The first professional service, which was aimed only at collecting intelligence data and state security, was recorded in China in the 7th century, when, at the behest of Empress Huang Ti, political intelligence was created under the leadership of Lai Chunchen and the imperial security service under the leadership of Ti Yenhe.
Subsequently, it was medieval China that created the most extensive and effective system of intelligence services. These were no longer spontaneous, but professional structures with permanent staff and a leadership center.
In the 11th century, the world's first foreign intelligence service appeared in China, the founder of which was Wang Anshi.
“The Empress’s secret police were led by a certain Lai Chongchen, who organized a special school of torture, for whose students a manual was even created describing the most inhumane interrogation methods... And the ingenious system of surveillance and espionage introduced by Wang Anshi served as a model for subsequent generations of Chinese rulers and even in modern times time for Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong" 1 .
Although works on espionage and intelligence tactics were created throughout Chinese history, most ancient treatises perished over the past centuries due to wars and various disasters. However, ancient materials and early historical works such as the Six Secret Teachings of Tai Kung and Sun Tzu's The Art of War provide information on intelligence operations.
In the 13th chapter of his treatise “The Art of War,” Sun Tzu reveals the basics of espionage and proposes the following classification of types of spies:
- local, that is, local residents;
- internal, that is, recruited enemy officials;
- death spies - agents with a mission that will most likely lead to their death;
- spies of life - intelligence officers, smart, able to play the role of other people, having high friends in the enemy’s camp, and so on;
- reverse spies - converted agents. Moreover, reverse spies, according to Sun Tzu, are of particular value.
“The use of spies is the most essential thing in war; this is the support on which the army operates” (Sun Tzu, 13th century).
The lyric poet and military historian Du Mu (803–852) added new methods to the art of espionage. Thus, Du Mu described in detail the recruitment of enemy officials:
“Among the enemy officials there are people who have great intelligence, but have lost their positions; people who have been guilty of something and have been punished; there are selfish favorites; ambitious people engaged in secondary activities; lazy people who are unable to complete the work assigned to them; people not satisfied with their official position and dreaming of a wider field of activity, who are ready to walk on the bones of others; people prone to cunning and deceit, double-minded and unprincipled. You should come into contact with such people, give them gifts, attracting them to your side, and through them learn about the situation in their countries, find out enemy plans and aspirations, and with their help sow discord within the ruling circles.”
In addition, Du Mu describes the recruitment of double agents, that is, exposed spies of the enemy side:
“With the help of money or gifts I will attract someone from the enemy camp to my side, and he will be forced to carry out my own instructions; You can, however, pretend that you are unaware of his work, and, having given him false information, let him run over to those who sent him. And in this case, the enemy spy will carry out my instructions.”
The wise mentor of the Zhou dynasty, Tai Kung, wrote the unique canonical text of Chinese military art, “The Six Secret Teachings.” Particularly interesting and worthy of attention is Tai-kung's idea of waging a secret war. In particular, a ruler must first use “non-military” means before going to war. The latter were based on methods of disintegration and corruption of the enemy’s bureaucracy. There were twelve of them:
- opportunism,
- indulgence of desires,
- winning over to one's side,
- bribery,
- corruption by money and women,
- conspiracies,
- favorites,
- conspiracies,
- involvement in subversive activities,
- flattery,
- puppet ministers,
- blackmail.
All this, according to Tai-kung, ended with a non-violent change of power and the state losing its independence. But if such methods of secret warfare did not work, then the army would join the battle. But again in combination with secret subversive activities.
Quite rightly, along with the compass, silk and gunpowder, the Chinese can be considered pioneers of the intelligence services. Much of the experience of the masters of the ancient Chinese art of espionage is used to this day.
In the modern world, Chinese espionage has literally covered the entire territory of the globe in a short time. In all countries of Europe, the Middle East, North Africa and in areas washed by the Atlantic Ocean, small cells of Chinese agents, linked to an embassy resident or acting autonomously, obtained political information, scientific and military secrets, and carried out recruiting work. Hardly anyone today can calculate the number of the vast army of secret servants of the Celestial Empire.
To obtain important intelligence data, Chinese intelligence agencies vigorously use outer space and modern electronic intelligence technologies. China is actively working to develop satellite systems that will be used for espionage and military communications.
In their work, the Chinese intelligence services follow a strategy that can be formulated as follows: everyone can spy - everyone should spy. This is a strategy of total espionage.
In it, not the least place is given to the use of “huaiqiao” - the multimillion-strong Chinese diaspora. In China, they make no secret of the fact that emigration is secretly encouraged.
In the early 1980s, the Chinese intelligence services realized that, in addition to particularly important information obtained through intelligence channels, up to 80% of data about any foreign state can be obtained through the use of ordinary open sources of information. At the same time, China invests enormous resources and funds in collecting information.
Rising industrial and economic espionage by China is a growing concern among European industry leaders. However, European governments do not want to make these cases widely public and recommend their intelligence services to act with the utmost caution. The countries of Western and Central Europe are afraid to jeopardize the conclusion of lucrative contracts with China, and the Chinese understand this, so the MGB of the PRC is acting in Europe more and more boldly and actively.
European Strategic Intelligence Security Center (ESISC) Chief Administrator Claude Monique said:
"Intelligence and security services in Europe are under high pressure from policymakers because policymakers don't want any complications with China."
He said policymakers know that "China is stealing secrets and spying on dissidents in Europe, but they want to be able to sell China what they want."
In 10-20 years this will end because China will have everything it needs...
Information sources:
1. Umnov “World History of Espionage”
2. Wikipedia website
3. Glazunov “Chinese intelligence”
The structure of army intelligence within the People's Liberation Army of China:
The second department is human intelligence, coordination of residencies;
The third department is electronic intelligence.
Structure of the Ministry of State Security of the People's Republic of China (subordinate to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China):
The first bureau is human intelligence in China;
Second Bureau - Foreign Operations;
Third bureau - operations in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan;
The fourth bureau is operational and technical support;
The fifth bureau is the coordination of regional departments of the Ministry of State Security;
Sixth Bureau - counterintelligence;
Seventh Bureau - processing and analysis of incoming intelligence data;
Eighth Bureau - Institute of Contemporary International Relations;
Ninth Bureau - management of own security, coordination of special departments in the army;
Tenth Bureau - collection of scientific and technical information;
Eleventh Bureau - electronic intelligence and computer security (analogous to the US NSA);
Bureau of Foreign Affairs - official contacts with foreign intelligence services;
Xinhua is a news agency.
Electronic intelligence
The Chinese knights of cloak and dagger look to the future (and to the very near future) with undisguised optimism: the country's power structures are experiencing a real revolution. This time it's technical. The leadership of the People's Liberation Army of China (PLA) officially admitted that in terms of conventional weapons the Chinese army is not able to achieve parity with the United States, and at the beginning of 2000, the PLA headquarters developed a program for modernizing information warfare capabilities. And the first guinea pig for the military to test information methods of warfare was Taiwan, which in no way wants to turn into a second Hong Kong. The Taiwanese sounded the alarm back in December, admitting that since August 1999, Chinese hackers had hacked into the networks of government agencies on the island as many as 165 times. The hackers targeted the websites of the armed forces, the ministries of justice, the economy and the National Assembly. Let us add that at the same time, Japanese computer networks were attacked by Chinese hackers.
Of course, the transition to information warfare could not take place without the Chinese intelligence services. And the emphasis was placed on electronic reconnaissance. Thus, in May 1999, the defense ministers of China and Cuba signed an agreement on the creation of a Chinese radio interception and tracking center for American satellites on Liberty Island. By the way, before this there was only one interception center in Cuba - in Lourdes, operated by Russian intelligence services. Space has not been forgotten either: in 1999, China launched four photography satellites and two radio interception satellites over Asia, and in March of this year, Jiang Zemin, at a meeting of the Central Military Commission, ordered work on the “1-26” program to create new types of high-tech weapons, including reconnaissance satellites.
But it turns out that even earlier, in 1994, China leased three islands from Burma to deploy radio intelligence centers on them (they “cover” the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal and the Strait of Malacca). And in 1995, according to the Americans, all Chinese radio interception centers in Asia were modernized: on one of the Paracel Islands and on Hainan Island in the South China Sea. In addition, the Sop-Khau radio interception center near Laos, which was actively functioning in the 60-70s, was restored. during the Vietnam War.
Planning
Former CIA counterintelligence chief Paul Redmond once said regarding the capture of another Chinese spy in America: “On a cultural level, they (the Chinese) live in a completely different environment and in a different time frame. The Chinese do not think in terms of hours, days or weeks, but decades. They are an ancient civilization, and they know how to plan for many years.” One of the results of this thinking was, in particular, that China, once one of the most backward Asian countries, managed to acquire nuclear weapons from the USSR without accepting any obligations. In the best years of cooperation with the regime of Mao Zedong, our military in China was not allowed to poke its nose into closed objects, and Chinese intelligence was never “on errands” for the KGB - unlike its Eastern European colleagues. Chinese intelligence services even managed to blackmail the United States, which for many years had to actually put up with the theft of secret military technologies in order to prevent a breakdown in relations. It is no secret that the Chinese launched a space rocket, forcing the Americans to hand over to them a rocket scientist of Chinese origin (though in exchange for cooling relations with the Soviet Union). An equally phenomenal achievement of the Chinese intelligence services is the establishment of control over many of the largest banks of the Asian Tiger countries. They even claim that the most significant organized crime groups in Southeast Asia - the famous “triads” - are “under the hood” of the Ministry of State Security of the PRC.
Counterintelligence
However, the capabilities of the Chinese intelligence services are best illustrated by the personal impressions of the Segodnya correspondent’s interlocutors. For example, the situation described by a former GRU officer who retired in the mid-90s is unlikely to be possible in another country: “After my resignation, I had to visit China as a translator. But free communication in Chinese immediately attracted the attention of members of the People's Armed Militia (PAM). Once in one of the provincial towns I was getting ready to go to a bar. Upon entering I was greeted by two strangers who very politely asked what I was going to do. I answered honestly that I wanted to drink. We went up to the bar together, at a sign from one of the escorts, a table was cleared for us, and I had to drink in the company of two companions. Half an hour later, another Chinese man joined us, who already spoke excellent Russian. They made no secret of the fact that they served in the NVM. The first question was: “Where did you learn the language?” Naturally, I answered: “At the Institute of Asian and African Countries.” They laughed together: “That’s what you all say.” Okay, we won’t ask your teacher’s name.” In general, we understood each other.”
And here is the testimony of a foreign intelligence officer who served for many years in a station in China: “During the Cultural Revolution, Chinese intelligence services revived the ancient system of denunciations, invented under the emperors. It is called “Wu Shi Bai” (five, ten, hundred). This is when the senior of the five “knocks” on his family members, the senior of the ten - on his employees or neighbors, etc. As a result, we were faced with the almost complete impossibility of doing intelligence work inside China, since a huge number of “initiatives” are watching your every move. Moreover, including children, because teenagers were included in the surveillance teams. It was much easier to recruit agents somewhere outside of China - for example, students in the USSR."
Participation in the economy
In the mid-80s, when Deng Xiaoping was choosing a strategy for Chinese reforms, a global program for obtaining financial resources and advanced technologies was developed within the MGB. The Chinese leader liked this program so much that he made a strategic decision to prioritize funding and strengthening the MGB as a tool for ensuring radical reforms in the PRC. The consequences of that decision are still being felt today.
For example, many now believe that the owner of the shipping company Orient Overseas International, Tong Zhihua, who was elected head of the Hong Kong administration at the end of 1996, is an employee of the MGB. According to some reports, under the “roof” of this largest company (Tong Zhihua’s personal fortune is estimated at over a billion dollars), Chinese intelligence has been successfully operating since the late 70s. It was then that she “saved” Shanghai-born Tong from bankruptcy by assisting in obtaining a preferential loan of $120 million. As a result, the MGB managed to avoid excesses during the annexation of Hong Kong to mainland China.
Or such a curious figure as Hong Kong businessman Li Ka Shin. Today, many CIA reports are devoted to its activities. Li Ka Shin first frightened the Americans in 1998, when it became known that he intended to gain control of the Panama Canal. In 1996, his company, Hutchison Whampoa, now Panama Ports Co., received a 50-year lease from the Panamanian government for key ports on the canal on both the Atlantic and Pacific sides. The US State Department immediately declared this agreement “illegal” and “totally corrupt.” In January of this year, a Pentagon report appeared accusing Li Ka Shin of planning to use the Panama Canal “to smuggle technology from the West into China or to facilitate the delivery of weapons into the United States.” It is not known for certain why Li Ka Shing works for Chinese intelligence - whether the businessman’s personal relationships with Chinese leaders played a role, as some newspapers claim, or whether this was a mutually beneficial cooperation. However, here is a remarkable fact. In March 2000, Li Ka Shing's son Richard Lee negotiated the acquisition of Hong Kong telephone operator Cable & Wireless HKT for $38 billion. But without the permission of the Chinese authorities, such a deal would not have taken place. According to American estimates, Li Ka Shing and his son currently control approximately one-third of all shares listed on the Hong Kong stock market. However, it is quite possible that Li Ka Shing’s close cooperation with the Chinese authorities is explained by the fact that he, like Tong Zhihua, is indebted to the PRC intelligence services. The fact is that in 1996-97, two large businessmen were kidnapped by the Big Spender gang in Hong Kong. One of them was Victor Li, the second son of Li Ka Shing. The demanded ransom of $205 million was paid, and a national manhunt began for the Big Spender gang, who fled to China. Finally, in January 1998, in the city of Guangzhou in southern China, the entire group of 35 people was arrested, led by the Big Spender himself, 43-year-old Hong Kong resident Cheungmo Tze Keung. It is unlikely that Li Ka Shing will ever forget such a kind service from the Chinese intelligence services.
Human intelligence
It is known that over the past twenty years, the world's leading intelligence agencies have been paying more and more attention to high technology. After all, getting money out of the budget for the next series of spy satellites and setting up radio interception stations is much easier than conducting scrupulous and unsafe intelligence work. At the very least, the risk of international scandals when an agent is arrested is sharply reduced. However, China has its own path here: it continues to rely on intelligence work. Here is the testimony of a FAPSI employee who, in the early 90s, served for several years at a radio interception station on the Chinese border near Blagoveshchensk: “We often “broke” Chinese encrypted messages manually, their level was so low. While even India was already using electronic encryptors, the Chinese made do with the simplest ciphers. Of course, some objects were “not read,” for example, the base on Lake Lop Nor, where the Chinese are conducting nuclear tests. But there were only one or two such objects and there were too many of them.” And the Chinese were quite happy with this. All funds were invested in intelligence work, but this was not simple stubbornness.
Overpopulated China is today the main source of emigrants. To date, the number of Chinese diaspora in America exceeds 1.3 million people; in Russia, the Far East and Siberia, over the past five years, the number of Chinese has exceeded one million people; the Chinese are actively penetrating into Europe - the strongest diasporas have been formed in Romania and Hungary. It was this strategy - working with agents within diasporas around the world - that brought Chinese intelligence the laurels of being the third most powerful in the world.
And yet, the fact that the Chinese have now decided to catch up with the intelligence services of other countries in terms of technical level cannot but alert the United States and Russia. However, Russia seems to be once again establishing relations with China in the military sphere - contacts recently took place at the level of the heads of the military departments of the two countries.
Culture
Do you feel like someone is following you, reading your email and listening to your telephone conversations? Don't rush to see a psychiatrist! It could be THEM! No, not aliens, but very real people - intelligence officers. And don’t think that you are too insignificant to be of interest to the knights of the cloak and dagger. Do you have relatives abroad? What a reason to watch! Who doesn’t have them now, you say? Do you know what exactly they do? No? And the intelligence services are aware! Speaking seriously, the intelligence services of any country now have a wide enough potential to track down almost anyone. Does this mean that someone can periodically spy on you? Well, if your activities may be of at least some interest to the intelligence services, then this is quite possible. So, we bring to your attention a list of the ten most influential intelligence agencies in the world.
1. RSI (India)
The Indian intelligence community is a powerful instrument in the service of the country's national interests, which includes all domestic and foreign intelligence units. This organization has always attracted the close attention of Western intelligence services, in particular due to the close relations of the so-called RSI Research and Analysis Department with the intelligence services of the Soviet Union and Israel. Working undercover and collecting all kinds of information is a long way off. not the only goals of the RSI that it pursued in other states. However, some facts indicate that until 1977, Soviet intelligence played a major role in many aspects of the life of the Indian people, generously funding the Indian government. However, the KGB did not work well enough, throwing money down the drain, since they failed to maintain the influence of the Communist Party of this country on the leadership. Be that as it may, many experts are confident that the RSI has been dancing to the tune of the USSR for a long time.
2. ACPA (Australia)
The main mission of the Australian Secret Intelligence Agency is to obtain and analyze information in the Western Pacific region, identify sabotaging civilians, and combat terrorism. It probably won’t be surprising news to anyone that the structure of ASRA is built on the principles of the British intelligence service MI6. It is noteworthy that the powers of Australian intelligence officers are extremely limited. In general, there is quite little information about the Australian intelligence service. This can mean two things: either it works very well or very poorly. Perhaps this is due to the remoteness of the Australian mainland from other continents. Australian intelligence was at one time reproached for interfering too much in the personal lives of its citizens. I also remember a very curious case when, during a training operation to liberate one of the hotels in Melbourne from imaginary terrorists, representatives of the Australian intelligence services got so angry that they caused significant damage to the hotel and used physical violence against several hotel employees.
3. PMR (Pakistan)
One of the powerful intelligence services is located in a South Asian state like Pakistan. In fact, this is not surprising, since Pakistan has often found itself at the center of multiple military conflicts in the territories adjacent to its border. That is why many experts consider the PMR one of the most well-organized intelligence services in the world. The country's attitude towards this organization is far from clear, since Pakistani intelligence is often called a “state within a state.” Very often, Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence attracts close attention from Western intelligence agencies.(although this interest never seems to wane!). U.S. officials often accuse Pakistani intelligence agencies of having ties to terrorist organizations, particularly their support for the Islamic Taliban movement, which is officially labeled a terrorist organization by the United Nations. Against the backdrop of this information, the recent transfer of two reconnaissance aircraft from the US Navy to Pakistani maritime intelligence cannot but cause bewilderment. Here they are, real spy intrigues!
4. Federal Reserve System (Germany)
The German Federal Intelligence Service has a trail of high-profile and successful operations carried out during the history of this organization. The Fed is a real player that also influences the policies of many foreign countries. The complex structure of this organization is due to the numerous issues that Fed employees have to resolve every day within the framework of national security. However, Despite all the power of this organization, I remember an absurd incident, which occurred in 1997, which exposed the Fed's foreign intelligence agents to attack. The fact is that the Fed management issued special badges with the inscription "I love the Fed". It was planned to use the money raised from the sale of these badges to build kindergartens for the children of intelligence officers. The comical nature of the situation was that almost all the offspring of intelligence officers who played in the courtyards of Munich, conducting important and secret activities on the territory of other states, were wearing these badges. Finding out whose families the parents work in intelligence was not difficult...
5. GDVB (France)
Although many ill-wishers call the French “frogs,” the country’s General Directorate of External Security boasts the most widespread spy network not only in Europe, but also in the United States of America. Once upon a time, agents of the French intelligence services had a very high reputation: their training was so well organized that French agents were considered one of the most inventive in the matter of conducting affairs within the framework of foreign intelligence. However, since a constant stream of emigrants poured into France, The French intelligence services were forced to devote all their forces to the fight against the terrorist threat and to prevent terrorist attacks. Unfortunately, despite the fact that the French leadership has repeatedly tried to convince its citizens that they are carefully filtering the flow of emigrants, in this country clashes occur every now and then in which it is the newcomers who are involved. The most recent incident occurred recently when an Algerian man shot and killed three French soldiers while claiming to be acting on behalf of Al Qaeda. However, according to officials, no connections between the killer and the terrorist organization could be identified...
6. MGB (China)
"Knock, knock, knock, I'm your friend!" Probably, this motto would be best suited for the Chinese intelligence services. Agents from many countries note the complete impossibility of functioning on the territory of the People's Republic of China due to the extremely well-functioning system of denunciations built by the Ministry of State Security of the People's Republic of China. Even the almighty West admits its helplessness in the face of the might of Chinese intelligence services, noting the fact that the Chinese are a people accustomed to planning decades in advance. The Chinese themselves have long admitted that they are lagging behind the American army in terms of technical equipment, relying on the development of information technology and the corresponding technical equipment of their intelligence services. Every now and then you can hear about how another Chinese hacker hacked another security system of another American server. The question – whether this is the work of home-grown specialists or Chinese intelligence services – remains open. The leadership of the PRC itself stated that the purpose of the activities of their MGB "is to ensure the security of the state by organizing effective measures against the invasion of enemy agents, spies and counter-revolutionaries whose activities are aimed at undermining the development of the socialist system of China". How familiar this is to citizens of the former USSR, isn’t it?
7. MI6 (UK)
Even a person very far from Hollywood and the film industry knows very well that there is no stronger intelligence service than the British MI6, since the invincible James Bond is in the service of this organization. After all, it is in MI6 that you can find the most modern types of weapons, the fastest cars, the most sophisticated spy devices, the most beautiful women, and finally, the most difficult tasks! Jokes aside, but until 1994, the highest leadership of Foggy Albion denied the existence of the Secret Intelligence Service MI6, which was involved in foreign intelligence. What is not the best example of secrecy? The activities of MI6 agents have always been shrouded in secrecy. In fact, for every employee of this intelligence service, any secret business trip in case of failure was considered a one-way ticket - none of the highest ranks of Britain would recognize not only that the failed agent belonged to their secret service, but even the very existence of such a service! It’s no wonder that all the stories around MI6 are pure speculation, shrouded in an aura of mystery and uncertainty.
8. CIA (USA)
America's Central Intelligence Agency needs no introduction. There are so many scandals surrounding this organization that it would be enough for a good dozen other special services. At one time, in our country, an aura was created around the CIA not just as an enemy, but as an evil and insidious machine, whose tireless activities were aimed at undermining the foundations of the Soviet state. During the so-called Cold War, the name of this intelligence service almost scared children. At this point in time, the CIA's troubles have increased significantly, since one of the main goals of this department is the fight against international terrorism. One can, of course, say that the special services were overzealous in this fight, destroying the “enemy” on its own territory, and when this in no way infringes on America’s national interests. However, this is probably how an exemplary intelligence organization should work, who knows... On his 50th birthday, President Clinton said: "...Americans will never know the full story of their (CIA agents) bravery...". Yes, it seems that few people had the chance to learn not only the whole story of the courage of CIA agents, but also what this organization actually does.
9. KGB (USSR)
One thing that definitely needs no introduction is the USSR State Security Committee. And although this organization was officially abolished back in 1991, the echoes of the KGB’s activities make half the world shake with fear (and this fear is based, for the most part, only on stories within the framework of anti-Soviet propaganda conducted by the CIA). It should be noted that the committee members organized a system of denunciations that worked no worse than in China. It is believed that information about many secrets that cause widespread excitement(the death of Hitler, UFOs, etc., etc., etc.), stored in the KGB archives. In fact, there are much more of these secrets, and the organization’s activities on the territory of other countries during the existence of the Soviet state are shrouded in even greater secrecy than the information about how Hitler’s remains were actually dealt with. The KGB is no longer there, but many remember this organization as a tool in the fight against the Russian intelligentsia. However, one should not underestimate the merits of this special service in the fight against the threat to the statehood of the USSR.
10. Mossad (Israel)
Which intelligence service do you think is considered the most effective and whose employees are the most trained professionals? No, this is not the CIA at all. According to the unanimous opinion of most experts, the Israeli Intelligence and Special Tasks Agency (Mossad) is considered the most professional. In principle, there is nothing unusual in the work of this organization - it, like many of its colleagues in other countries, collects and analyzes information, conducts various operations outside Israeli territory, and, in principle, does everything for the security and integrity of his country. How is the effectiveness of this special service demonstrated? In fact, it is the Mossad employees who can be considered the real knights of cloak and dagger, since thanks to their efforts in Israel, bordering such hotbeds of tension as Lebanon, Syria, the Gaza Strip and Egypt, it is possible to maintain order and a peaceful way of life. And this despite the fact that in this country representatives of all ethnic groups, religious teachings and denominations are simply mixed! This is someone you really should learn work from!
Oleg Nikolaevich Glazunov
Chinese intelligence
Only now have we begun to view Red China's espionage activities as a serious threat to the security of the United States. We must assume that in the coming years, Chinese espionage will become a terrifying reality for the West, as it has already become in Asia and the Pacific.
Allen Dulles, Director of the CIA
Netherlands, late 60s...
At eight o'clock in the evening, a black-haired middle-aged man of Asian appearance came out of a house located in the suburbs of Amsterdam, with a rather dry, if not skinny, physique, but in his figure and movements one could feel some kind of inner strength, inherent only to strong, strong-willed individuals. Even though the evening was warm, he buttoned his jacket tightly and turned up his collar. The stranger stood on the porch of the house for a while, then took out a pack of cigarettes and a lighter; Lighting a cigarette, he carefully looked around the street. Not noticing anything suspicious, the Asian quickly ran down the steps of the porch and walked down the street, sometimes carefully looking around, as if wanting to make sure that no one was following him. After walking a few blocks, he turned down a side street and stopped in the shadow of a telephone booth and looked around again. In intelligence parlance, he was professionally “checked” to determine whether he was being followed.
Not noticing anyone nearby, he rushed towards the American embassy.
Entering the embassy, he addressed the officer on duty:
My name is Liao Shuhe. I am a correspondent for Xinhua. I need to talk to one of the American intelligence leaders here right now.
Why specifically with the head of the intelligence service? - asked the duty officer in surprise.
I have a very delicate matter concerning intelligence...
The attendant hesitated for a moment.
Two marines immediately appeared. They closed the door from the inside and positioned themselves next to Shuhe. One of them asked if they could bring him something to eat or drink. The Chinese shook his head negatively.
Less than half an hour had passed when a tall, graying American of aristocratic appearance appeared. The Marines left the room and took up post outside the door.
Good evening! How can I be useful? - the American said affably.
I hope you don't find the matter particularly difficult. But first of all I would like to know who I am talking to. I'm sorry, but can I be sure that you are an intelligence officer?
The American took out his wallet and showed his service ID.
“Thank you,” Shuhe said, sighing with relief. - The fact is that I am a resident of Chinese intelligence in Western Europe and I am asking for political asylum in the United States.
The American resident was dumbfounded. Busy with the fight against the “main enemy” - KGB agents, he had never heard of Chinese intelligence. For him it was something distant, located somewhere in the East, but not in the distant, quiet and calm Netherlands. He pressed a secret button and turned on the tape recorder hidden in the bookcase behind him.
How can you confirm your words? - the American began.
You don’t have to believe me, that’s your business,” Shuhe answered dryly. - I don’t have documents, and I don’t have time either. I am in serious danger, as you understand, and it is growing every minute. I know well how our intelligence can work. You probably remember how three years ago a Chinese man disappeared from a hospital in Holland without a trace, and he was taken there with a spinal injury and broken legs.
The American wrinkled his brow. He once heard something similar.
Yes, sure. They wrote about this in the newspapers. Something about the revenge of the Triad. - The American smiled. - As far as I remember, he was never found.
He was our intelligence officer and tried to defect to the West. Therefore, he was first kidnapped from the hospital and then liquidated on my orders.
The CIA resident began frantically scribbling notes in his gray leather notebook.
History of the intelligence services of communist China
The foreign intelligence services of China and Russia are among the most aggressive in collecting intelligence on soft and protected targets in the United States.
US Director of National Intelligence Admiral Michael McConnell
Literally until the middle of the twentieth century, China, a once powerful and warlike empire, was in a state of decline and desolation. Constant civil wars and foreign aggressions brought the country to economic and political disaster. The Celestial Empire was on the verge of collapse. Chinese generals, especially in the north of the country, created autonomous fiefs for themselves and got involved in a civil war. But the time of chaos and anarchy ended after World War II.
In 1949, a little more than a quarter century after its birth, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) took control of the ancient capital of Beijing. By the fall of 1949, the Chinese communists had established their power throughout the country. A new stage in the history of China began - the People's Republic of China was proclaimed. The defeated Kuomintang, led by Chiang Kai-shek, was driven to the island of Taiwan.
The victory of the Chinese Communists created problems for both the Americans and the entire Western world. In the last months of 1949 and the first half of 1950, the Americans took steps towards diplomatic recognition of the new regime, but possible negotiations in this direction were initially suspended due to the arrest of the American Consul General in Mukden and the imprisonment of him and four of his colleagues at the end 1949, and then became impossible due to the Korean War. Embittered by the failure of its policies in China, the United States and its allies intensified their covert war against the PRC. As a result of their actions, riots are organized on Chinese territory, sabotage is carried out at industrial and military facilities, and acts of terror are committed. In order to eliminate all kinds of saboteurs, spies and internal opposition in the country, state security bodies of the PRC were created. From the spring of 1950 to January 1, 1951 alone, they arrested more than 20 thousand foreign intelligence agents and saboteurs.
The history of the intelligence services of the PRC dates back to 1928, when the Communist Party of China created party intelligence - the Special Committee of the CPC Central Committee, similar to the Soviet OGPU. Its functions included security of the party and its governing bodies, intelligence, sabotage and information work. A special department was created under the committee, responsible for the security of the leadership of the party Central Committee. The founder and first leader of the Special Committee was Zhou Enlai. Then the work of the intelligence services of communist China was led by the “Chinese Beria” Kang Sheng.
The special department of the CPC Central Committee consisted of four sectors. The first sector provided general management and coordinated the activities of the remaining sectors. The second sector was engaged in information collection and intelligence activities within the Kuomintang. He introduced agents into Kuomintang structures. At one time, the Second Sector was divided into two parts: military intelligence and political intelligence. The third sector led the actions of a special detachment to protect underground organizations and their personnel, and also punished provocateurs and traitors. The fourth sector dealt with communications and information transfer.
At the end of 1939, the NKVD of the USSR and the GRU began to create an intelligence network in China. Thus, on the territory of Yan'an, the selection and training of Chinese in intelligence and counterintelligence activities was organized. A secret intelligence school called the East Munich Institute opened. This top secret school was located on the outskirts of the city of Yan'an, in a date garden, where students and teachers lived in dozens of caves. They had to study at intelligence school for about a year. Each course consisted of approximately three hundred students, whose names were strictly classified. The students were carefully selected by the CPC in China and the leadership of the Comintern in Moscow.
It was these people who carried out sabotage work against the Japanese and Chiang Kai-shek, were engaged in the liquidation of enemy agents, and at the same time carried out purges in the Communist Party, eliminating pro-Soviet communists, Comintern employees, as well as any critics of Mao Zedong’s policies. In areas controlled by the Chinese Communist Party, brutal torture, murder and kidnapping were commonplace. Even advisers from the USSR MGB were shocked by the work of the communist intelligence services.
Zhang Wentian wrote that “in a number of areas, the Red Terror has turned into indiscriminate killings, since “some comrades believe that “killing one or two by mistake is not a problem,” or “the more we kill, the better.” However, not a single person dared to correct these mistakes; Even responsible organizations, seeing arbitrariness, did not intervene. Everyone was afraid of being accused of right-wing opportunism or compromising in relation to the landowners and capitalists in case of intervention.” So, in one night, Kang Sheng’s people exterminated the entire “opportunistic” regional committee in Jiangxi. In another case, in Longdong County, in two weeks, an “entire organization” of Chiang Kai-shekists of more than 200 people was discovered and destroyed. Then employees of the Special Department tried to poison Wang Mang, who competed with Mao for power in the party. Kang Sheng is responsible for the kidnapping of the famous communist Gao Gang. Kang Sheng’s department came up with a special name for such endless purges - “Zheng-Feng”.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Ministry of Public Security (MSP), the Department of Social Affairs - Foreign Intelligence (Shehuibu) under the leadership of Kang Sheng, and the Military Intelligence (Qing Baobu) under the leadership of Zhou Enlai were created on the basis of Party intelligence.
In the mid-50s, the Social Affairs Department was renamed the Investigation Bureau of the Central Committee (Zhongyong Diaochabu). Then, in the early 80s, on the basis of Zhongyong Diaochabu, the Ministry of State Security (MGB) was organized, which assumed the functions of foreign intelligence. It was also headed by Kang Sheng, after him Jiao Shi (later the head of the PRC Parliament), Chang Chemin and other Chinese intelligence officers. In addition, a single body was created to coordinate all these services, reporting personally to Mao Zedong and called in Latin CELD (Central Control of Security and External Relations).
To protect the most important institutions of the CPC Central Committee and the areas where CPC leaders lived, special military unit No. 8341 was created. It reported directly to the Military Council of the CPC Central Committee. The selection for this unit was very strict; the most stringent requirements were imposed on candidates. They say that at first Mao Zedong personally selected applicants. This was the most reliable part of the PLA.
Officers from the KGB of the USSR became advisers to the new special services. But Chinese intelligence officers will keep their Lubyanka colleagues at a respectful distance, only indirectly introducing them to their operations. Soon the Chinese intelligence services freed themselves from the tutelage of their “elder” brother.
During the years of the “cultural revolution”, various “great leaps forward” and all sorts of excesses, it was the MGB and MOB that were entrusted with repressive functions. Hundreds of thousands of communists, intellectuals and ordinary citizens of the PRC, dissatisfied with the policies of Mao Zedong, were killed or imprisoned in prisons and labor camps. During this period, employees of the Ministry of Security and the Ministry of State Security of the People's Republic of China destroyed Mao's opponents, the communists Gao Gang, Zhao Shushi and Liu Shaoqi; The elderly Emperor Puyi was poisoned. A special group was created to investigate the case of Deng Xiaoping. Quite a lot of material has been published about torture and atrocities committed by Chinese intelligence officers. It is impossible to count how many innocent people were killed there, how many were tortured and mutilated on orders from above during interrogations under torture. Writer Viktor Usov cites an episode when one of the teachers at Peking University, unable to withstand insults and humiliations, cruel treatment and torture, decided that it was better to die than to live like this, and in the end, after the first unsuccessful suicide attempt, he made a second one, which also turned out to be unsuccessful. and then the third and fourth attempts; he threw himself down from the roof of a building, cut off his own hand, and tried to electrocute himself. How it was necessary to convince a person to do all this!
The peak of activation of the PRC intelligence services occurred in the 60s and 70s, when their leader was Hua Guofeng. China's intelligence services have been accused of killing defectors from its intelligence service and dissidents at home and abroad. Information leaked to the media that the MOB was involved in the explosion of a plane carrying the family of Chinese Defense Minister Lin Biao, who was trying to organize a conspiracy of generals against Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai. At the same time, MGB officer Yao Minli, who defected to the West, claimed that after the liquidation of the army conspiracy “Jade Tower”, the MGB shot Lin Biao and his associates in their villa in Beijing, and only Lin Biao’s son, Lin, who was trying to escape to the USSR, died on the plane Lago. During this period, during special operations by Chinese intelligence services, several Tibetan and Uyghur national leaders were killed. After Mao's death, Hua Guofeng himself tried to seize power by joining the Gang of Four. But he was arrested on the orders of Deng Xiaoping and died in custody. According to other sources, he was killed in prison.
Today, the intelligence services of the People's Republic of China consist of three main structures: the Ministry of Public Security (MSS), the Ministry of State Security (MSS) and the Intelligence Service of the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China. However, despite the fact that the official intelligence agency of China is the Ministry of State Security, in addition to it, a huge number of other government organizations are engaged in espionage activities, each of which carries out its own volume of intelligence activities. But the main ones are MGB and MOB.
The Ministry of Public Security (MSS) of the People's Republic of China is located in Beijing, at 14 Dongchanan Street. It was initially headed by the head of Mao's personal guard, Wang Dongxing. Then, for a long time, the Minister of Public Security was, as mentioned above, the famous member of the “Gang of Four” Hua Guofeng. It is the Ministry of Security of the People's Republic of China that carries out counterintelligence activities and functions of political investigation, and also deals with the development of criminal and political crimes. Its tasks include identifying and suppressing terrorist acts, subversive activities of foreign intelligence services, fighting dissidents and various sects such as Falun Gong.
According to experts, the Ministry of Defense of the People's Republic of China strictly and quite effectively controls the situation within the country. Thanks to the effective measures taken, the MOB was able to take control of organized crime. The created system of total investigation makes it possible to keep all layers of society, including the politically unreliable part of the population, under constant surveillance.
According to the Slavic World agency, “every foreigner who comes to the country for a relatively long period of time is under constant intelligence, external and technical surveillance (almost all hotel rooms for foreigners have hidden video cameras that record what is happening inside). A significant part of the urban population employed in various service sectors are paid MOB agents. Service in the police is considered prestigious, police officers act decisively, including in relation to foreigners.”
In the fight against dissidents and dissent, the MOB uses various methods. For example, the creation of illegal anti-government organizations, where potential conspirators and dissidents flock like moths to a flame. It is worth noting that thanks to the work of the Ministry of Security and the Ministry of State Security of the People's Republic of China, a significant part of the funds allocated by the US CIA to finance anti-government organizations in China ended up in the “pocket” of the Chinese intelligence services; in other words, the CIA provided material assistance to the PRC MSS.
In troubled national regions of China, such as the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region or Tibet, the MSS uses a whole range of operational measures, in the best traditions of the Soviet KGB. These include the creation of MOB-controlled nationalist organizations that act on behalf of the Uyghur rebels; bribery of local authorities; pitting various national minorities against each other, harsh suppression of any manifestations of open discontent. The MOB has already ensured that the insurgency in Xinjiang has come to an end.
To conduct particularly secret operations in the MOB, there is an elite special forces “Black Berets”. Also in the public security system there is a special anti-terrorist unit “Vostok”, stationed near the Beijing airport, the full name of which is “Anti-terrorism special police unit No. 722 MOB of the Institute for the Training of Special Forces Soldiers.” The Institute itself was founded in 1983. Over the 24 years of its existence, it has graduated more than a thousand people, most of whom became special forces instructors. The degree of preparation can be evidenced by the fact that during all this time only three graduates received a diploma with honors.
Thus, the reasonable and strict organization of the work of the Ministry of Defense of the People's Republic of China allows the Chinese leadership to maintain internal stability in the Celestial Empire, during a period of political and economic reforms that are vital for the empire. In 1989, MOB officers played a leading role in the brutal suppression of youth unrest and the Tiananmen Square massacre.
In 1983, a new intelligence service, the MGB (Guoanbu), was created in the PRC. The number of its employees exceeds 300 thousand people. The state security service is considered one of the most prestigious and highly paid in China. The MGB has trained personnel and is well equipped with the latest technical equipment from the USA, Japan and Europe. It is the Ministry of State Security of the People's Republic of China that is entrusted with the task of extracting new technologies and influxing huge financial resources into the economy of the People's Republic of China. Moreover, economic and scientific espionage is a priority. State security officials are engaged in strengthening China's position in all regions of the world that are important to the country. In order to successfully fulfill the tasks assigned to it, the Ministry of State Security of the People's Republic of China has developed completely new and quite effective methods of work. Moreover, to carry out particularly important events, both abroad and within the country, the MGB created its own military units of the “people’s guard” and the Ju No. 5 sabotage team.
In addition, in the system of Chinese intelligence services there are also special units about which practically nothing is known, there is only some fragmentary information. For example, anti-terror units “Panther” and “Snow Wolf”. This is the elite of special forces, the best of the best, applicants undergo strict selection and multi-level training. After it, they are able to carry out any tasks set by the Chinese leadership.
It was within the depths of the MGB of the People's Republic of China that a strategy was developed based on working with agents within the Chinese diaspora around the world. This strategy brought Chinese intelligence the laurels of being the third most powerful in the world. Through multimillion-dollar Chinese communities, Chinese intelligence has penetrated the state apparatus and law enforcement agencies of many countries and has the ability to influence decisions made. Thus, according to experts, the Ministry of State Security of the People's Republic of China controls many sectors of legal and illegal business in Southeast Asian countries and the main information and financial flows. A significant number of newspapers, television and radio channels were purchased by agents and officers of Chinese intelligence through front companies. Through controlled media, the Chinese MGB is actively shaping public opinion in the region in a direction favorable to the leadership of the PRC.
The Chinese State Security Ministry has established partnerships with the intelligence services of Germany, Iran, France, Cuba and Israel. Chinese intelligence in its operations in Arab countries coordinates its efforts and relies on the support of the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad and the Iranian intelligence agency MIT.
Thus, several units of the Chinese elite Bureau of Special Services (BSU) conducted exercises on the territory of one of the Israeli secret military bases. The PRC has granted special powers to Mossad bases located in Turpan and Kashgar (Xinjiang Autonomous Region), allowing them to assess the activities of Islamic terrorists in China.
An anti-terrorism agreement was signed between the intelligence services of the People's Republic of China and the Mossad, on the conditions that the Israeli secret service would locate its base in China for a period of 5 years, and China, in turn, would purchase equipment for the intelligence service under Israeli control.
The Ministry of State Security of the People's Republic of China and the German BND exchanged officially accredited residents and are successfully establishing joint activities, primarily in the Asian region. BND residencies are allowed to work together with residencies of the Ministry of State Security of the People's Republic of China in the countries of South and East Asia.
Chinese intelligence officers are trained at the BND center in Pullach. French intelligence is following a similar path. One of the important areas of joint efforts of the intelligence services of China and Germany is work in the countries of Central Asia, including the republics of the former USSR. Since the main bases of Muslim separatists engaged in subversive activities in the PRC are the territories of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, China is not interested in strengthening the statehood of these republics as poles of attraction for the corresponding national minorities in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the PRC. Of particular interest is the cooperation of the Chinese Ministry of State Security with Cuban intelligence, which has an extensive agent network in the southwestern and western states of America and exchanges information with Chinese intelligence, which has historically gained a foothold on the eastern and Pacific coast of the United States.
The distinctive features of the work of the Chinese intelligence services are a global, systematic approach, the massive use of forces and means in key strategic directions, the absence of an information bias (a reasonable combination of collecting and analyzing information with an active influence on the political, financial, economic, socio-demographic and military-technical situation in the regions of operation and long-term interests of China), maintaining the strictest discipline in residencies, coordinating all work from a single center in which the main system-analytical and development potential is concentrated, non-ideologized interaction with forces whose interests at this stage coincide with Chinese ones.
And yet, during the years of Deng Xiaoping’s liberal reforms, China’s intelligence services somewhat reduced their aggressive activities. Thus, in 1994, the MoS, under pressure from the United States, released the secretly kidnapped Hong Kong citizen Harry Wu from prison. Deng Xiaoping and the new Chairman of the People's Republic of China, Jiang Zemin, who replaced him, even decided to carry out some reforms in the secret services. According to media reports, only in 1998–1999. Several dozen officers of the Ministry of State Security and the Ministry of Security were arrested for corruption and covering up criminal businessmen, including the deputy head of the Ministry of Security, Li Jizhou.
Chinese intelligence officers who went to the West spoke a lot about the secret activities of the MGB and MSS. For example, Kim Pekao spoke about the terrible system of torture in the Ministry of Defense and medical experiments on those arrested. Chinese intelligence officers Qun Xixu, Zhen Menkao, Win Wu and others, arrested in Europe and the United States, also told a lot.
From defectors from the PRC, the world learned about the connections of Beijing intelligence officers with left-wing terrorist movements, especially with its Maoist factions. The MGB supported Maoist guerrillas in Malaysia and the Philippines, the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, Sendero Luminoso in Peru, and a number of African groups.
Historically, Communist China's main rivals are the intelligence services of the United States, Japan and Taiwan. For more than fifty years, the PRC intelligence services have been waging a fierce struggle against the active activities of American intelligence. Today we can say that the CIA suffered a major defeat in the battle with the PRC security agencies.
The CIA agents suffered their first defeat in the early 50s. Thus, from September 1950 to May 1951, the PRC intelligence services defeated a large CIA spy network. This organization included six major American spies: the Italian Antonio Riva, the Beijing representative of the James Walter and Sun Company in Tianjin; Japanese Roitsi Yamagutsi is an employee of a French bookstore in Beijing; Italian Bishop Tarciscio Martina - papal representative in Beijing; Henri Wetsch, director of a French bookstore in Beijing, etc. According to Chinese counterintelligence data, this spy group was tasked with organizing a terrorist attack in Tiananmen Square on a holiday.
The public security authorities of the cities of Port Arthur and Dalny discovered a spy group led by the American Hugh Francis Redmond; it was collecting intelligence information about the defensive structures of the naval and air forces on the Liaodong Peninsula, about the military industry in Northeast and Northern China .
To transport spies and saboteurs to Chinese territory, a special aviation unit was created - the 581st Aviation Brigade, which was directly subordinate to the CIA. One of these planes, while delivering American agents, was shot down on Chinese territory. Moreover, three Americans died, about ten who escaped by parachute were caught by local residents.
In another successful operation, Chinese counterintelligence not only managed to capture an American agent, but also two CIA employees - John Thomas Downey and Richard George Fector. That's how it was.
A certain Li Junying was parachuted to collect intelligence information. To pick him up, an American plane with its markings painted over took off from a Seoul airfield late one autumn evening. A few hours later, the pilot reached the indicated point, and, descending, began to make signal circles.
On earth, two CIA special agents, John Downey and Richard Fector, had been waiting for this moment for a long time. But the PRC security authorities tracked down Li Junying and decided not only to catch him red-handed, but also to capture his American friends. The spy knew that he had been tracked, and only hoped that the plane would take him on board without landing, using a special device. But at the moment when the plane was making its final approach, Chinese air defense systems shot it down. The pilot and navigator crashed, and Downey and Fector were captured.
According to the PRC intelligence services, only for the period 1951–1954. 230 special agents were flown into the PRC on American planes. All of them were either detained or died during detention. Maybe someone managed to gain a foothold in China. But this is a drop in the ocean.
In 1958, Chinese intelligence agencies uncovered a CIA plot to assassinate Chairman of the State Council of China Zhou Enlai during his visit to Burma. This was the initial period of Sino-Soviet disagreements, and the CIA probably hoped that the death of Zhou Enlai would greatly exacerbate the emerging conflict. Zhou Enlai was a very moderate politician, and therefore was opposed to a possible confrontation between the USSR and China. Intelligence sources revealed that the CIA intended to convince China by disseminating false information through its channels that Zhou Enlai had been killed by KGB agents. The execution of the action was entrusted to a Burmese CIA agent, who, according to the plan, was to slip poison into Zhou Enlai's cup of rice during an official dinner held in honor of the distinguished Chinese guest. The poison would have taken effect within two days, and an autopsy would not have proven its use. The operation was canceled at the very last moment.
Chinese intelligence services not only caught American intelligence officers, but also successfully introduced their agents into the CIA. It is known that Chinese spies successfully worked at the US Embassy in Chongqing, in a unit engaged in conducting psychological warfare. Another example is the case of intelligence officer Larry Wu Taichin, who was embedded in the CIA. He was exposed only in 1985, and even then only after the betrayal of another intelligence officer, who at one time helped Wu Taiching to penetrate American intelligence agencies. American intelligence clearly underestimated the experience of its enemy, who went through the crucible of bloody guerrilla warfare and the revolutionary underground.
Gradually realizing that the confrontation with the Chinese intelligence services had no prospects, the US government in 1971 decided to secretly negotiate with the Chinese leadership, and in 1972 the American station was located under the “roof” of the embassy in Beijing.
In 1979, CIA resident in China David Griese organized several meetings for his boss, Admiral Turner, with the heads of Chinese intelligence services. The result of these negotiations was that the CIA Science and Technology Division, led by Leslie Dirks, built two electronic intelligence stations in northern China. Targeted at the USSR, they were controlled by the Chinese, trained by the Americans. According to unverified data, these stations existed ten years before the events in Tiananmen Square.
In October 1983, the Chinese Foreign Minister, Wu Xiequan, visited the United States, where he discussed the details of joint operations with CIA Director Bill Casey: military support for the Khmer Rouge (who were helped by the PRC intelligence services) and the Afghan Mujahideen by supplying American weapons through China. But in 1989, the US-China cooperation came to an end.
This was due to the fact that that year the CIA attempted to overthrow the communist regime in the PRC according to a scheme that had been successfully used against the socialist camp in Europe. An attempt to carry out a “velvet” revolution on the European model - the creation of democratic organizations, rocking the situation with the help of agents of influence in the highest state and party bodies of the PRC - led to large financial costs and ended in complete failure. According to official sources, during the student demonstration in Tiananmen Square the death toll was 250 people, in reality - about two thousand, in addition, during searches and arrests among the leaders of anti-government organizations carried out after the suppression of the demonstration, the PRC secret services received a large number of documents proving US involvement in these events.
China's intelligence services inflicted a defeat on the CIA from which it has not been able to recover to this day. Almost the entire American intelligence network was destroyed, many were arrested, the rest either emigrated or went deep underground.
In 2004, the PRC published the White Paper on the Defense of the PRC, which for the first time openly sets out the doctrine of state security. The book says that China's defense policy is based on the fundamental interests of the state and is subordinate to and serves the doctrine of state development and security.
The White Paper comprehensively analyzes the international situation and points out multiple factors of unpredictable situations, instability and hidden threats to the PRC. In particular, the book cites 4 factors affecting China's security: first, the Taiwan problem; secondly, technical lag in the military sphere; thirdly, the problem of economic globalization; fourthly, “long-term contradictions between the concepts of unipolarity and multipolarity of the world.”
The White Paper emphasizes the need to use a variety of methods to neutralize both traditional and non-traditional security threats to ensure comprehensive political, economic, military and public security of the country.
Xinhua News Agency reports that “the main objectives of ensuring state security are to prevent the split of the country, promote the peaceful reunification of the Motherland, prevent and resist aggression, protect state sovereignty, territorial integrity and maritime rights and interests; ensuring comprehensive, harmonious and long-term socio-economic development and the continuous increase in the aggregate state power; creation of a modern defense system that corresponds to the realities of China and the development trends of the global military sphere; guaranteeing the political, economic and cultural rights of the population and combating crime; pursuing an independent and independent peaceful foreign policy and establishing a new view of security based on mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and interaction.”
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