When not used with nouns, adjectives and adverbs ending in -o (-e), it can be both a particle and a prefix. If there is opposition in a sentence, it is not a particle and is written separately with these parts of speech:
1) He was telling lies. “It’s not truth that’s on his side, but strength.”
2) We started a sad song. - This song is not funny, but sad.
3) They did not sing loudly. - They sang not loudly, but very quietly.
In order for students to clearly imagine this construction, the simplest cases are introduced into the exercises.
Find antonyms for the adjectives.
The task is not difficult, but... Summer is not cold, but... . The path is not close, but... . The day is not sunny, but... The book is not boring, but... . The person is not evil, but... The dress is not light, but... .
Then students’ attention should be drawn to the fact that the presence of the conjunction a or but does not yet indicate opposition. Examples are discussed.
In the sentence The river is not deep, but shallow, one attribute (deep) is denied, another attribute (shallow) is affirmed. Deep and shallow are antonyms. Not deep cannot be replaced with the synonym shallow, as the result will be nonsense: “The river is shallow, but shallow.”
Let's take another example: The river is shallow, but fast. Here both characteristics are attributed to the river: it is shallow, that is, shallow, and fast. Shallow and fast are not antonyms. Therefore, the word shallow can be replaced with the synonym shallow and the sentence will not lose its meaning: The river is shallow, but fast.
Another example:
1) They speak not loudly, but quietly. There is a contrast here, since it is impossible to replace not loud with a synonym, and the word quietly is the antonym of the adverb loud.
2) They speak quietly, but clearly. Here you can replace quietly with the synonym quietly; distinctly is not the antonym of loudly. There are no contradictory concepts here, in which one is denied and the other is affirmed.
So, it is not written separately with nouns, adjectives and adverbs starting with -o, if in a sentence one concept is denied and another, its opposite, is affirmed.
We consolidate this material by analyzing the following sentences.
1) The material is dim, but beautiful. - The matter is not bright, but faded.
2) The guys ate not ripe, but completely green apples. - The apples are unripe, but already tasty. - We ate unripe, almost green apples.
1) The road is uneven, but the shortest.
2) The face is ugly, but pleasant.
3) His knowledge is not deep, but very superficial.
4) This year’s raspberries are small, but sweet.
In some cases, the opposition can only be implied. Then spelling not with adjectives depends on the meaning given to the word: the river is small (that is, small); the river is not big (here the speaker seems to be arguing with the statement that the river is big).
Thus, if in the absence of opposition the presence of a characteristic is asserted, it is not written together with the adjective; if the attribute is denied and the opposite is emphasized, it is not written separately.
He (was) not rich. - He wasn't (was) rich. He (was) not smart. - He (was) not smart. He (was) simple-minded. -He (was) not cunning. He (was) sad. -He was not (was) cheerful.
To consolidate, you can ask students to compose (orally) several sentences so that they are not written together or separately with an adjective.
It is written separately not with possessive adjectives (not a cat breed, not a hunting rifle), with adjectives and adverbs in the comparative degree (not taller, not more beautiful, not more, not longer) and with short adjectives that are either not used in full form, or receive a different meaning, or do not have a full form at all: should not, is not obliged, does not intend, is not right, is not visible, is not ready, does not agree, is not inclined, is not happy, is not necessary, is not necessary, is not averse.
In other cases, it is not a prefix and is written together.
We offer material for training work.
1) He was neither handsome nor ugly, neither tall nor short (Gonch.).
2) I’m not rich, I’m not an official, and I’m not his age at all (L.).
3) I was immediately overcome by an unpleasant, motionless dampness (T.).
4) Although they were poor people, they were educated (T.).
5) Her joyless and stormy day has long passed (T.).
6) Not a plowman, not a carpenter, not a carpenter, but the first worker in the village.
7) Yellow, not butter, with a tail, not a mouse.
The moon is not dim, not pale, unthoughtful, not foggy, like ours, but pure, transparent, like crystal (Gonch.).
9) The expression of this gaze was very vague, but not mocking (L.).
10) A weak but persistent wind scoured day and night (M.G.).
11) Your sweet image is unforgettable, it is before me everywhere, always unattainable, unchanging, like a star in the sky at night (Tutch.).
12) Now in front of us were not high inaccessible mountains, but small hills with inconspicuous, nondescript vegetation.
13) Distant and incomprehensible stars quietly froze in the immense heights and seem to look with envy at the restless life on earth.
Determine the sentence in which NOT is spelled together with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word.
Some exercises are (not) completed.
You can take upon yourself the organization of the display of a picture that has not yet been written, but is brilliantly conceived.
The dovecote is (not) painted.
Vyvolochnov was one of Tolstoy’s followers, in whose heads the thoughts of a genius who (did not) know peace were irreparably diminished.
The ice crust cracks, covering the (not) deep but wide swamp, and again it’s quiet.
Explanation (see also Rule below).
Here's the correct spelling:
Some exercises were not completed.
You can take upon yourself the organization of the display of a picture that has not yet been written, but is brilliantly conceived.
The dovecote is not painted.
Vyvolochnov was one of Tolstoy’s followers, in whose heads the thoughts of a genius who knew no peace were irreparably diminished.
The ice crust will crack, covering the shallow but wide swamp, and again it will be quiet.
Answer: SHALLOW.
Answer: shallow
Rule: Task 13. Integrated and separate spelling of NOT and NI with different parts of speech
Spelling NOT and NOR.
According to the specification, a task of this type checks:
− the ability to distinguish a NOT particle from a NI particle;
− ability to distinguish the prefix NOT from the prefix NI;
− the ability to write together or separately NOT with all parts of speech.
In this regard, we draw attention to the fact that the conditions of tasks, depending on its goals, may vary significantly. At the same time, we also note that in standard Unified State Examination tasks (authors Tsybulko I.P., Lvov, Egoraeva) only the ability to write together or separately NOT with different parts of speech is tested, but in tasks by other authors, including Senina, MMIO (StatGrad) There are also tasks to choose between NOT and NOR. The editors of RESHUEGE also consider it necessary to expand the types of this task within the specifications of the current year.
We also draw your attention to the fact that a number of rules by which spelling is checked are not taught in the school course. Such rules are marked with *.
12.1 Combined and separate spelling of particles NOT and NI.
The particle is not written separately:
| 1) If there is or is implied a contrast with names, adverbs and participles. It is necessary to distinguish between direct opposition, in which one of the two features, called adjectives, is denied, and the second is affirmed, and opposition with a concessive shade of meaning, in which both features, called adjectives, are attributed to the subject, i.e. there is a opposition, but without negation . Wed: The lake is not deep, but shallow (the attribute “deep” is denied and the attribute “shallow” is affirmed). - The lake is shallow, but wide (both attributes are affirmed: “both shallow and wide”; “although shallow, but wide”) . | 1) This is not happiness, but grief. The river is not shallow (deep). You are not my friend. They walked not quickly, but slowly. Not a silent, but a growing rumble. |
| 2) *With adjectives, adverbs starting with -o and participles, words starting with -my, if the opposition is implied and the negation is strengthened by the words:
a) not at all, not at all, far from, not at all, not at all; b) negative pronominal words: not at all, not at all, no one, no one, no one, never, nowhere, no, no, nothing, nothing, nothing, etc. For convenience of explanation, we call them negatives and amplifiers. | a) This is not true at all; This case is not at all unique; This is by no means obvious; She is far from brave; He is not at all stupid; It's no fun talking about it; Not at all embarrassed; She is not at all more educated than her husband; b) The case is in no way suitable; A worthless project; He's not my friend; not at all envious, not needed by anyone, not in any way useless, good for nothing, incapable of anything, not interesting in any way; He is not at all more beautiful than his sister; |
| 3) *With short adjectives that are not used in full form. | 3) not happy, should not, is not right, is not visible, does not intend, is not disposed, is not ready, is not obliged, is not needed, does not agree. |
| 4) With full participles in the presence of dependent words (except for words of degree intensifiers, see the list) or opposition (as a general rule) | 4) Fields of rye that had not yet been harvested could be seen. Not a laughing, but a crying child. |
| 4) *With verbal adjectives formed from imperfective transitive verbs using the suffixes -em-, -im- only if there is a dependent word in the instrumental case. | 4) The subject I didn’t like was to be taken this year. This case requires further clarification. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling not with words in -my, formed from transitive imperfective verbs: such words can be either passive participles of the present tense or adjectives (in the first case, the spelling with is not separate, in the second - continuous). They are participles if the instrumental case of the character, or less often the instrumental case of the instrument (the so-called instrumental) is used as an explanatory word; in the presence of other explanatory words, they become adjectives (they lose the passive meaning and the meaning of time and acquire a qualitative meaning). Compare: a child not loved by the mother - unloved games in childhood (in the second case, the word unloved indicates a constant sign, means approximately the same as “unpleasant”, “undesirable”); movement not inhibited by air - the side of the Moon invisible from Earth. Adjectives of this type include: invisible, irresponsible, inflammable, inextinguishable, immovable, indivisible, unforgettable, unvisible, unchangeable, unloved, unthinkable, untaxable, unalienable, untranslatable, untransferable, unknowable, unverifiable, unconjugated, intolerant and etc. Wed. their writing in the presence of explanatory words: a number indivisible by three, unforgettable meetings for us, through tears invisible to the world, records unthinkable in the recent past, feelings inexpressible in simple words, accounts unverifiable for a long time, dirt impassable in the spring, indeclinable nouns in the Russian language , intolerant behavior in our society, etc. |
| 5) With verbs, gerunds, short participles, with numerals, conjunctions, particles, prepositions: | 5) was not, could not, without recognizing, not ordered, not removed, not one, not five, not that... not that, not only, not above us. |
| 6) *With adverbs and words of the state category a) to a comparative extent b) in the role of a predicate impersonal predicate | 6) moved no louder, spoke no faster I don't need it, she doesn't need it |
| 7) in negative pronouns with a preposition with stress | 7) not with anyone, not in anything, not about anyone |
| 7) in negative pronouns with a preposition without stress | 7) with no one, in nothing, about anyone |
12.2 Continuous spelling of NOT and NOR.
The particle is not written together:
| 1) If the word without NOT is not used. | A) Nouns: fable, tumbler, ignorance, ignorant, adversity, unseen, invisible, slave, scoundrel, touchy, ailment, forget-me-not, hatred, bad weather, problems, fidget, slob, foolish, loser, unchrist; b) adjectives and adverbs formed from them: careless, inconspicuous, irrevocable, unharmed, inevitable, unchanging, absurd, necessary, invincible, unceasing, inseparable, unspeakable, never-ending, unceasing, undoubted, incomparable, awkward, unfortunate, clumsy, intolerable, unshakable, indisputable, indomitable; careless, absurd, necessary, undoubtedly; V) Verbs: to dislike, to dislike, to be indignant, to be unwell, to be unwell, to hate, to be unwell, to be unwell, to be perplexed, to be unable to come, to be numb; G) adverbs and other unchangeable words: unbearably, unbearably, unbearably, unknowingly, by chance, inadvertently, impossible, inadvertently, really, reluctantly; despite, despite (prepositions) |
| 2) *NOT part of the prefix NEDO, which gives verbs the meaning of incompleteness, insufficiency compared to some norm.” The same rules also apply to participles formed from verbs with the prefix NEDO. The prefix UNDER- is often antonymous with the prefix OVER-: under-salt - over-salt, under-full - over-full, under-full - over-fill, under-over-transfer. | 2) The child really missed the care of his parents. During the war, children were UNDERFOODED and LACKED OF SLEEP. Rozhdestvensky believed too much in his own abilities, considering himself a genius, but underestimated the abilities of his opponent. |
| 3) With nouns, adjectives, adverbs ending in -o, -e, when a new word, a new concept is formed, often with a negative quality. | 3) misfortune (trouble), not easy (difficult), not easy, ugly, not far (close), nearby |
| 4) *In combination with adjectives and adverbs, words denoting the degree of quality: very, extremely, very, extremely, clearly, quite (pretty much), quite, blatantly, exclusively, extremely do not affect continuous or separate writing, therefore it is NOT written together. For convenience of explanation, we call them strengths and degrees. | 4) A very unpleasant incident. A completely uninteresting game was invented. He spoke rather incomprehensibly. |
| 5) With full participles in the absence of dependent words or *when dependent words are intensifiers | 5) We walked along the unlit streets of the town. I made a completely rash decision. |
| 6) *In verbal adjectives formed from intransitive verbs or transitive verbs of the perfect form using the suffixes -em-, -im-. These are not participles, since participles with the suffixes -em, -they should only be of the imperfect form, they are the present tense. | 6) unfading, inexhaustible, irreconcilable, insurmountable, indomitable, inexhaustible, indestructible. |
| 7) in negative and indefinite pronouns and adverbs, depending on the stress, E or I, but together. | 7) nobody-nobody, nothing-nothing, nobody-nobody, nothing-nothing, nowhere-nowhere, nowhere-from-nowhere, no-no-nothing, no-time-never. |
12.3. The particles NOT and NI differ in meaning:
To correctly select the particles NOT and NI, their semantic differences should be taken into account. Let's display them in tables.
Main uses of negative particles
| The particle is NOT used | NI particle is used |
|---|---|
| 1) to express negation: There were no letters or telegrams. Brother doesn't look like a liar. It’s not the moon or the stars that interest me, but only meteorites. | 1) to strengthen the negation expressed by the particle NOT There were no letters or telegrams. The brother does not look like a deceiver or a joker. I'm not interested in the stars or the moon. |
| 2) to express a statement with a connotation of obligation (double negative): He couldn't help but call. We couldn't help but notice. | 2) to express quantitative negation: The sky is clear. Not a drop of dew in my mouth. |
| 3) to express impossibility in impersonal sentences: You won't be able to catch up with the crazy three! There will be no war or fire! | 3) for emotional expression of prohibition, order, obligation: No step back! Not a sound! Not a day without a line! |
| 4) when expressing uncertainty, fear or admiration: Aren't you my guest? No matter how cold the frost hits! Why not a hero! | 4) to express uncertainty: He is neither old nor young, neither fat nor thin (cf.: He is either old or young). In phraseological units: Neither this nor that, neither fish nor fowl. |
| 5) in interrogative and exclamatory sentences when expressing an underlined statement: Who hasn’t cursed the stationmasters, who hasn’t scolded them! (A. Pushkin) Isn't it true that we have become wiser? With your condition, how can you not get married? (L. Tolstoy) | 5) in subordinate clauses with a generalized intensifying meaning (with allied words: whoever.., whatever.., wherever.., etc.). Whatever the child enjoys, as long as he doesn’t cry. Whenever you ask him, he won’t mince his words. |
Complex cases of distinguishing between NEI and NOT
| 1.In subordinate clauses. Compare: | |
| Does NOT express negation: When my brother didn't come, everyone felt bored. There are no wars where soldiers do not die. | NI expresses the statement with a touch of generality: Whenever my brother came, he always brought excitement and joy. Wherever soldiers die, they should be remembered and honored. |
| 2. In revolutions not one and none; not once and not once. Compare: | |
| Does not express negation: Not one of us (that is, many) was ready for the ascent. More than once (i.e. many times) I had to meet a wild beast. | Neither expresses increased negation: Neither of us (that is, no one) was up to the climb. Not once (that is, never) have I encountered a wild animal. |
| 3. In pronominal phrases. Compare: | |
| Expressive phrases with NOT contain the meaning of hidden opposition and are used in affirmative sentences (cf.: no one else, but..) None other than a woodpecker was knocking dully in the forest. Before us was nothing more than an ancient cave. | These phrases are used in negative sentences and serve to strengthen the negation: no one... not; nothing is not: No one else could have led us to the right path. Nothing else but music captivated me so much. |
Remember!
Compound amplification turns with particle ni:
at all costs, no matter what, wherever, wherever, as if nothing had happened, etc.
Spelling varies Not with verbal adjectives -my and with participles -my; if there are explanatory words, the first ones are written together (like denominate adjectives), the second ones are written separately, for example:
A) uninhabited since ancient times the island insoluble crystals in water, indistinguishable figures of people in the dark;
b) reserves not visited by hunters, unreadable non-specialist magazines, not my favorite mother child.
To adjectives on -my include words formed from intransitive verbs (for example: independent, waterproof, fireproof) or from perfective verbs (for example: incorrigible, impracticable, indestructible). These words are subject to general spelling rules. Not with adjectives, i.e. they are written together and with explanatory words (see examples above), as well as in a short form (for example: island uninhabited, disease incurable, these countries are economically independent). However, the rule of writing adjectives separately with Not, if explanatory words are pronouns and adverbs starting with neither, or combinations far from, not at all, not at all(see above, paragraph 6, note 1. subparagraph 2), for example: with nothing incomparable the impression is that countries are not dependent on anyone, by no means insoluble crystals; This is a phenomenon neither from life nor from art irreparable. The exception is words that, without Not not used, for example: by no one invincible army, for no one incomprehensible case, under no circumstances unique experiment.
Note.
It is necessary to distinguish between spelling Not with words on -my, formed from imperfective transitive verbs: such words can be either passive present participles or adjectives (in the first case, spelled with Not separate, in the second - merged). They are participles if the instrumental case of the character, or less often the instrumental case of the instrument (the so-called instrumental) is used as an explanatory word; in the presence of other explanatory words, they become adjectives (they lose the passive meaning and the meaning of time and acquire a qualitative meaning). Wed: not my favorite mother child - unloved in childhood, games (in the second case, the word unloved indicates a constant sign, means approximately the same as “unpleasant”, “undesirable”); movement, uninhibited by air - invisible from the Earth side of the Moon.
Adjectives of this type include: invisible, irresponsible, inflammable, inextinguishable, immovable, indivisible, unforgettable, unvisible, unchangeable, unloved, unthinkable, untaxed, unalienable, untranslatable, untransferable, unknowable, unverifiable, unconjugated, intolerant, etc. Cf. their writing with explanatory words: indivisible by three number, unforgettable for us to meet, through invisible tears to the world, unthinkable in the recent past records, indescribable in simple words of feeling, unverifiable accounts from a long time ago, impassable mud in the spring, unyielding in Russian nouns, intolerant behavior in our society, etc.
| Parts of speech | conditions for separate writing | Examples | Notes |
| Nouns. Adjectives. Adverbs starting with -o. | 1. Opposition 2. Intensifying particles: not at all.., far from.., not at all.. 3. Pronouns or adverbs with NI or Nor as part of a conjunction | The river is not deep, but shallow. The film is not interesting at all. It's not interesting to anyone. The topic is not interesting either for you or for me. | 1. Don't be confused contrast and comparison. * Shallow but fast river. (Although small, but fast). 2. Short adjectives are NOT written in the same way as full adjectives. * the hill is not high, the road is not wide, but narrow, the song is not new. |
| Participles | 1. Short form 2. Dependent words 3. Contrast. 4. Reinforcing particles | The suit is not sewn. An answer not thought out by the student. Not a collapsed, but a preserved building. An unread book at all. | Adverbs of measure and degree do not affect spelling. A completely ill-conceived answer. BUT! A completely unthought-out answer by the student. |
Conclusion. Words are written together if there are no conditions for separate writing. For such words you can choose a synonym without NOT or an adverb of measure and degree. *not true (false), too low (low).
Table No. 2-10
NOT – NEI in pronouns and adverbs
particle discrimination Not And neither
| particle location | NOT | NI | |
| Before the predicate | In a simple (=main) sentence | Always * There was no rain. He couldn't help but know Where did he turn! | _______ |
| In the subordinate clause | 1) there was no action * When I don’t go to see him, he gets worried. (Am I coming in?=>no => Not) 2) with the conjunction "yet" * He wrote until it became completely dark. | the action was * Whenever I go to see him, he is always busy(Am I coming in? =>yes => neither) | |
| With other members of the proposal | if the predicate is affirmative (without not) * So that he remembers not for an hour, not for a year, I will give you, my friend, a comb. | if the predicate is negative (with not) * There was not a soul on the street. | |
| With homogeneous members in unions. | not only O, but also Oh not that Oh, not that ABOUT * He is known not only here, but also abroad. | neither Oh, neither ABOUT, neither ABOUT No houses or trees are visible in the fog. | |
| With particles | not at all... not at all... far from... isn't it... almost... isn't it... * Almost all my friends responded to this request. | ________ | |
| With phraseological units | Out of nowhere... Out of nowhere... At all costs... As if nothing had happened... | ||
| At steady speed | No one like the mud * His teacher was none other than the artist Surikov | Nothing else... * Nothing else caught his attention. |
Table No. 2-11
Difficult words
General rules for writing difficult words
Together are written
1. Compound contractions With fishing of all types *university, chief physician, dead.
2. Words formed using connecting vowel, which we choose.
· If the base is a hard consonant => O * forest-steppe.
· If on soft, hissing and “ts” => E *earthquake
· If the 1st part of the verb => AND * daredevil BUT! Tumbleweed.
· 1st part numeral in Gen. n. => * five-day anniversary, fortieth anniversary
!! centipede, one-day, ninety-hour, millennium, quarter-finals.
3. Words formed merger* time calculation, pastime, chronicle, achene, crazy, insane, look-ahead, nitrogen-containing.
4. Words with roots floor-
Compound nouns
What elements does a word consist of?
| Together | Hyphenated |
| the composition contains truncated bases 1. air, auto, bicycle, hydro, meteo, micro, motorcycle, cinema, radio, stereo, electric, board.. * air base, stereo system, hydromassage, aerial photography; Botrmechanik!! television and radio journalists. 2. ..meter, ..graph, ..grad voltmeter, topographer, Volgograd | contains two independent words 1. general + special name * the carriage is a restaurant, the house is a museum. 2. position, rank, profession, party affiliation. vice-governor, ex-champion, physicist - nuclear scientist, liberal - democrat. 3.technical terms with vacuum, diesel, press, stop block, alpha, beta, gamma vacuum pump, diesel engine, compact disc, press center, stop valve, alpha radiation, block system (BUT! checkpoint). 4. units of measurement *gram - molecule, kilowatt - hour BUT! workday 5. cardinal directions * southwest, northeast 6. plant names * leek, mother-and-stepmother 7. geographical names *Rostov - on - Don 8. synonyms, antonyms, evaluative words * sadness-longing, buying and selling, miracle tree |
DO NOT confuse!
Complex words and words with foreign prefixes (anti-, archi-, inter-, counter-, counter-, super-, trans-, ultra-, sub-, extra-.feld-) *subtropics, extremely important.
Compare : counterattack - rear - admiral.
Compound adjectives
What is the word derived from?
DO NOT confuse!
Adjectives and phrases adverb + adj., which are written separately (indicate the degree of the attribute, define the attribute by assimilation) * impeccably polite, socially useful (for society), comradely sensitive (like a comrade).
Table No. 2-12
Spelling adverbs
| hyphen | seamlessly | apart |
| 1. in - + -him, -ski, -ki, -i * in my opinion, in a friendly way, in a bearish way 2. in-, in- + -s, -their *firstly, thirdly. !! in Latin, on-mountain. 3. something; -this, -either, -something * somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere 4. formed by repetition of adverbs * barely, a long time ago, unexpectedly, little by little, at the very least, willy-nilly, criss-cross, exactly Don't be confused Adverbs and nouns in TV. P. Compare: everything will be our way(How?) walked our way(on what?) | 1. Adverbs that include obsolete forms. *plenty, to pieces, locked up, by surprise, to the ground 2. Adverbs formed from all parts speech, except nouns from adverbs * the next day, for free !! at random, with a bang, not at all. from numerals with B-, NA- * in two, in two. !! two by two from short adjectives * tightly, in vain, slowly from adjectives and pronouns in Vin.p. *totally, to the fullest!! in the open, in retreat 3. Adverbs formed from nouns with the meaning of place and time * far, deep, at the beginning. Don't be confused Adverbs and nouns that have dependent words. *looked into the distance - looked into the distance of the sea put it on top - put it on top of the cabinet read from the beginning - read from the beginning of the novel | 1. Adverbs formed from nouns with a preposition, retaining case forms * abroad (abroad), by force (within force); point to point, matter of fact, Tet-a-tet. Adverbs formed from other nouns with prepositions *without restraining, tirelessly, indiscriminately; until I fill up, until I die, until I drop; running, galloping, on the move; to match, to match. Remember! in general - in general alone - alone |
Vowels at the end of adverbs
From-, to-, from- + a* long ago, dry, left= / from the window /
In-, on-, for- + o *left, left= /out the window/
Table No. 2-13
Functional parts of speech
Particles
Prepositions
Unions
1 . Compound conjunctions are written separately.
1. Particles would (b), same (f), whether (l) written separately, for example: did would, If would, If b, however or, however and, Here or and what are you, barely whether, Always l.
2. Particles are written separately after all, here they go and some others.
§64. Hyphenated spelling of particles
1. Particles are written with a hyphen -T oh, -or, -something, something- (coy-), -ka, -de, -s, -tka, -tko, For example: Who -That, What -or, whose someday, some Which(as part of indefinite pronouns; for the spelling of these particles with adverbs, see §57, paragraph 3), Tell -ka, on -ka, on -ka here you go -ka, here you go -ka sir, he -de, Yes -With;on -tka, on -tka sir, well -ka, Well -ka sir, well -tko, look -tko.
2. Particle -T O a hyphen is added to pronouns and adverbs not only to express uncertainty, but also to give them a touch of emotionality, for example: Flying high, but where? -That will he sit down? Let's see how -That he cares about me(Turgenev).
The word is also written with a hyphen somehow before listing homogeneous members of the sentence, for example: Red forest includes coniferous trees, such as -That: pine, spruce, fir.
3. Particle some-(some-), separated from the pronoun by a preposition, written separately, for example: some at whom, some V how, whoa With what.
4. Particle -T aki written with a hyphen:
a) after adverbs, for example: right -yes, enough -yes, again -yes, directly -yes, So -yes;
b) after particles, for example: All -yes, really -yes, really -yes;
c) after verbs, for example: insisted -yes, gone -yes.
In other cases after all written separately, for example: old man after all got her way, she after all left a large family after all They built themselves a dacha. Wed:. ..But after all beat up your comrade(Gogol);. ..I after all locked her up this time too(Dostoevsky).
5. If a particle that is written with a hyphen comes after another particle, then the hyphen is omitted, for example: All or after all, We would de they didn't do that. Wed: Such -That de old man... and angry and mean(Pushkin); To whom or someday I have to say it!(Turgenev). But: Won't you buy it? -With? (Danilevsky); how come -With (particle -With is also added with a hyphen to the preceding particle).
SPELLING NOT and NOR
§65. Spelling not with nouns
1. Are written together with Not nouns that are without Not are not used, for example: Not vezhda, Not faith, Not vzgoda.
2. Are written together with Not nouns that are combined with Not take on the opposite meaning; Usually such words can be replaced with synonyms without no, For example: Not Truth(cf.: lie), Not buddy(cf.: enemy), Not happiness(cf.: trouble).
3. Are written together with Not nouns denoting persons and expressing a qualitative connotation; in combination with Not Words with the meaning of opposition are formed. For example: Not democrat, Not Russian, Not specialist. Wed: Metaphors are widely used by writers and Not writers(M. Isakovsky); It's about the reader – Not linguist, Not etymologist(Lev Uspensky); Rise up, tortured children, look among people Not of people(Evg. Yevtushenko).
4. Written separately from Not nouns, if there is or is implied opposition, for example: This Not caution, and cowardice; No, it's Not confidence convinced of his own rightness person; Middle Ages Not many added to this list metals (an adjective that has become a noun).
5. Written separately Not with a noun in an interrogative sentence, if the negation is logically emphasized, for example: Isn't it Not is there truth in his words?
§66. Spelling not with adjectives
1. Are written together with Not adjectives that are without Not are not used, for example: Not careless, Not gloomy, Not friendly
2. Are written together with Not adjectives that are combined with Not take on the opposite meaning; usually such words can be replaced with synonyms without Not. For example: Not big(cf.: small), Not married(cf.: idle), Not real(cf.: false, feigned).
3. Written separately from Not adjectives if there is or is implied opposition, for example: problem Not simple, but complex; relationship Not hostile, light Not sharp, milk Not sour, meat Not fresh, look Not good job Not urgent; Not many present supported the speaker(think: . ..and separate ).
4. Usually, Not is written separately with relative adjectives, giving negation to the attribute they express, for example: watch Not gold, honey Not linden, the sky is here Not southern. Of the qualitative adjectives, this includes adjectives that denote color and which, in combination with Not do not form words with opposite meanings, for example: dye Not blue, hardcover Not yellow, shade Not grey.
In this case, the syntactic function of the adjective is taken into account: the rule usually applies to adjectives in the role of a predicate, since the intended opposition gives the statement the character of a generally negative judgment expressed by a particle Not, but may not apply to adjectives as a modifier. Wed: these people not from here - shine not from here beauty; paper not white – non-white citizens(colored); logics not female - the girl reasoned with unfeminine logic; form not round – account for non-circular the amount of 119 rubles(figurative meaning of the word).
5. The opposition expressed by the conjunction is different A, and opposition expressed by the conjunction But. In the first one, one of the two opposing characteristics is denied, and the other is affirmed, for example: river not deep, and small; with the second, there are no concepts that are opposite to each other, they are completely compatible, i.e. two characteristics are simultaneously attributed to an object without negating one of them, for example: river shallow, But cold. In the first case Not written separately, in the second – together.
6. The presence of explanatory words, as a rule, does not affect continuous writing Not with adjectives (cf.: writing Not with participles, §70, paragraph 2), for example: Not author familiar to us, Not facts known to science, Not an appropriate remark under these conditions, n an error that is noticeable at first glance, Not words understandable to the student, Not details necessary for the case, Not the conclusions are correct in many respects; happening, Not similar to others; behavior, Not worthy of a decent person; area, Not suitable for construction; lake, Not visible behind the forest(everywhere a negative attribute is affirmed, and a positive one is not denied).
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Note 1. Separate writing Not with an adjective that has explanatory words, it occurs: 1) for adjectives that have different meanings in their full and short forms (see paragraph 8 below), for example: Not actor ready to go Not child prone to colds; 2) if there are negative pronouns and adverbs (starting with neither ) or combinations far from, not at all, not at all, For example: no one Not known address, neither what Not guilty people not at all Not clear expression not at all Not harmful drink, far Not a simple solution, at all Not fruitless searches, not at all Not new plot; compare: unknown my ways– not to anyone guided paths; But.: There's nothing in life impossible; There is nothing about what my neighbor is accused of. illegal (negative pronoun nothing is depends on adjectives, but itself is explained by them); 3) sometimes when placing an adjective with dependent words after the defined noun, for example: enterprises not subordinate to the trust (under conditions of isolation, the construction with the adjective approaches the meaning of the participial phrase); compare: chess player played unusual him style–features, not typical our youth. Note 2. If the explanatory word is an adverb of measure and degree ( very, extremely, very, almost, adverbial expression to the highest degree etc.), then Not written together with an adjective, for example: very ugly act, extremely irrelevant lunge, very unfortunate performance, almost unknown text, to the highest degree illegible handwriting. Note 3. If there is an adverb as an explanatory word at all Both combined and separate writing is possible Not with adjectives, which is associated with two meanings in which the specified adverb is used: 1) "completely, very" ; 2) “not at all”, “in no way” ; compare: at all unnecessary meeting(completely unnecessary, superfluous) – at all not random meeting(not at all random, logical emphasis does not fall on it). In some cases, both interpretations and, as a result, both spellings are possible, for example: at all small achievements(small, modest) - completely not big achievements(not big at all). In these cases, to resolve the issue of writing Not a broader context is needed (see also note to paragraph 4). Continuous writing is typical for informative texts, while separate writing is typical for polemical texts. The adverb itself allows for a double interpretation: 1) "not at all" ; 2) "completely, completely" – in a conversational style of speech; compare: Against revival, he spoke confusingly, was confused, and even cited not convincing arguments. – The authors of these works are less popular or even unknown scientists. As is the case with at all, the final decision depends on the nature of the text. |
7. With short adjectives negation Not written basically in the same way as with complete ones: together in the absence of opposition and separately in its presence, for example: room low - room not high, incomprehensible question - question incomprehensible,invalid deal – invalid transaction in violation of the law; novel not interesting, but boring; bay shallow, but convenient for sailing on a motor boat.
Wed. writing with various explanatory words: Searching for materials on the selected topic for him are not complicated; Too much not sure there were people in the future; He's completely do not know with the latest advances in animal science. - There is no control here anymore not possible; They are in nothing not alike Each other. Wed. Also: This river is always restless. –This river will never not calm.
8. Written separately from Not short adjectives that are not used in their full form or have a different meaning in their full form, for example: not ready for departure, should not to do so I don't intend to be silent is not obliged to to help, not happy meeting, not inclined believe, not located to the conversation.
Separate writing in pairs is more common: not needed – unnecessary, wrong – wrong, disagree – disagree, unable – not able to (usually in these cases the negation of a positive sign is felt more than the affirmation of a negative one).
9. Double spelling also occurs in combinations Not with comparative degree of adjectives, for example: This screensaver uglier that(more ugly). – This screensaver no prettier that(does not have greater beauty); That night the patient's dream was more restless than last time(was even more restless). – That night the patient's dream was no calmer than last time(was no more calm).
It is written separately: not lower, not higher, not better, not worse, not closer, not poorer and so on. (private form of writing Not comparative degree of adjectives).
Written separately Not with forms more ,smaller, better, worse, For example: With no less success, with not the best chances.
10. Spelling varies Not with verbal adjectives -m th and with participles -my; if there are explanatory words, the first ones are written together (like denominate adjectives), the second ones are written separately, for example:
A) uninhabited since ancient times the island insoluble crystals in water, indistinguishable figures of people in the dark;
b) not visited hunters reserves, unreadable non-specialist magazines, not my favorite mother child.
To adjectives on -m th include words formed from intransitive verbs (for example: independent, waterproof, fireproof ) or from perfective verbs (for example: incorrigible, impracticable, indestructible ). These words are subject to general spelling rules. Not with adjectives, i.e. they are written together and with explanatory words (see examples above), as well as in a short form (for example: island uninhabited, disease incurable, these countries are economically independent). However, the rule of writing adjectives separately with Not, if explanatory words are pronouns and adverbs starting with neither, or combinations (see above, paragraph 6, note 1. subparagraph 2), for example: with nothing incomparable impression, from no one not dependent countries, not at all insoluble crystals; This is a phenomenon neither from life nor from art irreparable. The exception is words that, without Not are not used, for example: nobody invincible army, for no one incomprehensible case, under no circumstances unique experiment.
| Note. It is necessary to distinguish between spelling Not with words on -m th , formed from imperfective transitive verbs: such words can be either passive present participles or adjectives (in the first case, spelled with Not separate, in the second - merged). They are participles if the instrumental case of the character, or less often the instrumental case of the instrument (the so-called instrumental) is used as an explanatory word; in the presence of other explanatory words, they become adjectives (they lose the passive meaning and the meaning of time and acquire a qualitative meaning). Wed: not my favorite mother child– unloved games as a child(in the second case, the word unloved indicates a constant sign, means approximately the same as "unpleasant", "undesirable");movement, uninhibited air – invisible from the Earth side of the Moon. |
Adjectives of this type include: invisible, irresponsible, inflammable, inextinguishable, immovable, indivisible, unforgettable, unseen, unchangeable, unloved, inconceivable, untaxable, inalienable, untranslatable, incommunicable, unknowable, unverifiable, unconjugated, intolerant etc. Wed. their writing with explanatory words: indivisible by three number, unforgettable for us to meet, through invisible tears to the world, unthinkable in the recent past records, indescribable in simple words of feeling, unverifiable accounts from a long time ago, impassable mud in the spring, unyielding in Russian nouns, intolerant behavior in our society etc.
11. Written separately Not with an adjective in an interrogative sentence, if the negation is logically emphasized, for example: Dont clear is this a position without any evidence? To whom unknown the names of our astronauts?
§67. Spelling not with numerals
Negation with numerals Not written separately, for example: Not two, Not three, five and Not fifth grades are held here Not Prime Meridian.
§68. Spelling not with pronouns
With pronouns (except for negative ones used without a preposition, see §47) negation Not written separately For example: Not me and not you Not to myself, Not everyone lives in Not our house.
§69. Spelling not with verbs
1. Negation Not with verbs (in personal form, in infinitive, in gerund form) is written separately, for example: Not take, Not was, Not knowing Not in a hurry.
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Note 1. Are written together with Not verbs that are without Not are not used, for example: Not year old Not hate Not harass, Not wonder Not spice up Not see the light Not love your stepdaughter; something today Not says hello(the verb hello is obsolete and colloquial and is rarely used: How are you feeling? Not good is healthy); but according to the general rule: not good. Note 2. Verb grab in any meaning is written separately from Not, For example: 1) The puppy has grown up and more lacks the owner for his trousers; 2) In the book lacks several pages. Separate spelling varies don't bother in meaning "not to reach" and continuous writing lack in meaning “to be in insufficient quantity”, “to be needed”, For example: 1) not enough hand to the window; 2) at the register missing two rubles; missing patience; just this was missing. Note 3. Particle Not in complex prepositions despite And regardless of, as well as unions despite the fact that, despite the fact that written together. It is necessary to distinguish the participle depending combined with a particle Not, which is written separately, for example: Answer the question despite in the textbook. |
2. Verbs with a compound prefix are written together under -, giving the verb the meaning of incompleteness, lack of action (this prefix is often antonymous in meaning to the prefix re-; compare: under execute – re execute, under salt – re salt). For example: under take notebooks, under boil potatoes, under return the nut under weigh oils, under load the wagon, under evaluate your capabilities, under receive part of the goods, under eat, under sprinkle, under look, under hear, under take account. The same applies to derivatives, for example: under Sol, under look, under weight.
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Note. It is necessary to distinguish between verbs with the prefix under - , indicating that the action was performed below the norm, and verbs consonant with them with the prefix before-, preceded by negation Not and which indicate, in combination with a particle, that the action has not been completed. Wed: overlook for the child(to make an omission during supervision) – don't finish watching performance to the end(do not finish watching); permanently unemployed malnourished – children often didn't finish eating your soup at lunch; Always underpaid –never didn't pay extra. Wed. also separate writing based on the general rule: can't reach to the finish line don't let it happen to end, don't finish letters, something not finished, to nothing didn't agree; By citing these facts, the newspaper didn't finish telling. |
§70. Spelling not with participles
1. It is written smoothly Not with full participles, for which there are no explanatory words, for example: Not proofread manuscript, Not spotted typos, Not verified quotes, Not stopping pain.
2. Written separately Not with participles that have explanatory words, for example: Not manuscript returned to the author, Not typos noticed by the proofreader, Not proofs submitted on time, Not versions of individual chapters of the novel published during the writer’s lifetime.
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Note 1. This rule also applies to those cases where a participle with explanatory words forms part of a compound predicate, for example: Many of the writer's letters remained not published during his lifetime; Mediocrity will leave the stage unnoticed in art. Wed. in another syntactic structure: It's hard to imagine him not participating active in public life. Participles used as nouns are also subject to this, for example: Among no-shows Petrov and Sergeev were at the meeting. But when substantivizing a participle (transitioning into the category of nouns), continuous spelling is used, for example: number underachievers In Russian. Note 2. If there are adverbs of measure and degree as explanatory words Not with participles it is written together (cf. §66, paragraph 6, note 2), for example: absolutely unread manuscript, completely unverified numbers. But if, in addition to such adverbs, there are other explanatory words in the participle, then preference is given to the more general rule and Not written separately, for example: absolutely not prepared for typesetting the manuscript, completely not resolved still a problem. Note 3. If the participle is used in the meaning of an adjective, then in the presence of explanatory words Not written together (cf. §66, paragraph 6), for example: This is universal animation, shine, noise – all this so far unprecedented And unheard of me, so amazed me that in the first days I was completely at a loss(Dostoevsky). Wed: unsuitable for southern cultures conditions(i.e. unsuitable, in the meaning of an adjective) – writing, not suitable under the rule(participial); By independent from the editor to the circumstances(phraseological phrase with an adjective) – reflexes, independent from the will of man(participial); over the centuries untouched Earth(in the meaning of an adjective; cf.: untouched food, untouched nature– figuratively) – Rowan, untouched autumn frosts(participial). The same distinction is made for short forms, cf.: the lies of politicians are so shameless, sometimes so naked (those. obvious, obvious in the meaning of an adjective) – door not covered (participle, see below, paragraph 1); student unprepared (adjective) - report not prepared (participle). |
3. Written separately Not with short participles, for example: manuscript not edited, quotes not verified, Job not completed .
4. Written separately Not with participles in which there is or is implied opposition, for example: not finished ,but just the beginning of a story.
§71. Spelling not with adverbs
1. It is written smoothly Not with adverbs that are without Not are not used, for example: Not inevitably, Not lepo, Not puzzlingly.
2. Are written together with Not adverbs on O, which in combination with Not take on the opposite meaning; Usually such words can be replaced by synonyms without Not (cf. §65, paragraph 2 and §66, paragraph 2), for example: not bad (cf.: Fine), A little (cf.: few), unsuccessful (cf.: unsuccessfully).
3. Written separately from Not adverbs on O, if there is or is implied opposition, for example: live Not rich O, but poor; usually we went Not fast O And Not slowly O; Not often O a similar situation arises; Not soon O the river will still open; Not random O he started this conversation; Not forever O nature will keep its secrets from man; Not sweet O how the settlers lived at first. Wed: On the globe Not many O places where this stone is found; When the greyhound reached the throat, the beast Not many O remained to live; To be honest, Not many O There are people who do not experience an unpleasant feeling when they see spiders.
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Note 1. In some cases, double interpretation and, as a consequence, double spelling are possible; compare: near (claims to be close) – to the nearest bus stop from here not far (denies that it is far away); the editor left not for long (for a short time) - the editor left not for long (not for a long time). A broader context is needed to resolve the issue. Note 2. In writing Not with adverbs on -O , as in the writing of adjectives (see §66, paragraph 5), the opposition expressed by the conjunction differs A, and opposition expressed by the conjunction But. In the first case, two concepts are opposed, one of which is denied, and the other, its opposite, is affirmed, for example: work is done not bad, Oh good; in the second case, both characteristics are simultaneously attributed to the action without negating one of them, for example: work is done not bad, but late. In the first case it is not written separately, in the second it is written together. |
4. Written separately from Not adverbs on -O , if they have a negative adverb as an explanatory word starting with neither, or a combination far from, not at all, not at all (cf. §66, paragraph 6, note 1, subparagraph 2), for example: the speaker spoke not at all not convincing, manuscript edited not at all not bad. But: no way impossible (in no way plays the role of an intensifying word; cf.: absolutely impossible ).
5. Written together or separately with Not so-called predicative adverbs -O (state category words) type not difficult see – not difficult see: when affirming, they are written together, when negating, they are written separately. For example:
A) doesn't matter ,what he thinks about us; wrong consider the current situation so difficult; impossible complete such complex work in a short time; unprofitable leave immediately; unknown how he will behave next; no wonder that she refused an uninteresting job; impermissible treat elders this way; it is unclear why they have been absent for so long; unpleasant walking in wet weather; unforgivable betray the trust of others; today at sea restless; not surprising that constant exercise improved his health; not good leaving friends in trouble;
b) - And it's all? – Not rich; not fun think that the holiday is already over; can not see so that the patient gets better; shouldn't persist in an erroneous opinion; not logical believe that events will repeat themselves; not necessary so that the answer is given immediately; not dangerous that there was a short break in treatment; not easy carry out a complete reconstruction of a large enterprise; not modest overestimate your merits; not sweet live alone; not by chance that he turned to you for help; not weird that victory went to the strongest; not significant for us, where to spend our holidays; not bad it would be nice to go south.
6. It is written smoothly Not:
a) in negative adverbs, for example: Not Where, Not Where, Not where, Not For what;
b) in denominative adverbs, for example: Not in the distance Not in the house, Not by chance, Not as much as possible Not help it, Not coincidentally, Not endure, Not for nothing(in meaning "not intentionally"; But: not for nothing- in meaning "Not for free"), Not By the way, Not casually; Not Although(verbal origin);
c) in combinations god knows Who (what, which, where, where and so on.).
7. Written separately Not:
a) with pronominal and intensifying adverbs, for example: Not Here, Not So, Not quite, Not fully, Not at all;
b) with predicative adverbs that are not correlative with adjectives, for example: Not necessary, Not time, Not it's a pity(But: lack of time, reluctance and etc.);
c) with a comparative degree of adverbs, for example: works Not worse than others;
d) with adverbial adverbs, for example: Not Today, Not otherwise and etc.;
e) with adverbs that are written with a hyphen, for example: Not In my opinion, Not comradely;
f) in combinations of denominative origin, for example: Not for credit, Not in moderation Not for example, Not to the good, Not to the hurry, Not taste, Not within the power Not according to the gut, Not from hand.
Negation Not is written separately from the following prepositions, conjunctions, particles, for example: Not V field; not with friends; not that... not that; Not only . In prepositional combinations despite, despite (see §69, paragraph 1, note 3) Not written together.
§72. Spelling neither
1. Particle neither (unstressed) is part of negative pronouns nobody, nothing, none etc. (see §47) and negative adverbs nowhere, nowhere, never and etc.
Pronouns and adverbs with prefixed particles neither are used in sentences with a negative predicate (with a predicate there is a negation Not ), and pronouns and adverbs with a prefix particle are not used in impersonal (infinitive) sentences with an affirmative predicate. Wed: to no one didn't apply– no one to go to contact for nothing didn't go there– no need go there; nowhere didn't walk - nowhere take a walk. Deviations occur in separate expressions: to be left with nothing, to be left with nothing, to count for nothing etc. Wed. Also: there's no point in arguing (in meaning “no reason”, “no need”) – medicine no use anymore (in meaning "no need", as a predicate).
A negative predicate may be absent from a sentence, but may be implied, for example: In the sky no month, no stars; Not human housing, not alive souls away(Chekhov).
2. Particle neither written separately, with the exception of negative pronouns (without a preposition) and negative adverbs. Wed: no one - from no one -out of nowhere.
3. Repeating particle neither has the meaning of a connecting conjunction, for example: Along this road neither pass, neither pass the; Neither day, neither there was no news from him for a month; Neither quiet, neither the story flows loudly. In these combinations neither equal in value to the combination and no, those. acts in the function of negation. Wed. from writers of the 19th century: Crow neither fry, neither boil(Krylov); He himself neither rich, neither noble, neither smart(Turgenev); Elisha was an old man neither rich, neither poor(L. Tolstoy).
4. Single or repeating neither is part of stable revolutions, for example: at any cost, as if nothing had happened, out of nowhere, neither fish nor meat, neither alive nor dead, neither two nor one and a half, neither this nor that, neither give nor take, neither more nor less, nor more no less.
5. In independent exclamatory and interrogative sentences (often with words just, really ) is written as a negative particle Not, and in subordinate clauses (with a concessive connotation of meaning) to enhance the affirmative meaning - a particle neither. Wed: Wherever he goes Not contacted!(general meaning: "contacted many places"). – Wherever he goes neither I applied and was met with an indifferent attitude everywhere; What mother Not I made it for my sick son!–Why mother neither did for a sick son, like neither tried to help him, but could not save him. Wed. Also: What kind of tricks Not a little man sets off, so as not to perish, to get a handful of happiness, what professions can he choose? Not comes up with ideas, but still no luck(using the conjunction A independent clauses are connected, in the first part there is no subordinate clause with a concessive connotation of meaning, therefore it is written Not ). Just what Not they give it, but he doesn’t care(similar case).
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Note 1. It is necessary to distinguish between combinations in subordinate clauses whoever, whatever, wherever neither, adjacent to a relative word, and combinations whoever, whatever, wherever etc., which contain a particle Not, relating to the predicate. Wed. He helped everyone with advice, whoever to him neither applied. – In our district, perhaps, there is no one whoever to him Not sought advice; Wherever You neither were, remember your responsibilities. – There are few families in Belarus wherever There were victims of the Great Patriotic War. Note 2. In exclamatory sentences with an affirmative meaning it is possible to use the particle neither in combination with meaning “it doesn’t matter who (what, which, etc.)”, For example: – Who told you this? – And who would neither said! |
2. Non-adjectives are written together with the particle, which in combination with this particle acquire the opposite meaning (usually such a word can be replaced with a synonym without not): not big (cf. small), not married (cf. single), not real (cf. false, feigned).
Note. It is not always possible to find such a synonym, but the affirmative connotation of meaning contained in the adjective serves as the basis for the continuous writing: Someone not from here sitting on a stone in the chapel(AND.); Gerwig had some unmasculine effeminacy (Hertz.); His youthful pranks... were determined childish thoughtfulness (Leon.); This is one of those millions " non-white citizens" of the Republic of South Africa who angrily condemned slavery.
3. Non-adjectives are written separately from the particle if there is or is implied opposition: the problem is not simple, but complex; relationship Not hostile; light not harsh; milk is not sour; the meat is not fresh; the look is not kind; the task is not urgent; Not many (implied: but a few) those present supported the speaker.
There is a distinction between the opposition expressed by the conjunction a and the opposition expressed by the conjunction but.
When using the conjunction a, one of the two opposite signs is denied, and the other is affirmed: the river is not deep, but shallow - separate writing of a negative particle.
When using the conjunction but, the concepts being connected are not opposed to each other, since they are completely compatible, that is, two characteristics are simultaneously attributed to an object without negating one of them: the river is shallow, but cold - a continuous spelling of a negative particle.
4. As a rule, the particle is not written separately with relative adjectives, expressing the negation of the attribute they denote: the watch is not gold; honey not lime; the sky is here not southern.
5. The particle is not written separately and with qualitative adjectives that denote color and, in combination with non-words with the opposite meaning, do not form: the paint is not blue; the binding is not yellow; the shade is not grey.
In this case, the syntactic function of the adjective is taken into account. The rule usually applies to adjectives that act as a predicate, since the intended opposition gives the statement the character of a generally negative judgment expressed by the particle not, but may not apply to adjectives that perform the function of a definition. Wed: these people are not from here - to shine is not from here beauty; logics not female - the girl reasoned with unfeminine logic; the shape is not round - count for non-round the amount of 119 rubles(figurative meaning of the word).
Note. In some cases, a double interpretation of the text is possible and, as a result, double spelling:
this task is not difficult(claims “lightness”)
this task is not difficult("difficulty" is denied)
before us is unusual phenomenon (i.e. rare)
this is not a common occurrence before us(a contrast is imagined: the phenomenon is not ordinary, but exceptional).
6. The presence of explanatory words, as a rule, does not affect the continuous spelling of a particle not with adjectives (cf. spelling not with participles): an author unfamiliar to us; facts unknown to science; inappropriate under these conditions comment; inconspicuous at first sight error; words that are incomprehensible to the student; details unnecessary for the case; incorrect IN many respects conclusions; a case unlike others; behavior that is unworthy a decent person; site unsuitable for construction; a lake invisible behind the forest (everywhere a negative sign is affirmed, and a positive one is not denied).
If the explanatory word is an adverb of measure and degree ( very, extremely, very, almost or adverbial expression to the highest degree etc.), then the particle not with the adjective is always written together: a very ugly act; extremely inappropriate attack; very unsuccessful performance; almost unfamiliar text; to the highest degree illegible handwriting.
7. When using an adverb as an explanatory word, it is entirely possible to write the particle together or separately not with adjectives, which is due to the different meanings in which the word at all is used. Compare: a completely unnecessary meeting (‘completely unnecessary, superfluous’) is not a random meeting at all (‘not at all random’). In some cases, two interpretations are possible and, as a result, two spellings are acceptable: very small achievements (‘small, modest’) - not at all great achievements (‘not at all big’).
The adverb itself can also be interpreted in two ways; cf.: The arguments given were not at all convincing (‘not at all’). — The authors of these works are less popular or completely unknown authors (‘absolutely, completely’ - in a colloquial style of speech).
8. Separate spelling of a particle not with an adjective that has explanatory words is found:
1) with adjectives that have different meanings in their full and short forms: an actor who is not ready to appear; not inclined a child with a cold;
2) if available as explanatory words far, not at all, not at all or negative pronouns and adverbs (beginning with neither): far from simple solution; not at all infertile search; not a new plot at all; unknown address; innocent people; an expression that is not at all understandable; not at all harmful drink; in ways unknown to anyone (cf.: in ways unknown to me). But: There's nothing in life impossible; There is nothing about what my neighbor is accused of. illegal - a negative pronoun does not depend on the adjective, but is itself explained by it;
3) when placing an adjective with dependent words after the defined noun (sometimes): enterprises not subordinate to the trust(when isolated, the construction with the adjective approaches the meaning of the participial phrase); compare: The chess player played unusual him style. - These are features not typical of our youth.
9. With short forms of adjectives, the particle is not written in basically the same way as with full forms:
1) together in the absence of opposition: the room is low; question incomprehensible; invalidtransaction in violation of the law; Bay shallow, but convenient for sailing on a motor boat;
2) separately in the presence of opposition: the novel is not interesting, but boring.
Wed. writing not with the short form of the adjective in the presence of various explanatory words: Searching for material on a selected topic are not difficult for him; Too insecure there were people in the future; He completely unknown with the latest advances in animal science; This river always restless; No control here no longer possible; They are not alike in any way Each other; This river never calm.
10. Depending on the meaning, a particle not with short forms of adjectives can be written either together or separately; compare: our family is not rich (‘poor’) - our family is not rich (‘average income’); this girl is ugly (a negative sign is affirmed) - this girl is not beautiful (a positive sign is denied); address unknown (denied “familiarity”); The only problem is the rain. - Not big it would seem that this distance is for stayers.
Remember: continuous writing is less common: unnecessary, wrong, disagree, incapable.
11. Non-short forms of adjectives that are not used in full form or have a different meaning in full form are written separately with the particle: not ready to leave; should not do this; does not intend to remain silent; not obliged to help; not happy to meet; not inclined to believe; not in the mood for conversation, etc.
12. Double spelling is also found in combinations of particles not with the comparative form of adjectives; compare:
This screensaver is uglier than that one (‘uglier’)
This screensaver is no more beautiful than that one. (‘has no greater beauty’).
That night the patient's dream was more restless than last time (‘was even more restless’).
That night the patient's dream was no calmer than last time (‘was no calmer’).
Particle not with shapes bigger, smaller, better, worse written separately: with no less success; with not the best chances.
Remember: not lower, not higher, not better, not worse, not closer, not poorer and so on.
13. The spelling of particles differs not with verbal adjectives and participles in -my.
Adjectives in -my are usually formed from intransitive verbs ( independent, waterproof, fireproof etc.) or from perfective verbs ( incorrigible, impracticable, indestructible and so on.). These words (including short forms) are subject to the general rules of writing not with adjectives, i.e. they are written together and with explanatory words: an island uninhabited for a long time; water-insoluble crystals; figures of people indistinguishable in the dark, and: the island is uninhabited; the disease is incurable; these countries are economically independent.
However, the rule for separately writing a particle not with adjectives remains in force if the explanatory words are constructions with the negation of neither, in particular pronouns and adverbs starting with nor, or the words far, at all or not at all: incomparable impression; not dependent on anyone countries; not at all solublecrystals; this is a phenomenon cannot be eliminated either from life or from art.
The exception is words that are not used without: invincible by anyonearmy; for nobody incomprehensible happening; no way a unique experiment.
14. It should be remembered that words in -my, formed from transitive imperfective verbs, can be either passive participles of the present tense (the particle not with them is written separately) or adjectives (the particle not with them is written together).
They are participles if the instrumental character of the character is used as an explanatory word, or, less often, the instrumental instrument: not loved by the mother child; movement, not inhibited by air.
If there are other explanatory words, we are dealing with adjectives on -my (they lose their passive meaning and acquire a qualitative meaning): unloved games in childhood (the word unloved indicates a constant feature and means approximately the same as unpleasant, unwanted); reserves not visited by hunters; unreadable non-specialists magazines; side of the Moon invisible from Earth; number indivisible by three; unforgettable meetings for us; indescribable in simple words of feeling; impassable mud in spring; intolerant behavior in society.
Adjectives of this type include:
invisible
irresponsible
non-flammable
unquenchable
real
indivisible
unforgettable
invisible
immutable
unsociable
unthinkable
non-taxable
inalienable
untranslatable
indescribable
unknowable
unverifiable
indeclinable
unconjugated
intolerant, etc.
15. The particle is written separately not with adjectives in an interrogative sentence, if the negation is logically emphasized: Not clear is this situation without any evidence?; To whom unknown the names of our astronauts?
But if the negation is not emphasized, then the particle not with adjectives is written together: Is this the position dont clear ?; Is this a statement? incorrect? (replacement possible: Is this statement wrong?).
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