Argentina is one of the most economically developed countries in Latin America, but a characteristic feature is its dependence on foreign capital. Lenin also pointed out this dependence of “countries that are politically, formally independent, but in fact entangled in networks of financial and diplomatic dependence,” citing Argentina as an example 1 . Before the Second World War, English capital played the main role in the Argentine economy; in the post-war period, England is supplanted by the United States and partly West Germany.
Geographical characteristics and economic regions
Argentina is the second largest republic in South America; occupying about 2 hours. 8 million km 2, its area is equal to five France. In the north, Argentina borders with Bolivia, in the northeast with Paraguay, in the east with Brazil and Uruguay and is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the western side rises the majestic Cordilleras, individual peaks of which in the north of the country reach 6-7 thousand m. The Cordilleras form the border between Argentina and Chile; steep, steep slopes face west, and within Argentina they run in parallel ridges and, gradually descending and forming extensive foothills and plateaus, pass into the low-lying plain characteristic of most of the surface of Argentina.
The considerable extent of Argentina from north to south (from 22° to 56° S latitude - almost 4 thousand km) and high mountain ranges in the west, which retain moisture from the Pacific Ocean, determined the country's climate. The subtropical climate in the north gives way to a temperate climate in the south. Precipitation decreases sharply to the west, as moisture from winds from the Atlantic coast does not reach the interior. In high mountain areas there is almost no precipitation. Southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, exposed to the influence of both oceans, have a wet and cold climate.
Both climatically and geographically, Argentina is divided into five main regions: the Argentine Chaco, Mesopotamia, the Pampa in the central part of the country, the northwestern region, and southern Argentina.
The Argentine Chaco stretches from the northern border to 29° S. w. and includes the provinces of Chaco and Formosa, the north of the province of Santa Fe and the northeast of the province of Sant Iago del Estero. The Chaco landscape is a monotonous lowland with open savannas, which alternate with so-called park-type forests. In the west, in arid areas, there are giant cacti, thorny bushes, and palm trees along the banks of rivers. The main wealth of the forests (mainly in the eastern part) is quebracho, from the bark of which tannin is extracted. Cotton growing is developed in the south.
The center and north of the region are almost uninhabited. The southeastern corner of the Chaco is mainly populated.
The area between the Parana and Uruguay rivers stretches out as a narrow strip in the northeast. Due to the nature of the relief and vegetation, this region does not represent a single whole. In the north, in forests and plantations, the collection of wild so-called Paraguayan tea (Erba mate) is developed. The plains, covered with meadows, are an area of extensive livestock farming; further south, wheat and flax are of primary importance in the economy.
The Pampa is an undulating plain covered with rich grass vegetation. This area is the center of the country's economic life. Favorable climatic and soil conditions created the opportunity for the development of livestock breeding and agriculture. The region of the so-called wet pampa passes in the west into the region of the dry or barren pampa. The dry pampa, sandy, rocky, and in places saline plain, covered with tough grasses and thorny bushes, passes into Patagonia to the south, and in the west forms a transition to the foothills of the Andes.
The northwestern region stretches from Bolivia in the north to the southern borders of the provinces of Mendoza and San Luis in the south. It includes semi-desert plains of the foothills and high mountain areas. The area is poor in moisture, vegetation is sparse, with the exception of individual oases in the mountain valleys. The valleys of the provinces of Mendoza and San Luis, in which viticulture and winemaking are developed, as well as Tucumán, Salta and Jujuy, areas of sugar cane plantations, are of greatest economic importance. These are areas of early Spanish colonization, coming here from Peru and Chile. The province of Tucumán is particularly notable for its mild climate and soil fertility. Cattle breeding is developed in the foothill plains. The country's minor mining reserves are concentrated mainly in this area. Oil production has begun in the provinces of Salta and Mendoza.
Southern Argentina, covering about a third of the country's area, includes Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. The climate is quite harsh due to strong cold winds. Patagonia is a highland, gradually descending from the Andes to the east and ending abruptly off the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. The vegetation is the same as in the dry pampa - tough grasses, shrubs and low-growing trees along the banks of a few rivers with almost no tributaries. The steppes of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego are excellent pastures for sheep; About a third of the country's sheep population is concentrated here. Agriculture is poorly developed and only in areas adjacent to the pampa, and then with the use of artificial irrigation, in the oases of the Rio Negro and in the valleys of the upper reaches of rivers.
The Comodoro-Rivadavia region is home to oil and coal mining.
Political system
Argentina is a bourgeois republic consisting of 22 provinces and one federal (capital) district. The President of the Republic heads the executive branch. He must be Catholic and Argentinean by birth. Legislative power belongs to the Congress, which consists of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, whose members, like the President, are elected for six years. Provinces are governed by governors.
In May 1958, Arturo Frondisi, the leader of the “Civil-Radical Union of Irreconcilables,” one of the factions of the country’s largest bourgeois party, the Radical, was elected president. The Frondisi government took some steps to strengthen the national economy and banned the removal of tenant farmers from the land.
The Communist Party, created in 1918, was in fact illegal for a long time. After a brief legal existence, it was banned again in April 1959.
Population distribution
The total population in Argentina is 20,255 thousand people (1958) 1. The average density in the republic is about 7 people per 1 km 2, but this figure is not at all indicative. Like most countries in South America, Argentina's population is very unevenly distributed.
To date, the most populated areas are the main areas of the old Spanish colonization - the eastern edge of the pampa, adjacent to the mouth of La Plata, centered in Buenos Aires, and the northwestern part of Argentina.
The Pampa region makes up only about 22% of the country's total area, but is home to approximately 70% of the population. The population density in individual provinces of the pampa ranges from 9 to 14 people per 1 km 2. The province of Tucuman has the highest density - about 30 people per 1 km 2.
The rest of Argentina is very sparsely populated, especially Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego and the arid provinces in the foothills of the Andes, where in some places the density is less than one person per several square kilometers. These sparsely populated areas make up about half of the republic's territory, but no more than 10% of the population lives in them.
Although Argentina is primarily an agricultural country, it is characterized by a predominance of urban over rural populations. Over the past hundred years, there have been noticeable changes in the ratio of rural and urban populations. According to the 1869 census, the rural population accounted for two-thirds. Back at the beginning of the 20th century. it was more than half, but already in 1930 the urban population was two-thirds. Currently, 75% of the population lives in cities with a population of more than 10 thousand people. About 20% of the country's population is concentrated in the capital of the republic, Buenos Aires. The bulk of the population consists of the industrial proletariat (about 28% of the amateur population, according to 1950 data), the land-poor peasantry, tenants, farm laborers and the agricultural proletariat.
Indigenous people of Argentina before the arrival of the Spaniards
Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the territory of modern Argentina was inhabited by many tribes who spoke different languages and stood at different stages of social development. The indigenous population of Argentina at the beginning of the 16th century. can be divided into several groups living in different geographical areas.
In the northwest, in the valleys and forests of the Andes and foothills lived the Atacameños, Diaguites, Comechingons and other smaller Indian tribes. Chaco was inhabited mainly by tribes of the Guaicuru group. In the extreme northwestern corner of the Argentine Chaco lived the Chiriguanos and Chane, the bulk of whom were in the Bolivian Chaco. In the middle reaches of the river. The Bermejo Guaicuru bordered the Lule-Vilela and Mataco tribes. In the La Plata basin and along the lower reaches of the Parana and Uruguay lived the Querandy and Guaran Indians, and upstream the Parana there were separate small tribes. The Pampa was inhabited by the Hat and Puelche Indians. The Chon (Tehuelche and Ona) Indians roamed Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego.
From the beginning of the 18th century. Significant groups of Araucanians from Chile began to move to the pampa. The rebellious and unconquered Araucans found refuge in the pampa from persecution by the Spaniards.
The population of Argentina is more than 42 million people (15 people live per 1 sq. km).
In the last century and the century before that, Argentina experienced a large flow of migrants from Italy. Today, Italians have a strong influence on the culture of the country: in some cities, entire neighborhoods have been formed that are inhabited by ethnic Italians who have managed to become Argentines (everyone who was born in Argentina is an Argentine).
Today, people mainly come to Argentina from South American countries - over the past 5 years, the population of Argentina has been replenished with Peruvians, Paraguayans and Bolivians. As for indigenous peoples (Indians), there are much fewer of them living in Argentina than in other Latin American countries.
The national composition of Argentina is represented by:
- Europeans (95%);
- mestizos (4.5%);
- Indians (0.5%).
The official language is Spanish, and Italian, French, Portuguese, English and German are widely spoken.
Large cities: Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Mendoza, Rosario, Tucuman.
Residents of Argentina profess Catholicism, Protestantism, Orthodoxy, Islam, and Judaism.
Lifespan
On average, Argentines live 75 years (the male population lives up to 72, and the female population lives up to 82 years).
Despite the fact that over the past 20 years the life expectancy of the population of Argentina has increased, the number of diseases associated with bad habits has also increased. Cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, depression, diabetes, strokes, road accidents... All these factors are the reasons for the loss of healthy years of life of Argentines. Argentines would live even longer if they smoked less, drank less and ate right.
Traditions and customs of Argentines
Argentines are sociable, friendly, although touchy people (they don’t hold grudges for long).
A significant event in the life of Argentines is a wedding. Girls are allowed to get married from the age of 15, and boys from the age of 18, and young people themselves save up for their own wedding (parents only provide assistance in organizing the ceremony).
If a wedding is celebrated at home, the newlyweds are usually given a bottle of wine and a bouquet of flowers. If the celebration is celebrated in a restaurant, then the guests present expensive gifts to the newlyweds, and, in advance, the guests are sent special cards, which indicate what gift is best to please the newlyweds. The formal part of the wedding begins at 19:00 - the newlyweds sign the marriage contract in the municipality, then everyone goes to the church for the wedding ceremony and the wedding banquet. An Argentine wedding takes place to the rhythms of tango and is accompanied by Argentine music.
If you do not want to appear impolite, there are certain rules of behavior you should follow upon arrival in Argentina:
- when meeting familiar people, it is customary to kiss each other on the cheek, and to shake hands with unfamiliar people;
- if you don’t know what to talk about with an Argentine, invite him to talk about topics such as football or politics;
- To prevent Argentines from thinking that you are a rude or arrogant person, when visiting small private shops, be sure to say hello loudly and say goodbye in the same way;
- When purchasing something in souvenir or clothing stores, bargain (you can get a small discount).
Argentina - a state in South America. In the west it borders with Chile, in the north with Paraguay and Bolivia, in the east with Brazil and Uruguay. In the southeast it is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean.
The country's name comes from the Spanish argento, meaning "silver".
Official name: Argentine Republic
Capital:
The area of the land : 2780.4 thousand sq. km
Total Population: 40.1 million people
Administrative division: The state is divided into 22 provinces, the federal (capital) district and the national territory of Tierra del Fuego.
Form of government: Republic.
Head of State : President, elected for 6 years.
Population composition : 85% of Argentines are of European descent and are descendants of Spaniards, Italians, Portuguese, Germans, Slavs and other Europeans. The Indian population (often already mixed with whites) makes up about 15% of the population, while previously numerous peoples and tribes, such as Mapuches, Collas, Tobas, Matacos, now make up only 1.5% of the country's population and live in the extreme south and north of the country.
Official language: Spanish. German, French and Italian are also used.
Religion: 92% of the population are Catholics, there are also Protestants and Jews.
Internet domain: .ar
Mains voltage: ~220 V, 50 Hz
Country dialing code : +54
Country barcode: 779
Climate
Argentina is located in three climatic zones: tropical, subtropical and temperate. In the tropical zone, in the extreme northeast, the climate is constantly humid and hot. In the Gran Chaco it is hot, summer-humid; on the Puna de Atacama plateau - continental, high-desert.
In the subtropics, in the Eastern Pampa and Mesopotamia there is a uniformly humid, warm climate; in Western Pampa and the region of the Pampinsky Sierras and Precordillera - arid with hot summers and cool winters. Patagonia has a semi-desert cool climate.
The Andes have a pronounced altitudinal climatic zone. The average temperature in January (summer) in the north of the country is +28° C (maximum +46° C), in the south +10° C, July (in winter) -18° and -1° C, respectively. On the Patagonian plateau there are frosts down to -33 ° C.
The climate of Argentina is formed mainly under the influence of marine air masses from the Atlantic Ocean, but despite this, more than half of the country lies in a zone of insufficient moisture. This is due to the fact that the meridionally located Pampino Sierras and Precordillera trap moist Atlantic air masses. On their eastern slopes, over 2000 mm of precipitation falls per year.
Argentina does not have latitudinal mountain ranges, so its territory is open to both cold southern winds and northern tropical air masses. This leads to unexpected weather changes.
Southern winds - diapers - sometimes spread to the northern regions of the country and cause severe cold snaps. Dry diapers bring a huge amount of dust, wet ones bring showers and snowfalls. Northern winds - nortes - carry heat.
Geography
Argentina is located in South America, in its southeastern part. The area of the country is 2780 thousand square meters. km. The country stretches from north to south for 3,700 km, and from west to east - 1,400 km. It also owns the eastern part of the island of Tierra del Fuego and several small islands. Argentina is bordered to the north and northeast by Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil, to the east by Uruguay, and to the south and west by Chile.
The eastern shores are washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. In the west of Argentina stretch the Andes ridges with the highest mountain in the Western Hemisphere - Aconcagua (6959 m). On average, the heights of the Argentine Andes do not exceed 4500 m. In the western part of the Andes there is a chain of volcanoes, among them the highest active volcano on Earth - Ojos del Salado (6887 m). Earthquakes are common in this area of Argentina.
In the southwestern part of the mountains is the Lake District. Almost the entire northern part of Argentina is occupied by the flat plateau of the Gran Chaco; a little to the south is the steppe region, called the Pampa in South America.
In the south of Argentina stretches the rocky plateau of semi-desert Patagonia, which is cut by canyons. The main waterway of the country is the Parana River. It is the second longest river in South America. It flows into La Plata Bay. The main tributaries of the Paraná are the Paraguay and Uruguay.
Flora and fauna
Vegetable world
The vegetation of Argentina is very diverse: from tropical forests to semi-deserts in Patagonia and Puna. Subtropical forests with a diverse species composition grow in northern Mesopotamia. Here you can find araucaria, sedro, and lapacho, which have valuable wood. To the south, shrubby vegetation predominates; wetlands are covered with reeds, reeds, water lilies, and elevated and dry areas are covered with meadows with rich grass cover. There are sparse forests of acacias, mimosa, ostrich trees, and palm groves along the river banks.
Towards the south there are more open grassy areas; the southern part of the province of Entre Rios is a grass prairie and represents a transitional area to the Pampa. Pampa translated from the Quechua Indian language means “deprived of woody vegetation.” The endless steppe spaces of the Wet Pampa were once covered with perennial grasses - feather grass, pearl barley, wild millet and variegated colorful forbs. However, there is little natural vegetation left here, a significant part of the territory is plowed, and the herbaceous cover that once covered it, which served as an excellent natural food supply for livestock, as a result of long-term grazing, was clogged with weeds and lost its original appearance.
Dry Pampa is characterized by xerophilic vegetation - low-growing trees, thorny bushes, and tough grasses. Similar vegetation is common in the arid west, in the intermountain basins, where tufts of tough grasses and xerophilous shrubs alternate with cacti.
Forests in Argentina cover 12% of the land fund. The most valuable are the coniferous forests of Mesopotamia and the humid Andes, as well as the Quebracho forests in the Chaco. Their exploitation is complicated by the fact that they are located in remote areas, so attempts are being made to artificially plant forests in the most populated area - Pampa.
The forest resources of Chaco are the most developed, but here, as a result of long-term predatory exploitation, the issue of their serious protection and restoration is acute.
The national flower of Argentina is es: Erythrina crista-galli or Erythrina.
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Animal world
The fauna of Argentina, although not as rich and diverse as in other Latin American countries, has many endemic species. These include the Pampas deer, Pampas cat, and Magellanic dog. Almost all of these animals live in the Andes and their foothills, as well as in the sparsely populated region of Patagonia. The relict spectacled bear is found in Pune.
The puma is common in the open semi-desert spaces of Patagonia and the savannas of Chaco. In the Andes, there are also vicuña, which has soft fur, and chinchilla (chinchilla) with delicate silvery fur. However, both of them were almost completely destroyed. Lots of rodents and armadillos. In Chaco, Mesopotamia, and Patagonia, nutria and otters are widespread.
Waterfowl live everywhere in the swamps and lakes, many of which stand out with their bright colors. On the banks of reservoirs you can see flamingos and herons. Hummingbirds are found in the forests, including endemic species, for example, the so-called fluttering emerald in the Patagonian Andes. The stove maker, which lives in Argentina, became one of the country's national symbols in 1928.
Attractions
This amazing country has almost everything - many kilometers of beaches and some of the highest mountain peaks in the world, endless steppes and amazingly beautiful waterfalls, ski resorts and many examples of colonial architecture, dense forests and huge cities, wild and deserted expanses of southern Patagonia and colorful villages. pastoralists.
Unlike neighboring countries, in Argentina there are practically no traces of ancient Indian civilizations preserved (or they were simply poorly searched); the country is heavily Europeanized, but its colorful nature, as well as an unimaginably colorful mixture of cultures, make this land extremely attractive to tourists.
Banks and currency
Banks are open on weekdays from 10:00 to 15:00.
The official currency of Argentina is the new Argentine peso, which is equal to 100 centavos. There are banknotes in circulation in denominations of 100, 50, 20, 10, 5 and 2 pesos, as well as coins in 1, 2 and 5 pesos, 50, 25, 10, 5 and 1 centavos.
You can exchange currency in banks, large shopping centers, hotels and exchange offices. All major stores, restaurants and hotels accept credit cards. Traveler's checks are best purchased in US dollars.
Useful information for tourists
In Argentina, it is customary to give tips, which amount to 5-10% of the bill for service; in expensive establishments they are often already included in the bill.
In 1816, the united territories of the Rio Plata declared their independence from Spain.
Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay separated from this territory and became the states, and the remaining territory became Argentina.
The country's culture, language and traditions were mainly shaped by emigrants who arrived in the country from all over Europe, but mainly from Italy and Spain.
The main flow of emigrants from these countries occurred in the period from 1860 to 1930.
In 1976, the military government came to power in Argentina.
A return to democracy can be noted since 1983, after the failed capture of the Falkland Islands (Malvinas).
The crisis of 2001-2002 still echoes in the political and economic life of the country.
Geography of Argentina
Location:
South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean, between Chile and Uruguay
Geographical coordinates:
34 00 S, 64 00 W
Territory:
Total area: 2,780,400 sq. km
Country's place in the world: 8
land: 2,736,690 sq. km
water: 43,710 sq. km
Land borders:
Total length: 9,861 km
Bordering countries: Bolivia 832 km, Brazil 1,261 km, Chile 5,308 km, Paraguay 1,880 km, Uruguay 580 km
Coastline:
4,989 km
Climate:
mostly moderate; arid in the southeast; subarctic in the southwest
Landscape:
the rich plains of the Pampas in the northern half, the flat and hilly plateau of Patagonia in the southern, the Andes mountains along the western border
Critical points:
Lowest point: Laguna del Carbon - 105 m.
(located between Puerto San Julian and Comandante Luis Piedra Buena in the Santa Cruz region)
Highest point: Cirro Aconcagua 6,960 m (located in the northwestern part of Mendoza)
Natural resources:
zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, petroleum, uranium
Land use:
arable land: 10.03%
permanent cereals: 0.36%
other: 89.61% (2005)
Irrigated land:
15,500 sq. km (2003)
Freshwater renewable resources:
814 cc km (2000)
Freshwater (inland/industrial/agricultural) use:
total quantity: 29.19 cu.m. km/ (17%/9%/74%)
per capita: 753 cubic meters m./ (2000)
Natural hazards:
San Miguel de Tucuman and the Mendoza region in the Andes are subject to earthquakes; in Pampero - strong storms; flooding in some areas
Geography - note:
second largest country in South America (after Brazil); strategic position relative to the sea routes between the South Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage); Aconcagua Cirro is the highest mountain in the Western Hemisphere, while Laguna del Carbon is the lowest point in the Western Hemisphere
Demographics of Argentina
Population :
40,913,584 (July 2009 estimate)
Country's place in the world: 31
Age structure:
0-14 years: 25.6% (males 5,369,477/females 5,122,260)
15-64 years: 63.5% (men 12,961,725/women 13,029,265)
65 years and older: 10.8% (men 1,819,057/women 2,611,800) (2009 est.)
Average age:
total: 30 years
men: 29 years
women: 31 years (2009 est.)
Population growth rate:
1.053% (2009 estimate)
Country's place in the world: 126
Fertility rate:
17.94 births/1000 (2009 estimate)
Country's place in the world: 114
Population migration:
0 migrants /1000 (2009 estimate)
Country's place in the world: 73
Urbanization:
urban population: 92% of total population (2008)
urbanization growth: annual rate of +1.2% (2005)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 males/female
less than 15 years: 1.05 men/woman
15-64 years: 1 men/woman
65 years and older: 0.7 men/woman
total population: 0.97 males/female (2009 est.)
Lifespan:
total population: 76.56 years
Country's place in the world: 66
men: 73.32 years
women: 79.97 years (2009 est.)
HIV/AIDS - prevalence among adults:
0.5% (2007 estimate)
Country's place in the world: 72
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
120,000 (2007 estimate)
Country's place in the world: 42
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
7,000 (2007 estimate)
Country's place in the world: 39
Religions:
nominally Roman Catholic 92%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 2%, other 4%
Languages:
Spanish (official), Italian, English, German, French
Education expenses:
3.8% of GDP (2004)
Country's place in the world: 113
Argentine government
The name of the country: Argentine Republic
Type of government:
Republic
Capital: Buenos Aires
geographical coordinates: 34 36 S, 58 40 W
Administrative districts:
23 provinces and 1 autonomous region (distrito federal);
- Buenos Aires
- Catamarca
- Chaco
- Chubut
- Cordoba
- Corrientes
- Entre Rios
- Formosa
- Whoops
- La Pampa
- La Rioja
- Mendoza
- Misiones
- Neuquen
- Rio Negro
- Salta
- San Juan
- San Luis
- Santa Cruz
- Santa Fe
- Santiago del Estero
- Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica and Islas and the South Atlantic Islands
- Tucuman
- Federal District - Capital Buenos Aires
Independence:
National holiday:
Constitution:
Executive branch:
head of state
head of the government: President Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRKNER (since December 10, 2007);
cabinet: The Cabinet of Ministers is appointed by the President
elections: Presidential and Vice Presidential elections - last held on October 28, 2007 (next in 2011)
Legislature:
The bicameral National Congress consists of
Senate (72 seats; deputies elected by direct vote; one third of deputies are re-elected every two years for 6 years)
House of Representatives (257 seats; members are directly elected; half of the members are re-elected every two years for four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held June 28, 2009 (next in 2011);
House of Representatives - last held June 28, 2009 (next in 2011)
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (members of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President with the approval of the Senate)
Economy of Argentina
Economics - a quick overview:
Argentina is rich in natural resources. This is one of the richest countries of the 19th century, the economy suffered greatly in the 20th century from internal political strife, this undoubtedly caused inflation, capital flight, unemployment, and as a result a colossal crisis in 2001, the question of population survival and existence was brought to the brink the state itself.
In 2002, the fall in GDP was more than 18% of the 1998 level, and almost 60% of the Argentine population fell below the poverty line.
Over the next 6 years, real GDP grew at about 8% per year.
In 2008, against the backdrop of the global crisis, Argentina's economy showed a decline.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$558 billion (2009 estimate)
Country's place in the world: 24
$572.3 billion (2008 estimate)
$545 billion (2007 estimate)
note: data is based on private estimates. Official data is not entirely accurate
GDP (at official exchange rate):
$304.9 billion (2009 estimate)
GDP - real growth rate:
2.5% (2009 estimate)
Country's place in the world: 152
5% (2008 estimate)
7.5% (2007 estimate)
note: data is based on private estimates. Official estimates: .5% in 2009, 6.8% in 2008, and 8.7% in 2007, but official data is not accurate
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$13,800 (2009 estimate)
Country's place in the world: 82
$14,400 (est. 2008)
$13,600 (est. 2007)
GDP - composition of sectors:
agriculture: 6%
industry: 32%
services: 62% (2009 estimate)
Work force :
16.54 million
Country's place in the world: 37
note: urban population only (2009 est.)
Labor force - by sector composition:
agriculture: 5%
industry: 23%
services: 72% (2009 estimate)
Unemployment rate :
9.6% (2009 estimate)
Country's place in the world: 112
7.9% (2008 estimate)
note: data is based on private estimates. Official estimates: 8.4% in 2009, and 7.3% in 2008, but official estimates are not accurate
Population below the poverty line:
13.9 %
note: based on official data (January-June 2009)
Budget:
revenues: $84.3 billion
expenses: $86.2 billion (2009)
State debt:
49.1% of GDP (2009 estimate)
Country's place in the world: 48
48.8% of GDP (2008 estimate)
Inflation growth (retail prices):
7.7% (2009 estimate)
Country's place in the world: 174
7.2% (2008 estimate)
note: unofficial data 22% in 2008
Lowest interest rate on a commercial bank loan:
Country's place in the world: 6
Agriculture - products produced:
sunflower seeds, lemons, soybeans, grapes, grains, tobacco, peanuts, tea, wheat; livestock
Industry - manufactured products:
Food processing products, automobiles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals and petrochemicals, printed matter, metallurgy, steel
Industrial production growth rate:
0.4% (2009 estimate)
Country's place in the world: 70
Electricity - production:
109.5 billion kWh (2007 estimate)
Country's place in the world: 30
Electricity - consumption:
99.21 billion kWh (2007 estimate)
Country's place in the world: 31
Electricity - export:
2.628 billion kWh (2007 estimate)
Electricity - import:
10.28 billion kWh (2007 estimate)
Oil - production:
792,300 bbl/d (2008 estimate)
Country's place in the world: 27
Oil - consumption:
610,000 bbl/day (2008 estimate)
Country's place in the world: 28
Oil - export:
314,400 bbl/d (2007 estimate)
Country's place in the world: 38
Oil - import:
52,290 bbl/d (2007 estimate)
Country's place in the world: 85
Oil - proven reserves:
Country's place in the world: 32
Natural gas - production:
44.06 billion cubic meters m. (est. 2008)
Country's place in the world: 20
Natural gas - consumption:
44.47 billion cubic meters m. (est. 2008)
Country's place in the world: 18
890 million cubic meters (2008 estimate)
Country's place in the world: 37
Natural gas - import:
1.3 billion cubic meters estimate 2008) Country's place in the world: 17
$7.089 billion (2008 estimate)
Export:
$55.7 billion (2009)
Country's place in the world: 41
$57.4 billion (2008)
Export - consumer goods:
soybeans and derivatives, oil and gas, vehicles, grain, wheat
Export partners:
Brazil 18.9%, China 9.1%, USA 7.9%, Chile 6.7%, Netherlands 4.2% (2008)
Import:
$38.71 billion (2009 estimate)
Country's place in the world: 54
$57.4 billion (2008 estimate)
Import - consumer goods:
machinery, motor vehicles, oil and natural gas, organic chemicals, plastics
Import - partners:
Brazil 31.3%, China 12.4%, USA 12.2%, Germany 4.4% (2008)
Foreign currency and gold reserves:
Country's place in the world: 20
Debt - external:
Country's place in the world: 32
Transport Argentina
Airports:
1 130 (2009)
Country's place in the world: 6
Airports - with paved runways:
total number: 156
more than 3,047 m: 4
2,438 - 3,047 m: 26
1 524 - 2 437 m: 65
914 - 1,523 m: 51
less than 914 m: 10 (2009)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total number: 974
more than 3,047 m: 1
2,438 - 3,047 m: 1
1 524 - 2 437 m: 44
914 - 1,523 m: 522
less than 914 m: 406 (2009)
Helicopter stations:
2 (2009)
Pipelines:
gas 28,248 km; liquid gas 41 km; oil 5,977 km; other 3,636 km (2009)
Railways:
Total length: 31,409 km
comparison of the country with the world: 8
gauge 1.676 m. gauge: 27,301 km (electrified 94 km)
gauge 1,435 m. gauge: 2,780 km (electrified 26 km)
1,000 m gauge gauge: 1,328 km (2008)
Highway:
Total length: 231,374 km
Country's place in the world: 22
Paved: 69,412 km (includes 734 km of expressways)
unpaved: 161,962 km (2004)
Waterways:
11,000 km (2007)
Country's place in the world: 11
Merchant navy:
total number: 46
Country's place in the world: 72
Military expenses:
1.3% of GDP (2005 estimate)
Country's place in the world: 120
The territory of modern Argentina has a long history of settlement. The new history of the state begins only in the 16th century, when the ethnic composition and way of life of the country changes. Argentina, whose population today is a mixture of descendants of conquerors and lives a rich and difficult life.
Geography
Argentina is located in the southeast of South America and in the east of the Tierra del Fuego island group. The country's area is about 2.8 million square kilometers. Argentina, whose population is clustered around large cities, has a varied landscape: the north and east are occupied by plains, while the south and west are mountainous. The western borders of the state run along the Andes, which create a special climate in the country. Mountainous areas are difficult to live in, so there are very few inhabitants.
The territory of the country is very rich in mineral resources, so in terms of the amount of uranium reserves the country is one of the five leading countries. However, there are no outstanding reserves like in Brazil, for example. There is also a clear shortage of many critical resources needed for industrial development. A large country consists of water and land resources, which are not yet fully used.
History of the country's settlement
The first population of Argentina were hunters and nomads who lived here back in the 8th-7th millennium BC. In the pre-Columbian era, settled Diaguita tribes lived here; traces of several disappeared cultures are found on the territory; they had their own large cities, the most famous of which is Tastil.
These lands were later conquered by the Inca Empire. And in 1512, the era of European colonization began. In 1527, the first Spanish colony was established near Parna. A few years later, a huge expedition of 2,500 people arrived from Spain, and they formed the basis of a new population of residents of the future Argentina. The next few centuries are a constant replenishment of the colonies due to the arrival of new settlers. At the same time, the resettlement did not take place peacefully; clashes with the indigenous population continued permanently. Also, hostilities took place between different governors. Only in 1825, after several years of internecine wars and the struggle for independence from Spain, a new state was formed - independent Argentina.
The second half of the 19th century is characterized as a time of economic development, which entails an increase in population. Mass migration occurred between 1880 and 1940, when many Italians, Spaniards and other Europeans came here. In 1880, the Indians were finally expelled from their native territories. The 20th century is a time of attempts to build a new successful state, but this path is not easy and today Argentina continues to fight for its well-being.
Population of Argentina
Today the total number of inhabitants of Argentina is 43 million 646 thousand people. The natural increase over the past year was about 440 thousand people; due to migrants, the number of residents increased by 6 thousand people. Population observations in Argentina have been carried out since 1951. That year, 17 million 300 thousand people lived in the country. The total population of the country has been steadily growing in all subsequent years, although this indicator has certain specifics.
The country maintains positive growth, but in 1951 it was 2%, and today it barely exceeds 1%. The increase in numbers is mainly due to migrants and a fairly high birth rate, but the country is experiencing a clear slowdown in the birth rate, and the number of migrants is also decreasing. Therefore, sociologists predict zero or even negative countries in the near future.
Population density
Argentina is a sparsely populated country. On average, 15 people live here per square kilometer, which is much less than in neighboring countries. This is due to the peculiarities of farming, which does not require permanent residence of people near the cultivated land. This is also influenced by the harsh conditions in the foothills and mountains; arid areas are sparsely populated by people. The highest density can be seen in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area and in areas with a high level of agricultural development, with an average of 100 people per square kilometer living here.
Ethnic composition
If you look at the genetic origins of most modern Argentines, they have a dominant role of Southern European roots, and in their blood you can also find traces of the indigenous population and small admixtures of people from Africa. Today, the indigenous population of Argentina, the Indians, makes up only 1.5% of the total population. The rest are mestizos. Moreover, when asked about nationality, almost everyone, except Indians, answers that they are Argentines, which indicates the formation of a new nationality.
Language
Argentina, whose population is of such mixed origin, speaks many dialects. The official language is Spanish and is spoken by most of the population. True, it is very different from the language spoken in Spain, since the Argentine version was formed on the basis of the Castilian dialect, and was also influenced by local languages and dialects. The second most popular language in the country is Italian, followed by Portuguese, German, French and other European languages. The Indian population speaks its own languages and dialects, the most widespread of which is Quechua. In total, at least 40 languages and dialects are spoken in the country.
Gender composition of the population
The gender and age composition of the population of Argentina shows that at birth the number of men over women predominates (indicator 1.05), which fits into global trends. With age, this figure decreases, at the age of 25-50 it is already 1 to 1, at the age from 55 to 64 years - 0.97 in favor of women, and at the age of over 65 years - 0.7 in favor of women. This is due to the high mortality rate of men, whose average life expectancy is 74 years. Women live on average to 80.9 years. Argentina shows that the country belongs to the rejuvenating, growing type, with a fairly high birth rate and not very long life expectancy.
Demographics
Argentina, whose population is slowly but constantly growing, is distinguished by a high percentage of the country's population under the age of 15, making up about a quarter of the total population; people over the age of 65 make up only 10%. At the same time, the demographic burden is about 57%. This means that every able-bodied Argentine must ensure the production of everything necessary for life 1.5 times more than he himself can consume. This rather high figure complicates the functioning of the state.
Employment
Argentina's working-age population makes up about 65% of all citizens. The literacy rate of the population is 98%, the official unemployment rate is 5.9. Argentina, which does not have a very high population, is characterized by high unemployment in urban areas, while agriculture often suffers from labor shortages. Therefore, official figures do not reflect reality. There are many people in the country who work part-time, and many unemployed people simply do not register.
Population distribution
Argentina is rapidly becoming an urban country. There has always been a very specific rural settlement here: the villages were small in size, farm-type. Argentina was sometimes called an agrarian country without peasants, characterized by large landholdings. The owner of the land hires employees to perform seasonal work; the rest of the time they live in other places.
Today, the population is increasingly moving to cities. If you look at the distribution of the population between the administrative units of the country, the most saturated are the capital region (about 3 million people live in Buenos Aires itself), as well as the regions of Tucuman and Misiones.
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