Homogeneous complements answer questions. What are homogeneous members

Incorrect punctuation is one of the typical mistakes made in written speech. The most difficult ones usually include placing commas in sentences where there are heterogeneous or homogeneous definitions. Only a clear understanding of their features and differences helps make the entry correct and readable.

What is the definition?

This is a denoting attribute, property or quality of an object denoted by a noun. Most often expressed by an adjective ( white scarf), participle ( running boy), pronoun ( our house), ordinal number ( second number) and answers the questions "which one?" "whose?". However, there may be cases of use as a definition of a noun ( checkered dress), a verb in the infinitive form ( dream of being able to fly), adjective in simple comparative degree ( an older girl appeared), adverbs ( Hard boiled egg).

What are homogeneous members

The definition of this concept is given in syntax and concerns the structure of the simple (or predicative part). Homogeneous members are expressed by words of the same part of speech and the same form, depend on the same word. Consequently, they will answer a general question and perform the same syntactic function in a sentence. Homogeneous members are connected with each other by a coordinating or non-conjunctive connection.It should also be noted that their rearrangement within a syntactic structure is usually possible.

Based on the above rule, we can say that homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the basis of common (similar) features and qualities. Consider the sentence: “ In the garden, white, scarlet, burgundy buds of roses that had not yet bloomed proudly towered over their fellow flowers." The homogeneous definitions used in it denote color, and therefore characterize the object according to the same characteristic. Or another example: " Soon, low, heavy clouds hung over the city sweltering from the heat." In this sentence, one feature is logically connected to another.

Heterogeneous and homogeneous definitions: distinctive features

This question often causes difficulties. To understand the material, let’s take a closer look at what features each group of definitions has.

These are the main features, knowledge of which will allow you to easily distinguish between sentences with homogeneous definitions and heterogeneous ones. This means using punctuation marks correctly.

In addition, when performing syntactic and punctuation analysis of a sentence, you need to remember the following important points.

Definitions that are always the same

1. Adjectives next to each other characterize an object according to one characteristic: size, color, geographical location, assessment, sensations, etc. " At the bookstore, Zakhar purchased reference books on German, Italian, and French culture in advance.».
2. A group of synonyms used in a sentence: they call the same feature differently. " From early morning everyone in the house was in a cheerful, festive mood caused by yesterday's news».
3. Definitions that appear after the noun, with the exception of terms such as grab overhead crane. For example, in A. Pushkin’s poem we find: “ Three greyhounds are running along a boring winter road" In this case, each of the adjectives refers directly to the noun, and each definition is logically highlighted.
4. Homogeneous members of a sentence represent a semantic gradation, i.e. designation of the characteristic in increasing order. " The sisters, overwhelmed by a joyful, festive, radiant mood, could no longer hide their emotions».
5. Inconsistent definitions. For example: " A tall man in a warm sweater, with shining eyes and a bewitching smile, cheerfully entered the room.».

Combination of a single adjective and participial phrase

It is also necessary to dwell on the next group of definitions. These are adjectives and participial phrases used side by side and related to the same noun. Here, punctuation depends on the position of the latter.

Definitions that correspond to the scheme “single adjective + participial phrase” are almost always homogeneous. For example, " In the distance, dark mountains towering above the forest could be seen" However, if the participial phrase is used before the adjective and refers not to the noun, but to the entire combination, the rule “punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions” does not work. For example, " Yellow leaves swirling in the autumn air smoothly fell onto the damp ground.».

One more point needs to be taken into account. Consider this example: “ Among the dense, spreading fir trees, darkened in the twilight, it was difficult to see the narrow path leading to the lake" This is a sentence with isolated homogeneous definitions expressed by participial phrases. Moreover, the first of them is located between two single adjectives and clarifies the meaning of the word “thick”. Therefore, according to the rules for the design of homogeneous members, they are distinguished in writing by punctuation marks.

Cases when a comma is not required but is preferred

1. Homogeneous definitions (examples of which can often be found in fiction) designate different, but usually accompanying each other, causal features. For example, " At night,(you can insert BECAUSE) Long shadows from trees and lanterns were clearly visible in the deserted streets" Another example: " Suddenly, deafening sounds reached the old man’s ears,(BECAUSE) terrible thunderclaps».
2. Sentences with epithets that give a diverse description of the subject. For example, " And now, looking at the big one, Luzhin, she... was filled... with pity"(V. Nabokov). Or from A. Chekhov: “ Rainy, dirty, dark autumn has arrived».
3. When using adjectives in a figurative meaning (close to epithets): “ Timofey's large, fishy eyes were sad and carefully looked straight ahead».

Such homogeneous definitions - examples show this - are an excellent means of expressiveness in a work of art. With their help, writers and poets emphasize certain significant details in the description of an object (person).

Exceptional cases

Sometimes in speech you can find sentences with homogeneous definitions, expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example, " Until recently, old, low houses stood in this place, but now there are new, tall ones." As this example shows, in such a case there are two groups of definitions that relate to the same noun, but have opposite meanings.

Another case concerns definitions interconnected by explanatory relationships. " Completely different sounds, alien to the boy, were heard from the open window." In this sentence, after the first definition, the words “namely”, “that is” would be appropriate.

Rules for placing punctuation marks

Here everything depends on how homogeneous definitions are related to each other. Commas are used in non-union connections. Example: " A short, wrinkled, hunchbacked old woman was sitting on a chair on the porch, silently pointing to the open door." If there are coordinating conjunctions (“usually”, “and”), punctuation marks are not needed. " Women in white and blue homespun shirts peered into the distance, hoping to recognize the horseman approaching them." Thus, these sentences are subject to punctuation rules that apply to all syntactic constructions with homogeneous members.

If the definitions are heterogeneous (their examples are discussed in the table), a comma is not placed between them. Exception with combinations that can be ambiguous. For example, " After much debate and reflection, it was decided to resort to other proven methods" In this case, everything depends on the meaning of the participle. A comma is used if “namely” can be inserted before the word “verified”.

Conclusion

Analysis of all of the above leads to the conclusion that punctuation literacy largely depends on knowledge of specific theoretical material on syntax: what is a definition, homogeneous members of a sentence.

What are series of homogeneous members? You will find the answer to this question in this article. In addition, we will tell you what types such sentence members are divided into, as well as how they should be separated.

general information

Series of homogeneous members are those members of a sentence that are associated with the same word form and also perform the same syntactic function. As a rule, such words are pronounced with the intonation of enumeration. Moreover, in a sentence they are arranged contactally (that is, one after the other), and also quite often allow any rearrangement. Although it is not always possible. After all, the first in such a series is usually called that which is primary from a chronological or logical point of view, or the most important for the speaker.

Main features

The series of homogeneous members of a sentence are characterized by the following features:

Homogeneous members: examples in a sentence

To make it more clear to you what such members represent, we will give a clear example: “Below, the sea surf roared widely and rhythmically.” In this passage there are 2 circumstances (broad and measured). They have (with the help of the conjunction “and”), and also depend on the main member of the sentence (predicate) - made noise (that is, made noise “how?” widely and measuredly).

What do they serve as?

Homogeneous members appear in a sentence both as main and secondary members. Here are some examples:

• “Vegetable gardens, meadows, groves and fields stretched along both banks.” Such a series of homogeneous members acts as the subject.
• “The lanterns are now dim, now bright.” This
• “Everyone began vying with each other to praise Anton’s intelligence, courage, and generosity.” These are homogeneous additions.
• “The dog whined, lay down, stretched out its front paws and put its muzzle on them.” These are homogeneous predicates.
• “The wind was hitting the sides of the boat more and more sharply, more persistently and forcefully.” These are similar circumstances.

Types of homogeneous members

The series of homogeneous members, examples of which are presented in this article, in a sentence can be both common and non-common. That is, such expressions can have any explanatory words with them. Here's an example:

What part of speech can they act as?

A number of homogeneous members in a sentence can be expressed by one part of speech. Although this rule is not always mandatory for him. After all, one and the same member often appears in the form of different parts of speech. This is due to the fact that they can have completely different morphological expressions. Let's give an example: "The horse moved slowly (in the form of an adverb), with dignity (in the form of a noun with a preposition), stamping its hooves (in the form of an adverbial phrase)."

One-dimensionality

All homogeneous members used in a sentence must denote one-dimensional phenomena in some respect. If you break this rule, the text will be perceived as an anomaly. Although this method is often deliberately used by some authors for stylistic purposes. Here are a few examples of proposals:

• “Only Misha, winter and heating did not sleep.”
• “When mother and frost allowed me to stick my nose out of the house, Masha went to wander around the yard alone.”

Construction method

Homogeneous members are often arranged in a sentence in a row that represents unity in meaning and structure. Let's give an example: “Cucumbers, tomatoes, beets, potatoes, etc. grew in the garden.”

It should also be noted that one sentence may contain more than one row of homogeneous members. Let's look at an illustrative example: “The frost on the street grew stronger and stung my face, ears, nose, and hands.” In this sentence, “fastened and pinched” is one row, and “face, ears, nose, hands” is the second row.

"Exceptions" to the rules

Not all enumerations in a given text are homogeneous. Indeed, in some cases such combinations act as a single member of the sentence. To deal with such exceptions, let's present a few illustrative examples:

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

If the members of a sentence act as a definition, then they can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous.

Homogeneous members of a sentence are expressions that relate to a defined word. That is, they are connected to each other by a coordinating connection. In addition, they are pronounced with the intonation of enumeration.

Homogeneous definitions in a given sentence can characterize a phenomenon or an object from the same side (for example, by properties, material, color, etc.). In this case, commas should be placed between them. Let's give a clear example: “Violent, mighty, deafening rain poured onto the city.”

As for heterogeneous definitions, they characterize an object from completely different sides. In such situations there is no coordinating connection between the words. That is why they are pronounced without the intonation of enumeration. It should also be noted that commas are not placed between heterogeneous definitions. Let's give an example: “There were tall, dense pine trees in a large clearing.”

Summarizing words

Homogeneous members may have generalizing words that occupy the following positions:

• Before or after homogeneous members. Let's give an example: “Everything in a person should be beautiful: clothes, face, thoughts, and soul,” “In the bushes, in the grass of wild rosehip and dogwood, on the trees and in the vineyards, aphids have developed everywhere.”
• After, or rather before, homogeneous members there may be words such as “namely”, “somehow”, “for example”. They usually indicate further enumeration. Let's give an example: “The game of hunters includes not only birds, but also other animals, namely: wild boars, bears, wild goats, deer, hares.”
• After homogeneous members, or rather before generalizing words, there may be expressions that have the meaning of a total (for example, “in one word,” “in a word,” etc.).

Primary school students, after a brief explanation from the teacher, can easily determine which sentences contain homogeneous structures. In the Russian language there are homogeneous members that perform the function of listing the types, properties or qualities of an object or action. However, if only this were the whole wisdom, then there would be nothing to teach beyond the 4th grade.

Similar constructions in the Russian language have many morphological manifestations and syntactic functions, which need to be familiarized with gradually. You should start with the elementary rule of what it is.

Homogeneous members are word forms that answer the same questions and have a direct connection with the word they refer to.

The clearing was surrounded on all sides by centuries-old oaks, pines, and spruces. To the words “oaks”, “pines”, “firs” you need to ask a question from the phrase “was surrounded”. They are closely related. Since this is a predicate, for convenience and better understanding, you can pronounce the entire grammatical basis in your mind. The clearing was surrounded by (what?) oaks, (what?) pine trees, (what?) spruce trees.

Sculptural images of rhinoceroses, giraffes, lions, crocodiles, antelopes and other animals that inhabited Africa were built into the walls of this gray castle-like house.

In prose literary texts there are often sentences with 2-3 rows of homogeneous members that depend on one or different words.

Mentally, we had already died many times from fever or from wounds behind the log walls of the fort, listening to the buzz of a lonely bullet, inhaling the smell of wet poisonous grass, looking with sore eyes into the black velvet sky where the Southern Cross was burning. (K. Paustovsky).

Which parts of the sentence can be called homogeneous:

• main (subjects, predicates);
• secondary (definitions, additions, circumstances).

The main thing is that they remain equal and perform the same function, relate to the same member and respond to the same question:

• subject: “From the open window of spring, larks, nightingales, blackbirds, and cuckoos scattered in all directions. Older children, teenagers, schoolchildren and even kids gathered in the schoolyard.”
• predicates: “The trees groaned, bent, cracked and broke from the strong, powerful wind.”
• definition: “A bright, colorful picture opened before my eyes, consisting of red, yellow, blue, emerald patches.”
• additions: “It was a terrible place, a shelter for thieves and beggars.”
• circumstances: 1. The mother looked at her daughter joyfully, kindly, with tenderness. 2. Claudia admired Ivan’s courage, courage and endurance. 3. He walked, despite the fatigue and nervous shock he had experienced.

The last group is more expanded due to the many types of circumstances and ways of expressing them. There may also be isolated homogeneous circumstances, expressed in such cases, they consist of several words.

“Having finished reading the last words and putting the letter aside, Afanasy began to think about a plan of action.”

Useful video: what are homogeneous members of a sentence?

Offers

The above-mentioned complicating words and phrases occur very often in sentences of varying complexity, dependence, subordination, etc. Simple sentences with homogeneous members are very common; with their help, they expand, clarify, and detail the space of descriptions. Everything spoke of the approach of autumn: cool sunrises, cold winds, withering grass. Under the bushes, near old stumps, near fallen trees, the brown caps of honey mushrooms glistened joyfully everywhere.

Complex sentences with homogeneous members can have two, three or several homogeneous rows:

• grammatical basics. 1. Sveta and Alena weeded the beds and watered the cabbage to free mom from the evening chores and give her the opportunity to relax in the company of her friends. 2. The river seethed, foamed, drove unusually high waves, and people standing on the shore rejoiced and admired its greatness.
• minor members. They are embedded in syntactic constructions regardless of the location of the stem and are separated from each other by words.

“Boris brought flowers and immediately put them in a vase, and Natasha set the table, laid out cutlery and napkins.”

It is important to know! Do not overload or complicate sentences. A complex sentence with 3-4 rows of homogeneous members is difficult to understand when reading.

Homogeneous members of a sentence: rules

Selection

How to emphasize when analyzing sentences that relate to one thing - the main thing. According to the established order, subjects are underlined by one line, predicates - by two parallel lines. Definitions are highlighted with wavy continuous lines, additions are highlighted with a dotted line, and circumstances are emphasized with a dotted line.

In this case, each word is highlighted separately.
Many schoolchildren know how to identify such members of a sentence without asking questions. Younger children can easily navigate sentences listing objects and phenomena. A clue is the presence of a large number of words belonging to one part of speech, connected by a non-union connection or coordinating conjunctions.

They characterize the main defined word on the one hand (by color, smell, location...).
What are homogeneous secondary members of a sentence, look in the table.

It also shows what questions the homogeneous members of the sentence answer.

Examples of sentences with homogeneous members:

1. Kira spoke German, English and Chinese well, but with a slight accent.
2. When night descended on the earth, covering everything with wide black wings, the lights came on in the house and long, interesting conversations were held.
3. Victor was reminded of the distant past by a children's swing, a sandbox, and a playground with a horizontal bar.
4. The corida began in the morning and lasted until late at night, when torches, lamps, lanterns and small lamps were already lit.

Schemes for connecting homogeneous members

Functions in speech

Why are homogeneous members needed in a sentence? These syntactic components have enormous potential. They are designed to perform stylistic functions. In literature they are used as a means of depicting complete pictures from details. In contact with

Homogeneous are called members of the proposal, answering the same question, relating to the same member of the sentence and performing the same syntactic function (i.e., occupying the position of one member of the sentence).

They have equal rights, do not depend on each other and are one and the same member of the sentence. They are connected to each other by a coordinative or non-conjunctive syntactic connection. The coordinating connection is expressed intonationally and with the help of coordinating conjunctions: single or repeated. The non-union connection is expressed intonationally.

For example: I like ice cream.I love ice cream, chocolate, cookie And cakes.

Laughing girls ran into the room.(A simple two-part common sentence.) Merry , laughing , screaming , flashy the girls ran into the room.(A simple two-part common sentence, complicated by homogeneous members.)

Homogeneous there can be everything members of the proposal: subjects, predicates, definitions, additions, circumstances.

For example:

- How boys, so girls passed the sports standards. (Boys and girls are homogeneous subjects.)
- In a large forest during a storm, trees moan, are crackling, break down. (Moan, crack, break - homogeneous predicates.)
- Yellow, blue, purple sheets of paper lay on the store counter. (Yellow, blue, violet are homogeneous definitions.)
- I loved books, constructors And cartoons.
(Books, construction sets, cartoons are homogeneous additions)
- We spent all our days in the forest or on the river.(In the forest, on the river– homogeneous circumstances).

Homogeneous members can be separated from each other by other members of the sentence.

For example: The heart is not opened with an iron key, but with kindness.

Homogeneous members of the sentence may be common or uncommon.

For example: The garden is fragrant with autumn freshness, leaves and fruits.

Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible that are expressed by words of different parts of speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically formatted differently.

For example: The girl answered the exam smartly, sensibly, beautiful language. (Homogeneous circumstances expressed by adverbs smartly, sensibly and noun phrases in excellent language.)

Due to the sudden downpour, we soaked to the skin And frozen. (Homogeneous predicates, expressed by phraseological units, are wet to the skin and frozen by the verb.)

Complications by homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be punctuated differently.

Homogeneous members of a sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on a coordinating and/or non-union connection. If these are minor members of the sentence, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.

Homogeneous members in oral speech are formed intonationally, and in written speech punctuationally.

One sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members.

For example:

Masha, Seryozha And Petya sat around the dining room table and painted. (Masha, Seryozha and Petya– homogeneous subjects – 1st row of homogeneous members; sat and drew– homogeneous predicates – 2nd row of homogeneous terms.)

Enumerative intonation and coordinating conjunctions are involved in the grammatical association of homogeneous members:

a) connecting: And ; Yes in meaning And ; neither ..., neither ; How ..., so and ; Not only ...,but also ; Same ; Also ;
b) adversative: A ; But ; Yes in meaning But ; but ; however ;
c) dividing: or ; or ; That ..., That ;not that ..., not that ; either ...,either .

For example:

Siberia has many features like in nature, So
and in human morals. (Union How …, so and – connecting.)

And the Baltic Sea, although not deep, but extensively. (Union But - nasty.)

In the evenings he or read, or watched TV.(Union or – dividing.)

In rare cases, homogeneous members can be connected by subordinating conjunctions (causal, concessive), for example:

For example:

It was useful because it is educational a game. Book interesting, although difficult. (In these examples, homogeneous members of the sentence: useful, because developing; interesting, although complex - are connected using subordinating conjunctions because, although.)

The following are not homogeneous members of the sentence:

1) repeated words used to emphasize a variety of objects, the duration of an action, its repetition, etc.

For example: We seemed to be floating in the air and were spinning, were spinning, were spinning. White fragrant daisies run under his feet back, back (Kuprin).

Such combinations of words are considered as a single member of the sentence;

2) repeating identical shapes connected by a particle not this way : believe it or not, try, don’t try, write like this, write like this, work like this, work like this;

3) combinations of two verbs, of which the first is lexically incomplete: I'll take it and tell you, I took it and complained, I'll go and have a look and so on.;

4) phraseological units like: neither fluff nor feather, neither back nor forth, for nothing about anything, neither light nor dawn, neither fish nor meat, neither give nor take, neither alive nor dead, and laughter and sin, and this way and that.

In them There is no comma.

1. Homogeneous members of the sentence- these are the members of the sentence that
are related to the same word in a sentence and usually answer
same question. These are also the same members of the sentence,
united with each other by a creative connection.

Homogeneous members can be both major and minor members
offers.

Here's an example:
The old carpenter Vasily and his apprentice do the work slowly,
thoroughly.

In this sentence there are two rows of homogeneous members: homogeneous
the subjects Vasily and the student correspond to one predicate -
perform;
homogeneous circumstances of the course of action slowly, thoroughly
depend on the predicate (perform (how?) slowly, thoroughly).

2. Homogeneous members are usually expressed by the same part of speech.

Let's give an example: Vasily and the student are nouns in
nominative case.

But homogeneous members can also be morphologically heterogeneous:

A young lady of about thirty-two entered, glowing with health, with
laughing lips, cheeks and eyes.
In this sentence, among homogeneous definitions, the first is expressed
noun phrase in the genitive case (age thirty-two),
the second – a participial phrase (blazing with health), the third –
a combination of three nouns in the instrumental case with a preposition with
with dependent participle (with laughing lips, cheeks and eyes).

Note. Sometimes a coordinating connection can connect and
opposite members of a sentence.
Let's give an example: It is not clear who and how distributed it throughout the region
news of the birth of a white boy.
Conjunctive words in a subordinate clause are different members
sentences (subject who and adverbial manner of action how, but
They are connected by a coordinating conjunction and).

3. Homogeneous members are connected by coordinating conjunctions and intonation or just intonation. If homogeneous terms are separated by a comma, then
commas are placed only between them. Before the first homogeneous member,
There are no commas after the last homogeneous term.

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members X.

A) Non-union connection - a comma is placed between homogeneous members.

* , *, *
Here's an example:
A strange, motley, dense life passed with terrible speed.

Single connecting unions(and, yes=and) or disjunctive conjunctions
(either, or) – a comma is not placed between homogeneous terms.

* And *; * or *.

Here's an example:
She cried and stamped her feet;
Here and there along the road you come across a white birch or a weeping willow.

Note.
Conjunctions and, yes and, yes can have a connecting meaning. These unions
They introduce not homogeneous, but connecting members of the sentence. In that
In this case, a comma is placed before the conjunction.
Here's an example:
People made fun of her, and rightly so.
“People made fun of her, and rightly so;
Why would you order an artist, and a bad one at that, to draw?
- Why would you order an artist to draw, and a bad one at that?

Opposing alliances(but, but, but, however=but, yes=but) – a comma between
homogeneous members are placed.
*, A *; *, But *; *, however *; *, but *

Let's give an example: He looks handsome, but young;
Now the lake shimmered not entirely, but only in a few places;
Our kindergarten is small, but cozy.

D) Double and paired unions(if not..., if not..., then; not
so much..., so; although..., but also; both..., not only..., and; but also;
How many; as much... as; not that..., but; Not really...,
a) – a comma is placed between homogeneous terms.
Not only but *; both * and *; although *, but also *.

Here's an example:
The rainbow stretched not only over the outskirts of the city, but also far away
around;
I have instructions from both the judge and all our friends to reconcile
you and your friend;
For Vasily Vasilievich, although familiar, the power of Erofey was heavy
Kuzmich.

Homogeneous members can be combined with a general word. Generalizing
the word is the same member of the sentence as other homogeneous
members, answers the same question, but has a general meaning:

A generalizing word denotes the whole, and homogeneous members denote parts of it.
whole:

Outside the city, from the mountain, a village was visible: square blocks, wooden
buildings, overflowing gardens, church spiers;

A generalizing word denotes a generic (general concept), and homogeneous
members – specific (more particular concepts):

Birds screamed shrilly: roosters, geese, turkeys (Fadeev).

Generalizing words are expressed by different parts of speech, but most often
pronouns and pronominal adverbs and nouns:

The forest is always beautiful: both on winter days and in spring (always -
pronominal adverb); Everything is here: both the building and the greenery - I perceived
especially I (everything is a pronoun).

Self-control task:
1. Find homogeneous members in these sentences.
What parts of speech are they expressed by?
Explain the spelling of the highlighted words, analyze them according to their composition
a) Visitors to the exhibition examined metal products with interest,
glass vases, national costumes, embroidery, jewelry from
mother of pearl brought from distant islands.
b) People came to the meeting to exchange experiences, to understand the assumptions
mistakes, outline a plan for further work.
c) Edward walked quickly, with a measured step, without looking around.