility of creating a 125-mm SPTP for the Airborne Forces on standardized chassis components of a promising airborne combat vehicle.
Initially, it was assumed that the SPTP would not only solve the tasks of combating enemy tanks and armored vehicles, but also fire at its manpower and firepower, support airborne units with direct fire during an attack on a captured target, and act directly in the combat formations of airborne combat vehicles during attack and when repelling an enemy attack on the march. This required the SPTP to have the qualities of a light tank and appropriate ammunition, but the term “light tank” was no longer used. The work was carried out under the auspices of the GRAU, which, unlike the GBTU, could not deal with “tanks”. Of course, specialists from VgTZ and OKB-9 of Uralmashzavod (plant No. 9, Sverdlovsk, now Yekaterinburg), the manufacturer of the 125-mm tank gun, also participated in the research.
The experience of creating a light tank nevertheless provided the basis for starting work on the SPTP. Through GBTU and GRAU, a prototype of the “Object 934” (“Judge”) tank was transferred to TsNIITOCHMASH. On this chassis in 1983-1984. and produced an experimental model of an airborne 125-mm self-propelled anti-tank gun. The installation of a gun in a fixed wheelhouse (as in previous Soviet anti-tank self-propelled guns, including the airborne ASU-57 and SU-85) was abandoned, as was the remote installation of weapons. The new SPTP was developed with the installation of a gun in a manned rotating armored turret. In the turret version, the gun was initially equipped with a muzzle brake and a two-plane stabilizer. However, the muzzle brake had to be eliminated - not so much because of shells with a detachable tray and deployable tail (this problem was solved by the corresponding profile of the muzzle brake), but because of the presence of an ATGM round in the ammunition: the release of hot powder gases from the side windows of the brake could lead to loss of missile control. The muzzle brake also created a muzzle wave directed to the sides and back, but the gun was supposed to operate in combat formations of paratroopers, possibly with troops on the armor. In addition, during this research work, the composition of the instrument complex and the circuits of stabilized guidance drives in the fire control system were substantiated.
Experimental firing carried out in 1984 at the training ground of the 38th Research Institute in Kubinka showed that the maximum overloads acting on the crew (crew members) during the shot, angular movements of the hull and excess pressure in the area of the trunnions did not exceed permissible standards, residual waste and there was no penetration of the suspension, while the accuracy of fire was at the level of standard tank systems.
By decision of the Military-Industrial Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on June 20, 1985, the design and development work was set to create a 125-mm self-propelled anti-tank gun, which was assigned the code “Sprut-SD”. VgTZ was appointed as the lead contractor; TsNIITOCHMASH (Klimovsk, Moscow region) and VNIITRANSMASH (Leningrad) were entrusted with scientific and technical coordination of work and participation in the technical and economic assessment. The new car received the index “Object 952”.
OKB-9 of Uralmashzavod, Central Design Bureau of the Krasnogorsk Plant named after. S.A. Zverev", Central Design Bureau "Peleng" (Minsk), VNII "Signal" (Kovrov), Instrument Engineering Design Bureau (Tula), Volgograd Shipyard, NIMI (Moscow). In February 1986, the Moscow aggregate plant "Universal" was given a tactical and technical specification for the creation of landing equipment to ensure the landing of the Sprut-SD SPTP with a crew of three people inside. Research institutes of the Ministry of Defense also participated in the work.
OKB-9 of Uralmashzavod was simultaneously working on a towed, self-propelled version of the 125-mm Sprut-B anti-tank gun; it entered service in 1989 under the designation 2A-45M. The installation of a 125-mm cannon on the GAZ-5923 wheeled chassis, the future BTR-90, was also considered.
From the discovery of R&D on the topic “Octopus-SD” to the adoption of SPTP into service, no more, no less, twenty years have passed. Among the main reasons for this temporary gap are the more than once mentioned collapse of the USSR and the collapse of the country's economy. In addition to the withdrawal of government orders and a sharp drop in funding for the defense industry, the collapse of previous production ties also had a very negative impact. Thus, the Bug sight-guidance device was developed in Belarus, where separatist sentiments prevailed for some time.
And yet, by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated September 26, 2005 No. 1502-r and by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation dated January 9, 2006, the 125-mm self-propelled anti-tank gun 2S25 "Sprut-SD" was put into service. The order for SPTP 2S25 was received by VgTZ.
Of course, vehicles like the 2S25 Sprut-SD are not capable of replacing main battle tanks. However, light-weight vehicles, similar to tanks in their firepower, but with high air mobility and the ability to land from the air or sea, are necessary for quick reaction forces in modern conflicts. Work on them has been going on for a long time in different countries, but Sprut-SD is practically the first in world practice to implement an airborne weapon system with the firepower of a main battle tank (most foreign developments in this category use guns, albeit of “tank” calibers, but of reduced ballistics).
The 2S25 combat vehicle is configured according to the classical design with a front control compartment, a middle combat compartment with weapons and crew located in a rotating turret, and a rear MTO. The commander and gunner are placed in the turret in a combat position; during landing and in the stowed position, they are located on universal seats in the control compartment - respectively, to the right and left of the driver.
The 125 mm 2A75 smoothbore gun installed in the turret provides firepower at the level of tanks of the T-72, T-80, T-90 families. The gun barrel length is 6000 mm, the gun weight is 2350 kg. The entire range of separate-case-loading rounds for 125-mm tank guns can be used for firing, including rounds with armor-piercing sabot shells with a detachable tray and with the 9M119 ATGM (3UBK14 round), launched through the gun barrel. ATGM control is semi-automatic, using a laser beam. Armor penetration - 700-770 mm with overcoming dynamic protection. Rate of fire - 7 rounds/min.
Installing a 125-mm high-ballistic gun, intended for a combat vehicle weighing about 40 tons, on a product weighing 18 tons, and even in a turret version, required a number of special design solutions. In addition to increasing the length of the rollback by more than double - up to 740 mm (compared to 310-340 mm for the 125-mm main battle tank gun), the hull of the carrier vehicle itself was also rolled back due to the operation of the hydropneumatic suspension of the chassis. Before the recoil impulse affects the crew and mechanisms, the gun rolls back relative to the turret and the hull rolls back relative to the lower branches of the tracks resting on the ground. The result is a kind of double recoil, absorbing the recoil energy of a powerful weapon - similar to what was done previously, for example, in railway artillery transporters. The nonlinear characteristics and high energy consumption of the air suspension of the chassis, as well as the inherently large dynamic stroke of the rollers, played a role here. When the body rolls back, it “squats” somewhat, while the length of the supporting surface of the tracks increases, which contributes to the stability of the SPTP when fired.
Coaxed with the cannon is a 7.62-mm PKT (PKTM) machine gun with 2,000 rounds of ammunition loaded into belts. Vertical guidance angles - from -5 to +15°, when turning aft - from -3 to +17°. The weapon installation is stabilized in two planes. The fire control system includes a laser rangefinder and a digital ballistic computer.
SPTP 2S25 "Sprut-SD" with P260M landing equipment
The gunner's workplace is equipped with a 1A40-1M instrument complex, a TO1-KO1R "Buran-PA" night sight (complex) and TNPO-170 surveillance devices. The commander's seat is equipped with a combined sight-guidance device 1K13-ZS with a field of view stabilized in two planes, a night branch, a laser rangefinder, an ATGM control information channel, a backup ballistic device with communication channels with the ballistic computer of the gunner's sight, a system for entering aiming angles and lateral lead in position of the gun relative to the line of sight, an autonomous control panel for the automatic loader and guidance drives with the ability to quickly transfer control of the complex at the command of the commander from the gunner to the commander and vice versa. This ensures the interchangeability of commander and gunner. The magnification factor for the day channel of the 1K13-3S commander's sight is 1x, 4x and 8x, and for the night channel - 5.5x. For all-round visibility, the commander uses periscope observation devices TNPO-170, TNPT-1.
The gun's automatic loader includes: a rotating conveyor with 22 shots (shells and charges are placed in cassettes), a chain mechanism for lifting the cassette with shot elements, a mechanism for catching and removing spent pallets, a chain (two-way) rammer for shot elements from the cassette into the gun, a cover drive pallet ejection hatch and movable tray, electromechanical gun stopper at the loading angle and control unit. To obtain increased recoil, the automatic loader has a widened cassette lift frame, which includes parts of a mechanism for catching and removing spent pallets during recoil. The mechanism for catching and removing the pan is located on the end part of the gun breech with the possibility of delaying the pan. The mechanism is designed in such a way that it is possible to temporarily block the back side of the end part of the gun breech and, during the subsequent movement of the fired pan, to blow through the breech area with air from the cleaning system. The latter has an air duct from the filter-ventilation device to the gun breech area and to the crew workstations using a rotating air device. The shape and dimensions of the automatic loader conveyor allow crew members to move inside the vehicle from the fighting compartment to the control compartment along the sides of the hull.
SPTP 2S25 "Sprut-SD" after landing
The hull and turret of the SPTP 2S25 are made of aluminum armor alloy, the frontal part of the turret is reinforced with steel plates. An 81-mm installation of the 902V “Tucha” system is mounted on the tower. SPTP is equipped with a mass destruction protection system.
The MTO is equipped with a four-stroke multi-fuel diesel engine 2V-06-2C, developing a power of 510 hp, and an interlocked hydromechanical transmission. The transmission includes a hydrostatic steering mechanism and provides five forward speeds and the same number of reverse speeds.
The chassis includes seven road wheels on one side, four support rollers, and a rear-mounted drive wheel. High (28.3 hp/t) specific engine power in combination with hydropneumatic suspension and low specific ground pressure provided the vehicle with good driving characteristics.
The Sprut-SD overcomes water obstacles without additional equipment; afloat movement is ensured by two water cannons. The vehicle has good seaworthiness: in seas up to 3 points, it can not only overcome water obstacles on the move, but also conduct targeted fire in the forward sector of fire equal to ±35°.
SPTP 2S25 "Sprut-SD" is transported by military transport aircraft. Airdropping is carried out by parachute.
Performance characteristics of 2S25 "Sprut-SD"
Gross weight, t................................................... ....18
Crew, people................................................... ..........3
Air transportation.............by aircraft such as Il-76(M,MD), An-22
Height at working clearance, mm................................................... ......2720 (wind sensor - 2980)
Length with gun forward, mm...................9771
Body length, mm...................................7070
Width, mm........................................................ .....3152
Ground clearance, mm........................................ 100- 500 (working - 420)
Gun armament:
- brand................................................... .......2A75
- caliber (mm), type...............125, smoothbore
- loading...................................separate, automatic
- rate of fire, rds/min...................................7
machine gun:
-brand........................................PKT( PKTM)
- caliber, mm......................................................... ...7.62
Weapon pointing angles:
- along the horizon........................................................ ..360"
- vertically forward....................From -5" to +15"
- vertically back (to the stern)....... From -3 "to +17"
Ammunition:
- shots to the gun.........................40 (of which 22 are in the automatic loader)
- types of shots............ high-explosive fragmentation, cumulative, armor-piercing sub-caliber, PTURZUBK14 (launched through a gun barrel)
- cartridges........................................................ .....2000
Armor protection:
- frontal...................from 12.7 mm machine gun fire (in the sector ±40")
- circular........................ from fire of 7.62 mm weapons
Engine:
- type........................................four-stroke 6- cylinder diesel with gas tube turbocharging, direct fuel injection, liquid cooling
- brand................................................... ..2В-06-2С
- power, hp (kW) ........................510(375)
Transmission.........................hydromechanical, with hydrostatic turning mechanism
Suspension of road wheels............individual pneumatic
Caterpillar........................steel, double-ridged, lantern gear, with sequential rubber-metal hinges
Main track width
caterpillars, mm................................................... ....380
Water propulsion, type......hydrojet
Maximum speed, km/h:
- along the highway........................................................ ..70-71
- afloat................................................ ..........10
Average dry speed
dirt road, km/h........................47-49
Power reserve:
- along the highway, km................................................... ....500
- on a dirt road, km...................................350
- afloat, h................................................... .........10
Specific pressure on the ground, kg/cm2................0.53
Initially, it was planned to land using parachute-jet means. The development, designated P260, was carried out by the Universal plant (Moscow) together with the Research Institute of Parachute Engineering (Moscow, parachute system) and NPO Iskra (Perm, powder rocket engines). The basis was taken from the P235 parachute-jet systems, developed for landing the BMP-3; The base rocket unit was considered to be a braking rocket engine produced by NPO Iskra, borrowed from the soft landing system of a Soyuz-type descent spacecraft. The technical design of the PRS P260 for Sprut-SD was reviewed and defended in 1986.
Although several prototypes of the PRS were manufactured and a full cycle of preliminary ground tests were carried out, an analysis of the performance of the PRS revealed a large number of shortcomings, consisting, first of all, in the complexity and bulkiness of the design of the cassette unit of the PRS, the high cost of manufacturing and difficulty in operation. During preliminary flight tests, problems were identified in the operation of the selected parachute system. In addition, PRS required higher qualifications of maintenance personnel. And the difficult economic situation in the country that developed during the “market reforms” did not make it possible to provide braking propulsion systems even for testing the P260.
As a result, by a joint decision of the Air Force, Airborne Forces and MKPK "Universal" on May 30, 1994, the PRS version was canceled and the development of the "Sprut-PDS" equipment was approved in the version of a multi-dome parachute strapdown system with air shock absorption, maximally unified in operating principles, components and components with serial landing equipment PBS-950 for BMD-3. The parachute version of the Sprut-PDS landing equipment received the designation P260M. The differences in the design of the P260M from the PBS-950 are due to the increase in the mass and dimensions of the landing object itself.
The basis of the P-260M was the 14-dome parachute system MKS-350-14M (based on a unified block with a parachute with an area of 350 m2) with the VPS-14 exhaust parachute system and forced air shock absorption with a mechanical pressurization unit (unified with PBS-950) . The minimum landing altitude had to be increased from three hundred to four hundred meters specified in the technical specifications.
Here again the collapse of the complex system for developing airborne weapons, their landing equipment and military transport aircraft was revealed: by the time the SPTP 2S25 “Sprut-SD” was adopted into service, the P260M aircraft were only undergoing flight design tests, and the modernized Il-76MD-90 aircraft - flight tests.
Refinement of the 2S25 Sprut-SD design, which affected the external contours of the vehicle, required changes to the landing equipment. At the moment, the P260M landing equipment in the versions for landing the “Object 952” and “Object 952A” has been brought to the stage of state testing.
Features of the P260M include the absence of a central unit (the carriages for securing the cargo to the monorail are fixed directly to the vehicle body) and the introduction of a hydraulic system for orienting the landing object in the direction of the wind. In this case, the role of the guiderop is played by the front carriage, which is detached after the object exits the aircraft during landing. The suspension system includes an automatic release with a 12-second pyro-retardant. The weight of the landing equipment is in the range of 1802-1902 kg, which ensures the flight weight of the monocargo is about 20,000 kg.
It is possible to land one object from an Il-76 aircraft, and two from an Il-76M (MD). The landing altitude above the landing site is from 400 to 1500 m at an instrument flight speed of 300-380 km/h. Maximum vertical overload during landing is 15 g. To quickly bring the vehicle into combat readiness after landing, an accelerated unmooring system is used. Without its use, the time to free the vehicle from the landing equipment manually during testing did not exceed 3 minutes.
On March 25, 2010, as part of the exercises of the 76th Air Assault Division, SPTP 2S25 “Sprut-SD” and BMD-4M were successfully landed at the Kislovo landing site near Pskov as part of a parachute landing, including 14 units of military equipment. On August 25 of the same year, similar drops of Sprut-SD and BMD-4M were carried out on the Budikhino landing site near the city of Kostroma.
In the Pskov region, at the Strugi Krasnye training ground, during a meeting of the leadership of the artillery of the Airborne Forces, the capabilities of the latest self-propelled anti-tank gun (SPTP) "Sprut-SDM-1".
The demonstration of the capabilities of the promising combat complex was carried out with the participation of special and reconnaissance artillery units of the Pskov Airborne Division, which provided target designation and adjusted the fire of anti-tank weapons using Orlan-type UAVs, Aistenok* and Sobolyatnik** radar systems.
Self-propelled anti-tank gun 2S25M "Sprut-SDM-1" It is planned to replace the previous SPTP modification 2S25, which has been in service with the Airborne Forces for more than 10 years."Sprut-SDM1" was first demonstrated at the International Military-Technical Forum "Army-2015". The self-propelled gun is a development of the previous model 2S25 and after testing should enter service with the Airborne Forces. According to military experts, this self-propelled gun is the best in the world and significantly surpasses all available foreign analogues of this class.
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The main armament is a 125-mm 2A75M cannon, capable of firing armor-piercing sub-caliber, cumulative, high-explosive fragmentation shells and ammunition with remote detonation along the trajectory. In general, in terms of firepower, the Sprut-SDM1 corresponds to the level of the main Russian T-90MS tank and is capable of using anti-tank guided weapons at a range of up to 5,000 m. In total, the 2S25M ammunition load contains 40 rounds, including 22 in a mechanized ammunition rack.
In addition to the PKTM machine gun coaxial with the cannon, the modernized vehicle has another such machine gun in a remote-controlled installation on the turret. Thus, the vehicle commander was able to hit identified targets at a time when the main armament was already being used by the gunner-operator. The total ammunition load of machine guns is 2 thousand rounds.
The 2S25M fire control system also has a tank level. It includes the best in the world gunner-operator's sight "Sosna-U" with television and thermal imaging channels, as well as a panoramic sight of the PKP commander with similar channels. Both sights have the ability to automatically track a target. In case of damage to the main sights, an optical-electronic backup sight is used with a sighting line stabilized in the vertical plane and self-powered.
One of main differences of the new caris a guided weapon system (GW) with the latest missile capable of destroying a tank with dynamic protection at a distance of up to 6 km.
The newest product is fully integrated with a digital fire control system (FCS), which not only increases the shooting accuracy of the Sprut-SDM1, but also makes it possible to fire at low-flying and low-speed targets, such as enemy helicopters and unmanned aerial vehicles.
The new self-propelled gun received a modernized missile fired through the cannon barrel and created on the basis of the Invar-M shot. The shaped charge is located in the nose of the rocket and ensures the penetration of dynamic protection, including those made in the built-in version. The main shaped charge hits the target directly. To destroy fortified engineering structures, a version of the missile with a high-explosive thermobaric warhead has been developed.
During the modernization of the 125-mm self-propelled anti-tank gun for the Sprut-SDM1, a more advanced digital control system was installed with a combined gunner's sight with a night vision thermal imaging channel and an automatic target tracking system. In addition, the commander of "Sprut-SDM1" it became possible to fire from an additional machine gun mount, including the upper floors of buildings, dominant heights in mountainous areas and helicopters.
The modernized Sprut-SDM1 is unified in its components and assemblies with the recently adopted BMD-4M airborne combat vehicle. From this we can conclude that, like the newest BMD-4M, the Sprut-SDM1 has a seriously increased engine power, which significantly increases the mobility of the self-propelled gun both afloat and when moving over rough terrain.
Using modernized Invar-M rounds as part of its armament, the Sprut-SDM1 receives fundamentally new combat capabilities: the missile’s firing range is 2.5 times greater than the return fire range of any modern tanks, since the projectile flies 2000 m, and the anti-tank guided missile at 5,000 m. This allows you to win the battle before entering the effective fire zone of enemy tanks.
The combat vehicle has a chassis information and control system, which greatly facilitates operation and identification of emerging malfunctions. The latest communications complex has frequency modulation and technical masking. In terms of components and parts of the chassis, as well as in the engine and transmission compartment, the Sprut-SDM1 is unified with the BMD-4M airborne combat vehicle.
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Performance characteristics |
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Machine type |
tracked, armored, floating, parachuted with a crew inside the vehicle |
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Total combat weight, tons |
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Crew, people |
3 (commander, gunner-operator, driver) |
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Engine |
UTD-29, four-stroke diesel with direct fuel injection, liquid cooling, multi-fuel, dry sump, naturally aspirated |
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Maximum power (bench) at 2600 rpm, kW (hp) |
368 (500) |
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Travel speed, km/h: |
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On the highway, no less |
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Afloat, no less |
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Weapons: |
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125 mm smoothbore gun 2A75M Type of ammunition: OFS, BPS, KS and ATGM Automatic gun loading system from mechanized stowage Guided weapon semi-automatic missile system launched from a gun barrel and laser controlled Firing angles: Horizontal 360° Vertical -5 …+15° Aft -3…+17° Ammunition rounds - 40 pieces (22 in meanized stowage and 18 pieces in additional stowage) |
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7.62 mm PKTM machine gun, coaxial with a cannon |
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7.62 mm PKTM machine gun in remote installation Ammunition for machine guns - 2000 pcs. |
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* Portable counter-battery radar "Aistenok" capable of providing reconnaissance of enemy firing points, calculating the trajectories of shells or missiles and adjusting fire. The complex also allows you to control the airspace and monitor UAVs.
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At short distances, the Stork is capable of tracking mortar rounds with a caliber of 81 to 120 mm during the flight of a mine, determining the flight path and calculating the point of the shot and the impact of the projectile. The maximum detection range of mortars is limited to 5 thousand meters. At such distances, the Stork is able to very accurately determine the upward and downward flight paths of the mine and calculate the coordinates of the enemy mortar.
The minimum distance to detect enemy mortars is 750 meters. In this case, the accuracy of target detection is several tens of meters and depends on the type of target. Calculating the coordinates from where the shot was fired allows you to accurately launch counterattacks on enemy mortars and adjust your own fire.
The weight of the Aistyonok reconnaissance complex, developed by Almaz-Antey Concern OJSC, is 135 kg. This is small for systems of this type and allows reconnaissance units to move it effortlessly either on a combat vehicle or manually with the help of three people. The modular system kit includes seven elements:
Rotating support with tripod,
transceiver with antenna,
Power unit,
Primary information processing block,
Electrical unit,
Radio station and control panel.
It takes only five minutes to fully assemble the Stork modules and prepare it for work.The control panel, made in the form of a laptop, displays color information about the operation of the device. Data on detected targets is transmitted through an installed centimeter-wave radio station. " Stork » n It has its own rotating mechanism, but this disadvantage is compensated by a 60-degree observation sector along the azimuth of the beam width. Determining the enemy's calculations is carried out by detecting the location of the shot and calculating the trajectory of the projectile. The target detection range ranges from 2 hundred meters to 20,000.
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**, artillery, multiple launch rocket systems and launch positions of enemy tactical missiles by shot. In addition, to control the firing accuracy of drums.Until recently, the most modern ground-based electronic reconnaissance systems in the Russian army were the PSNR-8 and PSNR-8M devices, which are preparing to give way to the newest electronic reconnaissance device, the 1-L277 product. Its second name is “Sobolyatnik”. Heused when correcting the direction of fire from a mortar, and also for finding drones flying at low distances from the ground. A distinctive feature of the “1-L277” product is the use of a phased array antenna, a broadband pulse chirp signal for detecting moving targets and shell explosions (mines), as well as for detecting stationary objects.
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Military designers added an automated primary data processing unit to the PSNR-8M station, freeing the reconnaissance station operator from the process of detecting military targets and enemy personnel. At the same time, the range of the electronic reconnaissance device has increased significantly - its “far-sightedness” has increased to 30 km.
"PSNR-8M" has only 500 hours of continuous operation, "1-L277" can work without breakdowns from 1500 to 2000 hours. That is, the reliability of the new intelligence officer has increased 4 times.The PSNR-8 and PSNR-8M stations had 3 major drawbacks: the power of their pulsed radiation was 1 kV, in other words, it was not so difficult for the enemy to “detect” them. The second drawback was the so-called mechanical scanning of the area, i.e. The antenna rotated around its axis during operation. The engine that drove it quickly failed and had to be replaced. Therefore, the military issued a technical assignment, which stated that these work methods needed to be improved. The military was also not satisfied with the weight of the reconnaissance station. It weighed 62 kg, so its crew consisted of 3 people.
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“Sobolyatnik” carries out electronic scanning, due to which the antenna no longer needs to be rotated around its axis and its motor no longer needs to be changed from time to time. The weight of the station has decreased to 36 kg, and now its crew consists of only 2 people. But the most important thing is that the station has practically become “invisible”, since its pulsed radiation is now less than that of a mobile phone.
The resolution of the new reconnaissance station has increased fivefold - from 50 to 10 meters. This made it possible to increase the information content, and the operator was able to read targets in the column, i.e. distinguish between individual goals. “PSNR-8M” displayed a long strip on the screen, and “Sobolyatnik” - individual objects. Besides, the new product received algorithms for automated target recognition based on criteria: man - machine. By improving the new electronic reconnaissance device, we can detect moving targets against the backdrop of powerful reflections from the ground.Thus, the operator now has the opportunity to see the movement of equipment and people on his monitor screen. The safety of the operator himself has also been increased due to the length of the cable connecting the monitor to the antenna, up to 30 meters. That is, in the event of an enemy attempt to destroy the station, the operator has a greater chance of remaining unharmed.
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The new product is able to detect enemy personnel at a distance of 6 km. Sobolyatnik uses a more complex signal with an intra-pulse linear modulation frequency, which made it possible to reduce the peak radiation power to 8 Watts. This dramatically increased the secrecy of the work of this electronic reconnaissance device.Some types of weapons are easily interfaced with this station, especially machine guns, such as " PECHENEG" and "KORD " This allows it to be present during military operations and at the same time not be noticeable, unless, of course, there is optical observation.
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Airborne 125 mm self-propelled anti-tank gun
2S25 "Sprut-SD" was developed jointly by the design bureau of the Volgograd Tractor Plant and the Yekaterinburg OKB-9 under the general scientific leadership of the Central Research Institute of Precision Engineering (TsNIITochMash). Chief designer of the chassis A.V. Shabalin, 125-mm gun 2A75 V.I. Nasedkin. The 2S25 Sprut-SD self-propelled artillery mount is designed to combat tanks and other armored vehicles and enemy personnel in units of the airborne troops, marines and special forces.
The tactical and technical specifications for the development of the airborne self-propelled gun 2S25 were prepared in 1984 and on October 20, 1985, by decision of the military-industrial complex of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the development of a new artillery mount for the USSR Airborne Forces was officially launched. In February 1986, the development of the P260 landing systems began, which were created on the basis of the P235 parachute-rocket systems, intended for landing the BMP-3. In the period from 1990 to 1991, State tests of the 2S25 self-propelled guns were carried out. Based on the test results, on May 30, 1994, by the decision of the Russian Air Force and Airborne Forces and the developer of landing equipment - the Moscow plant "Universal" - the development of the P260 parachute-jet landing equipment was canceled and the development of the P260M "Sprut-PDS" strapdown landing system was started.
In 2001, additional tests of the 2S25 self-propelled guns were carried out. Serial production of the 2S25 Sprut-SD self-propelled gun was launched at the Volgograd Tractor Plant in 2005 and continued until 2010. On January 9, 2006, by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, the 2S25 self-propelled anti-tank gun was adopted by the Russian Armed Forces.
(photo by Vitaly Kuzmin, https://www.vitalykuzmin.net)
In 2015, the Volgograd Tractor Plant assembled the first sample of a modernized version of the 2M25M Sprut-SDM1 self-propelled gun. After testing and adoption, it is planned to continue resuming serial production of the modernized version of the self-propelled gun.
SAU 2S25 "Sprut-SD" in the Russian Armed Forces
Since 2005, self-propelled guns 2S25 "Sprut-SD" have been supplied to the Airborne Forces of the Russian Armed Forces. According to Western data, at least 36 units of 2S25 self-propelled guns have been delivered to the Airborne Forces.
Gun design
"Sprut-SD" is equipped with a unique hydropneumatic chassis, which in its capabilities and design is close to the BMD-3 chassis. The self-propelled gun is capable of overcoming water obstacles, can land from cargo ships onto the water surface and independently return to the ship. The noted and other qualities, together with the circular rotation of the turret and the stabilization of weapons in two planes, allow the Sprut-SD to be used as a light amphibious tank.
The self-propelled gun hull is divided into a control compartment (front part), a combat compartment with a turret (middle part) and an engine and transmission compartment (rear part).
The unit is equipped with a 2V-06-2S diesel engine with a power of 510 hp.
Calculation- 3 people Length with gun- 9770 mm Case length- 7085 mm Barrel length- 6000 mm (48 calibers) Installation width- 3152 mm Installation height- 3050 mm Vertical pointing angles- from -5 to +15 degrees Horizontal pointing angles- circular Maximum weight in firing position- 18000 kg Shot weight- 19.6 - 33 kg (various types) Sighting range- up to 5 km Highway speed- 70 km/h Off-road speed- 45-50 km/h Water speed- 9 km/h Highway range- 500 km Climbability- 35 degrees Wall to be overcome- 0.8 m Crossable ditch- 2.8 mTTX self-propelled gun 2S25 "Sprut-SD"
Airborne self-propelled gun 2S25 "Sprut-SD"(http://mil.ru)
Cannon ammunition
- armor-piercing sub-caliber projectiles (APS);
- armor-piercing cumulative projectiles (BKS);
- high-explosive fragmentation shells (HFS);
- ATGMs 9M119, 9M119M, 9M119F and 9M119F1.
Airborne self-propelled gun 2S25M "Sprut-SDM1" at the ARMY-2015 exhibition (photo by D.S. Glukhov, http://bastion-karpenko.ru)
The self-propelled gun is equipped with a 1A40M-1 daytime monocular periscope sight. The sight is equipped with a built-in range finder and ballistic computer and allows you to measure ranges to targets, develop a lateral lead angle when shooting at moving targets, and also guide a guided weapon system using a laser beam. For operations in night conditions, the 2S25 self-propelled gun is equipped with a TO1-KO1R night optical-electronic complex with a TPN-4R gunner's night sight. The commander's seat is equipped with a 1K13-3S commander's sight-guidance device. The 1K13-3S device allows reconnaissance and gun guidance in both day and night conditions, and includes a laser channel for guiding guided weapons, a ballistic computer and a built-in range finder. Radio communication is provided by the R-173 radio station.Equipment
Modifications:
2S25 "Sprut-SD"- basic production version of an airborne self-propelled gun (2005).
2S25M "Sprut-SDM1"- a modernized version of the self-propelled gun (2015).
"New Defense Order. Strategies"
In the early 1980s, the USSR stopped development of a new light tank for the Ground Forces. But soon the Airborne Forces became interested in a light vehicle with a “tank”-power gun.
The start of work on the topic “Octopus-SD” was preceded by a number of events and developments. In 1982, a research project under the code “Burun” was opened, within the framework of which TsNIITOCHMASH (Klimovsk) explored the possibilities of creating a landing self-propelled anti-tank gun, maximally unified with a 125-mm high-ballistic gun of tank forces. A chassis suitable for solving the problem already existed - an experienced light amphibious tank "Object 934" ("Judge"), developed by the design bureau under the leadership of A.V. Shebalin at the Volgograd Tractor Plant (VgTZ). Its elements were used in the development at VgTZ of a new generation airborne combat vehicle based on the theme “Bakhcha”. And already in 1984, experimental firing took place from a 125-mm self-propelled anti-tank gun (SPTP), installed by TsNIITOCHMASH on the Object 934 chassis.
A PAINFUL BIRTH
The decision of the Military-Industrial Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated June 20, 1985 determined the implementation of development work to create a 125-mm SPTP, which was assigned the code “Sprut-SD” (self-propelled, airborne). VgTZ was appointed as the lead executor of the work, scientific and technical coordination of the work was entrusted to TsNIITOCHMASH and VNIITRANSMASH. OKB-9 UZTM (Uralmashzavod), Central Design Bureau of the Krasnogorsk Plant (Krasnogorsk Plant named after S.A. Zverev), Central Design Bureau Peleng (Minsk), took part in the work on the chassis, weapons and instrumentation of the SPTP. VNII "Signal", NIMI, Instrument Design Bureau (Tula), Volgograd Shipyard. The development of landing equipment was undertaken by the Moscow Universal Aggregate Plant. The 125-mm SPTP 2S25 Sprut-SD self-propelled anti-tank gun was adopted by the Russian Government by decree of September 26, 2005. Since the same 2005, SPTP 2S25 has been put into serial production at VgTZ.
DEVICE, WEAPONS, TRANSPORTATION
The vehicle is arranged according to a classic design with a front control compartment, a middle fighting compartment, and aft engine and transmission compartment. In the traveling position, the commander and gunner are located in the vehicle body, in the control compartment.
The 125-mm smoothbore gun 2A75, produced by Plant No. 9 (Ekaterinburg), installed in a rotating turret provides the vehicle with firepower at the level of T-72, T-80, T-90 tanks. The gun has a vertical semi-automatic wedge breech, a galvanic-impact trigger mechanism, a hydropneumatic recoil brake and a pneumatic knurled ejector. The recoil length of the gun is 740 mm. A two-plane stabilizer 2E64 was installed. The entire range of shots from 125 mm tank guns can be used to fire a cannon, including shots with finned armor-piercing sub-caliber, cumulative and high-explosive fragmentation shells. The shots are of separate-case loading with a partially burning cartridge case. The 9K120 "Svir" guided weapon system can also be used with 9M119, 9M119F, 9M119F1 (ZUBK14 rounds) or 9M119M (ZUBK20 "Invar" guided missiles) launched through the gun barrel. The fighting compartment is equipped with an automatic loader with a rotating conveyor for 22 shots and a chain rammer for shot elements.
The fire control system includes a laser rangefinder and a digital ballistic computer. The gunner's workplace is equipped with a 1A40-1M rangefinder sight, a Buran-PA night sight, the commander's station is equipped with a 1K13-ZS combined sight-guidance device "Bug" with a night branch, a laser rangefinder, an information channel for launching and aiming a 125-mm guided missile rockets. The interchangeability of the commander and gunner is ensured.
The hull and turret are made of aluminum armor alloy, the front part of the turret is reinforced with steel plates. In combination with the angles of the armor, this provides protection against 23-mm projectiles at a range of 500 m. The frontal projection of the SPTP is protected from 12.7-mm weapon fire from all ranges. All-round protection is provided against small arms fire of 7.62 mm caliber. The turret is equipped with a unified 81-mm 902V “Cloud” installation for launching smoke grenades and lighting shells. The engine and transmission compartment is equipped with a four-stroke multi-fuel boxer diesel engine 2B06-2S, developing a power of 510 hp. s, and a hydromechanical transmission interlocked with it.
Final drives are single-stage planetary. The chassis has individual hydropneumatic suspension. The drive wheel is rear-mounted. The controlled hydropneumatic suspension allows you to change the ground clearance in the range from 100 to 500 mm from the driver’s seat. The hydraulic track tensioning mechanism is also controlled from the driver’s seat.
The caterpillar is steel, with a rubber-metal hinge, lantern engagement. The increased recoil length of the gun compared to a tank mount, combined with the recoil of the vehicle body due to the operation of the hydropneumatic suspension, made it possible to use a gun with a high recoil impulse on a lightweight chassis, while ensuring the SPTP stability when fired. The vehicle overcomes water obstacles without additional equipment; afloat movement is provided by two water-jet propulsors. Communication equipment includes the R-163-50U radio station and R-163-UP radio receiver, and the R-174 tank intercom. Airdropping is carried out by parachute from altitudes from 400 to 1500 m using a special multi-dome strapdown parachute system P260M with a 14-dome parachute system MKS-350-14M and forced air shock absorption. It is possible to land a 2S25 with all three crew members inside the vehicle. The vehicle can be transported by a Mi-26T heavy transport helicopter on an external sling.
The production volume of the Sprut-SD turned out to be small - only 36 vehicles were delivered to the troops. In connection with the transfer of the production of airborne combat vehicles from Volgograd to Kurgan and, accordingly, the transfer of the “family” of armored vehicles for the Airborne Forces to the Kurganmashzavod chassis, the question arose about changing the chassis for the SPTP, which received the designation “Sprut-SDM1”. However, this is already a new car.
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2S25 “Sprut-SD” (“object 952”) is a Russian self-propelled anti-tank gun (SPTP), which belongs to the category of self-propelled guns. It is a light airborne amphibious vehicle, the main purpose of which is the destruction of armored moving targets. The vehicle can be used to destroy defensive structures and strongholds, as well as provide fire support for landing units of the Marine Corps and Airborne Forces at any time of the day.
The chassis for the Sprut-SD is a BMD-3 base extended by two rollers, equipped with a hydro-pneumatic chassis of a new design. SPTP is capable of independently landing from cargo ships, firing while afloat and returning back to the landing ship.
The BM has a classic layout. In the front of the vehicle there is a control compartment, then there is a fighting compartment with a gun turret, and the engine and transmission compartment is located in the rear. When performing a march, the gunner is located to the left of the driver, and the commander is to the right.
Each of the three crew members has individual surveillance devices that operate in day-night mode. The new control system at the SPTP consists of a gunner's sighting system, a commander's combined sight, stabilized in two planes and combined with a laser rangefinder, a set for targeting missiles included in the 9K119M complex, and a set of several sensors that provide automatic input of corrections into other SPTP equipment.
The control system, mounted at the commander’s workplace, is fully automated and provides him with all-round surveillance of the terrain, stabilizing the broadcast image in two planes, searching for targets and issuing target designations using the commander’s optical sight system. The 2S25 project solved the problem of combining two functions in the commander’s sight: launching and controlling missile launchers, organizing targeted firing of artillery rounds.
To increase reliability, the ballistic computer installed in the gunner's instrument system is duplicated. Backup control is also provided for the gun's automatic loader (control of guidance drives and autonomous activation). All this allows you to quickly transfer control of the complex to the commander or gunner.
The chassis and power plant of the SPTP are largely identical to the prototype (“object 934”). The engine is a multi-fuel diesel engine. There is a power take-off for two water-jet propulsors. The automatic variable transmission has five gears for forward and reverse. Hydropneumatics, individual for each track, allows you to change the ground clearance of the Sprut-SD within a few seconds, and the suspension design gives the gun a high smoothness and maneuverability.
To increase the buoyancy of the structure, the SPTP is equipped with support rollers with closed air chambers and pumps for pumping out water. The vehicle has fairly high seaworthiness and is capable of operating effectively afloat. For example, in case of waves of force 3, the Sprut-SD can conduct targeted fire in the forward sector of fire (±35°). The standard gun kit also includes a collective protection system against weapons of mass destruction and several sets of night vision devices.
The design and weight and size characteristics of the SPTP allow it to be delivered to the combat area both by military transport aircraft and by landing ships. It can be dropped by parachute (without or with a crew). The vehicle is capable of independently overcoming water obstacles without prior preparation for crossing them.
After firing, artillery shells used for firing can be aimed at the target using a laser beam using the commander's sight. Real-time target data is generated by the gunner's laser rangefinder and sent to the ballistic computer. The main weapon of the SPTP is a smoothbore tank gun, the prototype of which was the 2A46 gun used to arm Russia's main battle tanks. Since the SPTP chassis is much lighter than a tank, a number of serious changes were made to the design of the gun. An ejector, a new recoil device, and a thermal insulating casing were installed. There is no muzzle brake. The gun is structurally stabilized in two planes and is designed to fire any type of 125 mm ammunition, related to shots with separate case loading. Laser-guided projectiles are capable of hitting armored targets at ranges of up to 4 km. The maximum rate of fire is 7 rounds/min. The gun is loaded using a horizontal automatic loader, which is installed behind the artillery turret. The machine gun is equipped with 22 artillery rounds, ready for immediate use. If the machine gun fails, the gun can be loaded manually. The PKT machine gun (SPTP auxiliary weapon) is paired with the cannon. For protection, a smoke grenade launcher is used.
The automatic loader conveyor rotates around a vertical axis. It is mounted in the lower part of the fighting compartment. This allows SPTP crew members to move from the first to the second compartment and back along the sides. "Sprut-SD" is equipped with a forced ventilation system for the crew's workplaces and the gun breech.
Characteristics:
- Combat weight, t: 18;
- Layout scheme: classic;
- Crew, people: 3;
- Case length, mm: 7085;
- Length with gun forward, mm: 9770;
- Case width, mm: 3152;
- Height, mm: 3050;
- Base, mm: 4225;
- Track, mm: 2744;
- Ground clearance, mm: 100...500;
- Armor type: bulletproof;
- Caliber and brand of gun: 125 mm 2A75;
- Gun type: smoothbore gun;
- Barrel length, calibers: 48;
- Gun ammunition: 40;
- Angles VN, degrees: -5...+15;
- Angles GN, degrees: 360;
- Sights: 1A40-1M, TO1-KO1R, 1K13-3S;
- Machine guns: 1 x 7.62 mm PKTM;
- Engine type: 2V-06-2S;
- Engine power, l. p.: 510;
- Highway speed, km/h: 70;
- Cross-country speed, km/h: 45-50, 9 afloat;
- Cruising range on the highway, km: 500;
- Cruising range over rough terrain, km: 350;
- Specific power, l. s./t: 28.3;
- Suspension type: individual hydropneumatic;
- Specific ground pressure, kg/cm²: 0.36-0.53;
- Climbability, degrees: 35;
- Wall to be overcome, m: 0.8;
- Ditch to be overcome, m: 2.8;
- Fordability, m: floats.
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