: egg, larva, pupa and butterfly. Adult butterflies do not live long - only a few days, during which they need to have time to find a mate, mate and lay a clutch of eggs on a food plant. After 3-4 days, a larva emerges from the eggs - the hawkmoth caterpillar. The task is to accumulate nutrients for further development and transition to the next stage.
Interesting!
The caterpillar stage is the most important and longest period in the insect's life cycle. During the day, the hawkmoth caterpillar freezes in one position, masquerading as a leaf. at night, moving around the plant. Over the course of several weeks, it actively feeds and increases in size. Some species reach 10 cm in length.
Variety of hawk moth larvae
The hawk moth insect has a wide variety of species, distributed in many regions of the mainland, including Russia. Some of them have protective properties: they emit an unpleasant odor, have a bright warning color, and a formation in the form of a pointed horn is formed at the end of the body. The most interesting and frequently encountered hawk moths are:
- bedstraw;
- medium and small wine;
- ocellated and others.
They are common in the central zone of the country, in Western Siberia, the southern regions of the Krasnodar Territory, in Crimea, and in the Far East. From the photo of a hawkmoth caterpillar, you can distinguish the features inherent in each type of insect.
The insects got their name from the plant on which the larvae live - bedstraw. They can also be found on fireweed and milkweed. Distributed throughout almost the entire central zone of Eurasia and North America.
The appearance of the bedstraw hawkmoth is quite bright. The caterpillars are covered with yellow spots with a black border. Throughout the summer they feed on leaves, and by autumn they descend into the upper layers of the soil, where they turn into a pupa. Until spring they remain in this phase, and with the onset of warmth, an adult butterfly emerges from the ground.
One of the most beautiful species of insects prefers the more southern regions of the mainland, feeding on fireweed, bedstraw and grape leaves. The name "wine" was given to the pest because of its food preference - grapes. The second reason is the bright pink color of the butterfly, reminiscent of the color of wine.
On a note!
The wine hawk moth caterpillar has an interesting shape and color. When in danger, she draws in her head and inflates her chest, on the upper part of which there are two spots similar to eyes. Externally, the larva resembles a small snake with a large head. Such an unusual appearance can confuse the natural enemies of the pest.
This representative of insect pests feeds on the foliage of poplar, aspen, bird cherry, and willow. It is common in the more northern regions of the mainland: Siberia, Western Europe. The color of the caterpillar is in harmony with the environment. The body has a greenish tint with oblique stripes imitating the veins of a leaf rolled into a tube.
Large or medium-sized butterflies, with a powerful body, often cone-shaped, pointed at the end, and narrow, elongated wings. Wingspan 30 – 175 mm; in most species it is 80–100 mm. The antennae are long, fusiform, usually with a pointed and hook-shaped apex. The eyes are round, naked, often covered on top with a tuft of elongated scales. The proboscis is usually very long, several times the length of the body, less often short, sometimes reduced.
The labial palps are well developed, curved upward, densely covered with scales on the outer side, and usually devoid of scaly cover on the inner side. The tarsi bear several rows of short, strong spines. The abdomen is covered with adjacent scales, collected at the end in the form of a brush or wide brush. The fore wings are more than twice as long as wide, with a pointed apex. Their outer edge is smooth or carved, with deep notches between the veins, strongly beveled towards the rear edge, sometimes rounded. The hind wings are usually 1.5 times longer than wide, noticeably sloping towards the posterior margin, with a shallow notch along the outer margin in front of the anal angle. The hook is usually well developed, sometimes rudimentary.
Crepuscular and nocturnal butterflies, but some species - tongue hawk moths (Macroglossum stellatarum) and bumblebees (Hemaris) fly only during the day. Sphecodina caudata or small grape hawkmoth (Sphecodina caudata) is active in the morning. In the temperate zone, most species produce 1 generation per year, less often – 2 generations.
The caterpillars are quite large, with five pairs of legs. The coloring is quite bright, with oblique stripes and eye-shaped spots. Caterpillars develop predominantly on tree and shrub species, much less often on herbaceous plants, are distinguished by narrow food selectivity and are most often able to feed on only one or several closely related plant species; Polyphagous species are rare among hawk moths. Some species are known as minor pests of agriculture and forestry. In forests, various coniferous and broad-leaved species are slightly damaged, in gardens - fruit and stone fruit crops. At the rear end of the caterpillar's body there is almost always a characteristic dense growth - a “horn”. Caterpillars are active at dusk and at night.
The pupa is distinguished by the fact that at the rear end it has a prominence in the form of a horn, which only a few species lack.
Area
All species of the family are heat-loving insects, but many species are active migrants and fly into territories that lie significantly north of their breeding grounds. They are able to fly across seas and mountain ranges (over 3500 m above sea level).
Types of hawk moths:
- euphorbia;
- wine;
- pine;
- hawkmoth "death's head";
- ocular;
- oleander;
- bindweed;
- lilac;
- proboscis hawk moth and others.
There are about 1,000 species of “northern hummingbirds” on the planet. Some species make long-distance flights, migrate from one end of the country to another, or cover distances between continents.
Euphorbia hawk moth
Botanical description of the species
Euphorbia hawkmoth (Hyleseuphorbiae) is an insect of the order Lepidoptera, the hawkmoth family. Large butterfly with a wingspan of 65-80 mm. The upperparts are olive green or brown. The forewings are gray or olive with light and brown stripes, spots and bands. Two white stripes run along the base of the wings of the spurge hawkmoth, which converge on the head. The hind wings are pink with a black spot at the base and a black border near the outer edge. The lower part of the body and wings are pink.
The abdomen consists of 10 segments, with spiracles located on the sides up to the 7th segment. The ring-shaped parts are separated by light stripes; the anterior segments have black spots. There are spurs on the front legs that the butterfly uses to groom its antennae. The abdomen has the shape of a cylinder with a pointed end. It consists of ring-shaped segments with spiracles. The eyes are convex, round, facet type. Butterflies are able to distinguish colors and objects in minimal light.
The sucking type oral apparatus is represented by a long proboscis. Most of the time, the proboscis is twisted into a spiral; when it flies up to a flower, the moth straightens it and lowers it between the petals. Butterflies are active at night. They spend the day sitting on trees or bushes, covered with wings. Moths are attracted to electric light and flock in large numbers to artificial light sources.
Distribution area
The butterfly lives in Southern and Central Europe, the Middle East and Asia Minor. In Russia, it is widespread in all southern European regions, noted in the Urals, the Caucasus, and southern Siberia. Migrating moths have been spotted in Karelia, Tomsk and Tyumen regions. The wide distribution of the species is explained by its lower sensitivity to cold. Butterflies settle where spurge grows - on slopes, forest edges, along field roads.
The spurge hawk moth is included in the Red Book of the Tyumen Region as a rare species. As protective measures, it is recommended to preserve areas where forage plants grow: milkweed, tarragon, tarragon wormwood.
Description of the larva
The caterpillar of the spurge hawkmoth can have different basic colors - green, yellow, red-brown, black. In green individuals, the pattern consists of black and yellow spots, as well as white dots. There are 11 white spots visible on the sides of the larva, which are located on each body segment. The caterpillar has underdeveloped coral-colored abdominal legs, a red head and a longitudinal stripe along the back. The horn is red at the base and black at the end. The bright color serves as a warning to birds. Larvae that eat poisonous milkweed become poisonous themselves.
Nutritional Features
The hawk moth got its name from the larva’s food plant, milkweed. There are about 200 species of this plant, most of which are classified as harmful weeds. Euphorbia is drought tolerant, reproduces quickly and grows vigorously. Getting rid of the weed is quite difficult, so the euphorbia hawkmoth, which eats leaves and flowers, is considered a useful phytophage. In addition to various types of the main food plant, caterpillars can feed on knotweed or knotweed, grapes, and fuchsia.
Reproduction
Lepidoptera insects are distinguished by complete transformation.
Their life cycle includes several successive stages:
- egg;
- larva;
- chrysalis;
- imago.
The butterfly flight is celebrated in May-June, the second time in September. Females and males mate at dusk. Fertilized females lay eggs on milkweed. The eggs are light green and round. They are coated with a sticky substance that helps them stick to the leaves and stems of the plant. The embryo develops in about two weeks. Hatched caterpillars are small, uniformly colored - green or yellow.
Young larvae eat a lot and need to accumulate large amounts of nutrients before pupation begins. Caterpillars go through the 5th stage of maturation. After each, they increase in size and change color. The larvae eat the shed skin; it is a complete source of protein. The second generation, which appears in August, is distinguished by a huge number of larvae in favorable years. Crowding of caterpillars occurs on food plants.
Before pupation, the caterpillar slides to the ground, it hides under a layer of grass or buries itself 5-7 cm into the soil. A cobweb cocoon is built there. The pupa is light brown. At this stage, the insects take three weeks to a year to arrive.
Not only the pupae of the second generation go to winter, but also some of the first. Young hawk moths are born at night. Butterflies crawl onto branches, where they spread their wings for 15-30 minutes.
Wine Hawkmoth
Area
Widely distributed in the Palearctic, from Europe incl. The Middle and Southern Urals, through northern Turkey, northern Iran, Afghanistan, eastern Central Asia, Kazakhstan, southern Siberia to Central Yakutia, the Amur region, Primorye, Sakhalin, the Southern Kuril Islands; found in northern India, Nepal, northern Indochina, China, Korea and Japan.
Name
This hawk moth is named by scientists in honor of the mythical hero, friend of Odysseus - Elpenor. The scientific name of this elegant butterfly is sophisticated - Deilephila elpenor. The fate of Odysseus's comrade is sad: returning with the soldiers from Troy, he died absurdly, falling from the roof of the palace of the sorceress Circe. Perhaps it was the blood of a Greek youth that colored the wings of this glorious butterfly?
But why is it wine? Most experts tend to consider the origin of the Russian name for this hawk moth from two points of view. Firstly, the food plant of wine hawk moth caterpillars is grapes. True, only in the southern regions. In more northern areas, where grapes do not grow, the caterpillars are quite happy with the leaves of bedstraw, loosestrife, and willowherb (fireweed). So, because of his addiction to grapes, this hawk moth would have gotten its name. The second version believes that this butterfly really seemed to have bathed in a glass of red wine. Too bright lilac-lilac-pink shades stand out in its coloring.
Varieties
The wine hawk moth also has a younger brother. That’s what it’s called – the small wine hawk moth. The butterflies are very similar in color, but the small one sports even more pink “clothes”, for which it apparently received its funny Latin name - porcellus - “pig”.
Reproduction
If the summer is favorable, then the hawk moth gives two generations. The first caterpillars appear by the end of June, and the second - in August. The caterpillar of the wine hawk moth is very interesting. There are two large reddish-purple spots on the fourth and fifth segments of her body. They seem to imitate the “glasses” of the well-known cobra. And the caterpillar itself looks like a small but scary snake. This similarity is further enhanced by the fact that the first three segments, together with the head, are small in size and are easily drawn into the large fourth and fifth in case of danger. The result is a “swollen” head with scary eyes. In addition, at the end of the caterpillar’s body there is a small but strong brown horn. With such an unusual appearance and the fact that a disturbed caterpillar is capable of making sudden movements from side to side, the insect saves itself from predators.
Peculiarities
The wingspan of the largest individuals is 60-70 mm (the small wine hawk moth is noticeably smaller). Adult butterflies (imago) feed on the nectar of many of our flowers. On windless summer nights, you can watch how these beauties occasionally fly from the depths of the garden into the light of a lantern on the veranda, only to hit the lamp and rush off again to the fragrant roses and gillyflowers.
Pine hawkmoth
Appearance
The wingspan of the butterfly is 6.5 - 8 cm, the front wings are mouse-gray with a curved line at the top and three black lines in the center. The hind wings are brownish-gray, without a pattern. The abdomen has transverse black and light gray stripes, and a longitudinal gray stripe divided in two by a thin black line. One generation per year. Flight period: from the first half of June to the end of July, depending on the weather and climatic conditions of the area. Butterflies are active in the evening twilight, flying towards the light of street lamps. During the day they sit motionless on the trunks of coniferous trees.
Development
The female lays eggs on the underside of the leaf of the host plant. Pupation in soil, at a depth of 5 cm or in moss. An adult caterpillar is 6.5–8 cm long. The color of the body is variable, from green, with white intermittent stripes on the sides and a wide dorsal stripe of reddish-brown color, to dirty brown with weakly defined longitudinal stripes. At the posterior end of the body there is a black-brown horn. Caterpillars eat needles.
Death's head hawk moth butterfly
The death's head hawk moth, which in some countries is called Adam's head, has been considered a harbinger of death for a long time among many peoples of Europe. The death's head hawk moth is distributed from southern Africa to the Shetland Islands, in the west it reaches the Azores Islands, in the east - Northern Iran.
Life cycle
The death's head butterfly mates in the spring. The female lays green, oval eggs on top of potato and other nightshade leaves. Caterpillars living in Europe are bright yellow or green with noticeable purple diagonal stripes on both sides of the body. The caterpillar's defenses include not only an amazing chirping sound, but also the release of a very toxic substance. The caterpillar has a sharp projection on its abdomen to scare away hungry birds.
Caterpillars are very voracious, so they soon reach a considerable length. Having reached the required size, the caterpillar burrows into the ground, where it forms a cocoon. The death's head pupa overwinters, and in the spring a butterfly emerges from it. Individuals heading south soon prepare for a long flight. Death's head hawk moth is a thermophilic species, therefore it prefers valleys at low altitudes above sea level and warm places in mountains of medium altitude.
Lifestyle
The Death's Head Hawkmoth leaves the African continent every year and flies north or east to reach Central Europe. These butterflies have narrow wings reinforced with thick veins, so they fly well.
Interestingly, both the butterfly, the caterpillar, and the pupa can make clearly audible sounds. During games, children often throw themselves at the death's head caterpillars, which at the same time emit a warning "howl" with their mouthparts. Even hawk moth pupae can creak. The squeak of adult butterflies can be clearly heard, with the help of which they try to repel any attack. The squeak is explained by the expulsion of air from the esophagus. This property and the image of the skull on the cephalothorax of the butterfly became the basis for the emergence of all kinds of prejudices.
What does it eat?
The caterpillars of the death's head butterfly, in addition to potato leaves, also eat the leaves of tomatoes, jasmine, snowberry, beets and cotton. Butterflies are active mainly at night. With their short but extremely strong proboscis, they pierce the skin of ripe fruits and drink their juice. They also feed on flower nectar and honeydew, but their favorite food is bee honey. The death's head butterfly often makes its way into hives, where it diligently examines the honeycombs and sucks honey from them.
Interestingly, bees do not usually attack butterflies. The attack occurs only in isolated cases, and as a result, the hawk moth dies. After a fatal dose of bee venom, a new stage of his mystical life begins. Having killed the death's head butterfly, the bees cover it with a layer of wax and leave it in this mummified form in the hive.
Death's Head Sightings
Death's-head Hawkmoth usually settles on plants that bloom at night, such as jasmine, tobacco, fuchsia, adonis and various types of orchids. These plants depend on moths for pollination because other types of insects cannot reach the pistil and stamens deeply hidden inside the flower. The death's head hawk moth caterpillar can be found in a potato field. Sometimes an adult butterfly appears at night near a light source. Large and strong, flying into a room, it can frighten a person with its size and swiftness alone, not to mention the fact that its wings emit a quiet hum. When potatoes were harvested by hand, pupae of this hawk moth were often found in the ground.
As a result of the use of pesticides in potato fields, a significant number of hawkmoth caterpillars are destroyed, and its pupae die from mechanized potato harvesting.
Hawk hawk
Description
The hawk moth belongs to the family of Hawkmoths from the order Lepidoptera. This is a brown-gray butterfly, in which only the short hind wings are brightly colored. On a pinkish-red background is the famous eye spot.
The butterfly's body length is slightly more than four centimeters, while its wingspan can reach 95 millimeters.
Behavior
In a calm state, the hawk moth easily mimics, merging with the color of the environment: tree bark, dry sticks, stones.
It is interesting that the adult hawk moth insect does not feed at all; it only needs the reserves that its body has accumulated while still in the form of a caterpillar larva.
Another interesting fact is the flight speed of the hawk moth, up to 50 kilometers per hour, and its ability to fly over long distances. They say that observers traced the path of the insect from the Stavropol foothills of the Caucasus to the Moscow region. So, in this experiment, the butterfly’s flight of more than a thousand kilometers lasted just over seven hours.
Many observers and researchers call hawk moths northern hummingbirds for their flight style and the ability of some species to feed through their proboscis.
During the daytime, these butterflies practically do not fly, but hide in the shade of trees or bushes; activity begins with the arrival of twilight, which is why its coloring matches all night moths.
Spreading
The hawk moth lives almost throughout Europe, with the exception of the Far North. It is found in Asia Minor, Kazakhstan, and Western Siberia. As for the zonality of settlement, this butterfly prefers to settle in bright gardens and copses, on the edges of forests and in flooded meadows - where there is always a lot of light and foliage.
Despite its widespread distribution, the number of hawk moths in nature is small. And in the Smolensk region, the insect is completely listed in the Red Book.
Reproduction and development
The hawk moth overwinters in the pupal stage on the branches of trees and shrubs or under them in the foliage. With the warm rays of the sun in May, the pupation stage ends and the butterfly flight begins, which passes with changes until the end of July. In some warm years, a third generation is formed, which can develop from August to October. Adult insects of different generations of the season can exist at the same time.
Hawkmoths are insects with a full cycle of transformation: egg – larva – pupa – adult.
The search for a sexual partner is most often carried out by males, looking for a female by the special smell of her pheromones. Mating lasts from thirty minutes to two hours. In this case, the insects are in an almost motionless position.
The female lays eggs, which are quite large for insects, on the leaves of those plants that the larvae will feed on in the next stage. Their number in egg laying is small - 5-10 pieces, but there can be several clutches in different parts of a tree or bush. The milky eggs incubate quickly, within 3-5 days depending on the ambient temperature. Soon green caterpillars with white stripes and brown specks appear.
The following deciduous trees are used as food items:
- Linden;
- maple;
- birch;
- aspen;
- bird cherry;
- pear;
- Apple tree;
- plum;
- thorn;
- lilac;
- poplar;
- different types of willow: willows, weeping willows, willows;
- alder.
Despite the voraciousness of the caterpillars, hawk moths do not cause much damage to garden and forest plantings, due to their small numbers, and also because they feed mainly on the smallest young leaves.
After fattening and reaching the maximum size, about 80 millimeters, the larvae pupate. In this case, the caterpillars crawl into crevices and cracks on tree trunks, or, if the insect lives in meadows, into small burrows and cracks in the soil. If the generation of the insect is early, then this stage lasts about three weeks; if the season is late, the pupa goes into winter.
The caterpillar stage of the hawk moth is the longest. It can last up to one and a half months.
Almost immediately after the last modification - the transformation of a pupa into a butterfly - hawk moths begin to fly independently and go in search of a sexual partner. So that the life cycle repeats again and again.
Hawkmoth oleander
Description
A very large moth. The length of the front wing is 45–52 mm, the wingspan is 90–125 mm. Sexual dimorphism is weakly expressed. The front wings have a characteristic “marble” pattern of gradient spots and bands of various shades of green, pink, lilac, gray, and white. The hind wings are pinkish-gray, with a thin wavy white band and a grayish-green outer field.
The head, chest, and abdomen are grayish-green, the tegulae are rich green. The antennae are whitish. The caterpillar is very large (up to 11 cm in length), bright green (the dorsal side is yellowish-whitish), with a yellowish short (caudally rounded) horn and dark red thoracic legs. On the sides from the horn to the second abdominal segment there is a wide bluish-white stripe, contrasting dorsally and blurred ventrally.
Above and below it are large pearly white dots, forming dorsal semirings on the 2nd–5th segments. On the sides of the third thoracic segment there are blue ocellated spots, centered in white and edged with blackish-red. The pupa is up to 65 mm long, reddish-brown, translucent in the thoracic region. The spiracles, cremaster and double median line between the wing buds are blackish. On the abdominal segments there are numerous small blackish dots.
Spreading
The global range is multiregional, covering Africa, Western India, Sri Lanka, and the Mediterranean region of the Palaearctic. Widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical zones of the Old World, an active migrant. Known from France, Romania, Moldova, Crimea. Butterflies flew to Finland and Siberia.
Regularly met in the RO in the 19th century. In the Caucasus there are references from Dagestan, Abkhazia, and Adjara. The territory of the Krasnodar Territory belongs to the reproductive part of the global range. The regional population is regularly replenished by migrants. Geographically, it is confined to the coastal regions of Greater Sochi; modern finds from the northern macroslope are unknown.
Features of biology and ecology
Polyphage, polyvoltine migrant. In the region it is found only in urbanized landscapes of the Black Sea coast. At the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries. regularly appeared in the Ciscaucasia and the Lower Don, where they left their offspring on oleander bushes exposed for the summer. Caterpillars are able to develop on periwinkle, oleander, and occasionally on grapes, martin, mock orange, and privet.
In Abkhazia, the first flying butterflies appear at the end of May. Until December, the 3rd and 4th generations have time to develop. In Sochi, hawk moth is associated with oleander plantings on busy city streets, in parks, squares, alleys, gardens of holiday homes, and sanatoriums. The caterpillars feed around the clock, preferring the foliage and flowers of the upper young shoots. In the region, caterpillars of 2–3 generations can be traced; they are most numerous in August.
In the first instars, the disturbed larvae freeze, stretching their head and legs forward, probably imitating the lanceolate leaf of an oleander. They pupate in leaf litter under the bushes of the food plant. In the laboratory, caterpillars used rare (and fragile) brownish silks to form cradles in the humus near the soil surface. The small depth of pupae is one of the reasons for their high mortality, both from low temperatures and from destruction by predators.
Thus, blackbirds easily detect and peck the pupae of the oleander hawk moth. The high density of this bird species wintering in Sochi leads to mass death of pupae even in mild winters. In laboratory conditions close to natural conditions, the development of second generation pupae (August) occurs in 15–17 days. We did not record the flight, however, judging by the timing of caterpillar development, its peak in Sochi should fall in mid-August - the first ten days of September. Meetings of butterflies at the end of August are known for the Crimea. The development of larvae of subsequent generations is hampered by cold weather.
Convolvulus hawkmoth
Description
The second largest hawk moth in Europe: 90–120 mm in wingspan. The front wings have blurred, broken bands, trimmed with a white outline on a general white background, the hind wings have three wavy black stripes. The fringe of the wings consists of alternating white and dark fields. The proboscis is very long - in the unfolded position it is twice the length of the body.
Habitats
It prefers open spaces and is “attached” to places where the food plant grows, but butterflies can migrate over long distances - hundreds of kilometers.
Lifestyle
It produces two generations within a year. After wintering, butterflies emerge from their pupae in early to mid-June, and second-generation adults emerge from late August to mid-September. Active at dusk. It lives wherever there are suitable flowers. The caterpillars' food plant is bindweed. Butterflies feed on pollen from garden plants, especially tobacco. The butterfly flies in May–November.
Reproduction
Caterpillar. Length – 100–130 mm, green or brownish.
Doll. In harsh snowless winters, the second generation pupae die, and the number is restored due to migrants from the Caucasus, Crimea, and Central Asia.
Limiting factors and status
The species is listed in the Red Book of the Saratov Region. Conservation status: 3 – rare species. Butterflies of the first generation are recorded as single finds, and in some years the number of butterflies of the second generation increases. The existence of the species is affected by weather conditions: severe frosts lead to freezing of the soil layer to a depth of 10–15 cm, which causes the death of the pupae.
Lilac Hawkmoth
Appearance
The lilac hawk moth is a very large butterfly, the size of which varies between 45-55 mm. Leads a nocturnal lifestyle. The habitat of the Lilac Hawkmoth is all of Europe up to 62° north latitude.
Many call the Lilac Hawkmoth butterfly a bird - a hummingbird because of its size and long proboscis, with which the hawkmoth sucks juice from plants. The head and abdomen of the butterfly are gray-green. The mustache is white. The hind wings are pink with a white band.
A distinctive feature of the Lilac Hawkmoth is the characteristic “marbled” pattern on the front wings. The color of the front wing pattern may vary. Wingspan - from 90 to 120 mm. Unlike most, the Lilac Hawkmoth extends its wings along the body during the resting period.
The caterpillar is particularly large in size. Can reach 11 cm in length. A characteristic feature of the Lilac Hawkmoth caterpillar is a dense horn-shaped outgrowth on the back of the body. For the development and nutrition of hawk moth caterpillars, they choose lilac, viburnum, meadowsweet, ash, currants and grapes. Less often - other plants.
The Lilac Hawk Moth lays its eggs on the underside of the leaves, in the area of the veins. The development time of larvae is July-September months. The butterfly gives one generation. Pupae of the Lilac Hawkmoth overwinter in the soil. They are buried approximately 20-50 cm into the soil.
Spreading
The global range of the Lilac Hawkmoth is multi-regional, covering almost all of eastern, northern, southern and western (with the exception of some regions of the UK) Europe.
As for the regions of Russia, the Lilac Hawkmoth is observed in the Kaliningrad, Middle Ural, Western Caucasus, Lower Volga, Middle Amur, Kuril, Primorsky and many other regions. At the same time, the regional population is continuously growing due to migrants.
Forage plants
Viburnum, lilac, privet, meadowsweet, grapes, currants and others. As a result, plants lose their decorative properties, growth slows down, and flowering becomes poor due to extensive damage.
Proboscis Hawk Moth or Common Tongue
Description
The proboscis hawk moth, or common tongue hawk, is distinguished by gray front wings, on which a transverse pattern is inscribed, while the hind wings are decorated with a dark border on an orange background. The butterfly's wingspan spans up to 50 mm, and their flapping is so rapid that it is almost impossible to see them. The insect is of medium size. Its abdomen is decorated with a tassel of hairs, and it looks a bit like a bird's tail. This is why many people associate the hawk moth with hummingbirds. Butterfly caterpillars range in color from green to dark brown, however, before turning into a mature individual, the pupa turns red.
Reproduction
The insect produces offspring twice during the summer. Caterpillars of the first generation, preferring flooded areas of forest edges, appear in thickets of bedstraw and chickweed. As a rule, this occurs in early autumn (September, early October). The appearance of the second generation occurs in the summer (June, August).
Lifestyle and distribution
The common tongue is a heat-loving insect. It appears at the beginning of summer. Insects fly from the south, but representatives of the second generation fly to regions with warm climatic conditions with the autumn cold.
Insects are distributed throughout Europe, North Africa and India, Central Asia, and the Far East. In Russia, populations have been recorded in the Caucasus, Crimea, the south of the Urals and Siberia. Some individuals fly as far as Yakutsk and Syktyvkar. The proboscis prefers sunny edges, gardens, and can fly into city parks.
Are hawk moths dangerous?
The large lepidopteran insect is quite rare in the garden and does not cause much damage to the crop. More often, “northern hummingbirds” live in forests and flutter near flower beds. Insects are useful - they pollinate plants. There is no particular harm from the caterpillars - they eat young leaves, and the plant has time to recover. A large number of individuals is an exceptional case, because the hawk moth belongs to the category of rare butterflies. You should not destroy insects: it is better to carefully catch an unusual creature and take it to the forest, meadow or park. Many summer residents are lost when large caterpillars appear: “horned” creatures climb onto the site very rarely.
Despite their menacing appearance, the growing insects are quite harmless. Yes, they eat the leaves of viburnum, jasmine, potatoes, and dope, but there are not many hawk moths in nature, and destroying a hummingbird butterfly or caterpillars is the wrong thing to do. A hawk moth in the garden is a great success for the owner. A person gets a unique opportunity to observe a rare species listed both in the Regional Red Books and in the Russian Red Book. The harm from eating young leaves is not commensurate with the positive emotions that certainly manifest themselves in everyone who sees a miracle of nature. Insects pollinate flowers and simply decorate the world around us.
Those who meet this amazing insect for the first time often confuse it with a miniature hummingbird; in fact, it is an ordinary butterfly of the hawk moth family. But you can’t argue with the fact that there really is something similar in their appearance and habits.
There are over 1,000 different species of the hawkmoth family, mostly nocturnal creatures, but some are more active at dusk and others only during the day.
Hawkmoths are distributed all over the world, for the most part they are large butterflies with a muscular, dense body, narrow wings and a long proboscis, thanks to which they can feast on nectar in flight, while pollinating flowers. But there are species whose adult representatives do not feed at all. Their mouthparts are underdeveloped, and the food that the caterpillar has eaten during its short life is enough for them to reproduce. The speed that these butterflies can reach reaches 50 km/h.
The most common in our latitudes is the bedstraw hawk-moth; it is this one that can most often be found in flower beds.
The largest representative of the family, the death's head hawkmoth, has a wingspan that can reach 12 cm. Its distinctive feature is a pattern on its back, somewhat reminiscent of a skull. Actually, because of him, the butterfly received such a gloomy name. But other species are no less interesting. For example, the wine hawk moth boasts a beautiful purple color, and the oleander hawk moth is painted in different shades of green.
Hawkmoth caterpillars are quite large in size, usually have a bright color and a small colored spike on the back of the body, which is hidden under the skin and appears in case of danger.
The family of Hawkmoths, or Sphinxes (Sphingidae), is widely known among nature lovers. Hawk moths are considered the best flyers among butterflies - they are capable of traveling thousands of kilometers independently (that is, without being carried by wind or air currents). Their entire smooth, streamlined body is adapted for rapid flight. Maybe this is why hawk moths in their outlines resemble jet planes?
Although hawk moths are traditionally classified as nocturnal moths and can fly into the light, they can often be seen during the day. They suck nectar on the fly, hovering in front of the flower like little helicopters. I had the opportunity to observe how these butterflies fed on linden flowers on a warm summer evening. They quickly rushed around the crown of the tree, suddenly freezing in the air near the yellow inflorescences, and sucked out the sweet fragrant nectar from them with long mobile proboscis. It is possible that it was precisely for this “cheerful” way of life that the hawk moths received their Russian name. A number of hawk moths (for example, the Bumblebee Hawk, or the Tongue Hawk Moth, which is quite common in our south) have generally switched to a diurnal lifestyle.
Hawkmoth caterpillars are large and thick, like sausages. They are often beautifully and brightly colored. Most of them have a very characteristic feature - a horn-like outgrowth at the posterior end of the body. If you pick up such a caterpillar in your hands, it shrinks tightly and begins to kick violently from side to side. This is a defensive reaction to scare off possible predators. In fact, hawkmoth caterpillars are completely harmless to humans and there is no need to be afraid of them.
Most of our hawk moths (including all those presented in our photographs) fly in the first half of summer, approximately in the second half of June - the first half of July (dates are given for the Moscow and adjacent regions). In some especially warm years (such as last year 1999), some species are capable of producing a second generation in the second half of summer.
In the Yaroslavl region, where the author of this note lives, thirteen species of hawk moths have been found. About twenty species of these butterflies live in the European part of Russia. In total, more than a thousand species of hawk moths are known in the world, most of which are found in the tropics. In the photographs given here you can see three types of sphinxes, which can be found quite often in central Russia.
The first photo shows one of the most common representatives of this family for the Middle Belt - Bedstraw Hawkmoth (Hyles galii (Rottemburg, 1775)) (photo N1).
Caterpillars of the Bedstraw Hawkmoth live on fireweed, bedstraw and milkweed. The caterpillars of our other common hawk moth, Sredny Vinny (Deilephila elpenor (Linnaeus, 1758)), also develop on fireweed. Caterpillars of the Bedstraw Hawkmoth are distinguished by characteristic yellow spots with a black border on the sides of each body segment. In the second half of summer, both of them can be found in almost any fireweed thicket (including urban ones) - you just need to look carefully. Bedstraw hawkmoths overwinter in the pupal phase, in the soil litter.
As noted above, this species of hawk moth is typical for central Russia. To the north it can penetrate almost to the Arctic Circle. The bedstraw hawk moth has a Holarctic distribution, i.e. found in temperate latitudes throughout Eurasia and North America. In Western Europe this butterfly is rarer than here. It must be said that in the eighties this butterfly began to be found much less frequently in our country, but now there is a slight increase in its numbers again.
In the next photo (photo N2) is the Lesser Wine Hawk Moth (Deilephila porcellus (Linnaeus, 1758)) - the closest relative of the Medium Wine Hawk Moth mentioned above.
The caterpillars of the lesser wine hawk moth feed on the leaves of bedstraw and fireweed; in more southern regions they can also develop on grapes. They feed mainly at night, and during the day they camouflage themselves, freezing among the leaves of the food plant. When stationary, gray-brown caterpillars look like browned, curled dry leaves. On the sides of the thoracic segments they have dark eyes with a bright white rim. The disturbed caterpillar retracts its head, while its thoracic segments swell and the ocellated spots become clearly visible. It turns out to be such a “big-headed” and “big-eyed” worm, which desperately shakes its “head” to the sides. As we will see later, a similar protective “big-eyed” pattern can be present not only in caterpillars, but also in some adult hawk moths. Before pupation, the caterpillars of the Lesser Wine Hawk Moth burrow into the soil. The pupae overwinter in the soil, in special chambers.
The lesser wine hawk moth is widely distributed throughout the Western Palearctic, from Western Europe to Siberia. In the first half of the seventies, it was found quite often in central Russia, then its numbers decreased greatly - sometimes I was not able to meet these butterflies for several years. Now Small Wine Hawks have again begun to be regularly seen in the Yaroslavl region, and you can see his photo on the pages of our magazine.
Photo N3 shows a female Ocellated Hawkmoth (Smerinthus ocellata (Linnaeus, 1758)).
Of all these eastern “occellated” relatives, we occasionally encounter the Blind Hawk Moth (Smerinthus caecus Menetries, 1857), which is more typical of Western Siberia. It differs from the Ocellated one in having a lighter cream background on the forewings. The “eyes” on the hind wings of the Blind Hawkmoth are more “squinted” (in the Ocellated Hawkmoth they are “wide open”).
Caterpillars of the Ocellated Hawkmoth develop on various trees and shrubs. They feed mainly on aspen leaves, less often on poplar, willow or bird cherry. They are green, with vague oblique yellowish stripes and a bluish horn. Unlike the caterpillars of the Bedstraw and Lesser Wine Hawk Moths, the skin of the caterpillars of the Ocellated Hawk Moth is not smooth, but is covered with numerous pimples. Before wintering, the caterpillar pupates. The pupa overwinters in a light cocoon on the soil, under the cover of fallen leaves and last year's grass.
The ocellated hawk moth is one of the most common in central Russia. It can often be found in clearings and forest edges, as well as near various tree plantings, shelterbelts, and even in city parks - wherever aspens, poplars or willows grow - that is, its food plants. A butterfly sitting on the grass looks like a curled last year's leaf, and if you slightly disturb it, it will spread its front wings, showing an ocellated pattern. This species is distributed throughout Europe, the European part of Russia, penetrating east through Western Siberia to the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Therefore, the Ocellated Hawkmoth can be classified as a species with a Western Palaearctic distribution. But the already mentioned Blind Hawkmoth, on the contrary, is very widespread throughout Siberia and the Far East (including Sakhalin, Japan, Mongolia and China), but is quite rare in central Russia and only occasionally flies into the countries of Eastern Europe. Thus, the Blind Hawkmoth is a species with an eastern Palaearctic range.
All of our hawk moths are protected species. They are included either in the Russian or regional Red Books. Both adult butterflies and their caterpillars are an adornment of our nature. Caterpillars of many species feed on weeds (for example, Bedstraw hawkmoth) or leaves of low-value tree species (Ocellated hawkmoth) and therefore cannot in any way be classified as pests. Remember that a Red Book species remains protected regardless of what phase of development it is in - eggs, caterpillars, pupa or adult butterfly.
And in conclusion, one more small remark should be made. Usually we are accustomed to thinking that our butterflies are much more modest than tropical ones (for example, our Swallowtails, Nymphalids or Whitefishes). So, this does not apply to hawk moths. African, Australian or South American hawkmoths practically do not stand out among ours. And the most beautiful hawk moth in the world is considered to be the Oleander Hawkmoth (Daphnis nerii L.), which lives in the Mediterranean and is often found on our Black Sea coast.
Sometimes in the summer on meadow paths, or even in the city, you can meet large caterpillars slowly crawling. Someone will say “ugh, what a disgusting thing!”, and someone, on the contrary, will pick it up with interest. The caterpillar, of course, doesn’t like this, it begins to wriggle and curl up into a ring, because it has eaten itself for several weeks and is now looking for a secluded place to pupate. The caterpillar shown in the photo wine hawkmoth(lat. Deilephila elpenor) light brown, with a greenish tint; on the sides of the front part of the body, near the head, it has dark spots with a white border on top and a small horn on the tail. If the caterpillar is frightened, it retracts its head, inflates the segments with eye patterns, making them look like the head of a snake with eyes, which should scare off unwanted predators. This caterpillar feeds on fireweed, better known among us as fireweed, bedstraw and grape leaves (for which it received its name). After pupation, the following year it will hatch into a wine hawk moth, a rather large twilight moth, which is very similar to a hummingbird in its flight and feeding habits. Even in English it is called elephant hawk moth, which can be roughly translated as “elephant moth.”
Wine Hawkmoth(lat. Deilephila elpenor) - a butterfly from the family hawk moths (Sphingidae). Wingspan 50-70 mm. The coloring of the forewings and body is olive-pink with transverse oblique pink bands on the forewings. The hind wings are black at their base. Widely distributed in the Palearctic. Flight time is from mid-May to mid-August, one, sometimes two generations. The caterpillar stage is from mid-June to August. The color of the caterpillar varies from light green to brown and almost black; on the 4th and 5th rings there are “eyes” with a dark core and a white border. The horn is short, black-brown. The caterpillars' food plants are fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium and E. hirsutum) and fireweed (Chamerion); less often bedstraw, impatiens, grapes. Pupation on the soil; the pupa overwinters.
Below is a photo (not mine) of what an imago (adult moth) looks like:
Photo by jean pierre Hamon, Wikipedia
Wine hawk moth belongs to the genus Deilephila. These are large and medium-sized butterflies with a wingspan of 40-80 mm. Medium Wine Hawkmoth is an olive butterfly with a pink pattern. The base of the hind wings is black. Wingspan 50-70 mm. The head, chest and abdomen of the moth are olive green. The pinkish stripes on the back in the abdominal area merge into one longitudinal line. The antennae are thickened, grayish-pink. The eyes are large, complex, covered with scales. Insects have excellent vision; they see objects in low light. Insects are common in Europe, including the south of the Urals. Found in Turkey, Iran, Central Asia, India, Korea, Japan and China. It lives in gardens, at the edge of the forest, and on roadsides. Settles on honeysuckle bushes, petunias and iris flowers. Moths living in gardens and parks pollinate 5-10% of nearby trees and shrubs.
The wine hawk moth caterpillar can be green or dark brown, almost black in color. On the 4-5 body segment there are round black eyes with a white border. The tail horn is short, black at the base, and the tip is white. Due to their large size (70-80 mm), the caterpillars make a terrifying impression on people. They are actually not dangerous. The larvae do not even cause serious harm to plants.
In case of danger, the wine hawk moth caterpillar is capable of inflating a segment of the body that has eyes. She draws her head in and assumes a sphinx pose, lifting her front legs off the surface. At the same time, she becomes like a snake. Given the impressive size of the body, enemies such as birds prefer not to engage in combat.
The summer time of butterflies is from May to August. They are active in the evening until midnight. Moths feed on flowers and mate. Depending on the region where they live, they give from one to five generations. For plants that open their buds at close intervals, they are excellent pollinators. During the mating season, they often fly to light sources.
Hawkmoths are excellent flyers; during migration they cover thousands of kilometers. Butterflies are able to hover in one place, feeding on the nectar of flowers, and move vertically up and down.
The fertilized female lays individual or paired round eggs on the leaves and stems of food plants. Green masonry with a glossy surface. The embryo develops in 7-10 days. Young larvae are yellow or light green in color. As they mature, most become gray-brown with black streaks. This stage lasts about a month.
The wine hawk moth caterpillar can be both beneficial and harmful. It depends on her diet. The larva that settles on the weeds helps get rid of the grass without weeding. The insect does not harm agriculture. Hawkmoth food plants are flowers and ovaries of fireweed (willowherb), bedstraw, and impatiens. In rare cases, it feeds on grape leaves.
Having reached the fifth instar, the larva descends to the ground and prepares for pupation. She chooses a place at the foot of the plant on which she fed and forms a cocoon. The pupa is brown, length 40-45 mm. They overwinter in the litter or upper layers of soil.
Hawkmoths fly at speeds of up to 50 km/h. The wind interferes with their flight and while feeding on flowers. When the wind force is 3 m/s, insects do not fly out to feed.
Medium wine hawk moth is listed in the Red Book of Karelia and the Belgorod Region as a rare species.
The wine hawk moth received the Latin name Deilephila elpenor in honor of the hero of mythology: Elpenor is a friend of Odysseus, returning with him from Troy; died after falling from the roof of the palace of the sorceress Circe.
There is an assumption that these spots on the caterpillars of wine hawk moths imitate the “glasses” of a cobra. However, it is unlikely that birds would confuse a small caterpillar with a snake, especially since wine hawk moths are widespread in areas where cobras are not found. And simple experience has shown that birds very willingly eat ocellated caterpillars. There is no clear answer to the question about the reason for this coloring. The horn of the caterpillar of the average wine hawk moth is weakly expressed.
The hawk moth family (Sphingidae) is one of the fastest flyers not only among butterflies, but also among insects in general. Some reach speeds of up to 60 km/h! Narrow and long front wings and a streamlined, aerodynamic body make their flight swift and maneuverable. It was they, like some birds, that became the prototype for the creation of jet aircraft, thanks to observant designers. Hawkmoths make from 37 to 85 wing beats per second, while the swallowtail, for example, makes only 5-6 beats.
You can hatch the wine hawk moth at home from the pupa yourself, but to do this, after pupation, it must be stored in the refrigerator for some time, otherwise the adult insect will hatch somewhere around the New Year, when it will have nothing to eat. Detailed information about their breeding -
Loading...
