They belong to the branch of science that deals with teaching the differentiated use of language in communication, and also provides knowledge with regards to the language itself and the corresponding means necessary for its use. It is called "stylistics" and its predecessor was rhetoric (the concept of oratory), which dealt exclusively with the public style of speech. Stylistics as a science covers all systems of speech means. This is a kind of teaching regarding the most effective forms of expression of thoughts and feelings.
What are stylistically colored words?
They are used exclusively in specific styles, in particular:
- Scientific vocabulary. It includes words that are used in education, science and technology (for example, range, laser, etc.).
- Political vocabulary. This includes words used in the public, political field (candidate, dissertation, Duma, etc.).
- It is represented by words that are used mainly in everyday communication, orally (great, pictures, internet, etc.). Within the framework of works of fiction, it is used to characterize the main characters.
Summarizing the above, we can formulate what stylistically colored words are. These are words that have an additional meaning, more precisely, they name an object and convey its appropriate assessment (neglect, approval, irony, etc.), as well as certain emotions in relation to it.
Variety of stylistic coloring
It is represented by two components:
1. Functional-target stylistic coloration (coloration of individual language units), which, in turn, is subdivided into three main types:
- colloquial;
- bookstore;
- neutral.
The first two types can be:
Grammatical forms (for example, contracts (neutral) - contracts (colloquial);
Words (for example, place (neutral) - location (book);
Phraseologisms (for example, to stretch your legs (colloquial) - to rest in eternal sleep (book);
Suggestions (for example, due to non-flying weather conditions, the departure is delayed (neutral) - because of the fog I did not fly away (conversational).
2. Expressive-evaluative stylistic coloring (there is no reference to a specific style, contained in the word itself) includes three types:
- reduced;
- increased;
- neutral.
Example: life (neutral) - life (reduced) - life (increased).
Neutral and stylistically colored words
The vocabulary in the literary language is usually divided into two main components: stylistically colored and neutral vocabulary.
Neutral vocabulary - words that are not tied to any of the existing styles of speech, that is, they can be used in any system of speech means, because they are not expressively and emotionally colored. However, these words have stylistic synonyms (colloquial, bookish, colloquial).
According to the theory of MV Lomonosov ("Three Calms"), all other words refer either to a high system of speech means (for example, to rest, homeland, etc.), or to a low (for example, the other day, belly, etc.) .).
In this regard, there is a colloquial vocabulary (gray gelding, tsyts, etc.) and a book, which, in turn, is divided into the following types:
Directions of linguistic stylistics
There are two of them, in particular:
- language style;
- stylistics of speech (functional stylistics).
The first direction studies the stylistic means of vocabulary, grammar and phraseology, as well as the stylistic structure of the language.
Second - different types of speech and their conditionality by various purposes of the statement.
Linguistic stylistics should contain the principle of consistency and functionality and reflect the relationship of various types of speech for the purpose of expression, its subject matter, communication conditions, the author's attitude and the addressee of speech.
Styles are various combinations of the use of language in the process of communication. Each system of speech means is characterized by the originality of the language means used, as well as their unique combination with each other.
Thus, it is worth formulating a definition of what is linguistic stylistics. This is, first of all, a section of linguistics that studies various styles (language, speech, genre, etc.). Also, the subject of her research is the emotional, expressive and evaluative properties of linguistic units both in the paradigmatic plane (within the framework of the language system) and in the syntagmatic aspect (in various spheres of communication).
The structure of the considered section of linguistics
These include combinations that are sustainable (employment service, public sector workers, international, etc.). They are widely used by journalists due to the fact that it is impossible to constantly invent fundamentally new means of expression.
42. Expressive-evaluative vocabulary
Vocabulary EXPRESSIVE-EVALUATION(from Lat. expressio - "expression") - "words reflecting the speaker's emotional attitude to reality, to the content or addressee of the message" (L.L. Kasatkin).
Expressive evaluative vocabulary serves to express various feelings. This is a manifestation at the lexical level of the expressive (emotive) function of the language, one of its main functions. Expressiveness is a general semantic category that manifests itself at all linguistic levels; it is a manifestation of the subjective principle of a language as opposed to an objective one, part of linguistic pragmatics.
“In linguistics, evaluative-expressive connotations are considered by ematology - the linguistics of emotions. “Emotions are a form of the subject's assessment of the object of the world ... In the process of linguistic mediation, emotionality as a mental phenomenon is transformed into emotivity, which is already a linguistic phenomenon, and emotive signs of the linguistic space are substitutes for emotions of the world beyond the language of the language” (V. I. Shakhovsky On the linguistics of emotions / / Language and emotions: collection of scientific works Volgograd: Change, 1995. S. 3-15). The value of emotiveness in mastering the environment is great. S. Bally spoke about the priority of the affective in language. The emotive has a number of functions: phatic, pragmatic, translational, correlative, national-cultural (V.I.Shakhovsky), integrative (V.I. Zhelvis).
I. Varieties of expressive-evaluative vocabulary
Expressive significance in words can be formally expressed in a special phonetic form of the word (fruit - about a person), in particular emphasis (handsome), in emotionally expressive morphemes in words (for example, - schin (a) / - rank (a): Asiatic, criminality, gibberish, boulevard). Here we are dealing with isomorphism - the duplication of linguistic categories by different linguistic levels, interdependence and interpenetration of linguistic levels, in this case - lexical and phonetic, grammatical (word-formation) levels.
Expressive significance may not be formally expressed, it is “that emotional or evaluative coloration of values that remains in them minus the objective content” (VN Telia). It is most evident when compared with a neutral synonym: write - scatter("to write clumsily, with difficulty"); income is profit("easy income, enrichment at someone else's expense"); leader - leader("the leader of something negatively assessed by society"). The emotional-expressive meaning of such words is expressed in a gradual opposition (it can increase or decrease). D.N. Shmelev matches words pedant(in which negative coloration is not very pronounced and can be removed by the context) and letter-reader(in which emotional awareness is definitely anchored).
Emotional-evaluative vocabulary is characteristic of the spoken style of the literary language, artistic, journalistic, and is not used in the scientific and official-business functional styles.
Expressive evaluativeness is primarily the property of oral forms of speech. It is widely represented in vernacular, dialects, jargon. It realizes the tendency of the language to expressiveness, and opposes it the tendency to save linguistic means.
L.L. Kasatkin in the literary language distinguishes three groups of emotionally evaluative words: 1) the very meaning of the word contains an element of negative evaluation (grouch -"who has a habit of grumbling annoyingly"; nag -"bad horse"; slob- "careless, careless in business, loose person") or positive ( retribution- "retribution, punishment for a crime, for evil"; daring -"bold striving for something noble, high"); 2) figurative meanings of the word carry an expressive assessment; about a human: deck, cow, eagle, calf, sour, sticky, boil; according to the observations of D.N. Shmeleva, it is mainly negative expression; 3) words with subjective evaluation suffixes: granny, mommy, flower, house, old man, old man, little white; not all such words are recorded in explanatory dictionaries.
Expressive-evaluative vocabulary makes speech especially expressive, attracts the attention of listeners. The detection of emotions is sometimes considered as one of the ways to agreement in negotiations (Fisher R., Yuri U. The path to agreement or negotiation without defeat // Secret of success. M .: Paradox, 1995. S. 49). But, on the other hand, the use of such vocabulary testifies to the emotional agitation of the speaker, therefore, in those situations where it is necessary to remove the “heat of the matter” in communication, it is better not to use such words.
II. Expressive-evaluative vocabulary and lexical meaning
Emotionally expressive elements of the meaning of a word are differently correlated with the lexical meaning. In the language, the so-called expressoids (expressives) are distinguished - words in which the most important thing that makes up the meaning is its expression, for example: blather - 1) "to say something out of place"; 2) "to say something indistinct, abruptly"; 3) "say something in a high-pitched voice"; 4) "say something absurd"; 5) "said by an unauthorized person." Such ambiguity in the semantics of this word is due to its strong expression. In this regard, in some words we meet with the so-called "paradoxical inner form": to obfuscate, to financially. On the other hand, expressiveness can be distinguished in a word as a connotation: rush- "to run very fast". (The expressive vocabulary of colloquial speech is described in detail by N.A.Lukyanova.)
“In certain speech collectives, the frequent use of reduced and vulgar vocabulary is normative (among adolescents, in the army, in declassed communities). Reduced vocabulary is associated with masculine behavior. The absence of lowered and vulgar words in speech is a sign of a special situation for carriers of certain sociolects - as a rule, a signal of danger "(Karasik V.I. Language of social status. M .: ITDGK" Gnosis ", 2002, p. 265).
III. Controversial issues of theory
Controversial in theory are the issues of differentiating the terms expressive and emotional.
Some scholars share emotionally charged meanings (leaflet, calf - about a person) - as expressing the attitude of the speaker - and expressively colored (rush, volohat- "to work") - as expressing the special intensity of a sign or action (EM Galkina-Fedoruk). In most cases, emotional and expressive senses coincide. (snooze, burn).
In modern literature, expressiveness is understood as a general phenomenon and the expressive-emotional and expressive-evaluative meanings of words differ.
It is controversial to refer to the expressive vocabulary of words like love, beautiful, hate, bad, in which the denotative orientation of meaning is associated with the designation of emotions, moods, experiences, etc. Some scientists attribute these words to expressive vocabulary (E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk, V.I.Petrovsky, etc.), but some do not consider them such (D.N.Shmelev, L.L. Kasatkin, L.P. Krysin, etc.), since, firstly, the selection of these words is made in connection with the subject-thematic classification of vocabulary, and secondly, for them there are no neutral synonyms; thirdly, in a number of contexts they act as emotionally neutral concepts, in others they can evoke different emotions in the interlocutors.
IV. Expressive evaluative vocabulary and Vocabularies
Emotionally expressive vocabulary in the Russian language is represented by vernacular, vulgar vocabulary, abusive vocabulary, familiar vocabulary, on the one hand, and high, poetic vocabulary on the other.
In explanatory dictionaries, a system of expressive stylistic labels is distinguished: contempt.(contemptuous) disapproved(disapproving) neglected(dismissive) rude.(rough) bran.(abusive), destroy.(derogatory). Swear words correspond to the positive expressive-emotional evaluativeness of words ( approved, caress, caress - decrease.), but represent, in comparison with the latter, a significant variety, in which the asymmetry of the linguistic sign is manifested. In addition, there is still joke... (joking) mail.(respectful) and some others. Negative shades of the word are called pejorative (see also CONNOTATION).
In lexicographic practice, emotionally expressively colored words are stylistically marked along with those assigned to a separate functional style.
V. Changes in expressively colored vocabulary
The expressive characteristic of words is a changeable phenomenon, each era has its own expressive lexical system, which changes under the influence of extralinguistic factors or as a result of intralingual reasons. According to the observations of A.N. Gorshkov, the connotation of a significant number of words changes during the period of the change in the socio-political system. So, in the post-revolutionary period, the words acquired a negative connotation lady, footman, madam; positive - hicks(novel by F.I. Nasedkin "The Great Beggars"), working people, revolutionary. The words are currently receiving negative connotation communist(in the shape of commie), competition, leader, Soviets, neutral color - words gentlemen, stock exchange, gambling. D.N. Shmelev, comparing the expressive-stylistic labels in the explanatory dictionary of D.N. Ushakov (1935-1940) and S.I. Ozhegova (1949), comes to the conclusion that outdated words are in active use: painter, conceive, desolate, statue and others. Similar observations in the first post-revolutionary years were made by A.M. Selishchev ( is based, the path, supposedly). Expressive-evaluative marks are removed from a number of words, and vice versa: E.F. Petrishcheva noticed that in the 19th century. the words lawyer, prettiness, horde, prowl, conspiracy, zeal functioned as neutral, in our time they entered the expressive-evaluative vocabulary, etc.
See: CONNOTATION
Literature
2. Babenko L.G. Lexical means of designating emotions in Russian. Sverdlovsk: USU Publishing House, 1989.
3. Bronnikova Yu.O. Assessment vocabulary in the speech of primary schoolchildren // Semantic processes at different levels of the language system. Saratov, 1994.
4. Golovanevsky A. L. On the problem of creating an "Ideological and evaluative socio-political dictionary of the Russian language at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 20th century" // Materials on Russian-Slavic linguistics. Voronezh, 1994. Issue. 20.P. 28–29.
5. Kasatkin L.L. Expressive-evaluative vocabulary // A short guide to the modern Russian language / ed. P.A. Lecant. M .: Higher school, 1991.
6. Krasavsky N.A. Emotional concepts in German and Russian linguocultures. Moscow: Gnosis, 2008.373 p.
7. Lukyanova N.A. Expressive colloquial vocabulary. Novosibirsk: Science, 1986.
8. Lukyanova N.A. Dictionary of expressive vocabulary of dialects of the Novosibirsk region: Principles of compiling a dictionary // Vocabulary and phraseology of languages of the peoples of Siberia. Novosibirsk, 1984. S. 48–58.
9. Matveeva T.V. Lexical expressiveness in the language. Sverdlovsk: USU Publishing House, 1989.
10. Skovorodnikov A.P., Kopnina G.A. Expressiveness // Encyclopedic Dictionary. Expressive means of the Russian language and speech errors and shortcomings. Moscow: Flinta: Nauka, 2005. pp. 362–364.
11. Shakhovsky V.I. Types of meanings of emotive vocabulary // Questions of linguistics. 1994. No. 1. P. 21–25.
1. Nefedova E.A. Expressive Dictionary of the Dialectal Personality. M .: Publishing house Mosk. University, 2001.144 p.
Expression in Russian means "emotionality". Consequently, expressive vocabulary is an emotionally colored set of expressions aimed at conveying the internal state of a person who speaks or writes. It concerns exclusively the artistic style in speech, which is very close to the colloquial in oral statements. But at the same time, the artistic style has several significant limitations in comparison with the author can say a lot, but not everything, if he wants to stay within the framework of literary norms.
Expressive speech coloring
Many concepts contained in the Russian language mean not only the material or spiritual object itself, but also its assessment from the position of the speaker. For example, the word "Armenian" is just a fact that testifies to a person's nationality. But if it is replaced by the word "khach", then a predominantly negative assessment of a person of this nationality will be expressed. This word is not only expressive, but also vernacular, it does not correspond to literary norms.
The difference between colloquial expressions and expressive
Colloquial expressions are mostly typical for people who live in a certain territory, have common hobbies, and may also be in the same age group. This is somewhat similar to dialects, although they are characteristic not of a particular ethnic group, but of a subcultural one. For the most part, colloquial expressions are expressive, but not limited to them.
The same word "khach" is colloquial. But it also has an expressive coloring. Nevertheless, even an ordinary word can be emotional in context. For example, if the usual word "Armenian" is used in a negative context, then it becomes synonymous with the word "khach", albeit more literary. Colloquial expressions are very often a subspecies of expressive vocabulary. But here, for example, the word "blond" is quite literary, although it refers to emotionally colored expressions.
Are emotional and evaluative vocabulary the same thing?
In general, these are synonyms. Because expressive vocabulary always expresses a certain attitude of the speaker towards something. But in some cases, emotional words do not contain judgment due to their contextuality. For example, "ah" people say both when something good has happened in their life, as well as bad.
Also, it does not include words whose lexical meaning already contains an assessment. The use of expressive vocabulary is the use of words that have an emotional component, and not contain only emotion. Hence, one conclusion must be drawn. A word becomes evaluative when an emotional component is superimposed on it by creating a certain context. At the same time, the independent is preserved.
The use of expressive vocabulary in life
In life, a person uses a lot of value judgments, the main links of which are emotional expressions. Expressive vocabulary is used in all spheres of life, even in the business sphere. Examples - the statement of Russian diplomats with regards to other countries. Even the President recently used an expressive expression, which is colloquial among other things, at a recent conference.
Any word can be made expressive if you choose the right context for it. For example, take the sentence: "These citizens, if you can call them that, were not chosen by the forces themselves." If we take the word "citizens" out of context, then this is the most common expression of a person's belonging to a particular country. But the part "if you can call them that" adds an expressive coloring to this concept in the given sentence. The author's assessment of the actions of people living in a particular country is immediately expressed. Now we should give a small classification of emotionally charged expressions.
Unambiguous words with vivid judgments
In some terms, the emotional coloring is so pronounced that whatever the context, it will still be clear what kind of assessment the person who writes or speaks wants to give. In another sense, such words are incredibly difficult to use. For example, how can you say the word "henpecked" in a positive or neutral context. As a rule, such expressions are used only if a person wants to express a negative attitude. Otherwise, softer words and phrases like "good husband" and others will be used.
"Henpecked" is a characteristic word. There are also terms that contain an assessment of the action. These are, for example, the words "shame", "cheat". The former means the person who made the other feel ashamed, and the latter implies deception. This word, by the way, also has a predominantly negative connotation.
Ambiguous words that take on an emotional color when used as a metaphor
It happens that expressive vocabulary is formed only when a word is used as a metaphor. Examples - nag the husband (a reference to the previous word), hum to the authorities, miss the bus. In general, the word "saw" means dividing wood into several parts using a special tool. But if you use it as a metaphor, then literally you get something like "divide the husband into several parts." That is, even with a literal interpretation of this metaphor, it is unlikely that something positive is found. So here's an example of clearly expressive expression.
The use of expressive vocabulary creates an opportunity to express one's attitude to certain phenomena or events. True, to recognize the expressive component of such metaphors, the slightest intellectual effort is required, if a person has not encountered such expressions before.
Emotional words with suffixes
This type of expression is very interesting for the reason that it can have different shades, which depend on the context. Expressively colored vocabulary of this type can have both a positive assessment (neatly), negative (a fellow), and a contextual assessment (a friend). For example, the latter can mean both tender feelings for a friend and an ironic statement in relation to an enemy.
And what do the suffixes have to do with it? And because with their help you can give a word a different assessment. For example, take the usual word "table". If you add the ik suffix to it, you get a table, and this is a positive assessment. If we add the suffix "isch", then a "capital" will come out, which bears a predominantly negative connotation.
conclusions
Expressive-emotional vocabulary occupies a rather serious position in our speech. If it were not for it, then it would be impossible to fully express the feelings of a person. And in the technologies for creating artificial intelligence, at this stage, they learned to force robots to transmit emotions only through emotionally colored expressions.
Also, expressive vocabulary allows you to better express your own thoughts during Internet correspondence, when there is only an opportunity and the non-verbal is not readable. Of course, the latter plays an incredibly serious role in communication, but without the use of expressive vocabulary, even the most artistic nature would not show anything.
Many words not only define concepts, but also express the speaker's attitude towards them, a special kind of evaluativeness. For example, admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow-white, whitish, lily. These words are emotionally charged: a positive assessment distinguishes them from a stylistically neutral definition of white. The emotional coloring of a word can also express a negative assessment of the so-called understood: blond, whitish. Therefore, emotional vocabulary is also called evaluative (emotionally evaluative).
At the same time, it should be noted that the concepts of emotionality and evaluativeness are not identical, although they are closely related. Some emotional words (for example, interjections) do not contain an assessment; but there are words in which the assessment is the essence of their semantic structure, but they do not relate to emotional vocabulary: good, bad, joy, anger, love, suffer.
A feature of the emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that the emotional coloring is "superimposed" on the lexical meaning of the word, but is not reduced to it: the denotative meaning of the word is complicated by the connotative one.
The emotional vocabulary can be divided into three groups.
1. Words with a vivid connotative meaning, containing an assessment of facts, phenomena, signs that give an unambiguous characterization of people: inspire, delightful, daring, unsurpassed, pioneer, predestine, herald, self-sacrifice, irresponsible, grumpy, double-dealing, bargaining, antediluvian, dishonor, dishonor , eyewash, sycophant, windbag, slob. Such words, as a rule, are unambiguous, expressive emotionality prevents the development of figurative meanings in them.
2. Polysemous words, neutral in their basic meaning, receiving a qualitatively emotional connotation when used figuratively. So, about a person of a certain character, one can say: a hat, a rag, a mattress, an oak, an elephant, a bear, a snake, an eagle, a crow, a rooster, a parrot; verbs are also used in a figurative sense: saw, hiss, sing, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink, etc.
3. Words with suffixes of subjective assessment, conveying various shades of feelings: son, daughter, grandma, sunshine, neatly, close by - positive emotions; beard, fellow, bureaucratic - negative. Their evaluative values are due not to nominative properties, but to word formation, since affixes give emotional coloring to such forms.
Emotionality of speech is often conveyed by especially expressive expressive vocabulary.... Expressiveness (expression) (lat. Expressio) means expressiveness, the power of manifestation of feelings and experiences. There are many words in the Russian language that have an element of expression added to their nominative meaning. For example, instead of the word good, when we are delighted with something, we say beautiful, wonderful, delicious, wonderful; one might say I don’t like, but it’s not hard to find stronger, more colorful words I hate, despise, and disgust. In all these cases, the semantic structure of the word is complicated by connotation.
Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress; Wed: misfortune - grief, disaster, catastrophe; violent - unrestrained, indomitable, frantic, furious. Vivid expression highlights solemn words (herald, accomplishments, unforgettable), rhetorical (companion, aspirations, proclaim), poetic (azure, invisible, silent, chant). The words are expressively colored and humorous words (faithful, newly minted), ironic (deign, don Juan, vaunted), familiar (not bad, cute, knock around, whisper) Expressive shades delimit disapproving words (mannered, pretentious, disdainful, pedant), little contemptuous ), contemptuous (sounding, toady), derogatory (skirt, squishy), vulgar (grabber, lucky), abusive (boor, fool). All these nuances of expressive coloring of words are reflected in stylistic notes to them in explanatory dictionaries.
Expression of a word is often overlaid on its emotional-evaluative meaning, and in some words expression prevails, in others - emotionality. Therefore, it is often not possible to distinguish between emotional and expressive coloring, and then they talk about emotional-expressive vocabulary (expressive-evaluative).
Words that are similar in terms of expressiveness are classified into:
1) vocabulary expressing a positive assessment of the called concepts, and
2) vocabulary expressing a negative assessment of the named concepts.
The first group will include high-pitched, affectionate, partly humorous words;
in the second - ironic, disapproving, abusive, contemptuous, vulgar, etc.
The emotionally expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. So, such words as fascism, Stalinism, repression received a sharply negative assessment in our country. A positive assessment stuck behind the words progressive, peaceful, anti-war. Even different meanings of the same word can differ markedly in stylistic coloring: in one meaning the word appears as solemn, high: Wait, prince. Finally, I hear the speech not of a boy, but of a husband (P.), in another - as ironic, mocking: G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor is famous for the learned husband (P.).
The development of expressive shades in the semantics of a word is also facilitated by its metaphorization. So, stylistically neutral words used as metaphors receive vivid expression: to burn at work, fall from fatigue, suffocate in the conditions of totalitarianism, a flaming gaze, a blue dream, a flying gait, etc. stylistically, a few can become emotionally colored, tall - contemptuous, affectionate - ironic, and even a swear word (scoundrel, fool) can sound approvingly.
Emotional-expressive coloring of a word and its belonging to a certain functional style in the lexical system of the Russian language, as a rule, are interdependent. Emotionally neutral words are usually included in the layer of common vocabulary. The exception is the terms: they are always stylistically neutral, but have a clear functional fixation.
Emotionally expressive words are distributed between book and colloquial (vernacular) vocabulary.
The book vocabulary includes high words, giving speech solemnity, as well as emotionally expressive ones, expressing both a positive and negative assessment of the named concepts. So, in book styles, vocabulary is used ironic (good-heartedness, words, quixotism), disapproving (pedantic, mannerism), contemptuous (disguise, corrupt), etc. Therefore, it is sometimes incorrectly believed that book vocabulary consists only of words of positive evaluative meaning, although such in it, of course, prevail (all poetic, rhetorical, solemn vocabulary).
Colloquial vocabulary includes words affectionate (darling, mommy), playful (butuz, laugh), as well as some units expressing a negative assessment of the named concepts (but not too rude): zealous, giggle, boast, small fry.
The colloquial vocabulary includes sharply reduced words that are outside the literary norm. Among them there may be forms that contain a positive assessment of the called concepts (hard worker, brainy), but there are many more forms that express the speaker's negative attitude to the designated concepts (lazy, go crazy, flimsy, dumb, etc.).
Many words not only name concepts, but also reflect the speaker's attitude towards them. For example, admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow-white, whitish, lily. These adjectives are emotionally charged: the positive assessment they contain distinguishes them from the stylistically neutral word white. The emotional coloring of a word can also express a negative assessment of the called concept (blond). Therefore, emotional vocabulary is called evaluative (emotionally evaluative). However, it should be noted that the concepts of emotional words (for example, interjections) do not contain evaluation; at the same time, words in which the assessment is their very lexical meaning (and the assessment is not emotional, but intellectual) do not refer to emotional vocabulary (bad, good, anger, joy, love, approve).
A feature of the emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that the emotional coloring is "superimposed" on the lexical meaning of the word, but is not reduced to it, the purely nominative function is complicated here by evaluativeness, the speaker's attitude to the named phenomenon.
In the composition of emotional vocabulary, the following three types can be distinguished. 1. Words with a vivid evaluative meaning, as a rule, are unambiguous; "The assessment in their meaning is so clearly and definitely expressed that it does not allow the word to be used in other meanings." These include the words “characteristics” (forerunner, herald, grouch, idle talker, toady, sloven, etc.), as well as words containing an assessment of a fact, phenomenon, sign, action (purpose, predestination, dealings, eyewash, wondrous, miraculous , irresponsible, antediluvian, dare, inspire, defame, defile). 2. Polysemous words, usually neutral in their basic meaning, but receiving a bright emotional coloring when used metaphorically. So, they say about a person: a hat, a rag, a mattress, an oak, an elephant, a bear, a snake, an eagle, a crow; in a figurative sense, the verbs are used: sing, hiss, saw, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink, and so on. 3. Words with suffixes of subjective assessment, conveying various shades of feeling: those containing positive emotions - son, sun, granny, neatly, close by, and negative - beard, fellow, bureaucratic, etc. Since the emotional coloring of these words is created by affixes, the estimated values in such cases are due not to the nominative properties of the word, but to word formation.
The depiction of feelings in speech requires special expressive colors. Expressiveness (from Latin expressio - expression) means expressiveness, expressive - containing special expression. At the lexical level, this linguistic category is embodied in the "increment" to the nominative meaning of the word of special stylistic shades, special expression. For example, instead of the word good, we say beautiful, wonderful, delicious, wonderful; one might say I don’t like, but you can find stronger words: I hate, despise, disgust. In all these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by expression. Often, one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress (compare: misfortune - grief - disaster - disaster, violent - unrestrained - indomitable - violent - furious). Vivid expression highlights words solemn (unforgettable, herald, accomplishments), rhetorical (sacred, aspirations, proclaim), poetic (azure, invisible, chant, unrepentant). A special expression distinguishes words playful (faithful, newly minted), ironic (grace, grace, don Juan) vaunted), familiar (not bad, cute, knock around, whisper). Expressive shades distinguish between words disapproving (pretentious, mannered, ambitious, pedant), dismissive (to paint, petty-mindedness), contemptuous (to scoff, groveling, sycophant), derogatory (petticoat, squishy), vulgar (grabbing, fortunate), ).
Expressive coloration in a word is layered on its emotional-evaluative meaning, and some words are dominated by expression, others - emotional coloration. Therefore, it is not possible to distinguish between emotional and expressive vocabulary. The situation is complicated by the fact that "unfortunately, there is no typology of expressiveness yet." This is associated with difficulties in developing a unified terminology.
By combining words that are similar in expression into lexical groups, we can distinguish: 1) words expressing a positive assessment of the named concepts, 2) words expressing their negative assessment. The first group will include high-pitched, affectionate, partly humorous words; in the second - ironic, disapproving, abusive, etc. The emotional-expressive coloring of words is clearly manifested when comparing synonyms:
stylistically neutral - lowered - high:
face - muzzle - face
obstacle - obstacle - obstacle
cry - cry - cry
to be afraid - to be afraid - to be afraid
drive out - expose - drive out
The emotionally expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. Such words as fascism, separatism, corruption, hired killer, mafia received a sharply negative assessment in our country. Behind the words progressive, law and order, statehood, glasnost, etc. a positive color is fixed. Even different meanings of the same word can differ markedly in stylistic coloring: in one case, the use of the word can be solemn (Wait, prince. Finally, I hear not a boy, but a husband's speech. - P.), in another - the same word gets an ironic connotation (G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the reputation of a learned man, so to speak, on his word of honor. - P.).
The development of emotional and expressive shades in a word is facilitated by its metaphorization. So, stylistically neutral words used as paths get vivid expression: to burn (at work), fall (from fatigue), suffocate (in adverse conditions), flaming (gaze), blue (dream), flying (gait), etc. etc. The context finally determines the expressive coloring: neutral words can be perceived as lofty and solemn; high vocabulary in other conditions acquires a mocking and ironic connotation; sometimes even a swear word can sound affectionate, and affectionate - contemptuous. The appearance of a word, depending on the context, of additional expressive shades significantly expands the visual possibilities of vocabulary
The expressive coloring of words in works of fiction differs from the expression of the same words in non-descriptive speech. In an artistic context, vocabulary receives additional, secondary semantic shades that enrich its expressive color. Modern science attaches great importance to the expansion of the semantic volume of words in artistic speech, linking with this the appearance of a new expressive color in words.
The study of emotional-evaluative and expressive vocabulary draws us to the allocation of various types of speech, depending on the nature of the speaker's impact on the listeners, the situation of their communication, attitude to each other and a number of other factors. " It is enough to imagine, - wrote A.N. Gvozdev, - that the speaker wants to laugh or touch, to cause the listeners' disposition or their negative attitude to the subject of speech, so that it becomes clear how different linguistic means will be selected, mainly creating different expressive colors. " With this approach to the selection of linguistic means, several types of speech can be outlined: solemn (rhetorical), official (cold), intimate-affectionate, playful. They are opposed by neutral speech, using linguistic means, devoid of any stylistic coloring. This classification of types of speech, dating back to the "poetics" of ancient antiquity, is not rejected by modern stylists either.
The study of functional styles does not exclude the possibility of using various emotional and expressive means in them at the discretion of the author of the work. In such cases, "the methods of selection of speech means ... are not universal, they are of a private nature." For example, a publicistic speech can receive a solemn coloring; “Rhetorical, expressively rich and impressive can be this or that performance in the sphere of everyday communication (commemorative speeches, ceremonial speeches associated with the act of a particular ritual, etc.)”.
At the same time, it should be noted that there is insufficient study of expressive types of speech, the lack of clarity in their classification. In this regard, the determination of the ratio of the functional-style emotional-expressive coloring of vocabulary also causes certain difficulties. Let's dwell on this issue.
Emotionally expressive coloring of the word, layering on the functional, complements its stylistic characteristics. Words that are neutral in an emotionally expressive relation usually refer to common vocabulary (although this is not necessary: terms, for example, in an emotionally expressive relation, are usually neutral, but have a clear functional fixation). Emotionally expressive words are distributed between bookish, colloquial and vernacular vocabulary.
The book vocabulary includes high words that give a speech solemnity, as well as emotionally expressive words that express both a positive and a negative assessment of the named concepts. In book styles, vocabulary is ironic (good-heartedness, words, quixotism), disapproving (pedantic, mannerism), contemptuous (disguise, corrupt).
Colloquial vocabulary includes words that are affectionate (little girl, darling), playful (butuz, laugh), as well as words expressing a negative assessment of the named concepts (small fry, zealous, giggle, boast).
In common parlance, words are used that are outside the literary vocabulary. Among them there may be words containing a positive assessment of the called concept (hard worker, brainy, funky), and words expressing the speaker's negative attitude to the concepts they designate (crazy, flimsy, dumb).
Functional, emotionally expressive and other stylistic shades can intersect in the word. For example, the words satellite, epigone, apotheosis are perceived primarily as bookish. But at the same time, the word satellite, used in a figurative sense, we associate with the journalistic style, in the word epigone we note a negative assessment, and in the word apotheosis - a positive one. In addition, the use of these words in speech is influenced by their foreign language origin. Such affectionate and ironic words as sweetheart, motanya, zaletka, drolya combine colloquial and dialectal coloring, folk poetic sound. The richness of stylistic nuances of the Russian vocabulary requires a particularly attentive attitude to the word.
Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language - M., 1997
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