The famous Soviet-era linguist Lev Uspensky calls it the most expensive letter in the world. In his work on the origin of words, one can see how he relates to it. In his words, “she absolutely does nothing, helps nothing, expresses nothing.” A pertinent question arises: how did the letter Ъ appear in the Russian language, and what role did its creators assign to it?
The history of the appearance of the letter Ъ
The authorship of the first Russian alphabet is attributed to Cyril and Mythodius. The so-called Cyrillic alphabet, which was based on the Greek language, appeared in 863 after the birth of Christ. In their alphabet, the hard sign was number 29 and sounded like ER. (before the reform of 1917-1918 - 27th in a row). The letter Ъ was a short semi-vowel sound without pronunciation. It was placed at the end of a word after a hard consonant.
What then is the meaning of this letter? There are two tractable versions of this explanation.
The first option concerned the Old Slavonic letter itself. Since the familiar spaces at that time simply did not exist, it was she who helped to correctly divide the line into words. As an example: “to God’s chosen king.”
The second explanation is associated with the Church Slavonic pronunciation of words. It was ER that did not muffle the voiced consonant when reading a word, as we see in modern Russian.
We pronounce the words flu and mushroom, which have different meanings, the same way - (flu). There was no such sound phonetics in the Old Church Slavonic language. All words were both written and pronounced. For example: slave, friend, bread. This was explained by the fact that the division of syllables in the Old Church Slavonic language was subject to one law, which sounded like this:
“In the Old Church Slavonic language, the ending of a word cannot have consonants. Otherwise the syllable will be closed. What cannot happen according to this law.”
In view of the above, we decided to assign ERb (Ъ) at the end of words where there are consonants. So it turns out: Deli, Tavern, Pawnshop or Address.
In addition to the above two reasons, there is also a third. It turns out that the letter Ъ was used to denote the masculine gender. For example, in nouns: Alexander, wizard, forehead. They also inserted it into verbs, for example: put, sat, (past tense masculine).
Over time, the letter Ъ performed the function of a word separator less and less often. But the “useless” Kommersant at the end of the words still held its position. According to the aforementioned linguist L.V. Uspensky. this small “squiggle” could take up up to 4% of the entire text. And these are millions and millions of pages every year.
18th century reforms
Anyone who believes that the Bolsheviks fired a control shot at the “head” of the ill-fated letter Kommersant and thereby cleansed the Russian language of church prejudices is a little mistaken. The Bolsheviks simply “finished off” her in 1917. It all started much earlier!
Peter himself thought about language reform, especially about Russian writing. An experimenter in life, Peter had long dreamed of breathing new life into the “decrepit” Old Church Slavonic language. Unfortunately, his plans only remained plans. But the fact that he got this issue off the ground is his merit.
The reforms that Peter began from 1708 to 1710 primarily affected the church script. The filigree “squiggles” of church letters were replaced by common civilian ones. Letters such as “Omega”, “Psi” or “Yusy” have disappeared into oblivion. The familiar letters E and Z appeared.
The Russian Academy of Sciences began to think about the rationality of using certain letters. So the idea of excluding “Izhitsy” from the alphabet arose among academicians already in 1735. And in one of the printing publications of the same academy, a few years later an article was published without the notorious letter B at the end.
Control shot for the letter Ъ
In 1917, there were two shots - one on the cruiser Aurora, the other at the Academy of Sciences. Some people believe that the reform of Russian writing is the merit of the Bolsheviks exclusively. But historical documents confirm that in this matter, tsarist Russia also moved forward.
In the first years of the 20th century, Moscow and Kazan linguists were already talking about the reform of the Russian language. 1904 was the first step in this direction. A special commission was created at the Academy of Sciences, the purpose of which was to simplify the Russian language. One of the questions at the commission was the notorious letter B. Then the Russian alphabet lost “Fita” and “Yat”. New spelling rules were introduced in 1912, but, unfortunately, they were never censored then.
Thunder struck on December 23, 1917 (01/05/18). On this day, People's Commissar of Education Lunacharsky A.V. signed a decree on the transition to a new spelling. The letter Kommersant, as a symbol of resistance to the Bolsheviks, breathed its last.
In order to speed up the funeral of everything that was associated with the “tsarist regime,” on November 4, 1918, the Bolsheviks issued a decree on the removal of the matrix and letters of the letter Kommersant from printing houses. As a result of this, a spelling miscarriage of the Bolsheviks appeared - the apostrophe. The function of the separator was now played by a comma (lifting, moving).
One era has ended and another has begun. Who would have thought that the small letter B would become so big and important in the confrontation between two worlds, white and red, old and new, before and after the shot!
But the letter Ъ remained. It remains simply as the 28th letter of the alphabet. In modern Russian it plays a different role. But that's a completely different story.
Soft sign, soft sign -
Hello, my dear readers!
In the section learning letters, we continue to get acquainted with the letters, and these are not even letters, but signs "b" and "b"(soft sign and hard sign). And these signs can be found in the middle and at the end of words, but you will not find words starting with these signs. Look at the letters with your child, think about what they look like, find the difference in them. Choose words with a soft sign and with a hard sign, pronounce them with your child, let him feel the difference in pronunciation.
I think it will help you practical material, selected by me: artistic word, children love funny rhymes and quickly remember them, games- this is a favorite activity for kids, well, of course, guessing crosswords, the kids like it too.
Signs "b" and "b"
Funny poems
| "b" The squirrel bent its tail and rested at the stump. She fluffed her tail, yes - Became like a soft sign! E. Tarlapan A soft sign is a tricky sign. Don't call him anything. It's not pronounced But the word is often asked. Why is the house at a corner Turned straight into coal No fire, just like that? This is a soft letter. Our shadow is getting shorter and shorter, This means the day is coming soon. The shadow grows, moves away, This means it will be night soon. The blizzard whips this way and that, It hits you in the face with loose grain, Very tough and prickly, Despite the soft sign. |
"Kommersant" A crane approached the construction site. The crane was a huge strongman. The wolf is terribly angry - He can't eat the hedgehog. The hedgehog, although it is edible, Inconvenient to eat: Shrinking, I put out the needles - Burned the evil wolf. Go around the whole planet, There is no strong sign of the beast. Maybe somewhere on Venus Do animals prowl with a firm sign? Solid dividing sign, He is strict, reasonable, And he wears a black tailcoat And the cap is askew, The opponent of every fight, Both night and day are silent. Some kind of strange A solid sign... I don't understand him at all. |
| "b" The soft sign lives carelessly, He walks around forever without a cap. A stubborn hard sign He wears a cap - that's the only way. Let's draw a soft sign Gently drop like this: A droplet will soften the letter - The word will sound soft. A. Shibaev I am a magician. I want - I will appear and transform Chalk used for writing at school Stranded, dangerous at sea. Guess who the wizard is This letter is a soft sign. Everyone knows this letter: Doesn't mean a sound Can only show |
"Kommersant" Let's scoop up water with a ladle, eat soup, drink tea. G. Vieru Everyone knows without prompting: A solid sign is like the key to a fairy tale. We never have it Karabas will not take it away. V. Stepanov Leaning on his long tail, In the circus the cobra grew tall: - Shh-sh-sh... I'm not threatening you - I depict a solid sign. E. Tarlapan – How do we write a hard sign? – We write a hard sign like this: Wheel and match, behind the pigtail. Silent solid sign It can't be pronounced! But many people need him, You will have to teach him. Whether you want it or not, It's in the alphabet! A. Potapova |
Proverbs and sayings
I want to eat fish
I don't want to get into the water.
Games
And gra “Who is attentive?”
1. According to the last sounds of words table, window, goose- make up a new word.
Answer: elk.
2. What do the words have in common: linen, coat, monkey, gun, dust?
3. What do the names of these items have in common: entrance, ad, crane, edible, eat?
Game "Who is bigger?"
1. Come up with words in which one sound is represented by two letters. (Salt, day, horse, shadow.)
Game "Ladder".
1. Soft sign “b”. 2. Solid sign “Ъ”.
– – – b – b – – –
– – – – b – – b – – –
– – – – – b – – – b – – –
Possible answer. Possible answer:
elk, deer, horse. exit, detour, entrance.
Game "Entertaining Models".
Make up words using the following models:
1. – – – b ( Horse, elk, stranded.)
2. – – – b – – ( Coat, letter, skates.)
3. – ъ – – – ( Exit, entry, eaten.)
4. – – – ъ – – – ( Entrance, siding.)
Game "The Word Has Scattered".
Collect the scattered words:
1. Yuvag ( snowstorm), pour ( stranded).
2. Lies ( ate), zinya ( flaw).
Game "Finish the word."
1. Beech... (- var), tet... (- for the sake of), word... (- var), yan... (- var), Feb...
(-rahl), honey... (- after all),
2. Volume… (- ride, -ect, -em, -unity, -phenomenon, -clarification), rise... (- rides,
-eat), connect... (- drive, -dark, -ardent, -clear).
Game "Turning words".
1. What letter is in the word bone need to be replaced to get the name of the person desired in the house? ( Guest.)
2. Which letter needs to be added to corner turned into coal?
(Soft sign.)
3. We will always be where we need to be,
A soft sign to insert into words,
To ferret I wouldn't in unison,
Stakes – Koley never.
Insert a soft sign to form new words: Kolya ( stakes), foam ( hemp), ate ( spruce), seed ( family), choir ( ferret), they say ( mole).
4. Which letter should be added to the word sat down to make a word denoting the completion of a meal? ( A solid sign - ate.)
5. Which letter should be added and which letter should be subtracted from the word seven to make a word I'll eat? (Hard sign to add, soft sign to subtract.)
Game “Say the Word.”
| He sleeps in a hole during the long winter, But as soon as the sun begins to warm up, On the road for honey and raspberries Heading off… (bear). They look very strange: Dad has wavy curls, And my mother has her hair cut. Why is she offended? No wonder he often gets angry Everyone's mom... (lioness). We are happy to overtake each other. Look, my friend, don't fall! Good then, easy Fast… (skates). |
A huge cat flashes behind trunks, Golden eyes and tufted ears. But this is not a cat, look out, The insidious one is on the hunt... (lynx). The red cat is gnawing on a tree, He gnaws a tree and lives happily. And he drinks water, hisses, and dies. Don't touch him with your hand - This red cat... (fire). |
Game "Grammar Arithmetic".
1. Tire – a + spruce = ? ( Overcoat.)
2. Karakul – kul + shoal = ? ( Caramel.)
3. Soda – yes + pain = ? ( Sable.)
Game "Always Little".
Answer the question asked in the poem
Answer: “Y”, “b”, “b”.
Crosswords
1. Identical syllables in words with “Ъ” and “b”.
ANSWER: syllable - rides; syllables - yeah or - ut.
2. Words with “b”.
1. Small bathing area. 2. Method of transportation.
3. Bright illumination of the sky horizon. 4. Drawing on bone or wood.
5. Share, fate, chance.
Answer: bathhouse, walking, dawn, carving, fate
3. Complete the letters.
Answer: zero, salt, role, moth, pain, roofing felt, dust, reality.
4. Words with “b” and “b”.
1. Large side branches of the tree. 2. Climbing plant.
3. The main weapon of the hunter. 4. Any object.
5. Humanoid animal. 6. Meeting.
Answer: twig, bindweed, gun, object, monkey, congress.
Puzzles
Ladle, ladle and ladle.
The letter Ъ - “hard sign” - is the 28th letter of the Russian alphabet. In modern language, a hard sign does not indicate a sound and serves as a kind of guide for the correct pronunciation of a number of words. However, the hard sign is one of the symbols that formed the basis of the Cyrillic alphabet and, to this day, has gone through a long and difficult path along with the development of the language.
Words with a hard sign: a little history
The hard sign has been known in Cyrillic graphics since ancient times. In the Old Russian language, the letter had a different name - “er” and in some roots it could be pronounced as “o”, and was also written at the end of words ending in a consonant, and after a prefix with a consonant before a root starting with a vowel. This use was practiced until the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1918, during the reform of Russian spelling, the writing of a hard sign at the end of words ending in a consonant was abolished. Today, words with a hard sign in the Russian language are characterized by a total number of more than 140, and the use of this letter is clearly regulated. Let's talk about this in more detail.
Basic groups of words with a hard sign and their spelling norms
Modern Russian language uses the symbol “Ъ” as a separator. The hard sign is used after consonants before iotated vowels e, e, yu, i, mainly at the junction of morphemes.
Solid sign between prefix and root
1. After prefixes ending in a consonant, before a root beginning with a vowel, and in words with native Russian prefixes ( eat, departure, go around, cringe, sarcastic), and in words with borrowed prefixes ( counter-tier, sub-core, trans-European).
2. A separate group consists of borrowed words with a solid sign, starting with combinations ob-, sub-, ad-, ab-, diz-, inter-, con- and others, which were originally prefixes, but in modern Russian are identified as part root: object, subject, adjutant, abjuration, disjunction, intervention, conjuncture.
Solid sign between parts of compound words
1) before the second root after parts two-, three-, four- ( two-tier, three-anchor, four-capacity);
2) words with a separating solid sign are highlighted separately, such as courier And pan-European;
3) if we are talking about the spelling of complex abbreviated words with a similar structure, then a hard sign is not used in them: specialist, owner, military officer, state language and others.
Hard sign in proper names and their derivatives
There are a number of nouns and derivatives from them (names of people and geographical names), where the hard sign is also used: city Kizilyurt, village Toryal, lake Jyväsjärvi, artist Guo Hengyu.
Thus, words with a hard sign in the modern Russian language are a separate group with their own patterns in spelling. Unlike a soft sign, which can be used several times in the same word, a hard sign can only be used once in one word. The above cases of using a hard sign are clear rules that must always be followed. In situations not discussed in this article, under similar conditions, a soft separating sign is used.
Although the letters b and b themselves do not represent any sounds, they are written in order to pronounce words correctly. Compare, for example: seed (without a soft sign) and family (with a separating soft sign). To remember when to write a soft sign and when to write a hard sign, you need to learn the following rules.
The dividing b is written inside a word (in the root or suffix, but not after the prefix) before the letters E, E, Yu, Ya, I (blizzard, weeds, fox), as well as in some borrowed (foreign) words before the letter O (broth , signor, guillotine). A soft sign usually softens the consonant sound preceding it and, in addition, forces us to pronounce an additional sound [Y].
The letter ъ is written only before e, e, yu, i in the following cases:
1. When combining a prefix ending in a consonant and a root, for example: entrance, volume, supernatural, expression of will, inter-tier.
2. In complex words after the numerals two-, three-, four-, for example: three-tiered.
3. In foreign words after foreign language prefixes ab-, ad-, dis-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, ob-, sub-, trans- and after the initial compound particle pan-, for example: adjutant, disjunction , injection, interactional, conjuncture, counter-tier, object, subject, trans-European, pan-European.
Examples of words with the separator ъ
Arrival, approach, departure, departure, volume, pre-anniversary, express, will, manifestation, embrace, immense, furious, super natural, shooting, ruffle (hair), cower, clarified (sky), combine, ad, edible, lifting (crane).
Two-language, three-tier, four-tier.
Adjutant, injection, conjuncture, object, subject, trans-European, pan-European.
Examples of words with separator ь
Health, happiness, pours, beats, winds, curls, winds of the south, seven, another sparrow, flake, play, barrier, linen, brilliant, buryan, wind, interview , fox and, gun, I'm naughty, crawl, drink, drink, friend, serious, Tatyana, Mary, sew, sew, spill, monkey, night, leaf, tree I, bird and climbing plants, in the hive, studio, zealous (worker), (make) a speech, (own) a thing.
He’s a battle, he’s a postman, he’s a broth, he’s a pavilion, he’s a company, he’s a medal, he’s a min, he’s a champigne.
Assignment: write down 20 words each with a hard separator and a soft separator.
Filming, entry, went, entrance, announce, separation, announcement, explanation, congress, notorious, lift, scraps, embraced, cringed, pre-anniversary, explain, unwind, eaten up, furious, edible.
Lukomorye, curling, flakes, chickens, blizzard, Tatyana, monkey, serious, barrier, sparrows, linen, dress, hare, rural, trees, animals, harmony, happiness, family, girlish.
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